51
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616
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52
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hunter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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53
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Ikeda H, Sugimura H. Fv-4 resistance gene: a truncated endogenous murine leukemia virus with ecotropic interference properties. J Virol 1989; 63:5405-12. [PMID: 2555565 PMCID: PMC251208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5405-5412.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fv-4 is a mouse gene which controls susceptibility to infection by ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV). We previously cloned part of an endogenous MuLV associated with the resistance allele of the Fv-4 gene (Fv-4r). In this report, we describe an extended clone of the Fv-4r allele consisting of a 17-kilobase DNA fragment containing the retroviral sequence and its 5'-flanking sequence. The new DNA clone contains a truncated MuLV with delta pol-env-long terminal repeat sequences but no other MuLV-reactive sequence within 13 kilobases upstream of the truncated MuLV. Transfection of this clone into mouse cells led to transcription of Fv-4 env mRNA, expression of the Fv-4r-specific MuLV envelope protein, and resistance to infection with ecotropic MuLV but not amphotropic and dualtropic MuLVs. Restriction of ecotropic viruses appears to occur at or before viral cDNA synthesis. This result is consistent with a model of receptor interference for Fv-4 restriction. Our data also suggest that the 5' non-MuLV sequence is important for biological function, since a DNA clone which lacks most of the 5'-flanking sequence did not efficiently confer the resistance phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, Viral
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/immunology
- Mice
- Plasmids
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Transfection
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ikeda
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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54
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Frankel WN, Stoye JP, Taylor BA, Coffin JM. Genetic identification of endogenous polytropic proviruses by using recombinant inbred mice. J Virol 1989; 63:3810-21. [PMID: 2547997 PMCID: PMC250974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3810-3821.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-seven endogenous polytropic murine viruses (Pmv) were identified by examination of proviral-cellular DNA junction fragment segregation in recombinant inbred (RI) mice. Most Pmv loci were found in more than one of the seven RI progenitor strains analyzed, but only four were present in all strains. Chromosomal assignments for 41 Pmv loci were determined by comparing their RI strain distribution patterns with those of known genetic markers. Pmv loci were found dispersed throughout the genome, with chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, and 16 each carrying three or more proviruses. Linkage analysis in the AKXD RI set suggested that the gene encoding mink cell focus-forming virus resistance (Rcmfr) of DBA/2J mice is probably not a Pmv provirus. It was also deduced that no single, AKR/J-specific Pmv provirus is required as an env gene donor for thymomagenic mink cell focus-forming viruses. In addition, a Pmv provirus was very closely associated with the albino mutation on chromosome 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Frankel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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55
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Buller RS, Van Zant G, Eldridge PW, Portis JL. A population of murine hematopoietic progenitors expresses an endogenous retroviral gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene and associated with resistance to erythroleukemia. J Exp Med 1989; 169:865-80. [PMID: 2926325 PMCID: PMC2189291 DOI: 10.1084/jem.169.3.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple copies of retroviral sequences are stably integrated in the genomes of many higher organisms, and are thus transmitted vertically to offspring via the germline (1). Most of these heritable viral genes are not expressed, and expression, when observed, is commonly limited to envelope (env) genes as demonstrated by the presence of cell surface and serum envelope glycoprotein (gp70) in mice. Studies of the mouse have shown that certain tissues such as the reproductive tract and lymphoid organs are common sites for the expression of endogenous env genes, suggesting that the transcription of at least some endogenous sequences is tissue specific. The transcription of endogenous viral genes is regulated by both cis and trans mechanisms (2-5) and their expression can be temporally linked to differentiation and development (6-8). The consequences to the host of endogenous retroviral genes are varied. At one extreme, expression of endogenous virus can result in the development of leukemia and death. Another potentially detrimental effect is that of insertional mutagenesis, seen when the integration of retroviral sequences interrupts the functioning of a cellular gene (9, 10). However, it is now clear that expression of endogenous retroviral genes may also have a beneficial effect for the host: namely, mediating resistance to retroviral leukemias as has been demonstrated for the Fv-4 gene in mice (11) and some ea loci in chickens (12). This form of resistance is due to the blockage of cellular viral receptors by the expression of envelope glycoprotein on the cell surface. The Rmcf locus of the mouse is another resistance gene that may exert its effect by the expression of an endogenous env gene. A summary of our current state of knowledge concerning the Rmcf gene is shown in Table I. The Rmcf gene was originally described when it was observed that fibroblast cell cultures derived from certain strains of mice restricted the replication of recombinant mink cell focus-forming(MCF)1 viruses (13). As detailed in Table I, DBA/2 mice are the prototypic strain exhibiting the Rmcf resistance (Rmcf(r)) phenotype. Cell cultures from other strains, such as C57BL/6 and IRW, are permissive for MCF viral replication and are termed Rmcf sensitive (Rmcf(s)). Previously, we described two allelic forms of an endogenous env gene, whose expression is linked to the Rmcf gene (14). Cell cultures from Rmcf(r) mice express gp70 related to that of MCF viruses, whereas cultures derived from Rmcf(s) mice either express no gp70 (IRW) or express an endogenous xenotropic gp70 (C57BL/6). These two gp70 alleles are detectable by type-specific mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Buller
