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Matching the Diversity of Sulfated Biomolecules: Creation of a Classification Database for Sulfatases Reflecting Their Substrate Specificity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164846. [PMID: 27749924 PMCID: PMC5066984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases cleave sulfate groups from various molecules and constitute a biologically and industrially important group of enzymes. However, the number of sulfatases whose substrate has been characterized is limited in comparison to the huge diversity of sulfated compounds, yielding functional annotations of sulfatases particularly prone to flaws and misinterpretations. In the context of the explosion of genomic data, a classification system allowing a better prediction of substrate specificity and for setting the limit of functional annotations is urgently needed for sulfatases. Here, after an overview on the diversity of sulfated compounds and on the known sulfatases, we propose a classification database, SulfAtlas (http://abims.sb-roscoff.fr/sulfatlas/), based on sequence homology and composed of four families of sulfatases. The formylglycine-dependent sulfatases, which constitute the largest family, are also divided by phylogenetic approach into 73 subfamilies, each subfamily corresponding to either a known specificity or to an uncharacterized substrate. SulfAtlas summarizes information about the different families of sulfatases. Within a family a web page displays the list of its subfamilies (when they exist) and the list of EC numbers. The family or subfamily page shows some descriptors and a table with all the UniProt accession numbers linked to the databases UniProt, ExplorEnz, and PDB.
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Saito S, Ohno K, Okuyama T, Sakuraba H. Structural Basis of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II and Construction of a Database of Mutant Iduronate 2-Sulfatases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163964. [PMID: 27695081 PMCID: PMC5047593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS), and missense mutations comprising about 30% of the mutations responsible for MPS II result in heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from the severe to the attenuated form. To elucidate the basis of MPS II from the structural viewpoint, we built structural models of the wild type and mutant IDS proteins resulting from 131 missense mutations (phenotypes: 67 severe and 64 attenuated), and analyzed the influence of each amino acid substitution on the IDS structure by calculating the accessible surface area, the number of atoms affected and the root-mean-square distance. The results revealed that the amino acid substitutions causing MPS II were widely spread over the enzyme molecule and that the structural changes of the enzyme protein were generally larger in the severe group than in the attenuated one. Coloring of the atoms influenced by different amino acid substitutions at the same residue showed that the structural changes influenced the disease progression. Based on these data, we constructed a database of IDS mutations as to the structures of mutant IDS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Saito
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, 59–2 Nishinopporo, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8585, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohno
- Catalyst Inc., 1-5-6 Kudan-minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102–0074, Japan
- Education Academy of Computational Life Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152–8552, Japan
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157–8535, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204–8588, Japan
- * E-mail:
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53
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Wang S, Sugahara K, Li F. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate sulfatases from mammals and bacteria. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:841-851. [PMID: 27526113 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of the sulfate groups on chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) poly- and oligosaccharides belong to the formylglycine-dependent family of sulfatases and have been widely found in various mammalian and bacterial organisms. However, only a few types of CS/DS sulfatase have been identified so far. Recently, several novel CS/DS sulfatases have been cloned and characterized. Advanced studies have provided significant insight into the biological function and mechanism of action of CS/DS sulfatases. Moreover, further studies will provide powerful tools for structural and functional studies of CS/DS as well as related applications. This article reviews the recent progress in CS/DS sulfatase research and is expected to initiate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China.
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Tian H, Fürstenberg A, Huber T. Labeling and Single-Molecule Methods To Monitor G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dynamics. Chem Rev 2016; 117:186-245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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55
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Fedele AO. Sanfilippo syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatments. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:269-81. [PMID: 26648750 PMCID: PMC4664539 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s57672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type III, refers to one of five autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (MPS IIIA to MPS IIIE) whose symptoms are caused by the deficiency of enzymes involved exclusively in heparan sulfate degradation. The primary characteristic of MPS III is the degeneration of the central nervous system, resulting in mental retardation and hyperactivity, typically commencing during childhood. The significance of the order of events leading from heparan sulfate accumulation through to downstream changes in the levels of biomolecules within the cell and ultimately the (predominantly neuropathological) clinical symptoms is not well understood. The genes whose deficiencies cause the MPS III subtypes have been identified, and their gene products, as well as a selection of disease-causing mutations, have been characterized to varying degrees with respect to both frequency and direct biochemical consequences. A number of genetic and biochemical diagnostic methods have been developed and adopted by diagnostic laboratories. However, there is no effective therapy available for any form of MPS III, with treatment currently limited to clinical management of neurological symptoms. The availability of animal models for all forms of MPS III, whether spontaneous or generated via gene targeting, has contributed to improved understanding of the MPS III subtypes, and has provided and will deliver invaluable tools to appraise emerging therapies. Indeed, clinical trials to evaluate intrathecally-delivered enzyme replacement therapy in MPS IIIA patients, and gene therapy for MPS IIIA and MPS IIIB patients are planned or underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Fedele
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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56
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Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA. The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:526-63. [PMID: 26213785 PMCID: PMC4591525 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation are fundamental pathways vital for a functional vertebrate endocrine system. After biosynthesis, hydrophobic steroids are sulfated to expedite circulatory transit. Target cells express transmembrane organic anion-transporting polypeptides that facilitate cellular uptake of sulfated steroids. Once intracellular, sulfatases hydrolyze these steroid sulfate esters to their unconjugated, and usually active, forms. Because most steroids can be sulfated, including cholesterol, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estrone, understanding the function, tissue distribution, and regulation of sulfation and desulfation processes provides significant insights into normal endocrine function. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of these pathways is associated with numerous pathologies, including steroid-dependent cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, and X-linked ichthyosis. Here we provide a comprehensive examination of our current knowledge of endocrine-related sulfation and desulfation pathways. We describe the interplay between sulfatases and sulfotransferases, showing how their expression and regulation influences steroid action. Furthermore, we address the role that organic anion-transporting polypeptides play in regulating intracellular steroid concentrations and how their expression patterns influence many pathologies, especially cancer. Finally, the recent advances in pharmacologically targeting steroidogenic pathways will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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57
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Knop M, Engi P, Lemnaru R, Seebeck FP. In Vitro Reconstitution of Formylglycine-Generating Enzymes Requires Copper(I). Chembiochem 2015; 16:2147-50. [PMID: 26403223 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Formylglycine-generating enzymes (FGEs) catalyze O2 -dependent conversion of specific cysteine residues of arylsulfatases and alkaline phosphatases into formylglycine. The ability also to introduce unique aldehyde functions into recombinant proteins makes FGEs a powerful tool for protein engineering. One limitation of this technology is poor in vitro activity of reconstituted FGEs. Although FGEs have been characterized as cofactor-free enzymes we report that the addition of one equivalent of Cu(I) increases catalytic efficiency more than 20-fold and enables the identification of stereoselective C-H bond cleavage at the substrate as the rate-limiting step. These findings remove previous limitations of FGE-based protein engineering and also pose new questions about the catalytic mechanism of this O2 -utilizing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Knop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Engi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roxana Lemnaru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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58
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Mathew J, Jagadeesh SM, Bhat M, Udhaya Kumar S, Thiyagarajan S, Srinivasan S. Mutations in ARSB in MPS VI patients in India. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2015; 4:53-61. [PMID: 26937411 PMCID: PMC4750586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the arylsulfatase B gene (ARSB) and consequent deficient activity of ARSB, a lysosomal enzyme. We present here the results of a study undertaken to identify the mutations in ARSB in MPS VI patients in India. Around 160 ARSB mutations, of which just 4 are from India, have been reported in the literature. Our study covered nine MPS VI patients from eight families. Both familial mutations were found in seven families, and only one mutation was found in one family. Seven mutations were found - four novel (p.G38_G40del3, p.C91R, p.L98R and p.R315P), two previously reported from India (p.D53N and p.W450C), and one reported from outside India (p.R160Q). One mutation, p.W450C, was present in two families, and the other six mutations were present in one family each. Analysis of the molecular structure of the enzyme revealed that most of these mutations either cause loss of an active site residue or destabilize the structure of the enzyme. The only previous study on mutations in ARSB in Indian MPS VI patients, by Kantaputra et al. 2014 [1], reported four novel mutations of which two (p.D53N and p.W450C) were found in our study as well. Till date, nine mutations have been reported from India, through our study and the Kantaputra study. Eight out of these nine mutations have been found only in India. This suggests that the population studied by us might have its own typical set of mutations, with other populations equally likely to have their own set of mutations.
