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Lewandowicz GM, Harding B, Harkness W, Hayward R, Thomas DG, Darling JL. Chemosensitivity in childhood brain tumours in vitro: evidence of differential sensitivity to lomustine (CCNU) and vincristine. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36:1955-64. [PMID: 11000577 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the range of sensitivity of a panel of short-term cultures derived from different types of malignant childhood brain tumours including medulloblastoma, ependymoma and glioblastoma multiforme to three cytotoxic drugs, lomustine (CCNU), vincristine (VCR) and procarbazine (PCB). Sensitivity was assessed using a modification of the dimethylthiazolyl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Short-term cell lines derived from ependymomas were considerably more resistant to VCR than other types of childhood brain tumours, while cultures derived from supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) displayed marked sensitivity to both lomustine and VCR. Cultures from ependymomas, medulloblastoma and astrocytic gliomas had similar sensitivity to lomustine and PCB as cultures derived from adult malignant astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lewandowicz
- University Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, University College, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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52
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Bayani J, Zielenska M, Marrano P, Kwan Ng Y, Taylor MD, Jay V, Rutka JT, Squire JA. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors by using conventional banding, comparative genomic hybridization, and spectral karyotyping. J Neurosurg 2000; 93:437-48. [PMID: 10969942 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.3.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Medulloblastomas and related primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) of the central nervous system are malignant, invasive embryonal tumors with predominantly neuronal differentiation that comprise 20% of pediatric brain tumors. Cytogenetic analysis has shown that alterations in chromosome 17, particularly the loss of 17p and the formation of isochromosome 17q, as well as the gain of chromosome 7 are the most common changes among this group of tumors. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies have largely confirmed these cytogenetic findings and have also identified novel regions of gain, loss, and amplification. The advent of more sophisticated multicolored fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedures such as spectral karyotyping (SKY) now permits complete recognition of all aberrations including extremely complex rearrangements. The authors report a retrospective analysis of 19 medulloblastoma and five PNET cases studied using combinations of classic banding analysis, FISH, CGH, and SKY to examine comprehensively the chromosomal aberrations present in this tumor group and to attempt to identify common structural rearrangement(s). METHODS The CGH data demonstrate gains of chromosomes 17q and 7 in 60% of the tumors studied, which confirms data reported in the current literature. However, the authors have also combined the results of all three molecular cytogenetic assays (Giemsa banding, CGH, and SKY) to reveal the frequency of chromosomal rearrangement (gained, lost, or involved in structural rearrangement). CONCLUSIONS The combined results indicate that chromosomes 7 and 17 are the most frequently rearranged chromosomes (10.1% and 8.9%, respectively, in all rearrangements detected). Furthermore, chromosomes 3 (7.8%), 14 (7%), 10 (6.7%), and 22 (6.5%) were also found to be frequently rearranged, followed by chromosomes 6 (6.5%), 13 (6.2%), and 18 (6.2%). Eight (33%) of 24 tumors exhibited high-level gains or gene amplification. Amplification of MYCN was identified in four tumors, whereas amplification of MYCC was identified in one tumor. One tumor exhibited a high-level gain of chromosome 9p. Additionally, desmoplastic medulloblastomas and large-cell medulloblastomas exhibited higher karyotype heterogeneity, amplification, and aneusomy than classic medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bayani
- University Health Network, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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53
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Shlomit R, Ayala AG, Michal D, Ninett A, Frida S, Boleslaw G, Gad B, Gideon R, Shlomi C. Gains and losses of DNA sequences in childhood brain tumors analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 121:67-72. [PMID: 10958944 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system neoplasms are the most common solid tumors in children. Genetic changes underlying childhood brain-tumor development and progression are incompletely characterized. To get an overview of the genetic events leading to the development of brain tumors and to identify chromosomal regions that may contain genes important in brain-tumor progression, we employed a comparative genomic hybridization technique. Twenty-four pediatric primary brain tumors were analyzed in this study. DNA copy number changes were observed in most of the samples (79%), and almost all chromosomes were involved. The total number of genetic aberrations (copy-number gains and losses per tumor) was significantly higher in the cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor subgroup than in the gliomas. The high-grade tumors had more DNA changes than did the low-grade tumors. The most often gained chromosomes were: 6q (45%), 4q (34.5%), and chromosome 1 (24% of the cases). The minimal common regions involved in DNA gains were narrowed down to 6q14-16 and 4q26-28. Losses of a specific chromosome (partly or as a whole) occurred on average in 7% of the cases. Chromosomal regions that were most often lost included chromosome 1 (17%), chromosome 16 (17%), and chromosome 2 (14%). These findings suggest that genes localized to these minimal common chromosomal regions play a role in the tumorogenesis of childhood brain tumors. Our results indicate: (1) a great degree of genomic imbalance in these tumors; (2) that a high number of aberrations correlate with aggressive tumor biology; (3) and that nonrandom genetic changes may be associated with particular tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shlomit
- Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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54
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Cianciulli AM, Morace E, Coletta AM, Occhipinti E, Gandolfo GM, Leonardo G, Carapella CM. Investigation of genetic alterations associated with development and adverse outcome in patients with astrocytic tumor. J Neurooncol 2000; 48:95-101. [PMID: 11083072 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006420921159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Models describing progression in the genetic derangement of glial tumors have shown chromosomal loss and gain occurring most frequently in high-grade lesions, suggesting that identification of these aberrations may be prognostically significant. In this study, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to determine, and to confirm, loss and gain of chromosomes 1, 8, 10, 12 and 17, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain biopsy tissue taken from 60 brain gliomas submitted to surgical resection or stereotactic biopsy. FISH analysis may be a valuable adjunct to histological grading. The results showed that this molecular cytogenetic technique is an important clinical and experimental tool that provides new insight on genetic alterations, confirming gain and loss of genetic material that occurs at the initiation and progression of human glioma. Our data suggests that potentially useful prognostic information may be obtained through this approach. Monosomy 10 was the most statistically significant negative predictor of patient survival, showing a significant correlation with the histological grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cianciulli
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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55
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Reis RM, Könü-Lebleblicioglu D, Lopes JM, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Genetic profile of gliosarcomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:425-32. [PMID: 10666371 PMCID: PMC1850048 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There are distinct genetic pathways leading to the glioblastoma, the most malignant astrocytic brain tumor. Primary (de novo) glioblastomas develop in older patients and are characterized by epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor amplification/overexpression, p16 deletion, and PTEN mutations, whereas secondary glioblastomas that progressed from low-grade or anaplastic astrocytoma develop in younger patients and frequently contain p53 mutations. In this study, we assessed the genetic profile of gliosarcoma, a rare glioblastoma variant characterized by a biphasic tissue pattern with alternating areas displaying glial and mesenchymal differentiation. Single-strand conformation polymorphism followed by direct DNA sequencing revealed p53 mutations in five of 19 gliosarcomas (26%) and PTEN mutations in seven cases (37%). Homozygous p16 deletion was detected by differential polymerase chain reaction in seven (37%) gliosarcomas. The overall incidence of alterations in the Rb pathway (p16 deletion, CDK4 amplification, or loss of pRb immunoreactivity) was 53%, and these changes were mutually exclusive. Coamplification of CDK4 and MDM2 was detected in one gliosarcoma. None of the gliosarcomas showed amplification or overexpression of the EGF receptor. Thus gliosarcomas exhibit a genetic profile similar to that of primary (de novo) glioblastomas, except for the absence of EGFR amplification/overexpression. Identical PTEN mutations in the gliomatous and sarcomatous tumor components were found in two cases. Other biopsies contained p16 deletions, an identical p53 mutation, or coamplification of MDM2 and CDK4 in both tumor areas. This strongly supports the concept of a monoclonal origin of gliosarcomas and an evolution of the sarcomatous component due to aberrant mesenchymal differentiation in a highly malignant astrocytic neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Reis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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56