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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56
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Petrovskis EA, Meyer AL, Post LE. Reduced yield of infectious pseudorabies virus and herpes simplex virus from cell lines producing viral glycoprotein gp50. J Virol 1988; 62:2196-9. [PMID: 2835521 PMCID: PMC253329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.6.2196-2199.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein gp50 is the homolog of herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D. Several cell lines that constitutively synthesize gp50 were constructed. Vero cells, HeLa cells, and pig kidney (MVPK) cells that produce gp50 all gave reduced yields of PRV and HSV progeny viruses when compared with the parent cell line or the same cell line transfected to produce a different protein. The reduction in virus yield was greatest at low multiplicities of infection. The Vero and HeLa cells that produce gp50 showed an even greater reduction in HSV yield than in PRV yield. This phenomenon may be an example in a herpesvirus of the interference observed in retroviruses or cross-protection in plant virus systems.
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57
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Buller RS, Sitbon M, Portis JL. The endogenous mink cell focus-forming (MCF) gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene restricts MCF virus replication in vivo and provides partial resistance to erythroleukemia induced by Friend murine leukemia virus. J Exp Med 1988; 167:1535-46. [PMID: 2835418 PMCID: PMC2188947 DOI: 10.1084/jem.167.5.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rmcf locus restricts the in vitro replication of mink cell focus-forming (MCF) viruses in cell cultures derived from mice carrying the resistance allele. Previously we reported that in cell cultures from first backcross progeny, this Rmcf-linked restriction segregates with the expression of an endogenous retroviral gp70 serologically related to that of MCF viruses. The current report details the results of genetic studies designed to examine the possible association of this endogenous gp70 with resistance of mice to Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV)-induced erythroleukemia. This env gene segregates as a single dominant trait in (DBA/2 X IRW) X IRW progeny, in which the expression of the gene can be detected by serological techniques. Results indicated that the gp70- progeny developed leukemia at the same rate as the susceptible IRW parent, whereas the tempo of disease among the gp70+ progeny was significantly slower. However, the resistance mediated by this gene was only partial, since most of the gp70+ offspring eventually developed erythroleukemia when followed for 6 mo. This endogenous gp70 also segregated with a restriction to the expression of recombinant MCF viruses after infection with F-MuLV. Since in this study all unlinked genes segregated independently, this is direct evidence that MCF viruses participate in the induction of erythroleukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Fibroblasts/microbiology
- Friend murine leukemia virus/physiology
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, Viral
- Immunity, Innate
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/physiology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/microbiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA/genetics
- Mice, Inbred DBA/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/microbiology
- Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses/genetics
- Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses/isolation & purification
- Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses/physiology
- Retroviridae Proteins/genetics
- Retroviridae Proteins/physiology
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/physiology
- Viral Interference
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Buller
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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58
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Abstract
Control of infectious diseases in livestock is an important determinant in the success of a nation's effort to efficiently meet its need for animal products. Genetic engineering offers many new options in the design of animal vaccines. Monoclonal antibodies, DNA cloning, recombination, and transfection are examples of techniques that facilitate innovative strategies in antigen identification, production, and delivery. This article reviews the use of genetic engineering in the production of vaccines directed against foot-and-mouth disease virus and other important pathogens of animals. The advantages and disadvantages of vaccines produced through the use of genetic engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Devaney
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York
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59
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Eckner RJ, Bennett M, Hettrick KL, Seidler C. Natural killer cell suppression of Friend virus-induced preleukemic hemopoietic stem cells. J Virol 1987; 61:2631-8. [PMID: 3474419 PMCID: PMC255714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.8.2631-2638.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether hemopoietic cells infected with Friend polycythemia-inducing spleen focus-forming virus (SFFVp) are conserved or suppressed via natural surveillance in leukemia-resistant adult mice, we engrafted C57BL/6 recipients with isologous transgenic (donor origin marker) or natural killer (NK) cell-deficient B6 beige marrow cells exposed to SFFVp in vitro. Both groups of primary recipients were viremic and nonleukemic. Spleen cells from primary SFFVp-infected chimeras were engrafted into irradiated leukemia-susceptible secondary recipients to reveal dormant leukemia and grew as tumors of donor origin in 8 of 38 (21%) and 33 of 47 (70%) instances, respectively. Treatment of marrow donors and recipients with anti-asialo GM1 serum resulted in the depression of NK cell activity and the rapid development of dormant leukemia. We conclude that NK cells are an effective surveillance mechanism able to suppress SFFVp-induced preleukemic stem cells.