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Key Words
- ARSB, arylsulfatase B
- Active site
- Arylsulfatase B (ARSB)
- ERT, enzyme replacement therapy
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- GALNS, N-acetyl galactosamine 6-sulfatase
- HGMD, Human Gene Mutation Database
- HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- Inborn error of metabolism (IEM)
- India
- LSD, lysosomal storage disorder
- Lysosomal enzyme
- Lysosomal storage disorder (LSD)
- MPS, mucopolysaccharidosis
- Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome
- Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI)
- Mutations
- PCT, pharmacological chaperone therapy
- VUS, variants of unknown significance
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Affiliation(s)
- Juby Mathew
- Centre for Human Genetics (CHG), Bangalore, India
| | - Sujatha M Jagadeesh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Fetal Care Research Foundation (FCRF), Chennai, India
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59
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Peng J, Alam S, Radhakrishnan K, Mariappan M, Rudolph MG, May C, Dierks T, von Figura K, Schmidt B. Eukaryotic formylglycine-generating enzyme catalyses a monooxygenase type of reaction. FEBS J 2015; 282:3262-74. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Peng
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Karthikeyan Radhakrishnan
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; University of Göttingen; Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I; Bielefeld University; Germany
| | | | | | - Caroline May
- Department of Medical Proteomics/Bioanalytics; Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I; Bielefeld University; Germany
| | - Kurt von Figura
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; University of Göttingen; Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmidt
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; University of Göttingen; Germany
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60
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Jackson M, Derrick Roberts A, Martin E, Rout-Pitt N, Gronthos S, Byers S. Mucopolysaccharidosis enzyme production by bone marrow and dental pulp derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:584-93. [PMID: 25748347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are inherited metabolic disorders that arise from a complete loss or a reduction in one of eleven specific lysosomal enzymes. MPS children display pathology in multiple cell types leading to tissue and organ failure and early death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) give rise to many of the cell types affected in MPS, including those that are refractory to current treatment protocols such as hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) based therapy. In this study we compared multiple MPS enzyme production by bone marrow derived (hBM) and dental pulp derived (hDP) MSCs to enzyme production by HSCs. hBM MSCs produce significantly higher levels of MPS I, II, IIIA, IVA, VI and VII enzyme than HSCs, while hDP MSCs produce significantly higher levels of MPS I, IIIA, IVA, VI and VII enzymes. Higher transfection efficiency was observed in MSCs (89%) compared to HSCs (23%) using a lentiviral vector. Over-expression of four different lysosomal enzymes resulted in up to 9303-fold and up to 5559-fold greater levels in MSC cell layer and media respectively. Stable, persistent transduction of MSCs and sustained over-expression of MPS VII enzyme was observed in vitro. Transduction of MSCs did not affect the ability of the cells to differentiate down osteogenic, adipogenic or chondrogenic lineages, but did partially delay differentiation down the non-mesodermal neurogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Jackson
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Genetics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ainslie Derrick Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ellenore Martin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nathan Rout-Pitt
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Genetics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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61
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Grell TAJ, Goldman PJ, Drennan CL. SPASM and twitch domains in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) radical enzymes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:3964-71. [PMID: 25477505 PMCID: PMC4326806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.581249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM, also known as AdoMet) radical enzymes use SAM and a [4Fe-4S] cluster to catalyze a diverse array of reactions. They adopt a partial triose-phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel fold with N- and C-terminal extensions that tailor the structure of the enzyme to its specific function. One extension, termed a SPASM domain, binds two auxiliary [4Fe-4S] clusters and is present within peptide-modifying enzymes. The first structure of a SPASM-containing enzyme, anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme (anSME), revealed unexpected similarities to two non-SPASM proteins, butirosin biosynthetic enzyme 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine dehydrogenase (BtrN) and molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic enzyme (MoaA). The latter two enzymes bind one auxiliary cluster and exhibit a partial SPASM motif, coined a Twitch domain. Here we review the structure and function of auxiliary cluster domains within the SAM radical enzyme superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine L Drennan
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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62
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Appel MJ, Bertozzi CR. Formylglycine, a post-translationally generated residue with unique catalytic capabilities and biotechnology applications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:72-84. [PMID: 25514000 PMCID: PMC4492166 DOI: 10.1021/cb500897w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Formylglycine (fGly) is a catalytically essential residue found almost exclusively in the active sites of type I sulfatases. Formed by post-translational oxidation of cysteine or serine side chains, this aldehyde-functionalized residue participates in a unique and highly efficient catalytic mechanism for sulfate ester hydrolysis. The enzymes that produce fGly, formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) and anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme (anSME), are as unique and specialized as fGly itself. FGE especially is structurally and mechanistically distinct, and serves the sole function of activating type I sulfatase targets. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism by which fGly contributes to sulfate ester hydrolysis, the molecular details of fGly biogenesis by FGE and anSME, and finally, recent biotechnology applications of fGly beyond its natural catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J. Appel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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63
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Ho CL. Phylogeny of Algal Sequences Encoding Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases, Formylglycine-Dependent Sulfatases, and Putative Sulfatase Modifying Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1057. [PMID: 26635861 PMCID: PMC4659905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many algae are rich sources of sulfated polysaccharides with biological activities. The physicochemical/rheological properties and biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides are affected by the pattern and number of sulfate moieties. Sulfation of carbohydrates is catalyzed by carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs) while modification of sulfate moieties on sulfated polysaccharides was presumably catalyzed by sulfatases including formylglycine-dependent sulfatases (FGly-SULFs). Post-translationally modification of Cys to FGly in FGly-SULFs by sulfatase modifiying factors (SUMFs) is necessary for the activity of this enzyme. The aims of this study are to mine for sequences encoding algal CHSTs, FGly-SULFs and putative SUMFs from the fully sequenced algal genomes and to infer their phylogenetic relationships to their well characterized counterparts from other organisms. Algal sequences encoding CHSTs, FGly-SULFs, SUMFs, and SUMF-like proteins were successfully identified from green and brown algae. However, red algal FGly-SULFs and SUMFs were not identified. In addition, a group of SUMF-like sequences with different gene structure and possibly different functions were identified for green, brown and red algae. The phylogeny of these putative genes contributes to the corpus of knowledge of an unexplored area. The analyses of these putative genes contribute toward future production of existing and new sulfated carbohydrate polymers through enzymatic synthesis and metabolic engineering.