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Amalfitano G, Chatel M, Paquis P, Michiels JF. Fluorescence in situ hybridization study of aneuploidy of chromosomes 7, 10, X, and Y in primary and secondary glioblastomas. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 116:6-9. [PMID: 10616524 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aneuploidy of autosomes 7, 10, and sex chromosomes (X and Y) was analyzed in a series of 44 primary (de novo) and 20 secondary glioblastomas using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on smear preparations of glioma tissue. The tumors were screened for trisomy 7, monosomy 10, as well as loss of the Y chromosome and disomy of the X chromosome in male subjects, and monosomy of the X chromosome in female subjects. We found that taken alone or in combination, these chromosomal abnormalities do not appear to be characteristic of a glioblastoma subtype; therefore, they do not allow the differentiation between primary and secondary glioblastomas. Also, the loss of a chromosome 10 appears to be an earlier event than a gain of a chromosome 7 for the genesis of a secondary glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Amalfitano
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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57
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Balesaria S, Brock C, Bower M, Clark J, Nicholson SK, Lewis P, de Sanctis S, Evans H, Peterson D, Mendoza N, Glaser MG, Newlands ES, Fisher RA. Loss of chromosome 10 is an independent prognostic factor in high-grade gliomas. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:1371-7. [PMID: 10604735 PMCID: PMC2362970 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6693403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for chromosome 10 is the most frequent genetic abnormality observed in high-grade gliomas. We have used fluorescent microsatellite markers to examine a series of 83 patients, 34 with anaplastic astrocytoma (grade 3) and 49 with glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4), for LOH of chromosome 10. Genotype analysis revealed LOH for all informative chromosome 10 markers in 12 (35%) of patients with grade 3 and 29 (59%) grade 4 tumours respectively, while partial LOH was found in a further eight (24%) grade 3 and ten (20%) grade 4 tumours. Partial LOH, was confined to the long arm (10q) in six and the short arm (10p) in three cases, while alleles from both arms were lost in four cases. Five tumours (one grade 3 and four grade 4) showed heterogeneity with respect to loss at different loci. There was a correlation between any chromosome 10 loss and poorer performance status at presentation (chi2 P = 0.005) and with increasing age at diagnosis (Mann-Whitney U-test P = 0.034) but not with tumour grade (chi2 p= 0.051). A Cox multivariate model for survival duration identified age (proportional hazards (PH), P= 0.004), grade (PH, P= 0.012) and any loss of chromosome 10 (PH, P= 0.009) as the only independent prognostic variables. Specifically, LOH for chromosome 10 was able to identify a subgroup of patients with grade 3 tumours who had a significantly shorter survival time. We conclude that LOH for chromosome 10 is an independent, adverse prognostic variable in high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balesaria
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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58
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Sommer A, Waha A, Tonn J, Sörensen N, Hurlin PJ, Eisenman RN, Lüscher B, Pietsch T. Analysis of the Max-binding protein MNT in human medulloblastomas. Int J Cancer 1999; 82:810-6. [PMID: 10446446 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990909)82:6<810::aid-ijc7>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastomas (MBs) are the most frequent malignant brain tumors in children. The molecular pathogenesis of these tumors is still poorly understood. Microsatellite and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism studies have revealed allelic loss of genetic material on the short arm of chromosome 17 in the region 17p13 in approximately 50% of MBs, suggesting the presence of a tumor-suppressor gene in this region. A candidate for this putative tumor-suppressor is the MNT gene, located at 17p13.3 and encoding a Max-interacting nuclear protein with transcriptional-repressor activity. In this study, we analyzed MNT mRNA and protein expression in 44 MB samples, including 32 primary tumors, 3 recurrent tumors and 9 MB cell lines. Allelic loss at 17p13.3 was found in 49% of informative cases. RT-PCR showed MNT mRNA expression in all cases analyzed. Endogenous Mnt protein with an apparent molecular weight of 72 to 74 kDa was detected in lysates from MB cell lines. The presence and functional integrity of Mnt in MBs were tested in electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. These experiments demonstrated that Mnt interacts with Max, and that this heterodimer binds DNA specifically, suggesting a functional bHLHZip domain of MB-derived Mnt. In support, single-strand conformation-polymorphism (SSCP) analyses revealed no mutation in the bHLHZip region. Deletion of the Mnt Sin3 interaction domain was shown to convert Mnt from an inhibitor of myc/ras-co-transformation into a molecule capable of cooperating with Ras in transformation. This region therefore was screened for mutation by SSCP: again, no alterations were found. These findings indicate that the MNT gene located at 17p13.3 is not likely to be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sommer
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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59
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Mazewski C, Soukup S, Ballard E, Gotwals B, Lampkin B. Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 113:1-8. [PMID: 10459338 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies from 17 pediatric ependymomas and 1 ependymoblastoma are presented. Eight tumors had abnormal karyotypes. Another 107 published cases of cytogenetic analyses from pediatric and adult ependymomas or ependymoblastomas were reviewed. Of the total 125 tumors, 83 (66%) had abnormal karyotypes, of which 24 had a sole autosomal abnormality. Approximately one third had monosomy 22 (-22) or breakpoint 22q11-13, with a higher incidence in adult (56%) versus pediatric (28%) tumors. Structural abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 6, and 17, and numerical abnormalities of 7, 9, 12, and 20, in particular, are also discussed. Although no primary cytogenetic abnormality is evident, these findings may provide direction for additional investigations regarding the classification of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazewski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio, USA
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60
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Abstract
The last 10 years has seen major improvements in our understanding of the genetic anomalies that lie behind the development and progression of human astrocytic tumors. The least aggressive astrocytomas frequently show loss of wild type p53 as well as losses of alleles from a number of regions of the genome. The genes targeted have yet to be identified. The most aggressive tumors, the glioblastomas, show mutations affecting the cellular mechanisms controlling entry into the S-phase of the cell cycle. The picture has become more complex as regards the mechanisms targeted. The heterogeneous genetic abnormalities reported previously in individual tumors of the same type have become easier to understand with the realization that they represent the mutation of different genes that code for components of the same cellular control mechanisms. There remain many routes to explore before we understand in detail the molecular mechanisms behind the phenotype of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Collins
- Division of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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61
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Nishizaki T, Harada K, Kubota H, Ozaki S, Ito H, Sasaki K. Genetic alterations in pediatric medulloblastomas detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999; 31:27-32. [PMID: 10545819 DOI: 10.1159/000028827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with medulloblastomas show diverse clinical courses even when receiving similar treatments. In this study, comparative genomic hybridization, which allows the detection of losses and gains in DNA copy number along the entire genome, was used to investigate the genetic alterations in 6 cases of medulloblastoma with adequate follow-up periods and similar treatments, and in a medulloblastoma cell line. In the cell line, the number of aberrations was the highest of all samples examined. In 6 clinical samples, frequently altered regions (more than 3 cases) observed in all medulloblastomas were gains of 7q and 17q (4 cases each), and of 2p, 2q and 7p (3 cases each). High-grade amplification was observed at the loci 8q, 17q and 21q, each in a single case. The case with the most favorable outcome 9 years after surgery had the smallest number of chromosomal changes among the cases examined. Our results may indicate that further acquisition of genetic alterations detected by comparative genomic hybridization are associated with unfavorable prognosis in patients with medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishizaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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62