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60
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Neil JC, Forrest D. Mechanisms of retrovirus-induced leukaemia: selected aspects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 907:71-91. [PMID: 3032259 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(87)90019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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61
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Dandekar S, Rossitto P, Pickett S, Mockli G, Bradshaw H, Cardiff R, Gardner M. Molecular characterization of the Akvr-1 restriction gene: a defective endogenous retrovirus-borne gene identical to Fv-4r. J Virol 1987; 61:308-14. [PMID: 3027362 PMCID: PMC253951 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.2.308-314.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A dominant restriction allele, Akvr-1r, from California wild mice (Mus musculus domesticus) confers resistance to exogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) infection. The presence of an ecotropic MuLV envelope-related glycoprotein in uninfected virus-resistant cells suggests that viral interference is a possible mechanism for this resistance. We molecularly cloned the ecotropic MuLV envelope-related sequence from the genomic DNA of a wild mouse homozygous for the Akvr-1r locus. The cloned provirus was defective and contained a C-terminal end of the pol gene, a complete envelope gene, and a 3' long terminal repeat. The presence of this provirus was directly correlated with Akvr-1r-mediated virus resistance in cell cultures and hybrid mice. The Akvr-1r provirus restriction map and partial DNA sequence were identical to those of the Fv-4r allele, an ecotropic MuLV resistance locus from Japanese feral mice (M. musculus molossinus), which was previously shown to be allelic with the Akvr-1r gene. The 3' host flanking sequences of Fv-4r and Akvr-1r also had identical restriction maps. These findings indicate that Akvr-1r and Fv-4r are the same gene. It was probably acquired by interbreeding of these feral species in recent times. Conservation of this locus might be favored by the useful function that it performs in protection against ecotropic MuLV infection endemic in both populations of wild mice.
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62
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Ostertag W, Stocking C, Johnson GR, Kluge N, Kollek R, Franz T, Hess N. Transforming genes and target cells of murine spleen focus-forming viruses. Adv Cancer Res 1987; 48:193-355. [PMID: 3039810 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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63
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Buller RS, Ahmed A, Portis JL. Identification of two forms of an endogenous murine retroviral env gene linked to the Rmcf locus. J Virol 1987; 61:29-34. [PMID: 3023705 PMCID: PMC255194 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.1.29-34.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rmcf gene restricts the replication of recombinant murine mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) viruses in cell cultures derived from mice carrying the resistance allele (Rmcfr) and may play a role in resistance to retrovirus-induced leukemias in vivo. We have characterized the endogenous gp70 expressed by Rmcfr and Rmcfs mice with a panel of type-specific monoclonal antibodies which discriminate xenotropic and MCF gp70. Embryo and tail skin cultures derived from Rmcfr mice (DBA/2 and CBA/N) expressed gp70 bearing a determinant unique to MCF viruses, whereas cultures from Rmcfs mice expressed either no detectable gp70 (NFS/N and IRW) or a gp70 serologically related to a subgroup of xenotropic viruses (C57BL/6, CBA/J, and A/WySn). Studies of progeny embryos derived from a (C57BL/6 X DBA/2) X C57BL/6 backcross established that the Rmcf resistance allele was linked to the expression of the MCF gp70 and that the gene encoding the xenotropic gp70 expressed by C57BL/6 Rmcfs mice was allelic with the MCF gp70 from Rmcfr mice. These data indicate that the Rmcf locus contains an endogenous gp70 gene having two allelic forms, one of which inhibits exogenous MCF infection in vitro by a mechanism of viral interference.