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64
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Garavelli L, Santoro L, Iori A, Gargano G, Braibanti S, Pedori S, Melli N, Frattini D, Zampini L, Galeazzi T, Padella L, Pepe S, Wischmeijer A, Rosato S, Ivanovski I, Iughetti L, Gelmini C, Bernasconi S, Superti-Furga A, Ballabio A, Gabrielli O. Multiple sulfatase deficiency with neonatal manifestation. Ital J Pediatr 2014; 40:86. [PMID: 25516103 PMCID: PMC4299397 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-014-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (MSD; OMIM 272200) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the sulfatase modifying factor 1 gene, encoding the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), and resulting in tissue accumulation of sulfatides, sulphated glycosaminoglycans, sphingolipids and steroid sulfates. Less than 50 cases have been published so far. We report a new case of MSD presenting in the newborn period with hypotonia, apnoea, cyanosis and rolling eyes, hepato-splenomegaly and deafness. This patient was compound heterozygous for two so far undescribed SUMF1 mutations (c.191C > A; p.S64X and c.818A > G; p.D273G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | - Alexandra Iori
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy. .,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Childhood and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Gargano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Braibanti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Simona Pedori
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Nives Melli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Daniele Frattini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Pepe
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anita Wischmeijer
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Rosato
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Ivan Ivanovski
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Childhood and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gelmini
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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65
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Chung YK, Sohn YB, Sohn JM, Lee J, Chang MS, Kwun Y, Kim CH, Lee JY, Yook YJ, Ko AR, Jin DK. A biochemical and physicochemical comparison of two recombinant enzymes used for enzyme replacement therapies of hunter syndrome. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:309-15. [PMID: 24781369 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome; OMIM 309900) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency in the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). For enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) of Hunter syndrome, two recombinant enzymes, idursulfase (Elaprase(®), Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Lexington, MA) and idursulfase beta (Hunterase(®), Green Cross Corporation, Yongin, Korea), are currently available in Korea. To compare the biochemical and physicochemical differences between idursulfase and idursulfase beta, we examined the formylglycine (FGly) content, specific enzyme activity, mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) content, sialic acid content, and in vitro cell uptake activity of normal human fibroblasts of these two enzymes.The FGly content, which determines the enzyme activity, of idursulfase beta was significantly higher than that of idursulfase (79.4 ± 0.9 vs. 68.1 ± 2.2 %, P < 0.001). In accordance with the FGly content, the specific enzyme activity of idursulfase beta was significantly higher than that of idursulfase (42.6 ± 1.1 vs. 27.8 ± 0.9 nmol/min/μg protein, P < 0.001). The levels of M6P and sialic acid were not significantly different (2.4 ± 0.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.3 mol/mol protein for M6P and 12.3 ± 0.7 vs. 12.4 ± 0.4 mol/mol protein for sialic acid). However, the cellular uptake activity of the normal human fibroblasts in vitro showed a significant difference (Kuptake, 5.09 ± 0.96 vs. 6.50 ± 1.28 nM protein, P = 0.017).In conclusion, idursulfase beta exhibited significantly higher specific enzyme activity than idursulfase, resulting from higher FGly content. These biochemical differences may be partly attributed to clinical efficacy. However, long-term clinical evaluations of Hunter syndrome patients treated with these two enzymes will be needed to demonstrate the clinical implications of significant difference of the enzyme activity and the FGly content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Kyung Chung
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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66
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Broderick JB, Duffus B, Duschene KS, Shepard EM. Radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4229-317. [PMID: 24476342 PMCID: PMC4002137 DOI: 10.1021/cr4004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan B. Broderick
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Benjamin
R. Duffus
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Kaitlin S. Duschene
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Eric M. Shepard
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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67
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Williams SJ, Denehy E, Krenske EH. Experimental and theoretical insights into the mechanisms of sulfate and sulfamate ester hydrolysis and the end products of type I sulfatase inactivation by aryl sulfamates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1995-2005. [PMID: 24555731 DOI: 10.1021/jo4026513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I sulfatases catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters through S-O bond cleavage and possess a catalytically essential formylglycine (FGly) active-site residue that is post-translationally derived from either cysteine or serine. Type I sulfatases are inactivated by aryl sulfamates in a time-dependent, irreversible, and active-site directed manner consistent with covalent modification of the active site. We report a theoretical (SCS-MP2//B3LYP) and experimental study of the uncatalyzed and enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of aryl sulfates and sulfamates. In solution, aryl sulfate monoanions undergo hydrolysis by an S(N)2 mechanism whereas aryl sulfamate monoanions follow an S(N)1 pathway with SO2NH as an intermediate; theory traces this difference to the markedly greater stability of SO2NH versus SO3. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase-catalyzed aryl sulfate hydrolysis, Brønsted analysis (log(V(max)/K(M)) versus leaving group pK(a) value) reveals β(LG) = -0.86 ± 0.23, consistent with an S(N)2 at sulfur reaction but substantially smaller than that reported for uncatalyzed hydrolysis (β(LG) = -1.81). Common to all proposed mechanisms of sulfatase catalysis is a sulfated FGly intermediate. Theory indicates a ≥26 kcal/mol preference for the intermediate to release HSO4(-) by an E2 mechanism, rather than alkaline phosphatase-like S(N)2 substitution by water. An evaluation of the stabilities of various proposed end-products of sulfamate-induced sulfatase inactivation highlights that an imine N-sulfate derived from FGly is the most likely irreversible adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and ‡Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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68
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Ragsdale EJ, Müller MR, Rödelsperger C, Sommer RJ. A developmental switch coupled to the evolution of plasticity acts through a sulfatase. Cell 2014; 155:922-33. [PMID: 24209628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity has been suggested to facilitate phenotypic diversity, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are little understood. We analyzed a feeding dimorphism in Pristionchus nematodes whereby one of two alternative adult mouth forms is executed after an irreversible developmental decision. By integrating developmental genetics with functional tests in phenotypically divergent populations and species, we identified a regulator of plasticity, eud-1, that acts in a developmental switch. eud-1 mutations eliminate one mouth form, whereas overexpression of eud-1 fixes it. EUD-1 is a sulfatase that acts dosage dependently, is necessary and sufficient to control the sexual dimorphism of feeding forms, and has a conserved function in Pristionchus evolution. It is epistatic to known signaling cascades and results from lineage-specific gene duplications. EUD-1 thus executes a developmental switch for morphological plasticity in the adult stage, showing that regulatory pathways can evolve by terminal addition of new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Ragsdale
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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69