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Tang P, Jasser SA, Sung JC, Shi Y, Steck PA, Yung WK. Transforming growth factor-alpha antisense vectors can inhibit glioma cell growth. J Neurooncol 1999; 43:127-35. [PMID: 10533724 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006272019933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) on cell growth were studied in human glioma U251 cells transfected with antisense TGF-alpha vectors (pcDNAI.neo). Several antisense clones showed a marked decrease in growth rate in serum-free medium but not in medium containing 10% FBS, compared with those of parental cells and clones from sense or vector transfectants. Antisense clones also produced fewer and smaller colonies in anchorage-independent growth assays. Moreover, there was a reduction in TGF-alpha expression in these antisense clones at both the protein and mRNA levels, as determined by enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. A U251 clone transfected by TGF-alpha antisense in a different vector (pMT/Ep) also showed a marked suppression in cell growth and TGF-alpha mRNA level. Finally, transfected clones with either vector system, showed decreased tumorigenicity in nude mice. In summary, a strong correlation between the inhibition of glioma cell growth and TGF-alpha expression was obtained from two different plasmid vectors, indicating that the expression of TGF-alpha could be specifically and effectively down-regulated by TGF-alpha antisense vector, which in turn led to growth inhibition. These studies suggests that TGF-alpha plays an essential role in controlling human glioma cell proliferation and may serve as a potential target for treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tang
- Department of Neuro-oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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63
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Avet-Loiseau H, Vénuat AM, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Zerah M, Vassal G. Comparative genomic hybridization detects many recurrent imbalances in central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumours in children. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1843-7. [PMID: 10206302 PMCID: PMC2362778 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 23 children with primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNET) were analysed with comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Multiple chromosomal imbalances have been detected in 20 patients. The most frequently involved chromosome was chromosome 17, with a gain of 17q (11 cases) and loss of 17p (eight cases). Further recurrent copy number changes were detected. Extra copies of chromosome 7 were present in nine patients and gains of 1q were detected in six patients. A moderate genomic amplification was detected in one patient, involving two sites on 3p and the whole 12p. Losses were more frequent, and especially involved the chromosomes 11 (nine cases), 10q (eight cases), 8 (six cases), X (six patients) and 3 (five cases), and part of chromosome 9 (five cases). These recurrent chromosomal changes may highlight locations of novel genes with an important role in the development and/or progression of PNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Avet-Loiseau
- Laboratory of Hematology, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
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64
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Reardon DA, Entrekin RE, Sublett J, Ragsdale S, Li H, Boyett J, Kepner JL, Look AT. Chromosome arm 6q loss is the most common recurrent autosomal alteration detected in primary pediatric ependymoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999; 24:230-7. [PMID: 10451703 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199903)24:3<230::aid-gcc8>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed 23 samples of primary pediatric ependymoma for significant gains or losses of genomic DNA, using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and a rigorous statistical approach. Nine of the tumors in this series (39%) appeared normal by CGH. The remainder had a limited number of regions of genomic imbalance, most often involving losses of chromosome arms 6q and 22q and the X chromosome, or gains of either 1q or 9. Recurrent and exclusive losses of 6q or 22q suggest that these regions harbor tumor suppressor genes that may contribute independently to the pathogenesis of childhood ependymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Reardon
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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65
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Abstract
Ependymomas are rare neuroectodermal tumors arising from ependymal cells of the ventricular system, choroid plexus, filum terminale, and central canal of the spinal cord (1,2). This review focuses on intracranial ependymomas with special emphasis on pathology, etiology, cytogenetic characteristics, and adjuvant radiation therapy. Recent advances in neurosurgical technique, radiation therapy, and molecular biology have affected management of these tumors and have the potential to increase long-term cure rates. The role of highly advanced radiation therapy techniques such as stereotactic radiosurgery will need to be better defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Applegate
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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66
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Kruse CA, Varella-Garcia M, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Owens GC, Spector EB, Fakhrai H, Savelieva E, Liang BC. Receptor expression, cytogenetic, and molecular analysis of six continuous human glioma cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:455-62. [PMID: 9661048 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Six human glioma cell lines were established from tissues obtained from five patients diagnosed with Kernohan grade IV glioblastoma multiforme and one from a patient with a grade II astrocytoma. One line was from a recurrent patient who had received prior therapy; the other lines were derived from patients at initial diagnosis and/or before cytoreductive therapies other than surgery were given. Considerable variability in phenotypic, karyotypic, and cell surface marker expression was displayed between the six human glioma cell lines. The karyotypes ranged from apparently normal (grade II astrocytoma) to those with complex rearrangements. Trisomy of chromosome 7 was the most common abnormality. The extensive cytogenetic and molecular characterization of these lines may facilitate their utilization in cellular and molecular biologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kruse
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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67
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Bakir A, Gezen F, Yildiz O, Ayhan A, Kahraman S, Kruse CA, Varella-Garcia M, Yildiz F, Kubar A. Establishment and characterization of a human glioblastoma multiforme cell line. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 103:46-51. [PMID: 9595044 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines provide a useful system for further understanding the biology of glioblastoma multiforme. In this study, a new glioblastoma multiforme cell line, GATAGM-96 (Gulhane Askeri Tip Akademisi-Gliblastoma Multiforme-96), was established from a tumor specimen removed from an 80-year-old male patient who underwent surgery for intracranial tumor. Morphologic examination, immunocytochemical staining, growth kinetics, and karyotypic characteristics of this cell line were studied. The cytoskeleton was positive for neuron-specific enolase, vimentin, and neurofilament, and it was negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, p53 protein, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor alpha. Growth kinetic studies demonstrated an approximate population doubling time of 38 to 42 h and a colony forming efficiency of 83.3%. The karyotype of the cells demonstrated it as hyperdiploid, with a large subpopulation of polyploid cells. There were numerous structural and numerical chromosome aberrations; most of them were present as clonal events. The phenotypic and chromosomal features detailed on the GATAGM-96 cell line should make it a useful addition to the cell lines currently available for in vitro and in vivo studies of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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68
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Nishizaki T, Ozaki S, Harada K, Ito H, Arai H, Beppu T, Sasaki K. Investigation of genetic alterations associated with the grade of astrocytic tumor by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998; 21:340-6. [PMID: 9559346 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199804)21:4<340::aid-gcc8>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a technique that allows the detection of losses and gains in DNA copy number across the entire genome. We used CGH to study the genetic alterations that occur in primary astrocytomas, including 14 glioblastomas (GBM), 12 anaplastic astrocytomas (AA), and 7 low-grade astrocytomas (LGA). The average numbers of total aberrations in GBM, AA, and LGA were 9.7, 5.4, and 4.0, respectively. The average number of DNA sequence losses in GBM was significantly higher than that in AA or LGA (P < 0.01). Frequently altered regions (> eight cases) observed in all grades of astrocytoma were 7p13-p12 (gain), 7q31 (gain), 8q24.1-q24.2 (gain), 9p21 (loss), 10p12-p11 (loss), 10q22-qter (loss), 13q21-q22 (loss), and 20q13.1-q13.2 (gain). Loss of 9p, 10p, or 10q, and the gain or amplification of 7p, were observed frequently in GBM (64%, 57%, 64%, and 50% of cases, respectively). Frequent alterations found in AA were losses of 9p, 10q, and 13q, and gains of 1q, chromosome 7, 11q, and Xq. Whereas 7p13-p11 amplification occurred exclusively in cases with the loss of all or part of chromosome 10, this change never occurred in cases having an increase in copy number of 8q, which was the most frequent change observed in LGA (four of seven cases). These results may indicate that an increase in copy number of 8q is an important event in GBM, with a genetic pathway, which is distinct from that in GBM with 7p amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishizaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan.