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64
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Zijlstra M, Melief CJ. Virology, genetics and immunology of murine lymphomagenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 865:197-231. [PMID: 3021223 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(86)90028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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65
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O'Neill RR, Khan AS, Hoggan MD, Hartley JW, Martin MA, Repaske R. Specific hybridization probes demonstrate fewer xenotropic than mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia virus env-related sequences in DNAs from inbred laboratory mice. J Virol 1986; 58:359-66. [PMID: 3009853 PMCID: PMC252920 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.58.2.359-366.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have derived hybridization probes from analogous 100-base-pair segments located within the N-terminal region of gp70 coding sequences which differentiate xenotropic from mink cell focus-forming (MCF)-related murine leukemia virus (MuLV) DNAs. The MCF probe annealed to the integrated proviruses of all six MCF MuLV isolates tested; the xenotropic probe hybridized to the DNAs of all four xenotropic proviral isolates examined. No cross-hybridization was observed, and neither probe reacted with the env segments of amphotropic or ecotropic MuLV DNAs. Southern blot analysis of HindIII- or EcoRI-digested genomic DNAs from a variety of inbred laboratory mice demonstrated the presence of more MCF- than xenotropic MuLV-related segments in every strain tested.
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66
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Kai K, Sato H, Odaka T. Relationship between the cellular resistance to Friend murine leukemia virus infection and the expression of murine leukemia virus-gp70-related glycoprotein on cell surface of BALB/c-Fv-4wr mice. Virology 1986; 150:509-12. [PMID: 3008421 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fv-4r is a dominant resistance gene which controls resistance of mice to exogenous infection with ecotropic murine leukemia viruses. Cell lines with various degrees of resistance to ecotropic Friend murine leukemia virus infection were established from BALB/c-Fv-4wr mice which are partially congenic with BALB/c. The degree of resistance of these cell lines correlated well to the amount of glycoprotein with mol wt 80 K on cell surface. The resistance of cells was reduced by the treatment of glycosylation inhibitors, tunicamycin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The results indicate that the Fv-4 resistance is ascribed to the unique glycoprotein on cell surface.
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67
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Gardner M, Dandekar S, Cardiff R. Molecular mechanism of an ecotropic MuLV restriction gene Akvr-1/FV-4 in California wild mice. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1986; 127:338-45. [PMID: 3015498 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71304-0_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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68
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Abstract
Murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) are retroviruses which induce a broad spectrum of hematopoietic malignancies. In contrast to the acutely transforming retroviruses, MuLVs do not contain transduced cellular genes, or oncogenes. Nonetheless, MuLVs can cause leukemias quickly (4 to 6 weeks) and efficiently (up to 100% incidence) in susceptible strains of mice. The molecular basis of MuLV-induced leukemia is not clear. However, the contribution of individual viral genes to leukemogenesis can be assayed by creating novel viruses in vitro using recombinant DNA techniques. These genetically engineered viruses are tested in vivo for their ability to cause leukemia. Leukemogenic MuLVs possess genetic sequences which are not found in nonleukemogenic viruses. These sequences control the histologic type, incidence, and latency of disease induced by individual MuL Vs.
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69
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Normal expression of polymorphic endogenous retroviral RNA containing segments identical to mink cell focus-forming virus. J Virol 1985; 56:691-700. [PMID: 2415714 PMCID: PMC252638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.56.3.691-700.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of infectious virus, strains of mice express polyadenylated RNA transcripts homologous to the genome of murine leukemia virus. In addition to transcripts consistent with full-length and spliced env retroviral RNAs, several unique RNA species which lack the env sequence accumulate in a tissue-specific manner. These RNA species are presumed to be transcribed from endogenous retroviral sequences that constitute the bulk of the murine leukemia virus-related sequences in the murine genome. To determine the relationship of these RNA transcripts to infectious murine leukemia virus and the precise structural basis of the heterogeneity observed for the env-lacking transcripts, we isolated and sequenced cDNA recombinants representing the RNAs expressed in strain 129 GIX+ mice. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences demonstrated that the endogenous retroviral transcripts differed in pol, p15E, and R-peptide regions by single nucleotide changes. In contrast, the gp70-coding regions of two cDNA clones derived from epididymis and liver were completely homologous over a 599-nucleotide overlapping sequence. The structures of env-lacking transcripts were examined in two independent cDNA clones, and each was found to contain a different deletion that was potentially mediated by seven-base pair direct repeats in the intact sequence. The extensive sequence homology between cDNAs allowed construction of a cumulative sequence map of the 3' end of an intact endogenous retroviral transcript. A comparison of this sequence with infectious ecotropic and mink cell focus-forming viruses revealed that the endogenous transcripts are highly homologous with the substituted portions of leukemogenic mink cell focus-forming viruses and therefore further define the boundaries of recombination required to generate these viruses.