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Mostafa YA, Taylor SD. Steroid derivatives as inhibitors of steroid sulfatase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:183-98. [PMID: 23391659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated steroids function as a storage reservoir of biologically active steroid hormones. The sulfated steroids themselves are biologically inactive and only become active in vivo when they are converted into their desulfated (unconjugated) form by the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS). Inhibitors of STS are considered to be potential therapeutics for the treatment of steroid-dependent cancers such as breast, prostate and endometrial cancer. The present review summarizes steroid derivatives as inhibitors of STS covering the literature from the early years of STS inhibitor development to October of 2012. A brief discussion of the function, structure and mechanism of STS and its role in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) hormone-dependent breast cancer is also presented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser A Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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70
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. The structural biology of oestrogen metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:27-49. [PMID: 23291110 PMCID: PMC3866684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes catalyse reactions that have an oestrogen as a substrate and/or a product. The reactions catalysed include aromatisation, oxidation, reduction, sulfonation, desulfonation, hydroxylation and methoxylation. The enzymes that catalyse these reactions must all recognise and bind oestrogen but, despite this, they have diverse structures. This review looks at each of these enzymes in turn, describing the structure and discussing the mechanism of the catalysed reaction. Since oestrogen has a role in many disease states inhibition of the enzymes of oestrogen metabolism may have an impact on the state or progression of the disease and inhibitors of these enzymes are briefly discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
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Key Words
- 17β-HSD
- 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 3,5-dinitrocatechol
- 3-(((8R,9S,13S,14S,16R,17S)-3,17-dihydroxy-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-yl)methyl)benzamide
- 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphate
- 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate
- Aromatase
- COMT
- DHEA(S)
- DHETNA
- DNC
- E1(S)
- E2(S)
- E2B
- E3
- E4
- ER
- FAD/FMN
- FG
- HFG(S)
- NADP(+)
- NADPH
- O5′-[9-(3,17β-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16β-yl)-nonanoyl]adenosine
- Oestrogen
- PAP
- PAPS
- Protein structure
- Reaction mechanism
- S-adenosyl methionine
- SAM
- SDR
- Sulfatase
- Sulfotransferase
- catechol-O-methyl transferase
- dehydroepiandrosterone (sulfate)
- estetrol
- estradiol (sulfate)
- estriol
- estrogen receptor
- estrone (sulfate)
- flavin adenine dinucleotide/flavin mononucleotide
- formylglycine
- hydroxyformylglycine (sulfate)
- mb-COMT
- membrane-bound COMT
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidised)
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
- s-COMT
- short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase
- soluble COMT
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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71
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Wiegmann EM, Westendorf E, Kalus I, Pringle TH, Lübke T, Dierks T. Arylsulfatase K, a novel lysosomal sulfatase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30019-30028. [PMID: 23986440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human sulfatase family has 17 members, 13 of which have been characterized biochemically. These enzymes specifically hydrolyze sulfate esters in glycosaminoglycans, sulfolipids, or steroid sulfates, thereby playing key roles in cellular degradation, cell signaling, and hormone regulation. The loss of sulfatase activity has been linked to severe pathophysiological conditions such as lysosomal storage disorders, developmental abnormalities, or cancer. A novel member of this family, arylsulfatase K (ARSK), was identified bioinformatically through its conserved sulfatase signature sequence directing posttranslational generation of the catalytic formylglycine residue in sulfatases. However, overall sequence identity of ARSK with other human sulfatases is low (18-22%). Here we demonstrate that ARSK indeed shows desulfation activity toward arylsulfate pseudosubstrates. When expressed in human cells, ARSK was detected as a 68-kDa glycoprotein carrying at least four N-glycans of both the complex and high-mannose type. Purified ARSK turned over p-nitrocatechol and p-nitrophenyl sulfate. This activity was dependent on cysteine 80, which was verified to undergo conversion to formylglycine. Kinetic parameters were similar to those of several lysosomal sulfatases involved in degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. An acidic pH optimum (~4.6) and colocalization with LAMP1 verified lysosomal functioning of ARSK. Further, it carries mannose 6-phosphate, indicating lysosomal sorting via mannose 6-phosphate receptors. ARSK mRNA expression was found in all tissues tested, suggesting a ubiquitous physiological substrate and a so far non-classified lysosomal storage disorder in the case of ARSK deficiency, as shown before for all other lysosomal sulfatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marie Wiegmann
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany and
| | - Eva Westendorf
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany and
| | - Ina Kalus
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany and
| | | | - Torben Lübke
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany and
| | - Thomas Dierks
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany and.
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72
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Sogi KM, Gartner ZJ, Breidenbach MA, Appel MJ, Schelle MW, Bertozzi CR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3406 is a type II alkyl sulfatase capable of sulfate scavenging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65080. [PMID: 23762287 PMCID: PMC3675115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes nine putative sulfatases, none of which have a known function or substrate. Here, we characterize Mtb’s single putative type II sulfatase, Rv3406, as a non-heme iron (II) and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidation and subsequent cleavage of alkyl sulfate esters. Rv3406 was identified based on its homology to the alkyl sulfatase AtsK from Pseudomonas putida. Using an in vitro biochemical assay, we confirmed that Rv3406 is a sulfatase with a preference for alkyl sulfate substrates similar to those processed by AtsK. We determined the crystal structure of the apo Rv3406 sulfatase at 2.5 Å. The active site residues of Rv3406 and AtsK are essentially superimposable, suggesting that the two sulfatases share the same catalytic mechanism. Finally, we generated an Rv3406 mutant (Δrv3406) in Mtb to study the sulfatase’s role in sulfate scavenging. The Δrv3406 strain did not replicate in minimal media with 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate as the sole sulfur source, in contrast to wild type Mtb or the complemented strain. We conclude that Rv3406 is an iron and α-ketoglutarate-dependent sulfate ester dioxygenase that has unique substrate specificity that is likely distinct from other Mtb sulfatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Sogi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Breidenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mason J. Appel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Schelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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73
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X-ray structure of an AdoMet radical activase reveals an anaerobic solution for formylglycine posttranslational modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8519-24. [PMID: 23650368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302417110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylsulfatases require a maturating enzyme to perform a co- or posttranslational modification to form a catalytically essential formylglycine (FGly) residue. In organisms that live aerobically, molecular oxygen is used enzymatically to oxidize cysteine to FGly. Under anaerobic conditions, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) radical chemistry is used. Here we present the structures of an anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme (anSME), both with and without peptidyl-substrates, at 1.6-1.8 Å resolution. We find that anSMEs differ from their aerobic counterparts in using backbone-based hydrogen-bonding patterns to interact with their peptidyl-substrates, leading to decreased sequence specificity. These anSME structures from Clostridium perfringens are also the first of an AdoMet radical enzyme that performs dehydrogenase chemistry. Together with accompanying mutagenesis data, a mechanistic proposal is put forth for how AdoMet radical chemistry is coopted to perform a dehydrogenation reaction. In the oxidation of cysteine or serine to FGly by anSME, we identify D277 and an auxiliary [4Fe-4S] cluster as the likely acceptor of the final proton and electron, respectively. D277 and both auxiliary clusters are housed in a cysteine-rich C-terminal domain, termed SPASM domain, that contains homology to ~1,400 other unique AdoMet radical enzymes proposed to use [4Fe-4S] clusters to ligate peptidyl-substrates for subsequent modification. In contrast to this proposal, we find that neither auxiliary cluster in anSME bind substrate, and both are fully ligated by cysteine residues. Instead, our structural data suggest that the placement of these auxiliary clusters creates a conduit for electrons to travel from the buried substrate to the protein surface.