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69
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Dorigo O, Turla ST, Lebedeva S, Gjerset RA. Sensitization of rat glioblastoma multiforme to cisplatin in vivo following restoration of wild-type p53 function. J Neurosurg 1998; 88:535-40. [PMID: 9488309 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.3.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT To study the combined potential of wild-type p53 gene transfer and administration of cisplatin for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, the authors used the 9L rat glioblastoma cell line, which expresses a mutant p53. METHODS Stable expression of wild-type p53 in 9L cells was achieved by transfection of the cells with a wild-type p53-expressing plasmid (pCEP4p53). The resultant cell line, 9LpCEP4p53, was found to be more sensitive to cisplatin treatment in vitro than control (9LpCEP4) cells. The in vitro growth rates of control cells and wild-type p53-modified cells were similar in the absence of cisplatin. Fischer 344 rats were implanted intracerebrally with 9LpCEP4p53 cells and intraperitoneally administered 4 mg/kg cisplatin weekly for 7 weeks. These animals survived significantly longer than animals that were implanted with 9LpCEP4p53 cells but were given no cisplatin treatment. In contrast, concurrent cisplatin treatment provided no benefit for animals implanted with 9LpCEP4 cells. Tumors that developed in animals that had been implanted with 9LpCEP4p53 cells and treated with cisplatin had lost expression of wild-type p53, indicating a correlation between expression of wild-type p53 and cisplatin sensitivity in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that p53-based gene therapy in combination with cisplatin-based chemotherapy may be superior to single-modality treatment in dealing with glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dorigo
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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70
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Kramer DL, Parmiter AH, Rorke LB, Sutton LN, Biegel JA. Molecular cytogenetic studies of pediatric ependymomas. J Neurooncol 1998; 37:25-33. [PMID: 9525835 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005925613992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic and molecular studies of ependymomas have previously demonstrated deletions of chromosomes 17 and 22 as frequent abnormalities, implicating inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of these tumors. In the present study, we analyzed 22 childhood ependymomas by standard cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite analysis of chromosomes 17 and 22. Microsatellite analysis of chromosome 6 was performed to identify submicroscopic deletions implicated by the cytogenetic studies. Among the 22 cases, we demonstrated loss of chromosome 22 in 2 patients, deletion of chromosome 17 in 2 patients, and rearrangements or deletions of chromosome 6 in 5 patients. These data do not suggest that loss of a gene on chromosome 17p plays a primary role in the initiation of pediatric ependymomas. This is in contrast to what has been reported for pediatric CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors and malignant astrocytomas, in which deletion of 17p is regarded as a primary event. Furthermore, loss of chromosome 22 may define a subset of ependymomas more commonly seen in adults. Cytogenetic studies in this series, however, suggest that a region on the long arm of chromosome may be involved in the development and/or progression of ependymomas in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Kramer
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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71
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Mohapatra G, Bollen AW, Kim DH, Lamborn K, Moore DH, Prados MD, Feuerstein BG. Genetic analysis of glioblastoma multiforme provides evidence for subgroups within the grade. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199803)21:3<195::aid-gcc3>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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72
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Pomeroy SL, Sutton ME, Goumnerova LC, Segal RA. Neurotrophins in cerebellar granule cell development and medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 1997; 35:347-52. [PMID: 9440031 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005841206252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastomas may be derived from granule cells of the developing cerebellum. Children with tumors expressing high levels of the neurotrophin-3 receptor, TrkC, have a more favorable outcome. During development, TrkC is expressed in the most mature granule cells. Favorable medulloblastomas may be derived from more highly differentiated granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Pomeroy
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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73
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Abstract
Malignant human gliomas are the most common forms of primary tumors in the central nerve system. Due to their location and invasive nature, treatment so far has been mainly palliative. Thus, understanding the molecular detail of tumor transformation and progression is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategy for this fetal tumor. Among the genetic alternations found in these tumors, p53 inactivation and PDGF/PDGFR activation represent the early events, and the loss of chromosome 10 and gene amplification and rearrangement of EGFR represent the late events. Studies with both glioma cell lines and primary tumor tissues have strongly suggested that TGF-alpha and EGFR function as an important autocrine loop in supporting proliferation of human glioma, especially in high grade glioma, since elevated TGF-alpha expression is also found in these high grade tumors. Furthermore, down regulation of the expression of TGF-alpha by antisense constructs has been shown to inhibit several types of human tumor cell growth including glioma. Other means of therapeutic approaches using this autocrine loop as a target also include the use of monoclonal antibodies and their cytotoxic conjugated. Considerable understanding of the EGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways has become available recently, which including GRB2/mSOS1 mediated MAP kinase activation; JAK/STATs pathway; PLC-gamma pathway. However, much work still needs to be done before a specific component of these pathways can be applied for effective control of tumor growth in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas, M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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74
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Pershouse MA, Ligon AH, Pereira-Smith OM, Killary AM, Yung WKA, Steck PA. Suppression of transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity after transfer of chromosome 4 into U251 human glioma cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199711)20:3<260::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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75
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Bhattacharjee MB, Armstrong DD, Vogel H, Cooley LD. Cytogenetic analysis of 120 primary pediatric brain tumors and literature review. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1997; 97:39-53. [PMID: 9242217 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report chromosome results from 108 pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors. From our data and those in the literature we found that (1) cerebellar and low-grade astrocytic tumors, including gangliogliomas, are most often karyotypically normal; (2) supratentorial tumors were more frequently high-grade tumors that demonstrated a complex karyotype. Chromosome abnormalities were similar to those described in adult astrocytic tumors, namely, +7, 9p abnormalities, and -10; (3) primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) were virtually always karyotypically abnormal with a high frequency of +7, -8, i(17q), and -22. PNETs with -22 may represent a subset of tumors; (4) typical choroid plexus papillomas showed a normal karyotype, atypical papillomas showed a hyperdiploid karyotype (with +7, +12, and +20), choroid plexus carcinomas showed a hyperhaploid karyotype; (5) a few ependymomas showed hyperdiploidy or hypertetraploidy; (6) germ cell tumors showed complicated karyotypes; (7) monosomy 22 or 22q abnormalities appear to be a recurring finding in the malignant rhabdoid tumors; and (8) meningiomas showed -22 or 22q abnormalities associated with a complex karyotype. In general, in pediatric CNS tumors the least differentiated neoplasms have the greatest number of cytogenetic abnormalities. However, our present morphologic criteria for tumor diagnosis do not always correlate with a consistent karyotype, and further study of pediatric brain tumor morphology, site, behavior, and karyotype is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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76
