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Hymenolepis diminuta: Experimental studies on the antioxidant system with short and long term infection periods in the rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Expression and characterization of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase from Wuchereria bancrofti. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:629-36. [PMID: 21796387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene from Wuchereria bancrofti (Cu/Zn WbSOD) was isolated by PCR using degeneracy primers. The complete Cu/Zn WbSOD consisted of 1,032 nucleotides containing 4 exons (477 nucleotides) and 3 introns. The molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Cu/Zn WbSOD gene in comparison with those from other organisms revealed that the gene was classified in the same clade to those of filarial Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi (bootstrap value at 90). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of Cu/Zn WbSOD exhibited the similarity to those of intracellular Cu/Zn SOD of B. malayi and B. pahangi. The amino acid comparison of Cu/Zn WbSOD to others revealed that the binding sites and active sites were conserved. The expression of this gene yielded 16.366 kDa in size. After Ni-IDA column purification, the enzyme showed specific activity of 8.5 U/mg and 42.1% yield. The enzyme activity was inhibited when 6 mM KCN was added.
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Identification and biochemical characterization of two novel peroxiredoxins in a liver fluke,Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitology 2011; 138:1143-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWe identified 2 novel genes encoding different 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (PRxs), designated CsPRx2 and CsPRx3, inClonorchis sinensis, which invades the human hepatobiliary tracts. TheCsPRx2gene expression was temporally increased along with the parasite's development and its protein product was detected in almost all parts of adult worms including subtegument, as well as excretory-secretory products. Conversely,CsPRx3expression was temporally maintained at a basal level and largely restricted within interior parts of various tissues/organs. The recombinant forms of CsPRx proteins exhibited reducing activity against various hydroperoxides in the presence of either thioredoxin or glutathione (GSH) as a reducing equivalent, although they preferred H2O2and GSH as a catalytic substrate and electron donor, respectively. A steady-state kinetic study demonstrated that the CsPRx proteins followed a saturable, Michaelis-Menten-type equation with the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) ranging from 103to 104M−1s−1, somewhat lower than those for other PRxs studied (104–105M−1s−1). The expression patterns and histological distributions specific to CsPRx2 and CsPRx3 might suggest different physiological functions of the antioxidant enzymes in protecting the worms against oxidative damage.
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Abstract
Peroxidoxins are a recently described family of antioxidants. They have an ancient origin, being present in organisms as primitive as the archaea, and they appear to be ubiquitous in living cells. Here, Sharon McGonigle, John Dalton and Eric James review the present understanding of the functions and mechanism of action of these enzymes and suggest that these antioxidants may represent the ;missing link' in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species by some protozoan and helminth parasites. Also, by performing sequence comparisons of homologues entered in the public databases, they have classified the parasite peroxidoxins as 1-cys or 2-cys enzymes. The discovery of these antioxidants may change our understanding of how reactive oxygen species, of parasite or host origin, are managed by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McGonigle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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55
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Li AH, Na BK, Song KJ, Lim SB, Chong CK, Park YK, Kim TS. Identification and characterization of a mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase of Spirometra erinacei. J Parasitol 2011; 97:1106-12. [PMID: 21682556 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2753.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) of Spirometra erinacei was identified, and the biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme were partially characterized. The S. erinacei Mn-SOD gene consisted of 669 bp, which encoded 222 amino acids. A sequence analysis of the gene showed that it had typical molecular structures, including characteristic metal-binding residues and motifs that were conserved in Mn-SODs. An analysis of the N-terminal presequence of S. erinacei Mn-SOD revealed that it had physiochemical characteristics commonly found in mitochondria-targeting sequences and predicted that the enzyme is located in the mitochondria. A biochemical analysis also revealed that the enzyme is a typical Mn-SOD. The enzyme was consistently expressed in both S. erinacei plerocercoid larvae and adult worms. Our results collectively suggested that S. erinacei Mn-SOD is a typical mitochondrial Mn-SOD and may play an important role in parasite physiology, detoxifying excess superoxide radicals generated in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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56
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Hudson AL, Sotirchos IM, Davey MW. The activity and hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of the peroxiredoxins from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 176:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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57
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Morassutti AL, Pinto PM, Dutra BK, Oliveira GT, Ferreira HB, Graeff-Teixeira C. Detection of anti-oxidant enzymatic activities and purification of glutathione transferases from Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:365-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Mathew N, Srinivasan L, Karunan T, Ayyanar E, Muthuswamy K. Studies on filarial GST as a target for antifilarial drug development—in silico and in vitro inhibition of filarial GST by substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones. J Mol Model 2011; 17:2651-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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59