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74
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Grove TL, Ahlum JH, Qin RM, Lanz ND, Radle MI, Krebs C, Booker SJ. Further characterization of Cys-type and Ser-type anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzymes suggests a commonality in the mechanism of catalysis. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2874-87. [PMID: 23477283 DOI: 10.1021/bi400136u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme from Clostridium perfringens (anSMEcpe) catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of a cysteinyl residue on a cognate protein to a formylglycyl residue (FGly) using a mechanism that involves organic radicals. The FGly residue plays a unique role as a cofactor in a class of enzymes termed arylsulfatases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various organosulfate monoesters. anSMEcpe has been shown to be a member of the radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) family of enzymes, [4Fe-4S] cluster-requiring proteins that use a 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical (5'-dA(•)) generated from a reductive cleavage of SAM to initiate radical-based catalysis. Herein, we show that anSMEcpe contains in addition to the [4Fe-4S] cluster harbored by all radical SAM (RS) enzymes, two additional [4Fe-4S] clusters, similar to the radical SAM protein AtsB, which catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of a seryl residue to a FGly residue. We show by size-exclusion chromatography that both AtsB and anSMEcpe are monomeric proteins, and site-directed mutagenesis studies of AtsB reveal that individual Cys → Ala substitutions at seven conserved positions result in an insoluble protein, consistent with those residues acting as ligands to the two additional [4Fe-4S] clusters. Ala substitutions at an additional conserved Cys residue (C291 in AtsB and C276 in anSMEcpe) afford proteins that display intermediate behavior. These proteins exhibit reduced solubility and drastically reduced activity, behavior that is conspicuously similar to that of a critical Cys residue in BtrN, another radical SAM dehydrogenase [Grove, T. L., et al. (2010) Biochemistry 49, 3783-3785]. We also show that wild-type anSMEcpe acts on peptides containing other oxidizable amino acids at the target position. Moreover, we show that the enzyme will convert threonyl peptides to the corresponding ketone product, and also allo-threonyl peptides, but with a significantly reduced efficiency, suggesting that the pro-S hydrogen atom of the normal cysteinyl substrate is stereoselectively removed during turnover. Lastly, we show that the electron generated during catalysis by AtsB and anSMEcpe can be utilized for multiple turnovers, albeit through a reduced flavodoxin-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L Grove
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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75
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Galla D, de Gemmis P, Anesi L, Berto S, Dolcetta D, Hladnik U. An Italian cohort study identifies four new pathologic mutations in the ARSA gene. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 50:284-90. [PMID: 23559313 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder of the myelin metabolism due to the impaired function of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A. Three major clinical variants of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) have been described: late infantile, juvenile, and late onset. The infantile form, whose clinical onset is usually before the age of 2 years, is the most frequent. The juvenile form manifests itself between 3 and 16 years and the late-onset form manifests at any time after puberty. As of today, more than 150 mutations causing MLD have been identified in the ARSA gene that encodes arylsulfatase A. In this paper, we report our experience with the diagnosis of MLD in seven Italian patients from unrelated families. We found 11 different mutations, four of which have not been previously described: c.1215_1223del9 (p.406_408del), c.601 T>C (p.Tyr201His), c.655 T>A (p.Phe219Ile), and c.87C>A (p.Asp29Glu). Our data show once more that there are still several mutations to be discovered in the ARSA gene and there are rarely repeating ones found in the population. The predictive value of the enzyme activity tests in regard to clinical manifestations is extremely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galla
- Medical Genetics Unit, "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases-BIRD, Via B.Bizio, 1-36023 Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
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76
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Timms N, Windle CL, Polyakova A, Ault JR, Trinh CH, Pearson AR, Nelson A, Berry A. Structural insights into the recovery of aldolase activity in N-acetylneuraminic acid lyase by replacement of the catalytically active lysine with γ-thialysine by using a chemical mutagenesis strategy. Chembiochem 2013; 14:474-81. [PMID: 23418011 PMCID: PMC3792637 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification has been used to introduce the unnatural amino acid γ-thialysine in place of the catalytically important Lys165 in the enzyme N-acetylneuraminic acid lyase (NAL). The Staphylococcus aureus nanA gene, encoding NAL, was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The protein, purified in high yield, has all the properties expected of a class I NAL. The S. aureus NAL which contains no natural cysteine residues was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to introduce a cysteine in place of Lys165 in the enzyme active site. Subsequently chemical mutagenesis completely converted the cysteine into γ-thialysine through dehydroalanine (Dha) as demonstrated by ESI-MS. Initial kinetic characterisation showed that the protein containing γ-thialysine regained 17 % of the wild-type activity. To understand the reason for this lower activity, we solved X-ray crystal structures of the wild-type S. aureus NAL, both in the absence of, and in complex with, pyruvate. We also report the structures of the K165C variant, and the K165-γ-thialysine enzyme in the presence, or absence, of pyruvate. These structures reveal that γ-thialysine in NAL is an excellent structural mimic of lysine. Measurement of the pH-activity profile of the thialysine modified enzyme revealed that its pH optimum is shifted from 7.4 to 6.8. At its optimum pH, the thialysine-containing enzyme showed almost 30 % of the activity of the wild-type enzyme at its pH optimum. The lowered activity and altered pH profile of the unnatural amino acid-containing enzyme can be rationalised by imbalances of the ionisation states of residues within the active site when the pK(a) of the residue at position 165 is perturbed by replacement with γ-thialysine. The results reveal the utility of chemical mutagenesis for the modification of enzyme active sites and the exquisite sensitivity of catalysis to the local structural and electrostatic environment in NAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Timms
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Claire L Windle
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Anna Polyakova
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - James R Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Chi H Trinh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Adam Nelson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Alan Berry
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Garstang BuildingLeeds, LS2 9JT (UK)
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77
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Ennemann EC, Radhakrishnan K, Mariappan M, Wachs M, Pringle TH, Schmidt B, Dierks T. Proprotein convertases process and thereby inactivate formylglycine-generating enzyme. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5828-39. [PMID: 23288839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) post-translationally converts a specific cysteine in newly synthesized sulfatases to formylglycine (FGly). FGly is the key catalytic residue of the sulfatase family, comprising 17 nonredundant enzymes in human that play essential roles in development and homeostasis. FGE, a resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, is also secreted. A major fraction of secreted FGE is N-terminally truncated, lacking residues 34-72. Here we demonstrate that this truncated form is generated intracellularly by limited proteolysis mediated by proprotein convertase(s) (PCs) along the secretory pathway. The cleavage site is represented by the sequence RYSR(72)↓, a motif that is conserved in higher eukaryotic FGEs, implying important functionality. Residues Arg-69 and Arg-72 are critical because their mutation abolishes FGE processing. Furthermore, residues Tyr-70 and Ser-71 confer an unusual property to the cleavage motif such that endogenous as well as overexpressed FGE is only partially processed. FGE is cleaved by furin, PACE4, and PC5a. Processing is disabled in furin-deficient cells but fully restored upon transient furin expression, indicating that furin is the major protease cleaving FGE. Processing by endogenous furin occurs mostly intracellularly, although also extracellular processing is observed in HEK293 cells. Interestingly, the truncated form of secreted FGE no longer possesses FGly-generating activity, whereas the unprocessed form of secreted FGE is active. As always both forms are secreted, we postulate that furin-mediated processing of FGE during secretion is a physiological means of higher eukaryotic cells to regulate FGE activity upon exit from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Ennemann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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78
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Marino T, Russo N, Toscano M. Catalytic Mechanism of the Arylsulfatase Promiscuous Enzyme fromPseudomonas Aeruginosa. Chemistry 2012; 19:2185-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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79