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Simultaneous Chromosome 7 and 17 Gain and Sex Chromosome Loss Provide Evidence that Renal Metanephric Adenoma is Related to Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199708000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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77
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Brown JA, Anderl KL, Borell TJ, Qian J, Bostwick DG, Jenkins RB. Simultaneous Chromosome 7 and 17 Gain and Sex Chromosome Loss Provide Evidence that Renal Metanephric Adenoma is Related to Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Brown
- Departments of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kari L. Anderl
- Departments of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas J. Borell
- Departments of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Junqi Qian
- Departments of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David G. Bostwick
- Departments of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert B. Jenkins
- Departments of Urology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
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78
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Wernicke C, Thiel G, Lozanova T, Vogel S, Witkowski R. Numerical aberrations of chromosomes 1, 2, and 7 in astrocytomas studied by interphase cytogenetics. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997; 19:6-13. [PMID: 9135989 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199705)19:1<6::aid-gcc2>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For both juvenile astrocytomas and astrocytomas of adults, numerical and structural aberrations of chromosomes 1 and 7 have been described. To study the frequency of those aberrations in more detail and to exclude in vitro artifacts, we investigated directly prepared material from 18 juvenile and 26 astrocytomas of adults by fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes specific for chromosome regions 1p36, 1q12, 2cen, and 7cen. Chromosome 2 was used as control in the hybridization with chromosome 7. To exclude tissue-specific alterations, we tested cerebral and cerebellar paraffin-embedded material from persons who had died from other diseases. In 13 of the juvenile astrocytomas, we found a loss of 1p36 in relation to 1q12 in 16 astrocytomas of adults, a gain of signals from 1p36 or both probes for chromosome 1 was seen. Gain of chromosome 7 was found in 25 cases. Unexpectedly, gain of chromosome 2 occurred in 32 cases. For both probes, there was no difference between astrocytomas of children and those of adults. Our data suggest that loss of 1p is an early event in the development of juvenile astrocytomas and that trisomy 7 is frequent in malignant tumors and tumors containing a potential of growing malignantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wernicke
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Medizinische Fakultät, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
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79
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Lippitz BE, Scheitinger C, Scholz M, Weis J, Gilsbach JM, Füzesi L. Cytogenetic analysis of gliomas by in situ hybridization of stereotactic biopsy material. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997; 139:22-5. [PMID: 9059707 DOI: 10.1007/bf01850863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome analysis of brain tumours can provide important pathobiological data; however, cytogenetic tools are so far not routinely applied for diagnosis. In the present study 25 paraffin embedded stereotactic biopsies from 19 glioma patients were studied using in situ hybridization of chromosome #10 and #15 using biotinylated pericentromeric probes. Numerical changes of chromosome #10 are frequent alterations in glioblastoma. Quantification of chromosome #15 served as a control in order to exclude artificial monosomies or nonspecific changes. The number of chromosomes in at least 200 cells were counted for each specimen. 18 of 25 biopsies could be evaluated quantitatively. The small volume of probes was not a limiting factor for analysis. Quantification of "nonspecific" chromosome #15 revealed single spots in 22-41% of all cells in the 18 biopsies. Chromosome #10 showed single spots in a range between 34 and 44% of counted nuclei in 13/18 biopsies. In 5 out of 18 biopsies 51-60% monosomies were found: in this subgroup were 4 high grade gliomas. These cases were interpreted as monosomy of chromosome #10. The results demonstrate feasibility and quantitative evaluability of cytogenetic analysis in stereotactic biopsy material using in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Lippitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Technical University Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany
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80
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Taruscio D, Danesi R, Montaldi A, Cerasoli S, Cenacchi G, Giangaspero F. Nonrandom gain of chromosome 7 in central neurocytoma: a chromosomal analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization study. Virchows Arch 1997; 430:47-51. [PMID: 9037315 DOI: 10.1007/bf01008016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Central neurocytoma is a benign, slow-growing neoplasm with favourable prognosis. Biomolecular analysis has failed to demonstrate significant alterations, and no cytogenetic alterations have been reported. In this study we demonstrate chromosome 7 gain in three of nine neurocytomas (33%). Traditional cytogenetic analysis performed in four of the nine cases identified trisomy 7 as the sole chromosomal abnormality in one case. Interphase cytogenetics utilizing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on cell suspensions from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour tissue performed in all nine cases detected trisomy 7 in two more cases and tetrasomy in another. Our results suggest that chromosome 7 gain is a feature of neuroectodermal tumorigenesis, possibly conferring growth advantage on the neoplastic cells. FISH on interphase nuclei is a valuable adjunct in the genetic evaluation of rare central nervous system neoplasms with low baseline proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Taruscio
- Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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81
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Park JP, Dossu JR, Rhodes CH. Telomere associations in desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 92:4-7. [PMID: 8956861 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A four and a half year old male was diagnosed with desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma. To our knowledge, the cytogenetics of this tumor have never been reported. In our analysis of 40 cells, no consistent clonal abnormalities were observed; however, the majority of cells (25 of 40) showed structural rearrangements (telomere associations) resulting in dicentrics and other derivative chromosomes. Breakpoints most often observed included 17q25 (6 of 40), 19p13.3 (4 of 40), 17p13 (3 of 40), 14q32 (3 of 40), 11q25 (3 of 40), 9p24 (2 of 40), 5q35 (2 of 40), and 22q13 (2 of 40).