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70
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Ruscetti S, Matthai R, Potter M. Susceptibility of BALB/c mice carrying various DBA/2 genes to development of Friend murine leukemia virus-induced erythroleukemia. J Exp Med 1985; 162:1579-87. [PMID: 3863879 PMCID: PMC2187935 DOI: 10.1084/jem.162.5.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a series of BALB/c mice congenic for various DBA/2 genes, we were able to establish that DBA/2 mice carry a gene on chromosome 5, at or near the Rmcfr locus, that plays a major role in resistance to early erythroleukemia induced by injection of Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) into newborn mice. The fact that this gene controls the replication of mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) viruses strengthens the case for these viruses playing a crucial role in the development of erythroleukemia, since failure to replicate MCF viruses results in resistance to early erythroleukemia. The expression of the Rmcfr gene is correlated with the constitutive expression of an MCF virus-related envelope glycoprotein that apparently blocks the receptor for MCF viruses, preventing their spread. Thus, the Rmcfr gene is either a structural gene for this unique protein, which can block the receptor for MCF viruses, or is a regulatory gene that controls expression of such a structural gene. Although the Rmcfr gene is clearly involved in resistance to the early erythroleukemia induced by F-MuLV, it appears to have no effect on the late myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid diseases that appear in DBA/2 and other strains of mice after injection of F-MuLV, consistent with data indicating that replication of MCF viruses is not required for the development of these late diseases. Our studies with congenic and backcross mice also indicate that, in addition to the Rmcfr gene, other genes of DBA/2 origin may contribute to resistance to F-MuLV-induced early erythroleukemia by mechanisms other than blocking the replication of MCF viruses.
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71
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Susceptibility of wild mouse cells to exogenous infection with xenotropic leukemia viruses: control by a single dominant locus on chromosome 1. J Virol 1985; 55:690-5. [PMID: 2991590 PMCID: PMC255045 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.55.3.690-695.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although xenotropic murine leukemia viruses cannot productively infect cells of laboratory mice, cells from various wild-derived mice can support replication of these viruses. Although the virus-sensitive wild mice generally lack all or most of the xenotropic proviral genes characteristic of inbred strains, susceptibility to exogenous infection is unrelated to inheritance of these sequences. Instead, susceptibility is controlled by a single dominant gene, designated Sxv, which maps to chromosome 1. Sxv is closely linked to, but distinct from Bxv-1, the major locus for induction of xenotropic murine leukemia viruses in laboratory mice. Genetic experiments designed to characterize Sxv show that this gene also controls sensitivity to a wild mouse virus with the interference properties of mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses, and that Sxv-mediated susceptibility to xenotropic murine leukemia viruses is restricted by the mink cell focus-forming virus resistance gene Rmcf. These data, together with genetic mapping of the mink cell focus-forming virus cell surface receptor locus to this same region of chromosome 1, suggest that Sxv may encode a wild mouse variant of the mink cell focus-forming virus receptor that allows penetration by xenotropic murine leukemia viruses.
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72
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Ardman B, Khiroya RH, Schwartz RS. Recognition of a leukemia-related antigen by an antiidiotypic antiserum to an anti-gp70 monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 1985; 161:669-86. [PMID: 3856626 PMCID: PMC2189059 DOI: 10.1084/jem.161.4.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility that receptors for retroviral gp70 share structural elements with the antigen-binding sites of anti-retroviral gp70 antibodies was investigated. A monoclonal antibody (1416) was produced that reacted with the gp70 of a cloned recombinant leukemogenic retrovirus, termed P1. An antiidiotypic antiserum raised to 1416 was tested for its ability to bind to the thymic leukemia induced by P1 (P1 Thy). A membrane structure was identified on the surface of P1 Thy that reacted with the antibody against the idiotypic determinant of 1416. A similar structure was identified on the surface of several different, independently derived murine leukemias of T cell, B cell, and erythroid lineage. The expression of the idiotype-like determinant on these leukemia cells was independent of the serological relatedness of their expressed retroviral envelope glycoproteins to P1 gp70. The determinant recognized by the antiidiotype was not detected on normal lymphoid cells. The recognition by the anti-(anti-gp70) idiotype of determinants on unrelated murine leukemias suggests that receptors for different leukemogenic viruses may share common structures.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Line
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/immunology
- Precipitin Tests
- Rabbits
- Thymus Neoplasms/immunology
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73
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Abstract
A search for variant endogenous cat viruses led to a novel isolate. Although the major envelope glycoprotein of this virus was similar in size to that of an RD-114-like virus that was coisolated, it was unrelated to RD-114 or feline leukemia virus by immunological and biological criteria. This degree of dissimilarity suggests a different evolutionary progenitor from that for the RD-114 and feline leukemia virus viral envelopes. The novel virus did, however, code for gag gene polypeptides which are closely related to RD-114 virus. Neither the novel isolate nor the RD-114-like coisolate induced foci in S+L- cat cells which restrict focus induction by RD-114 virus. This suggests that the two viruses share a common genomic target of restriction which resides outside of the env region.
