51
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Rawyler A, Unitt MD, Giroud C, Davies H, Mayor JP, Harwood JL, Siegenthaler PA. The transmembrane distribution of galactolipids in chloroplast thylakoids is universal in a wide variety of temperate climate plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1987; 11:3-13. [PMID: 24435458 DOI: 10.1007/bf00117669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/1985] [Revised: 11/12/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane distribution of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol was determined in chloroplast thylakoids from a range of temperate climate plants. These plants included dicotyledons, monocotyledons, C16:3 and C18:3 plants and herbicide-resistant species. In all the thylakoids examined monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was enriched in the outer leaflet (53-65%) while digalactosyldiacylglycerol was highly enriched in the inner leaflet (78-90%). The non-bilayer forming monogalactosyldiacylglycerol represented 55-81% of the total acyl lipids of the outer monolayer. The relative acyl lipid composition of both leaflets of the thylakoid membrane indicates that the lamellar structure is strongly favored in the inner monolayer, whereas the outer one presents a metastable character which allows the probable coexistence of both lamellar and non-lamellar phases. The consequence of this asymmetry for the stability and function of the thylakoid membrane is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rawyler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie végétale, Université de Neuchâtel, Chantemerle 20, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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52
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53
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Klyachko NL, Levashov AV, Pshezhetsky AV, Bogdanova NG, Berezin IV, Martinek K. Catalysis by enzymes entrapped into hydrated surfactant aggregates having lamellar or cylindrical (hexagonal) or ball-shaped (cubic) structure in organic solvents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 161:149-54. [PMID: 3780732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Instead of aqueous solutions, universally recognized in enzymology, ternary systems of the water/organic solvent/surfactant type are suggested as liquid-crystalline media for enzymatic reactions. Two systems, water/octane/Aerosol OT and water/cyclohexane/Brij 96, have been used to solubilize acid and alkaline phosphatases and peroxidase. The enzymes under study do function in liquid-crystalline mesophases having lamellar, cylindrical (reversed hexagonal) and ball-shaped (reversed cubic) packing of the surfactant molecules. A significant result is that the phase transition from one liquid-crystalline structure to another entails, as a rule, a reversible change in the catalytic activity of the solubilized enzyme.
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54
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Kesselmeier J, Laudenbach U. Prolamellar-body structure, composition of molecular species and amount of galactolipids in etiolated, greening and reetiolated primary leaves of oat, wheat and rye. PLANTA 1986; 168:453-460. [PMID: 24232321 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1986] [Accepted: 05/14/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The greening and reetiolation process of etiolated leaves of oat, wheat and rye, possessing different types of prolamellar bodies (PLBs), was observed by electron microscopy. Oat is known to possess unusual crystalline PLBs (so-called 'narrow type'). Rye and what, which normally show PLBs with more loosely packed tubules ('wide type') during etiolation, exhibited PLBs of the narrow type after illumination and subsequent reincubation in the dark (=reetiolation). Thus the reetiolated PLBs of wheat and rye did not differ from etiolated or reetiolated oat PLBs. In parallel with the microscopic analysis, intact leaves of all developmental stages were analysed for their galactolipid content and composition of molecular species using a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography procedure. When oat, wheat and rye were compared, differences in the molecular species and the molar ratio of the two galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglyceride (DGDG) were found. However, no parameter showed a correlation with PLB construction, disintegration or reconstruction. The results presented in this paper are not consistent with the hypothesis that the molar ratio of MGDG/DGDG is responsible for the tubular structure of prolamellar bodies in etioplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kesselmeier
- Botanisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstrasse 15, D-5000, Köln 41, Federal Republic of Germany
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55
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56
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Martinek K, Levashov AV, Klyachko N, Khmelnitski YL, Berezin IV. Micellar enzymology. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 155:453-68. [PMID: 2420585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental approaches to modelling the enzymatic function of biological membranes are discussed. Emphasis is given to pseudohomogeneous systems such as proteolipid complexes and enzymes in organic solvents; the latter are solubilized with phospholipids or synthetic surfactants. Methods for producing and studying such micellar systems are considered. The key research problems of micellar enzymology are formulated and its relation to enzyme membranology is discussed. Finally, the new potentialities are noted of applied enzymology (biotechnology) offered by application of a colloidal solution of water in organic solvents as a microheterogeneous medium for enzymatic reactions.