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Boado RJ, Lu JZ, Hui EKW, Sumbria RK, Pardridge WM. Pharmacokinetics and brain uptake in the rhesus monkey of a fusion protein of arylsulfatase a and a monoclonal antibody against the human insulin receptor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012. [PMID: 23192358 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal storage disorder of the brain caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal sulfatase, arylsulfatase A (ASA). It is not possible to treat the brain in MLD with recombinant ASA, because the enzyme does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the present investigation, a BBB-penetrating IgG-ASA fusion protein is engineered and expressed, where the ASA monomer is fused to the carboxyl terminus of each heavy chain of an engineered monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb crosses the BBB via receptor-mediated transport on the endogenous BBB insulin receptor, and acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the ASA into brain from blood. The HIRMAb-ASA is expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in serum free medium, and purified by protein A affinity chromatography. The fusion protein retains high affinity binding to the HIR, EC50 = 0.34 ± 0.11 nM, and retains high ASA enzyme activity, 20 ± 1 units/mg. The HIRMAb-ASA fusion protein is endocytosed and triaged to the lysosomal compartment in MLD fibroblasts. The fusion protein was radio-labeled with the Bolton-Hunter reagent, and the [(125) I]-HIRMAb-ASA rapidly penetrates the brain in the Rhesus monkey following intravenous administration. Film and emulsion autoradiography of primate brain shows global distribution of the fusion protein throughout the monkey brain. These studies describe a new biological entity that is designed to treat the brain of humans with MLD following non-invasive, intravenous infusion of an IgG-ASA fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Boado
- ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA
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80
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81
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Decreasing activity and altered protein processing of human iduronate-2-sulfatase mutations demonstrated by expression in COS7 cells. Biochem Genet 2012; 50:990-7. [PMID: 22990955 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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82
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Mohamed MF, Hollfelder F. Efficient, crosswise catalytic promiscuity among enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl transfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:417-24. [PMID: 22885024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The observation that one enzyme can accelerate several chemically distinct reactions was at one time surprising because the enormous efficiency of catalysis was often seen as inextricably linked to specialization for one reaction. Originally underreported, and considered a quirk rather than a fundamental property, enzyme promiscuity is now understood to be important as a springboard for adaptive evolution. Owing to the large number of promiscuous enzymes that have been identified over the last decade, and the increased appreciation for promiscuity's evolutionary importance, the focus of research has shifted to developing a better understanding of the mechanistic basis for promiscuity and the origins of tolerant or restrictive specificity. We review the evidence for widespread crosswise promiscuity amongst enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl transfer, including several members of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily, where large rate accelerations between 10(6) and 10(17) are observed for both native and multiple promiscuous reactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chemistry and mechanism of phosphatases, diesterases and triesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, EU, UK
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83
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Tran TH, Shi X, Zaia J, Ai X. Heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulfs) coordinate the Wnt signaling pathways to regulate myoblast fusion during skeletal muscle regeneration. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32651-64. [PMID: 22865881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.353243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is mediated by satellite cells (SCs). Upon injury, SCs undergo self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation into myoblasts followed by myoblast fusion to form new myofibers. We previously showed that the heparan sulfate (HS) 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulf1 and -2) repress FGF signaling to induce SC differentiation during muscle regeneration. Here, we identify a novel role of Sulfs in myoblast fusion using a skeletal muscle-specific Sulf double null (Sulf(SK)-DN) mouse. Regenerating Sulf(SK)-DN muscles exhibit reduced canonical Wnt signaling and elevated non-canonical Wnt signaling. In addition, we show that Sulfs are required to repress non-canonical Wnt signaling to promote myoblast fusion. Notably, skeletal muscle-relevant non-canonical Wnt ligands lack HS binding capacity, suggesting that Sulfs indirectly repress this pathway. Mechanistically, we show that Sulfs reduce the canonical Wnt-HS binding and regulate colocalization of the co-receptor LRP5 with caveolin3. Therefore, Sulfs may increase the bioavailability of canonical Wnts for Frizzled receptor and LRP5/6 interaction in lipid raft, which may in turn antagonize non-canonical Wnt signaling. Furthermore, changes in subcellular distribution of active focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are associated with the fusion defect of Sulf-deficient myoblasts and upon non-canonical Wnt treatment. Together, our findings uncover a critical role of Sulfs in myoblast fusion by promoting antagonizing canonical Wnt signaling activities against the noncanonical Wnt pathway during skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh H Tran
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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84
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The role of protein crystallography in defining the mechanisms of biogenesis and catalysis in copper amine oxidase. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5375-5405. [PMID: 22754303 PMCID: PMC3382800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13055375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of primary amines to aldehydes coupled to the reduction of O2 to H2O2. These enzymes utilize a wide range of substrates from methylamine to polypeptides. Changes in CAO activity are correlated with a variety of human diseases, including diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, and inflammatory disorders. CAOs contain a cofactor, 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ), that is required for catalytic activity and synthesized through the post-translational modification of a tyrosine residue within the CAO polypeptide. TPQ generation is a self-processing event only requiring the addition of oxygen and Cu(II) to the apoCAO. Thus, the CAO active site supports two very different reactions: TPQ synthesis, and the two electron oxidation of primary amines. Crystal structures are available from bacterial through to human sources, and have given insight into substrate preference, stereospecificity, and structural changes during biogenesis and catalysis. In particular both these processes have been studied in crystallo through the addition of native substrates. These latter studies enable intermediates during physiological turnover to be directly visualized, and demonstrate the power of this relatively recent development in protein crystallography.
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85
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Catarzi S, Giunti L, Papadia F, Gabrielli O, Guerrini R, Donati MA, Genuardi M, Morrone A. Morquio A syndrome due to maternal uniparental isodisomy of the telomeric end of chromosome 16. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:438-42. [PMID: 22178352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Morquio A syndrome (MPS IVA) is a recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by mutations in the GALNS gene leading to the deficiency of lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). Patients show a broad spectrum of phenotypes ranging from classical severe type to mild forms. Classical forms are characterized by severe bone dysplasia and usually normal intelligence. So far, more than 170 unique mutations have been identified in the GALNS gene of MPS IVA patients. We report on a Morquio A patient with a classical phenotype who was found to be homozygous for a missense mutation (c.236 G>A; p.Cys79Tyr) in the GALNS gene. This alteration affects the highly conserved p.Cys79 that is transformed into formylglycine, the catalytic residue of the active site. The mutation was present in the proband's mother, but not in the father, whose paternity was confirmed by microsatellite analysis. In order to test the hypothesis of maternal uniparental disomy (UPD), we investigated the segregation of sixteen microsatellite markers from chromosome 16. The results showed a condition of maternal UPD due to an error in meiosis I. Maternal isodisomy of the 16q24 region led to homozygosity for the GALNS mutant allele, causing the patient's disease. These findings allow to add for the first time the LSD Morquio A syndrome to the list of conditions that can be caused by UPD. The possibility of UPD is relevant when giving genetic counseling to couples since the recurrent risk in future pregnancies is dramatically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Catarzi
- Metabolic and Muscular Unit, Clinical of Paediatric Neurology, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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86
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Lanz ND, Grove TL, Gogonea CB, Lee KH, Krebs C, Booker SJ. RlmN and AtsB as Models for the Overproduction and Characterization of Radical SAM Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2012; 516:125-52. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394291-3.00030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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87
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Eldridge GM, Weiss GA. Hydrazide reactive peptide tags for site-specific protein labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2143-53. [PMID: 21905743 DOI: 10.1021/bc200415v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New site-specific protein labeling (SSPL) reactions for targeting-specific, short peptides could be useful for the real-time detection of proteins inside of living cells. One SSPL approach matches bioorthogonal reagents with complementary peptides. Here, hydrazide reactive peptides were selected from phage-displayed libraries using reaction-based selections. Selection conditions included washes of varying pH and treatment with NaCNBH(3) in order to specifically select reactive carbonyl-containing peptides. Selected peptides were fused to T4 lysozyme or synthesized on filter paper for colorimetric assays of the peptide-hydrazide interaction. A peptide-lysozyme protein fusion demonstrated specific, covalent labeling by the hydrazide reactive (HyRe) peptides in crude bacterial cell lysates, sufficient for the specific detection of an overexpressed protein fusion. Chemical synthesis of a short HyRe tag variant and subsequent reaction with two structurally distinct hydrazide probes produced covalent adducts observable by MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS. Rather than isolating reactive carbonyl-containing peptides, we observed reaction with the N-terminal His of HyRe tag 114, amino acid sequence HKSNHSSKNRE, which attacks the hydrazide carbonyl at neutral pH. However, at the pH used during selection wash steps (<6.0), an alternative imine-containing product is formed that can be reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride. MSMS further reveals that this low pH product forms an adduct on Ser6. Further optimization of the novel bimolecular reaction described here could provide a useful tool for in vivo protein labeling and bioconjugate synthesis. The reported selection and screening methods could be widely applicable to the identification of peptides capable of other site-specific protein labeling reactions with bioorthogonal reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Eldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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88