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Park
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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82
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Sainati L, Bolcato S, Montaldi A, Celli P, Stella M, Leszl A, Silvestro L, Perilongo G, Cordero di Montezemolo L, Basso G. Cytogenetics of pediatric central nervous system tumors. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 91:13-27. [PMID: 8908162 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A cytogenetic analysis was performed on short-term cultures of 43 previously untreated childhood central nervous system neoplasms of various histology. The cells were obtained from pediatric patients, none of whom had received therapy before karyotypic evaluation. Successful chromosome studies were performed on 24 tumors. The most commonly detected structural abnormalities involved chromosomes 1 and 17. Other structural chromosome abnormalities involved chromosomes 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sainati
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università di Padova, Italy
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83
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Oudard S, Arvelo F, Miccoli L, Apiou F, Dutrillaux AM, Poisson M, Dutrillaux B, Poupon MF. High glycolysis in gliomas despite low hexokinase transcription and activity correlated to chromosome 10 loss. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:839-45. [PMID: 8826847 PMCID: PMC2074724 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of chromosome 10 was observed in 10 out of 12 xenografted glioblastomas studied. Chromosome 10 carries the gene coding the hexokinase type 1 isoenzyme (HK-I), which catalyses the first step of glycolysis, which is essential in brain tissue and glioblastomas. We investigated the relationships between the relative chromosome 10 number, the amount of HK-I mRNA, HK-I activity and its intracellular distribution, and glycolysis-related parameters such as the lactate-pyruvate ratio, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ATP contents. Individual tumour HK-I mRNA amounts were 23-65% lower than that of normal human brain and reflected the relative decrease of chromosome 10 number (alpha < 0.01). Total HK activities of individual glioblastomas varied considerably but were constantly (a mean of seven times) lower than that of normal brain tissue. The mitochondria-bound HK-I fraction of individual tumours was generally over 50%, compared with that of normal brain tissue. As shown by lactate - pyruvate ratios, in all the gliomas, glycolysis was elevated to an average of 3-fold that measured in normal brain. An elevated ATP content was also constantly noted. Adaptation of glioblastoma metabolism to the chromosome 10 loss and to the HK-I transcription unit emphasises the critical role of glycolysis in their survival. We hypothesise that HK-I, the enzyme responsible for initiating glycolysis necessary for brain function, may approach its lowest limit in gliomas, thereby opening therapeutic access to pharmacological anti-metabolites affecting energy metabolism and tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oudard
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Moléculaire et Oncologie, UMR 147-CNRS, Paris, France
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84
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Zec N, De Girolami U, Schofield DE, Scott RM, Anthony DC. Giant cell ependymoma of the filum terminale. A report of two cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:1091-101. [PMID: 8764746 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199609000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe two histologically unusual cases of ependymoma of the filum terminale. Both tumors occurred in 14-year-old boys. An intradural encapsulated mass attached to the filum terminale was demonstrated radiologically in both cases and totally resected at surgery. In case 1 the neoplasm was uniformly composed of pleomorphic giant cells and was without perivascular pseudorosettes or myxopapillary changes. Case 2 was a myxopapillary ependymoma with multiple foci of pleomorphic giant cells. Neither tumor had prominent mitotic activity, necrosis, or endothelial proliferation. Both tumors were immunopositive for cytokeratin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Ultrastructural features included basal laminae, interdigitating cell processes, microvilli, cilia, intercellular junctions, and cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. Cytogenetic analysis in case 1 showed a hypodiploid karyotype with monosomy of chromosomes 1, 10, 14, 16, 20, and 22. We interpret both tumors as most consistent with a variant of ependymoma. Because of the unique gigantocellular light microscopic appearance of the entire tumor in case 1, we propose classifying this tumor as a new morphologic subtype: giant cell ependymoma of the filum terminale. The combination of gigantocellular and myxopapillary features in case 2 supports a histogenetic relationship between giant cell ependymoma and myxopapillary ependymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zec
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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85
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Brown JA, Sebo TJ, Segura JW. Metaphase analysis of metanephric adenoma reveals chromosome Y loss with chromosome 7 and 17 gain. Urology 1996; 48:473-5. [PMID: 8804507 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(96)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A 61-year-old man underwent wedge excision of a 3-cm right renal metanephric adenoma. This recently recognized tumor has been considered benign, although no genetic studies have been reported. Metaphase analysis demonstrated a 47,X,-Y,+7,+17 karyotype. These results are consistent with a clonal neoplastic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Brown
- Department of Urology and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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86
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von Haken MS, White EC, Daneshvar-Shyesther L, Sih S, Choi E, Kalra R, Cogen PH. Molecular genetic analysis of chromosome arm 17p and chromosome arm 22q DNA sequences in sporadic pediatric ependymomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1996; 17:37-44. [PMID: 8889505 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199609)17:1<37::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ependymomas are glial tumors of the brain and spinal cord occurring both sporadically and in a familial syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Previous analyses performed on specimens obtained predominantly from adult patients have shown loss of DNA sequences from chromosome arm 22q, which is the location of the NF2 gene. Previously, we documented the consistent loss of chromosome arm 17p DNA in medulloblastoma and astrocytoma, which are the most common brain tumors in children. Although mutation of the TP53 gene located on 17p is the most frequent genetic mutation in all adult tumor types, such mutations are rare in most childhood brain tumors investigated to date. We studied a series of pediatric ependymoma specimens (16 intracranial and 2 spinal) for loss of 17p and 22q DNA sequences and for mutation of the TP53 and NF2 genes. None of the children had the clinical stigmata of NF2. We detected loss of 17p DNA sequences in 9 of the 18 specimens (50%); in 7 of 9 of these specimens (78%), the 144-D6 marker was deleted. In contrast, only 2 of these same 18 specimens (11%) showed loss of 22q DNA. One TP53 gene mutation was detected in a child from a cancer kindred. No mutations were detected in the NF2 gene. Our results suggest that loss of chromosome arm 17p DNA sequences is common in sporadic pediatric ependymomas and that, in contrast to ependymomas in adults, deletion of chromosome arm 22q sequences is rare. Furthermore, TP53 and NF2 gene mutations do not play an important role in the etiology of sporadic pediatric ependymomas.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Blotting, Southern
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Ependymoma/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Neurofibromatosis 2/genetics
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Mutation
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spinal Cord Neoplasms/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M S von Haken
- Maggie McNamara/Barrett Bear Krupa Memorial Laboratory, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA
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87