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57
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Murphy DJ. Reconstitution of energy transfer and electron transfer between solubilised pigment-protein complexes from thylakoid membranes. The role of acyl lipids. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 8:219-233. [PMID: 24443260 DOI: 10.1007/bf00037130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/1985] [Revised: 07/03/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Solubilisation of thylakoid membranes from young leaves of Pisum sativum in the presence of Triton X-100 resulted in an almost complete loss of quenching of light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein (LHCP) fluorescence, as measured at 77°K. There were concomitant changes in the kinetics of light-saturation curves of electron transport from 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol/ascorbate to methyl viologen. These effects were accompenied by a physical dissociation of LHCP polypeptides from photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) polypeptides, as determined by polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis. Detergent-dialysis in the presence of exogenous purified galactolipids, about 80% of which were linoleoyl molecular species, only partially reversed these effects. However, detergent-dialysis using the phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine, resulted in the substantial restoration of 77°K fluorescence quenching and the restoration of both emission spectra and electron transport kinetics of both Photosystems I and II that were typical of native membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Murphy
- Research Institute for Photosynthesis, University of Sheffield, 26 Taptonville Road, S10 5BR, Sheffield, UK
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58
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Marra J. Controlled deposition of lipid monolayers and bilayers onto mica and direct force measurements between galactolipid bilayers in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(85)90197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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59
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Rawyler A, Siegenthaler PA. Transversal localization of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol in spinach thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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60
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Kesselmeier J, Heinz E. Separation and quantitation of molecular species from plant lipids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1985; 144:319-28. [PMID: 3993902 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monogalactosyl-, digalactosyl-, and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol as well as phosphatidyl glycerol were isolated by conventional TLC and then separately subjected to HPLC for resolution of molecular species. Molecular species emerge in groups from reversed-phase columns during gradient elution. The groups are separated according to the sum of carbon and double bond numbers in fatty acyl pairs in linear relation to elution times. Therefore, it is possible to identify a species group with respect to carbon and double bond numbers by its retention time. The separation is monitored by recording the absorbance at 200 nm which depends on double bond combinations in acyl pairs. Diacylglycerols released from glyco- and phospholipids were separated as rho-anisoyl derivatives according to similar criteria. In this case separation was monitored at 250 nm, at which wavelength the absorbance is directly related to molar proportions. By calculating corrected 200-nm/250-nm absorbance ratios for different molecular species of rho-anisoyl diacylglycerols, relative response factors for different double bond combinations were obtained. The 200-nm absorbances of intact lipid species can be converted to molar proportions by division with these factors.
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61
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Transbilayer organization of the thylakoid galactolipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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62
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Chain RK. Involvement of plastoquinone and lipids in electron transport reactions mediated by the cytochrome b6-f complex isolated from spinach. FEBS Lett 1985; 180:321-5. [PMID: 3967767 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of a cytochrome b6-f complex from spinach, which is depleted of plastoquinone (and lipid), is reported. The depleted complex no longer functions as a plastoquinol-plastocyanin oxidoreductase but can be reconstituted with plastoquinone and exogenous lipids. The lipid classes digalactosyldiacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine were active in reconstitution while monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol were not. Neither plastoquinone nor lipid alone fully reconstitutes electron transport in the depleted complex. Saturation of plastoquinol-plastocyanin oxidoreductase activity in the depleted complex occurs at 1 plastoquinone per cytochrome f.