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Srinivasan L, Mathew N, Karunan T, Muthuswamy K. Biochemical studies on glutathione S-transferase from the bovine filarial worm Setaria digitata. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:213-9. [PMID: 21207063 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Setaria digitata is a filarial worm of the cattle used as a model system for antifilarial drug screening, due to its similarity to the human filarial parasites Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. Since filarial glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a good biochemical target for antifilarial drug development, a study has been undertaken for the biochemical characterization of GST from S. digitata. Cytosolic fraction was separated from the crude S.digitata worm homogenate by ultracentrifugation at 100,000 g and subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by affinity chromatography using GSH-agarose column. The kinetic parameters K (m) and V (max) values with respect to GSH were 0.45 mM and 0.105 μmol min(-1) mL(-1) respectively. With respect to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, the K (m) and V (max) values were 1.21 and 0.117 μmol min(-1) mL(-1) respectively. The effect of temperature and pH on GST enzyme activity was studied. The protein retained its enzyme activity between 0°C and 40°C, beyond which it showed a decreasing tendency, and at 80°C, the activity was lost completely. The enzyme activity was varying with change in pH, and the maximum GST activity was observed at pH 7.5. Gel filtration chromatographic studies indicated that the protein has a native molecular mass of about 54 kDa. The single band of GST subunit appeared in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to have molecular mass of ∼27 kDa. This shows that cytosolic S. digitata GST protein is homodimeric in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmy Srinivasan
- Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry 605006, India
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60
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Oke TT, Moskovitz J, Williams DL. Characterization of the methionine sulfoxide reductases of Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 2010; 95:1421-8. [PMID: 19604033 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2062.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharzia, is an infectious disease caused by several species of Schistosoma. Twenty million individuals suffer severe symptoms and 200,000 people die annually from the disease. The host responds to the presence of S. mansoni by producing reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative stress. We hypothesized that schistosomes produce antioxidants in response to oxidative stress. A known antioxidant protein is methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr). Methionine residues can be oxidized to methionine sulfoxide in the presence of oxidizing agents, and the process is readily reversed by the action of the Msr system. Two S. mansoni MsrB genes (MsrB1 and MsrB2) were cloned and the recombinant proteins were expressed in bacteria and purified. The S. mansoni MsrB proteins contained the common conserved catalytic-and zinc-coordinating cysteines. Analysis of the proteins showed that both proteins promote the reduction of both free methionine sulfoxide (Met[O]) and dabsyl-Met(O) to free methionine (Met) and dabsyl-Met, respectively, while exhibiting differences in their specific activities toward these substrates. Using real-time polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR), both proteins were found to be expressed in all stages of the parasite's life cycle, with the highest level of expression of both proteins in the egg stage. This is the first description of MsrB proteins from a parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope T Oke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA
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61
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Robinson MW, Hutchinson AT, Dalton JP, Donnelly S. Peroxiredoxin: a central player in immune modulation. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:305-13. [PMID: 20500659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are a family of anti-oxidants that protect cells from metabolically produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). The presence of these enzymes in the secretomes of many parasitic helminths suggests they provide protection against ROS released by host immune effector cells. However, we recently reported that helminth-secreted Prx also contribute to the development of Th2-responses via a mechanism involving the induction of alternatively activated macrophages. In this review, we discuss the role helminth Prx may play in modulating the immune responses of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Robinson
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases (IBID), University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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62
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Chaithirayanon K, Sobhon P. Molecular cloning and characterization of two genes encoding 2-Cys peroxiredoxins from Fasciola gigantica. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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63
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Martínez-González JJ, Guevara-Flores A, Alvarez G, Rendón-Gómez JL, Del Arenal IP. In vitro killing action of auranofin on Taenia crassiceps metacestode (cysticerci) and inactivation of thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR). Parasitol Res 2010; 107:227-31. [PMID: 20431894 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Control of cellular redox homeostasis is a central issue for all living organisms. Glutathione and thioredoxin enzymatic redox systems are the usual mean used to achieve such a control. However, parasitic platyhelminths studied to date possess a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR) as the sole redox control system. Thus, TGR is considered as a potential therapeutic target of parasitic platyhelminths, and based on this assumption, the gold compound auranofin is a potent inhibitor of TGR. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of auranofin on metacestode (cysticerci) of Taenia crassiceps in culture. Accordingly, the time course for viability and respiration of cysticerci in culture was evaluated in the presence of this compound. After 4 h at 10 microM auranofin, 90% of cysticerci were alive, but respiration activity had declined by 50%. After 12 h, neither survivors nor respiration was detected; a LD(50) for auranofin of 3.8 microM was calculated. Interestingly, crude extracts of cysticerci pretreated with 3 microM auranofin nearly nil TGR activity (IC(50) = 0.6 microM). Zymography for TGR in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was conducted because the previously mentioned extracts clearly showed a dose-response inactivation of TGR toward auranofin. The killing of cysticerci by this gold compound is most likely related with TGR inactivation. Therefore, further research on the suitability of auranofin as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of cysticercosis in animals and humans is sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, México City, 04510, Mexico
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64
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Li AH, Na BK, Ahn SK, Cho SH, Pak JH, Park YK, Kim TS. Functional expression and characterization of a cytosolic copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase of Spirometra erinacei. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:627-35. [PMID: 20076970 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spirometra erinacei is a pseudophyllidean tapeworm which inhabits the intestines of cats and dogs. The infections are usually asymptomatic in these animals, but the infection of the plerocercoid larvae of the parasite, spargana, cause sparganosis in other vertebrates, including human. In this study, we identified a gene encoding the copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase of S. erinacei (SeCuZn-SOD) and partially characterized the biochemical and functional properties of the enzyme. The open reading frame of SeCuZnSOD was 465 bp that encodes 154 amino acids. The characteristic amino acid residues and motifs required for coordinating copper and zinc enzymatic function were well conserved. The genomic length of the SeCuZnSOD was 1,985 bp consisting of three exons that are separated by two introns. SeCuZnSOD is a typical cytosolic form which shares similar biochemical properties, including broad pH optima and inhibition profile by KCN and H(2)O(2), with cytosolic Cu/Zn-SODs of other organisms. SeCuZnSOD was functionally expressed in both S. erinacei plerocercoid larvae and adult worms, and its expression level was significantly increased when the plerocercoid larvae were treated with paraquat. The enzyme may play essential roles for survival of the parasite not only by protecting itself from endogenous oxidative stress, but also by detoxifying oxidative killing of the parasite by host immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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65
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Gabrashanska M, Teodorova SE, Petkova S, Mihov L, Anisimova M, Ivanov D. Selenium supplementation at low doses contributes to the antioxidant status in Trichinella spiralis-infected rats. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:561-70. [PMID: 20054563 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) supplementation may prevent the formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation processes in trichinellosis. The oxidative-antioxidant status of male Wistar rats infected or uninfected with Trichinella spiralis (Nematoda) and supplemented or unsupplemented with Sel-plex (Alltech) was tested through blood biomarkers. Sel-plex was applied to restore antioxidant defense system. The oxidative marker was malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. The antioxidant markers were superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and concentrations of Se and vitamin E. The animals were allocated into four groups. The experiment covered 8 weeks post infection. A mathematical model was proposed for the time course of host body weight. The model solutions were in good agreement with the experimental data. The relative rates of body weight gain were determined as growth kinetic parameters. The supplementation of the rats with dietary Se improved their antioxidant status. Increases by 10% in SOD activity, 6% in GPx activity, 13% in vitamin E concentration, 17% in plasma Se concentration, and 19% in liver Se concentration, respectively, and a decrease by 18% in serum MDA concentration were recorded in the infected and supplemented towards infected and unsupplemented rats. The reduction of muscle larvae after Sel-plex application was 63%. The mortality in infected and uninfected animals did not differ significantly. No statistically significant differences were established between the growth of the control and infected rats. At week 8, the body weight gain in the supplemented rats (both uninfected and infected) was 30% higher, compared to that in unsupplemented ones. Diet with Se could be beneficial in the treatment of diseases correlated with considerable oxidative stress, particularly parasitoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gabrashanska
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and Parasitology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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66
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Harispe L, García G, Arbildi P, Pascovich L, Chalar C, Zaha A, Fernandez C, Fernandez V. Biochemical analysis of a recombinant glutathione transferase from the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Acta Trop 2010; 114:31-6. [PMID: 20034460 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are believed to be a major detoxification system in helminths. We describe the expression and functional analysis of EgGST, a cytosolic GST from Echinococcus granulosus, related to the Mu-class of mammalian enzymes. EgGST was produced as an enzymatically active dimeric protein (rEgGST), with highest specific activity towards the standard substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB; 2.5 micromol min(-1)mg(-1)), followed by ethacrynic acid. Interestingly, rEgGST displayed glutathione peroxidase activity (towards cumene hydroperoxide), and conjugated reactive carbonyls (trans-2-nonenal and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal), indicating that it may intercept damaging products of lipid peroxidation. In addition, classical GST inhibitors (cybacron blue, triphenylthin chloride and ellagic acid) and a number of anthelmintic drugs (mainly, hexachlorophene and rafoxanide) were found to interfere with glutathione-conjugation to CDNB; suggesting that they may bind to EgGST. Considered globally, the functional properties of rEgGST are similar to those of putative orthologs from Echinococcus multilcularis and Taenia solium, the other medically important cestodes. Interestingly, our results also indicate that differences exist between these closely related cestode GSTs, which probably reflect specific biological functions of the molecules in each parasitic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Harispe