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74
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Zijlstra M, de Goede RE, Schoenmakers H, Radaszkiewicz T, Melief CJ. Ecotropic and dualtropic mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia viruses can induce a wide spectrum of H-2 controlled lymphoma types. Virology 1984; 138:198-211. [PMID: 6333756 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal infection of C57BL and BALB/c mice by cloned ecotropic and dualtropic mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) induces a wide spectrum of different lymphomas of T, B, and non-T/non-B cell types. Oncogenic dualtropic MCF viruses and poorly oncogenic ecotropic MuLV act synergistically in lymphomagenesis. Within one mouse strain virus-induced T-cell lymphomas arise earlier than B-cell lymphomas after neonatal inoculation of a single-cloned MuLV. The host genetic constitution, notably the H-2 complex has a marked influence on lymphoma type. This H-2 influence can be explained by an H-2-linked difference in penetration of the thymus early in life by oncogenic thymotropic MuLV, which in turn is correlated with, but not necessarily due to the magnitude of the anti-MuLV antibody response.
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75
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O'Connell C, O'Brien S, Nash WG, Cohen M. ERV3, a full-length human endogenous provirus: chromosomal localization and evolutionary relationships. Virology 1984; 138:225-35. [PMID: 6495650 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A full-length human endogenous provirus termed ERV3 was isolated from a human fetal recombinant DNA library by low stringency hybridization with two probes: baboon endogenous virus LTR; and a pol-env subclone from the endogenous chimpanzee provirus, CH2. DNA sequencing within the clone and comparisons with other retroviruses revealed that ERV3 contains gag and pol gene sequences that are significantly related to those of mammalian type C retroviruses and previously described human endogenous proviruses. The ERV3 genome was determined to reside at a single locus on human chromosome 7 using a panel of rodent X human somatic cell hybrids.
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76
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Abstract
Retroviruses can be grouped by viral interference measurements into classes which use common cell surface receptors. We previously tested a large number of isolates of mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs), and reported that all of them share a distinct receptor on NIH/3T3 cells (A. Rein, Virology 120, 251, 1982). We now extend this generalization to several additional recombinant isolates, including two (SL3-2 and GPA-V2) which would not be considered MCFs on the basis of host-range data. We note the superiority of interference tests, based on positive, unambiguous data, over host-range tests for virus classification. We also show that in contrast to the MCFs, which are all derived from ecotropic MuLVs, a recombinant derived from wild mouse amphotropic MuLV (S. Rasheed et al., Int. J. Cancer 29, 345, 1982) uses a unique receptor on NIH/3T3 cells. This suggests that (a) mouse cells contain more than one type of endogenous env sequence; and (b) there is some specificity in the generation of recombinants, since ecotropic MuLVs appear to give rise only to MCFs, while amphotropic MuLV has generated a distinct type of recombinant. It also represents a second case (in addition to the MCFs) in which an env gene recombinant is more pathogenic than its exogenous parent. We also show that xenotropic MuLV does not interfere with MCFs in NZB mouse cells; thus, despite the close homology between MCF and xenotropic env sequences, the gp70 of xenotropic MuLV appears to have no detectable affinity for the MCF receptor.
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77
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Lee EJ, Kaminchik J, Hankins WD. Expression of xenotropic-like env RNA sequences in normal DBA/2 and NZB mouse tissues. J Virol 1984; 51:247-50. [PMID: 6328045 PMCID: PMC254425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.51.1.247-250.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a DNA probe prepared from cloned env gene sequences of Friend spleen focus-forming viruses, we detected the differential expression of multiple RNA species in uninfected DBA/2 fibroblasts and in various tissues from adult DBA/2 and NZB mice. The size of the major RNA species detected was estimated to be 24S . The 24S RNA species was enriched in polyadenylate-selected preparations and thus may represent a message for endogenous viral envelope glycoproteins. The viral origin of the 24S RNA was further characterized by its hybridization to DNA probes containing the long terminal repeats of Harvey murine sarcoma virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, or the U3 region of an endogenous xenotropic virus. Although the env-related 24S RNA failed to react with either Harvey murine sarcoma virus or mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat probes, it hybridized well with the xenotropic virus long terminal repeat probe. Therefore, it is likely that the RNA detected with the Friend spleen focus-forming virus env probe reflects transcription of xenotropic envelope sequences in uninfected tissues. Our finding that the level of 24S RNA varied in different organs indicated some tissue specificity in the expression of these xenotropic-like env proteins.