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63
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Westerhoff HV, Melandri BA, Venturoli G, Azzone GF, Kell DB. A minimal hypothesis for membrane-linked free-energy transduction. The role of independent, small coupling units. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 768:257-92. [PMID: 6095906 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(84)90019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Experimental data are reviewed that are not in keeping with the scheme of 'delocalized' protonic coupling in membrane-linked free-energy transduction. It turns out that there are three main types of anomalies: (i) rates of electron transfer and of ATP synthesis do not solely depend on their own driving force and on delta mu H, (ii) the ('static head') ratio of delta Gp to delta mu H varies with delta mu H and (iii) inhibition of either some of the electron-transfer chains or some of the H+-ATPases, does not cause an overcapacity in the other, non-inhibited proton pumps. None of the earlier free-energy coupling schemes, alternative to delocalized protonic coupling, can account for these three anomalies. We propose to add a fifth postulate, namely that of the coupling unit, to the four existing postulates of 'delocalized protonic coupling' and show that, with this postulate, protonic coupling can again account for most experimental observations. We also discuss: (i) how experimental data that might seem to be at odds with the 'coupling unit' hypothesis can be accounted for and (ii) the problem of the spatial arrangement of the electrical field in the different free-energy coupling schemes.
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64
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Van Walraven HS, Koppenaal E, Marvin HJ, Hagendoorn MJ, Kraayenhof R. Lipid specificity for the reconstitution of well-coupled ATPase proteoliposomes and a new method for lipid isolation from photosynthetic membranes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 144:563-9. [PMID: 6237908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipid specificity for the enzymatic and proton-translocating functions of a reconstituted thermophilic ATPase complex has been investigated. The proteoliposomes were prepared from the ATPase complex of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6716 and various lipids and lipid mixtures extracted from this organism and from a related mesophilic strain. Some commercial lipids were used as well. An improved method of lipid extraction from chlorophyll-containing membranes is presented. This method is based on acetone extraction and additional chlorophyll separation and results in higher yields, less chlorophyll contamination and a simpler procedure than the conventional methods based on chloroform/methanol extraction. The lipids of Synechococcus 6716 thus extracted were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acyl chain composition of the separated lipids was analyzed by gas chromatography. The coupling quality of the reconstituted ATPase proteoliposomes made of different lipids was tested by a membrane-bound fluorescent probe and uncoupler stimulation of ATP hydrolysis. None of the separated lipids alone was able to produce a well-coupled system. The best results were obtained with the native lipid mixture. The minimum requirement was the combination of a typical bilayer-forming lipid and the non-bilayer (hexagonal II structure)-forming monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Lipids from the mesophilic Synechococcus 6301 and commercial lipids (also mesophilic) produced poorly coupled vesicles but significant improvement was obtained when thermophilic monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was included. Both the reconstituted and solubilized ATPase complex have a sharp temperature optimum at 50 degrees C. The effect of reconstitution and measurement temperatures on the yield of well-coupled vesicles from different lipid sources was also studied.
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65
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Effects of reconstitution method on the structural organization of isolated chloroplast membrane lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(84)90433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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66
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Szitó T, Kiss JG, Garab GYI, Mustárdy LA, Faludi-Dániel Á. GENETIC VARIATIONS AND LINOLENIC ACID INDUCED CHANGES IN THE ORIENTATION PATTERN OF CHLOROPHYLL a IN THYLAKOID MEMBRANES. Photochem Photobiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb04561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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67
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Lambers J, Verkleij A, Terpstra W. Influence of single and mixed plant lipids on enzyme stability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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68
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Lateral heterogeneity in the distribution of thylakoid membrane lipid and protein components and its implications for the molecular organisation of photosynthetic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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69
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70
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Brasseur R, De Meutter J, Goormaghtigh E, Ruysschaert JM. Mode of organization of galactolipids: a conformational analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 115:666-72. [PMID: 6626208 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(83)80196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that photosynthetic membranes show the conventional bilayer structure, their major lipid component monogalactosyldiacylglycerol does not form lamellar structure but takes up an hexagonal-II structure when dispersed alone in water and forms inverted lipids micelle structures when dispersed together with other lipid components of the photosynthetic membrane. We present here evidence that the mode of organization of these lipids can be predicted from a conformational approach allowing to describe the configuration of assembled amphiphilic molecules. The minimal conformational energy is calculated as the sum of the contributions resulting from the Van der Waals interactions, the torsional potentials, the electrostatic interaction and the transfer energy. Because of its calculated "cone shaped" structure monogalactosyldiacylglycerol forms inverted lipid structure with the hydrophilic groups pointing inward; for digalactosyldiacylglycerol, an other essential lipid constituent of photosynthetic membrane, its calculated cylindrical shape induces an organization in bilayer structures.
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