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Igua 4225, Montevideo, CP 11400, Uruguay
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67
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DZIK JM, ZIELIŃSKI Z, CIEŚLA J, WAŁAJTYS-RODE E. Trichinella spiralisinfection enhances protein kinase C phosphorylation in guinea pig alveolar macrophages. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:209-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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68
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Dangi A, Vedi S, Nag JK, Paithankar S, Singh MP, Kar SK, Dube A, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Tetracycline treatment targeting Wolbachia affects expression of an array of proteins in Brugia malayi parasite. Proteomics 2009; 9:4192-208. [PMID: 19722191 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia is an intracellular endosymbiont of Brugia malayi parasite whose presence is essential for the survival of the parasite. Treatment of B. malayi-infected jirds with tetracycline eliminates Wolbachia, which affects parasite survival and fitness. In the present study we have tried to identify parasite proteins that are affected when Wolbachia is targeted by tetracycline. For this Wolbachia depleted parasites (B. malayi) were obtained by tetracycline treatment of infected Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) and their protein profile after 2-DE separation was compared with that of untreated parasites harboring Wolbachia. Approximately 100 protein spots could be visualized followed by CBB staining of 2-D gel and included for comparative analysis. Of these, 54 showed differential expressions, while two new protein spots emerged (of 90.3 and 64.4 kDa). These proteins were subjected to further analysis by MALDI-TOF for their identification using Brugia coding sequence database composed of both genomic and EST sequences. Our study unravels two crucial findings: (i) the parasite or Wolbachia proteins, which disappeared/down-regulated appear be essential for parasite survival and may be used as drug targets and (ii) tetracycline treatment interferes with the regulatory machinery vital for parasites cellular integrity and defense and thus could possibly be a molecular mechanism for the killing of filarial parasite. This is the first proteomic study substantiating the wolbachial genome integrity with its nematode host and providing functional genomic data of human lymphatic filarial parasite B. malayi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Dangi
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow (U.P.), India
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69
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Enzymatic antioxidant systems in helminth parasites. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:593-603. [PMID: 19462181 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths have a coexistence with mammalian hosts whereby they survive for several years in known hostile conditions of their hosts. Many explanations exist describing how these parasitic helminths are able to survive. In the last years, a lot of studies have focused on both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems now shown to exist in these parasites and which may serve as defence tactics against the host-generated oxygen radicals. The relevance of antioxidant enzymes is confirmed by the fact that some of these molecules represent putative protective anti-parasite vaccines (i.e. in schistosomiasis). This review tries to compile what is known to date of the enzymatic antioxidant systems in selected parasitic helminths.
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70
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Characterization of one typical 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin gene of Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:781-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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71
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Two novel phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase genes of Paragonimus westermani induced by oxidative stress. Parasitology 2009; 136:553-65. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009005654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYPhospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx; GPx4) plays unique roles in the protection of cells against oxidative stress by catalysing reduction of lipid hydroperoxides. We characterized 2 novel GPx genes from a lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani (designated PwGPx1 and PwGPx2). These single copy genes spanned 6559 and 12 371 bp, respectively, and contained each of 5 intervening introns. The PwGPx2 harboured a codon for Sec and a Sec insertion sequence motif. Proteins encoded by the Paragonimus genes demonstrated a primary structure characteristic to the PHGPx family, including preservation of catalytic and glutathione-binding domains and absence of the subunit interaction domain. Expression of PwGPx1 increased gradually as the parasite matured, whereas that of PwGPx2 was temporally regulated. PwGPx2 was expressed at the basal level from the metacercariae to the 3-week-old juveniles; however, the expression was significantly induced in the 7-week-old immature worms and reached a plateau in the 12-week-old adults and eggs. PwGPx1 and PwGPx2 were largely localized in vitellocytes within vitelline glands and eggs. Oxidative stress-inducible paraquat, juglone and H2O2 substantially augmented the PwGPx1 and PwGPx2 expressions in viable worms by 1·5- to 11-fold. Our results strongly suggested that PwGPxs may actively participate in detoxification of oxidative hazards in P. westermani.