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Sawyer JR, Roloson GJ, Bell JM, Thomas JR, Teo C, Chadduck WM. Telomeric associations in the progression of chromosome aberrations in pediatric solid tumors. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 90:1-13. [PMID: 8780739 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(96)00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomeric association (tas) is a cytogenetic phenomenon in which chromosome ends fuse to form dicentric, multicentric, and ring chromosomes. We observed clonal tas in six pediatric solid tumors of various types and histological grades studied using short-term in situ culture and G-banding techniques. These tumors included a neurilemoma, an undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver (UESL), two anaplastic astrocytomas (AA), one case of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and a neuroblastoma (NB) of the kidney. Cytogenetic data from all six tumors demonstrated multiple numerical and structural aberrations including tas. The tas appeared to be a secondary aberration in these tumors, however, it was possible to follow the progression of the telomeric chromosome aberrations in several cases. In all but one case (UESL) the loss of chromosome segments occurred. Tas of 11p was observed in three of the six tumors, two of which showed the subsequent loss of 11p (AA and AB). In addition, tas of 4p was seen in three tumors, two of which showed clonal tas of 4p with 22q. Tas of 10p, 21p, and 22q were all observed in at least two different tumors. The clonal telomeric fusions of 4p with 22q, recurring tas of 11p, and the subsequent loss of the short arm of 11 demonstrated here, suggests that some chromosome regions are subject to nonrandom instability and sometimes loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sawyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
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88
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Steilen-Gimbel H, Henn W, Kolles H, Moringlane JR, Feiden W, Steudel WI, Zang KD. Early proliferation enhancement by monosomy 10 and intratumor heterogeneity in malignant human gliomas as revealed by smear preparations from biopsies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1996; 16:180-4. [PMID: 8814450 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199607)16:3<180::aid-gcc4>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromere-specific DNA probes for chromosomes 7 and 10 and Ki-67 proliferation labelling on smear preparations of 17 differentiated and anaplastic human astrocytomas and glioblastomas. In 15 of the 17 cases studied, Ki-67-positive clones differed from Ki-67-negative clones mainly by the loss of one copy of chromosome 10, either combined with or independent of trisomy 7. The findings suggest that monosomy 10 is an earlier event than generally supposed in the development of human gliomas and that it is directly related to cellular hyper-proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steilen-Gimbel
- Neurosurgical Clinic, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Federal Republic of Germany
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89
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Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Renal Oncocytoma Reveals Frequent Loss of Chromosomes Y and 1. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199607000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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90
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Brown JA, Takahashi S, Alcaraz A, Borell TJ, Anderl KL, Qian J, Persons DL, Bostwick DG, Lieber MM, Jenkins RB. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Renal Oncocytoma Reveals Frequent Loss of Chromosomes Y and 1. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Brown
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Antonio Alcaraz
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas J. Borell
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kari L. Anderl
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Junqi Qian
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Diane L. Persons
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David G. Bostwick
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael M. Lieber
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert B. Jenkins
- Departments of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
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91
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Parry JM, Parry EM, Bourner R, Doherty A, Ellard S, O'Donovan J, Hoebee B, de Stoppelaar JM, Mohn GR, Onfelt A, Renglin A, Schultz N, Söderpalm-Berndes C, Jensen KG, Kirsch-Volders M, Elhajouji A, Van Hummelen P, Degrassi F, Antoccia A, Cimini D, Izzo M, Tanzarella C, Adler ID, Kliesch U, Hess P. The detection and evaluation of aneugenic chemicals. Mutat Res 1996; 353:11-46. [PMID: 8692188 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although aneuploidy makes a significant contribution to both somatic and inherited disease the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals may induce numerical chromosome aberrations are only poorly defined. The European Union Project was aimed to further our understanding of those chemical interactions with the components of the mitotic and meiotic cell division cycle which may lead to aneuploidy and to characterise the parameters such as cellular metabolism which may influence the activity of aneugenic chemicals. C-mitosis can be induced by the highly lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyl and the completion of mitosis and cleavage can be modified by agents which deplete cellular levels of reduced glutathione. Modifications of the fidelity of chromosome segregation were produced by inhibiting the functioning of topoisomerase II during chromatid separation. In contrast, the modification of centromere integrity resulted in chromosome breakage as opposed to disturbance of segregation. Modifiers of tubulin assembly and centriolar functioning in somatic cells such as acrylamide, vinblastine and diazepam reproduced their activity in rodent bone marrow and male germ cells. The analysis of chromosome malsegregation in Aspergillus nidulans by a structurally related series of halogenated hydrocarbons was used to develop a QSAR model which had high predictive value for the results of fungal tests for previously untested related chemicals. Metabolic studies of potential aneugens in genetically engineered human lymphoblastoid cells demonstrated the detoxification of the aneugenic activity of chloral hydrate and the activation of 2,3-dichlorobutane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene by Phase I biotransforming enzymes. Cell transformation studies in Syrian hamster dermal cultures using a panel of 22 reference and or potential aneugens indicated that 15 of the 22 produced positive results following single exposures. Five of the aneugens which were negative following single exposures produced positive results where cultures were continuously exposed for up to 6 weeks to low concentrations following a single non-transforming exposure to the mutagen dimethyl sulphate. The transformation studies indicate that a significant proportion of chemical aneugens are potential complete carcinogens and/or co-carcinogens. To optimise the enumeration of chromosomes following exposure to potential chemical aneugens whole chromosome paints and centromere specific probes suitable for use in fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) were developed for the rat, mouse and Chinese hamster and selected human probes evaluated for their suitability for routine use. Molecular chromosome probes were used to develop protocols for enumerating chromosomes in metaphase cells and centromeres and micronuclei in interphase cells. The analysis of segregation of specific centromeres in binucleate cells following cytochalasin B treatment was shown to be a potentially valuable system for characterising non-disjunction following chemical exposure. Whole chromosome paints and centromere specific probes were used to demonstrate the presence of dose-response thresholds following treatment with a reference panel of spindle inhibiting chemicals. These data indicate that the FISH technology is suitable for evaluating the relative hazards of low-dose exposures to aneugenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Parry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, UK
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92
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Koch A, Tonnt J, Kraus JA, Sörensen N, Albrecht S, Wiestler OD, Pietsch T. Molecular analysis of the lissencephaly gene 1 (LIS-1) in medulloblastomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1996.tb00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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93
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Abstract
The genes involved in the genesis and progression of adult astrocytic tumors have been an area of considerable investigation. The tumor suppressor gene, p53, has been implicated, as has the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Additional currently unidentified genes lie on chromosomes 10 and 19. Interestingly, work on pediatric astrocytomas suggests that the genes involved are different. p53 is rarely mutated in pediatric tumors, the epidermal growth factor receptor gene is rarely amplified or mutated, and chromosome 10 deletions are rare. The only pediatric tumor that seems to mimic the findings in adult tumors is brainstem glioma, perhaps explaining the uniformly grim prognosis in this type of tumor. In the pilocytic astrocytoma of childhood, mutations in the neurofibromatosis type I gene have been implicated in tumor development. In this review, the oncogenesis of pediatric gliomas is discussed and compared and contrasted to what is known about tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Raffel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
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94
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Zenklusen JC, Conti CJ. Cytogenetic, molecular and functional evidence for novel tumor suppressor genes on the long arm of human chromosome 7. Mol Carcinog 1996; 15:167-75. [PMID: 8597529 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199603)15:3<167::aid-mc2>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Zenklusen