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78
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Ikeda H, Odaka T. A cell membrane "gp70" associated with Fv-4 gene: immunological characterization, and tissue and strain distribution. Virology 1984; 133:65-76. [PMID: 6199893 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fv-4r is a dominant resistance gene which controls susceptibility of mice to exogenous infection with ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV). A MuLV env-gene product related to gp70 on cells from uninfected Fv-4r mice has been found. Expression of this molecule is closely linked to the resistance allele. Antigenic determinants on the Fv-4r gp70 are similar to many ecotropic and some dualtropic MuLV gp70s but different from xenotropic and amphotropic MuLV gp70s. The Fv-4r gp70 molecule also has unique antigenic determinants since it is recognized by Fv-4 specific antisera which do not recognize other cell membrane gp70s or viral gp70s. The Fv-4-specific cell membrane gp70 is detectable on cells from thymus, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, and embryo fibroblasts from Fv-4r mice, but not from Fv-4s mice. Slight differences in electrophoretic mobility of Fv-4r gp70 are found on different tissues. This unique cell membrane gp70 may be causally related to Fv-4 resistance.
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79
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Pinter A, Honnen WJ. Characterization of structural and immunological properties of specific domains of Friend ecotropic and dual-tropic murine leukemia virus gp70s. J Virol 1984; 49:452-8. [PMID: 6198530 PMCID: PMC255486 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.452-458.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed comparison of the gp70 proteins of cloned ecotropic Friend murine leukemia virus (FLV) and dual-tropic Friend mink focus-forming virus (FrMCF) was performed by analyzing the structural and immunological properties of amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of these molecules generated upon controlled trypsinization. The two gp70s gave characteristic fragmentation patterns; the amino-terminal fragments of FrMCF gp70 were smaller than the corresponding fragments of FLV and contained a trypsin site which resulted in a 19,000-dalton amino-terminal fragment not observed for FLV, whereas both molecules yielded an identically sized carboxy-terminal fragment. All amino-terminal fragments of both gp70 molecules contained an endo H-sensitive oligosaccharide chain; for FrMCF, a second endo H-sensitive carbohydrate was present as well at a carboxy-terminal site for approximately 50% of the molecules. Several aspects of the disulfide interactions of the two gp70s were conserved; in both cases the carboxy-terminal fragments were disulfide bonded to p15(E), there were no disulfide bonds between amino- and carboxy-terminal fragments, and the amino-terminal fragments exhibited a significant increase in mobility upon analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. Analysis of the immunoreactivity of the different domains of the proteins by immunoprecipitation of the fragments with antisera prepared against xenotropic murine leukemia virus and feline leukemia virus gp70s indicated major differences in antigenicity for the amino-terminal domains of FLV and FrMCF gp70, whereas the carboxy-terminal domains were immunologically conserved. Similar analyses with antibodies specific for p15(E) and Pr15(E) demonstrate that these components are conserved as well. These data provide direct evidence that p15(E) and the C-terminal gp70 domain of FrMCF gp70 are related to the corresponding regions of the ecotropic FLV parent and indicate that the acquisition of MCF-specific properties is due to the replacement of the ecotropic amino-terminal gp70 domain with sequences related to those of xenotropic gp70s.
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80
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Faller DV, Baltimore D. Liposome encapsulation of retrovirus allows efficient superinfection of resistant cell lines. J Virol 1984; 49:269-72. [PMID: 6690715 PMCID: PMC255452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.49.1.269-272.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lines which are infected with retrovirus are resistant to superinfection by a related retrovirus. Packaging of whole virions within synthetic lipid vesicles allows efficient infection of such resistant cell lines. This system is more efficient in introducing encapsulated virus into infected cells than into uninfected cells.
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81
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Ruta M, Bestwick R, Machida C, Kabat D. Loss of leukemogenicity caused by mutations in the membrane glycoprotein structural gene of Friend spleen focus-forming virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:4704-8. [PMID: 6308644 PMCID: PMC384112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.15.4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Friend virus infection of mice causes progressive leukemogenesis--a rapid splenic erythroblastosis that develops weeks later into a disseminating erythroleukemia. Furthermore, the replication-defective Friend spleen focus-forming virus (F-SFFV) encodes a membrane glycoprotein with an apparent Mr of 55,000 (designated gp55), which is structurally and immunologically related to the membrane envelope glycoproteins of dual tropic murine leukemia viruses. We now have isolated three spontaneous F-SFFV mutants that encode abnormally sized gp55-related glycoproteins with apparent Mrs of 40,000, 54,000, and 58,000, respectively. RNA blot and Southern blot analyses indicate that the mutant nucleic acids do not have substantial deletions or insertions in their glycoprotein gene regions. Protein fragmentation patterns indicate that the mutations affect nonoverlapping domains of the glycoprotein. Furthermore, these mutant glycoproteins seem to be defective in their processing to the plasma membranes. Although transmitted efficiently between cultured cells, the mutants have dramatically reduced leukemogenicities compared with the same titers of wild-type F-SFFV. We conclude that the gp55 structural gene is necessary for initiating the erythroblast proliferative phase of Friend disease and that changes in membranes can be primary causes rather than only secondary consequences of tumor progression.