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Hong Y, Chen S. Aromatase, estrone sulfatase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: structure-function studies and inhibitor development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:120-6. [PMID: 20888390 PMCID: PMC3035767 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase, estrone sulfatase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 are involved in the key steps of 17β-estradiol biosynthesis. Structure-function studies of aromatase, estrone sulfatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 are important to evaluate the molecular basis of the interaction between these enzymes and their inhibitors. Selective and potent inhibitors of the three enzymes have been developed as antiproliferative agents in hormone-dependent breast carcinoma. New treatment strategies for hormone-dependent breast cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Hong
- Division of Tumor Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
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89
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HpSumf1 is involved in the activation of sulfatases responsible for regulation of skeletogenesis during sea urchin development. Dev Genes Evol 2011; 221:157-66. [PMID: 21706447 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-011-0368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases such as arylsulfatase and heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase play important roles in morphogenesis during sea urchin development. For the activation of these sulfatases, Cα-formylglycine formation by sulfatase modifying factor (Sumf) is required. In this study, to clarify the regulatory mechanisms for the activation of sulfatases during sea urchin development, we examined the expression and function of the Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus homologs of Sumf1 and Sumf2 (HpSumf1 and HpSumf2, respectively). Expression of HpSumf1 but not HpSumf2 mRNA was dynamically changed during early development. Functional analyses of recombinant HpSumf1 and HpSumf2 using HEK293T cells expressing mouse arylsulfatase A (ArsA) indicated that HpSumf1 and HpSumf2 were both able to activate mammalian ArsA. Knockdown of HpSumf1 using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides caused abnormal spicule formation in the sea urchin embryo. Injection of HpSumf2 mRNA had no effect on skeletogenesis, while injection of HpSumf1 mRNA induced severe supernumerary spicule formation. Taken together, these findings suggest that HpSumf1 is involved in the activation of sulfatases required for control of skeletogenesis.
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90
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Schlotawa L, Ennemann EC, Radhakrishnan K, Schmidt B, Chakrapani A, Christen HJ, Moser H, Steinmann B, Dierks T, Gärtner J. SUMF1 mutations affecting stability and activity of formylglycine generating enzyme predict clinical outcome in multiple sulfatase deficiency. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:253-61. [PMID: 21224894 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (MSD) is caused by mutations in the sulfatase-modifying factor 1 gene encoding the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). FGE post translationally activates all newly synthesized sulfatases by generating the catalytic residue formylglycine. Impaired FGE function leads to reduced sulfatase activities. Patients display combined clinical symptoms of single sulfatase deficiencies. For ten MSD patients, we determined the clinical phenotype, FGE expression, localization and stability, as well as residual FGE and sulfatase activities. A neonatal, very severe clinical phenotype resulted from a combination of two nonsense mutations leading to almost fully abrogated FGE activity, highly unstable FGE protein and nearly undetectable sulfatase activities. A late infantile mild phenotype resulted from FGE G263V leading to unstable protein but high residual FGE activity. Other missense mutations resulted in a late infantile severe phenotype because of unstable protein with low residual FGE activity. Patients with identical mutations displayed comparable clinical phenotypes. These data confirm the hypothesis that the phenotypic outcome in MSD depends on both residual FGE activity as well as protein stability. Predicting the clinical course in case of molecularly characterized mutations seems feasible, which will be helpful for genetic counseling and developing therapeutic strategies aiming at enhancement of FGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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91
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Li Z, Xue Z, Wu Z, Han J, Han S. Chromo-fluorogenic detection of aldehydes with a rhodamine based sensor featuring an intramolecular deoxylactam. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7652-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06448g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Rosen SD, Lemjabbar-Alaoui H. Sulf-2: an extracellular modulator of cell signaling and a cancer target candidate. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:935-49. [PMID: 20629619 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.504718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Sulf-1 and Sulf-2 are sulfatases that edit the sulfation status of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the outside of cells and regulate a number of critical signaling pathways. The Sulfs are dysregulated in many cancers with Sulf-2 in particular implicated as a driver of carcinogenesis in NSCLC, pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes the novel activity of the Sulfs in altering the sulfation pattern of HSPG chains on the outside of cells. Thereby, the Sulfs can change the binding of growth factors to these chains and can either promote (e.g., Wnt) or inhibit (e.g., fibroblast growth factor-2) signaling. The review focuses on the widespread upregulation of both Sulfs in cancers and summarizes the evidence that Sulf-2 promotes the transformed behavior of several types of cancer cells in vitro as well as their tumorigenicity in vivo. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Sulf-2 is a bonafide candidate as a cancer-causing agent in NSCLC and other cancers in which it is upregulated. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Sulf-2 is an extracellular enzyme and as such would be an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Rosen
- University of California, Department of Anatomy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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93
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Michel G, Tonon T, Scornet D, Cock JM, Kloareg B. The cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Insights into the evolution of extracellular matrix polysaccharides in Eukaryotes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:82-97. [PMID: 20618907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
• Brown algal cell walls share some components with plants (cellulose) and animals (sulfated fucans), but they also contain some unique polysaccharides (alginates). Analysis of the Ectocarpus genome provides a unique opportunity to decipher the molecular bases of these crucial metabolisms. • An extensive bioinformatic census of the enzymes potentially involved in the biogenesis and remodeling of cellulose, alginate and fucans was performed, and completed by phylogenetic analyses of key enzymes. • The routes for the biosynthesis of cellulose, alginates and sulfated fucans were reconstructed. Surprisingly, known families of cellulases, expansins and alginate lyases are absent in Ectocarpus, suggesting the existence of novel mechanisms and/or proteins for cell wall expansion in brown algae. • Altogether, our data depict a complex evolutionary history for the main components of brown algal cell walls. Cellulose synthesis was inherited from the ancestral red algal endosymbiont, whereas the terminal steps for alginate biosynthesis were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from an Actinobacterium. This horizontal gene transfer event also contributed genes for hemicellulose biosynthesis. By contrast, the biosynthetic route for sulfated fucans is an ancestral pathway, conserved with animals. These findings shine a new light on the origin and evolution of cell wall polysaccharides in other Eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvan Michel
- UPMC University Paris 6, UMR 7139 Marine Plants and Biomolecules, Station Biologique de Roscoff, F-29682 Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
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94
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Pathology and current treatment of neurodegenerative sphingolipidoses. Neuromolecular Med 2010; 12:362-82. [PMID: 20730629 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-010-8133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses constitute a large subgroup of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Many of them are associated with a progressive neurodegeneration. As is the case for LSDs in general, most sphingolipidoses are caused by deficiencies in lysosomal hydrolases. However, accumulation of sphingolipids can also result from deficiencies in proteins involved in the transport or posttranslational modification of lysosomal enzymes, transport of lipids, or lysosomal membrane proteins required for transport of lysosomal degradation end products. The accumulation of sphingolipids in the lysosome together with secondary changes in the concentration and localization of other lipids may cause trafficking defects of membrane lipids and proteins, affect calcium homeostasis, induce the unfolded protein response, activate apoptotic cascades, and affect various signal transduction pathways. To what extent, however, these changes contribute to the pathogenesis of the diseases is not fully understood. Currently, there is no cure for sphingolipidoses. Therapies like enzyme replacement, pharmacological chaperone, and substrate reduction therapy, which have been shown to be efficient in non-neuronopathic LSDs, are currently evaluated in clinical trials of neuronopathic sphingolipidoses. In the future, neural stem cell therapy and gene therapy may become an option for these disorders.