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville 78957, USA
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95
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Alers JC, van Dekken H. Interphase cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors by non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 31:1-133. [PMID: 8938812 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Alers
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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96
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Blaeker H, Rasheed BK, McLendon RE, Friedman HS, Batra SK, Fuchs HE, Bigner SH. Microsatellite analysis of childhood brain tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1996; 15:54-63. [PMID: 8824726 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199601)15:1<54::aid-gcc8>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity at specific chromosomal locations has been taken as evidence of a tumor suppressor gene located in that area. We performed a genomic allelotyping study on 46 childhood brain tumors of different histopathological types in order to identify and confirm common areas of deletion in different tumor types. Two hundred microsatellite DNA probes equally distributed over the 22 autosomes were applied, covering the genome in steps of approximately 25 cM. Our results confirm frequent loss of heterozygosity of chromosome arms 9q, 10q, 11p, 11q, 16q, and 22q in high-grade gliomas, medulloblastomas, and ependymomas. In addition, we found a new region of loss on chromosome segment 2p21-23 affected predominantly in high-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Blaeker
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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97
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Kurpad SN, Zhao XG, Wikstrand CJ, Batra SK, McLendon RE, Bigner DD. Tumor antigens in astrocytic gliomas. Glia 1995; 15:244-56. [PMID: 8586461 DOI: 10.1002/glia.440150306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas affect 15,000 to 17,000 Americans every year and carry a dismal prognosis. The potential of immunologically mediated diagnosis and therapy, although greatly enhanced since the advent of monoclonal antibodies, has not been fully realized due to significant problems, most especially the challenge of identifying antigenic molecules specific to glial tumors. Other problematic issues include antigen-associated factors such as heterogeneity, modulation, shedding, and cross-reactivity with normal cells, and factors associated with therapeutic agent delivery, typically variable tumor perfusion and unfavorable diffusional forces in tumor microenvironment. An understanding of these problems called for the delineation of operationally specific antigens (tumor-associated antigens not expressed by the normal central nervous system) combined with the use of compartmental therapeutic approaches to increase the specificity of therapy. Numerous antigens have been identified and are classified as extracellular/matrix-associated, membrane-associated, and intracellular antigens. Nevertheless, only a few have been demonstrated to be of significant therapeutic and diagnostic utility. These few include the extracellular matrix-associated antigens tenascin and GP 240, defined by the monoclonal antibodies 81C6 and Mel-14, both of which are now in Phase I clinical trials, and membrane-associated ganglioside molecules, primarily 3', 6'-isoLD1, defined by the antibody DMAb-22. Recent identification of the overexpression of a deletion variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) in up to 50% of the more malignant glial tumors and the subsequent creation of monoclonal antibodies that are specific to this molecule and do not recognize the wild-type EGFR provide the most exciting development yet in the design of specific antiglioma immunoconjugates. In addition, the tumor-specific nature of EGFRvIII combined with improved knowledge of immune mechanisms, especially in the context of the central nervous system, will facilitate the design of highly selective cell-mediated therapeutic approaches with a view toward obtaining tumor-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Kurpad
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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98
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Abstract
Gliomas represent the largest group of primary brain tumors in adults. The astrocytic variants are the most common and the adult forms are histologically stratified into three malignancy grades. Of these glioblastoma is the most common and the most malignant; it has also been best studied by molecular genetics and cytogenetics. Double-minute chromosomes, known to represent amplified genes, are found in 50% of glioblastomas. Amplified genes are not detected in the most benign of the astrocytomas. Many genes have been shown to be amplified in more than single cases of gliomas and these include EGFR, CDK4, SAS, MDM2, GLI, PDGFAR, MYC, N MYC, MYCL1, MET, GADD153, and KIT. The most commonly amplified genes in glioblastomas are EGFR (in approximately 40%), CDK4, and SAS (in approximately 15%). The remainder of the genes are amplified at lower frequency. The best mapped amplicon in gliomas involves the 12q13-14 region. The amplicon is of undetermined size, encompasses a number of genes, and may be rearranged. It occurs in 15% of glioblastomas and almost always includes the CDK4 and SAS genes, in about 10% of tumors the MDM2 gene, and at lower frequency GLI, GADD153, and A2MR. All but A2MR are overexpressed if amplified. The amplified EGFR gene is frequently rearranged, resulting in changes in the regions of the transcript that codes for the extracellular domain. The resultant receptor is constitutively activated. These findings provide examples of the impact the use of modern molecular biological techniques has had on our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Collins
- Institute for Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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99
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Ng HK, Lau KM, Tse JY, Lo KW, Wong JH, Poon WS, Huang DP. Combined molecular genetic studies of chromosome 22q and the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene in central nervous system tumors. Neurosurgery 1995; 37:764-73. [PMID: 8559307 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199510000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosomy of chromosome 22 or deletions of 22q have been described in meningiomas and astrocytic tumors, the incidence of which is increased in Type 2 neurofibromatosis. Recently, the gene for neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) has been identified at Chromosome 22q12, and a tumor suppression role has been suggested. Because there have been only a few studies of the NF2 gene on central nervous system tumors other than vestibular schwannomas, we investigated the potential role of NF2 as a tumor suppressor gene in a group of sporadic meningiomas and astrocytomas. Forty-four tumors (26 meningiomas and 18 astrocytic tumors of different grades) were screened for NF2 mutations for the entire 17 exons by the polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism method. In addition, 37 tumors and their respective constitutional deoxyribonucleic acid were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity of 22q alleles by four polymorphic microsatellite markers. Seven inactivating mutations were found in Exons 4, 5, 6, and 10 in 7 of 26 (27%) meningiomas, but none were found in astrocytic tumors. Altogether, 69% of meningiomas and 20% of astrocytic tumors revealed a loss of heterozygosity of 22q markers. All tumors with NF2 mutations showed concurrent loss of alleles on 22q, thus fulfilling Knudson's criteria for tumor suppressor genes in meningiomas. We conclude that inactivation of the NF2 gene is involved in the pathogenesis of a proportion of meningiomas but not in astrocytic tumors. Because many meningiomas and some astrocytic tumors had allelic loss of 22q but intact NF2, there is a possibility that other tumor suppressor genes exist on 22q and may be involved in the pathogenesis of central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Ng
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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100
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Pylkkänen P, Paetau A, Knuutila S. Chromosome 7 in glioblastoma tissue. Parenchymal vs. endothelial cells. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1995; 84:73-5. [PMID: 7497447 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(95)00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Strong endothelial proliferation is a prominent feature of glioblastomas and sometimes these proliferated areas transform into a malignant component of glioblastoma, resulting in gliosarcomas. It has not been established whether the proliferated endothelial areas are cytogenetically abnormal. To clarify this question, the most common cytogenetic aberration, gain of chromosome 7, was chosen and in situ hybridization was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of three glioblastomas. The purpose was to compare the parenchymal tumor cells and the endothelial cells. The results showed trisomy 7 in only a small amount of endothelial cells (5-8%), whereas 23-38% of parenchymal tumor cells displayed trisomy 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pylkkänen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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