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82
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Ikeda H, Odaka T. Cellular expression of murine leukemia virus gp70-related antigen on thymocytes of uninfected mice correlates with Fv-4 gene-controlled resistance to Friend leukemia virus infection. Virology 1983; 128:127-39. [PMID: 6192586 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alleles at the Fv-4 locus have been shown to determine susceptibility (Fv-4s) and resistance (Fv-4r) to infection with ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLV). The resistance is dominant in heterozygous mice. BALB/c mice are Fv-4ss and a semicongenic line BALB/c-Fv-4wr, homozygous for Fv-4r allele and called C4W, is being developed. Extracts of 125I-labeled thymocytes from BALB/c and C4W mice were precipitated by a series of antisera against MuLV and the precipitates examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Thymocytes from C4W mice expressed 80K and 73K glycoproteins related to the gp70 of MuLV, while only the 73K glycoprotein was occasionally detectable on BALB/c thymocytes. Genetic studies showed that a locus controlling expression of the 80K protein was dominant and associated with the resistant allele at Fv-4. This membrane gp70 may be important in the Fv-4-mediated resistance to exogenous virus infection.
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83
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Chesebro B, Portis JL, Wehrly K, Nishio J. Effect of murine host genotype on MCF virus expression, latency, and leukemia cell type of leukemias induced by Friend murine leukemia helper virus. Virology 1983; 128:221-33. [PMID: 6308893 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leukemias induced by neonatal inoculations of several mouse strains with different strains of Friend murine leukemia helper virus (F-MuLV) were followed for time of disease onset, cytochemical analysis of predominant cell types in leukemic organs, and expression of infectious mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) viruses detected by mink cell foci or MCF-specific monoclonal antibodies. Most BALB.B and IRW mice had a rapidly appearing, severe anemia and hepatosplenomegaly consisting of erythroid cells. MCF viruses were usually isolated from enlarged spleens of IRW mice. In contrast, C57BL/10 mice had a lower incidence of disease and much slower course. Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy with mild anemia were seen, and the predominant cell types were either myeloid (chloroleukemia) or lymphoid. MCF viruses were never isolated from this mouse strain. (C57BL/10 X IRW)F1 mice were intermediate in latency, but all mice had disease by 8 months. Myeloid, lymphoid, and some mixed leukemias with an erythroid component were observed, but in no case did we see the severe anemia or pure erythroid involvement typical of IRW and BALB.B mice. MCF viruses were, however, isolated from 22% of these mice regardless of leukemia cell type. DBA/2 mice had a disease pattern similar to the (C57BL/10 X IRW)F1 mice, and MCF viruses were isolated from three of six mice tested. Inoculation of IRW mice with the low virulence B3 strain of F-MuLV produced disease with a longer latency than F-MuLV 57, but similar cell types were transformed by both viruses. In vitro cell lines were derived from 14 mice, and most were tumorigenic in vivo. Three lines released infectious MCF virus, and three others expressed MCF-specific cell surface antigens but did not release virus. Eight lines expressed no MCF infectious virus or viral antigens. Several lines released infectious xenotropic viruses and/or expressed xenotropic MuLV cell surface antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies reactive with xenotropic viruses. The lack of MCF expression in many primary leukemic tissues as well as in in vitro derived leukemia cell lines of C57BL/10 and (B10 X IRW)F1 mice suggested that MCF virus generation and expression may not be required for leukemogenesis in some mouse strains or in some hemopoietic lineages.
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84
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Hartley JW, Yetter RA, Morse HC. A mouse gene on chromosome 5 that restricts infectivity of mink cell focus-forming recombinant murine leukemia viruses. J Exp Med 1983; 158:16-24. [PMID: 6306133 PMCID: PMC2187076 DOI: 10.1084/jem.158.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
DBA/1, DBA/2, CBA/N, and CBA/Ca mice carry a gene which specifically restricts infectivity of mink cell focus-forming (MCF) murine leukemia viruses. The gene, designated Rmcfr, is dominant or semidominant and maps to chromosome 5; it is closely linked to the morphologic marker gene Hm. The Rmcf gene may be of much use as a means of determining the role of MCF viruses in various forms of leukemogenesis.
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