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95
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Parkinson-Lawrence EJ, Shandala T, Prodoehl M, Plew R, Borlace GN, Brooks DA. Lysosomal storage disease: revealing lysosomal function and physiology. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:102-15. [PMID: 20430954 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery over five decades ago of the lysosome, as a degradative organelle and its dysfunction in lysosomal storage disorder patients, was both insightful and simple in concept. Here, we review some of the history and pathophysiology of lysosomal storage disorders to show how they have impacted on our knowledge of lysosomal biology. Although a significant amount of information has been accrued on the molecular genetics and biochemistry of lysosomal storage disorders, we still do not fully understand the mechanistic link between the storage material and disease pathogenesis. However, the accumulation of undegraded substrate(s) can disrupt other lysosomal degradation processes, vesicular traffic, and lysosomal biogenesis to evoke the diverse pathophysiology that is evident in this complex set of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Parkinson-Lawrence
- Cell Biology of Disease Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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96
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Buono M, Visigalli I, Bergamasco R, Biffi A, Cosma MP. Sulfatase modifying factor 1-mediated fibroblast growth factor signaling primes hematopoietic multilineage development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1647-60. [PMID: 20643830 PMCID: PMC2916128 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are balanced by the concerted activities of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Wnt, and Notch pathways, which are tuned by enzyme-mediated remodeling of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) activates the Sulf1 and Sulf2 sulfatases that remodel the HSPGs, and is mutated in patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency. Here, we show that the FGF signaling pathway is constitutively activated in Sumf1(-/-) HSCs and hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). These cells show increased p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase levels, which in turn promote beta-catenin accumulation. Constitutive activation of FGF signaling results in a block in erythroid differentiation at the chromatophilic erythroblast stage, and of B lymphocyte differentiation at the pro-B cell stage. A reduction in mature myeloid cells and an aberrant development of T lymphocytes are also seen. These defects are rescued in vivo by blocking the FGF pathway in Sumf1(-/-) mice. Transplantation of Sumf1(-/-) HSPCs into wild-type mice reconstituted the phenotype of the donors, suggesting a cell autonomous defect. These data indicate that Sumf1 controls HSPC differentiation and hematopoietic lineage development through FGF and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Buono
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80134 Naples, Italy
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97
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Stawoska I, Gawęda S, Bielak-Lakomska M, Brindell M, Lewiński K, Laidler P, Stochel G. Mechanistic studies of the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl sulfate catalyzed by arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.500377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Stawoska
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Gawęda
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bielak-Lakomska
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewiński
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Laidler
- b Chair of Medical Biochemistry , Jagiellonian University, Medical College , Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- a Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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98
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Grove TL, Ahlum JH, Sharma P, Krebs C, Booker SJ. A consensus mechanism for Radical SAM-dependent dehydrogenation? BtrN contains two [4Fe-4S] clusters. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3783-5. [PMID: 20377206 DOI: 10.1021/bi9022126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BtrN catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of the C3 secondary alcohol of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine to the corresponding ketone and is a member of a subclass of radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes called radical SAM (RS) dehydrogenases. Like all RS enzymes, BtrN contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster that delivers an electron to SAM, inducing its cleavage to the common intermediate in RS reactions, the 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical. In this work, we show that BtrN contains an additional [4Fe-4S] cluster, thought to bind in contact with the substrate to facilitate loss of the second electron in the two-electron oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L Grove
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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99
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Benjdia A, Subramanian S, Leprince J, Vaudry H, Johnson MK, Berteau O. Anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme--a mechanistic link with glycyl radical-activating enzymes? FEBS J 2010; 277:1906-20. [PMID: 20218986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases form a major group of enzymes present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This class of hydrolases is unique in requiring essential post-translational modification of a critical active-site cysteinyl or seryl residue to C(alpha)-formylglycine (FGly). Herein, we report mechanistic investigations of a unique class of radical-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) enzymes, namely anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzymes (anSMEs), which catalyze the oxidation of Cys-type and Ser-type sulfatases and possess three [4Fe-4S](2+,+) clusters. We were able to develop a reliable quantitative enzymatic assay that allowed the direct measurement of FGly production and AdoMet cleavage. The results demonstrate stoichiometric coupling of AdoMet cleavage and FGly formation using peptide substrates with cysteinyl or seryl active-site residues. Analytical and EPR studies of the reconstituted wild-type enzyme and cysteinyl cluster mutants indicate the presence of three almost isopotential [4Fe-4S](2+,+) clusters, each of which is required for the generation of FGly in vitro. More surprisingly, our data indicate that the two additional [4Fe-4S](2+,+) clusters are required to obtain efficient reductive cleavage of AdoMet, suggesting their involvement in the reduction of the radical AdoMet [4Fe-4S](2+,+) center. These results, in addition to the recent demonstration of direct abstraction by anSMEs of the C(beta) H-atom from the sulfatase active-site cysteinyl or seryl residue using a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, provide new insights into the mechanism of this new class of radical-AdoMet enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhosna Benjdia
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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100
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Kang TS, Stevens RC. Structural aspects of therapeutic enzymes to treat metabolic disorders. Hum Mutat 2010; 30:1591-610. [PMID: 19790257 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics represents a niche subset of pharmacological agents that is rapidly gaining importance in medicine. In addition to the exceptional specificity that is characteristic of protein therapeutics, several classes of proteins have also been effectively utilized for treatment of conditions that would otherwise lack effective pharmacotherapeutic options. A particularly striking class of protein therapeutics is exogenous enzymes administered for replacement therapy in patients afflicted with metabolic disorders. To date, at least 11 enzymes have either been approved for use, or are in clinical trials for the treatment of selected inherited metabolic disorders. With the recent advancement in structural biology, a significantly larger amount of structural information for several of these enzymes is now available. This article is an overview of the correlation between structural perturbations of these enzymes with the clinical presentation of the respective metabolic conditions, as well as a discussion of the relevant structural modification strategies engaged in improving these enzymes for replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse Siang Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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