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72
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Ahmad R, Srivastava AK, Walter RD. Purification and biochemical characterization of cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase from filarial worms Setaria cervi. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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73
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Donnelly S, Stack CM, O'Neill SM, Sayed AA, Williams DL, Dalton JP. Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages. FASEB J 2008; 22:4022-32. [PMID: 18708590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During helminth infections, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) are key to promoting Th2 responses and suppressing Th1-driven inflammatory pathology. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and/or IL-13 are believed to be important in the induction and activation of AAMacs. Using murine models for the helminth infections caused by Fasciola hepatica (Fh) and Schistosoma mansoni (Sm), we show that a secreted antioxidant, peroxiredoxin (Prx), induces alternative activation of macrophages. These activated, Ym1-expressing macrophages enhanced the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 from naive CD4(+) T cells. Administration of recombinant FhPrx and SmPrx to wild-type and IL-4(-/-) and IL-13(-/-) mice induced the production of AAMacs. In addition, Prx stimulated the expression of markers of AAMacs (particularly, Ym1) in vitro, and therefore can act independently of IL-4/IL-13 signaling. The immunomodulatory property of Prx is not due to its antioxidant activity, as an inactive recombinant variant with active site Cys residues replaced by Gly could also induce AAMacs and Th2 responses. Immunization of mice with recombinant Prx or passive transfer of anti-Prx antibodies prior to infection with Fh not only blocked the induction of AAMacs but also the development of parasite-specific Th2 responses. We propose that Prx activates macrophages as an initial step in the induction of Th2 responses by helminth parasites and is thereby a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Donnelly
- Level 6, Bldg. 4, University of Technology Sydney, Cnr. Thomas and Harris St., Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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74
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Hamilton AJ, Holdom MD. Antioxidant systems in the pathogenic fungi of man and their role in virulence. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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75
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Cabrera G, Cabrejos ME, Morassutti AL, Cabezón C, Orellana J, Hellman U, Zaha A, Galanti N. DNA damage, RAD9 and fertility/infertility of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:498-506. [PMID: 18348165 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of the platyhelminth parasite Echinococcus granulosus, affects human and animal health. Hydatid fertile cysts are formed in intermediate hosts (human and herbivores) producing protoscoleces, the infective form to canines, at their germinal layers. Infertile cysts are also formed, but they are unable to produce protoscoleces. The molecular mechanisms involved in hydatid cysts fertility/infertility are unknown. Nevertheless, previous work from our laboratory has suggested that apoptosis is involved in hydatid cyst infertility and death. On the other hand, fertile hydatid cysts can resist oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. On these foundations, we have postulated that when oxidative damage of DNA in the germinal layers exceeds the capability of DNA repair mechanisms, apoptosis is triggered and hydatid cysts infertility occurs. We describe a much higher percentage of nuclei with oxidative DNA damage in dead protoscoleces and in the germinal layer of infertile cysts than in fertile cysts, suggesting that DNA repair mechanisms are active in fertile cysts. rad9, a conserved gene, plays a key role in cell cycle checkpoint modulation and DNA repair. We found that RAD9 of E. granulosus (EgRAD9) is expressed at the mRNA and protein levels. As it was found in other eukaryotes, EgRAD9 is hyperphosphorylated in response to DNA damage. Our results suggest that molecules involved in DNA repair in the germinal layer of fertile hydatid cysts and in protoscoleces, such as EgRAD9, may allow preserving the fertility of hydatid cysts in the presence of ROS and RNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa Disciplinario de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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76
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Siemieniuk E, Kolodziejczyk L, Skrzydlewska E. Oxidative Modifications of Rat Liver Cell Components During Fasciola hepatica Infection. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:519-524. [PMID: 19696938 PMCID: PMC2728573 DOI: 10.1080/15376510701624001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to assess the influence of Fasciola hepatica infection on oxidative modifications of rat liver cell components such as proteins and lipids. Wistar rats were infected per os with 30 metacercariae of F. hepatica. Activities and concentrations of liver damage markers were determined in the 4th, 7th, and 10th week postinfection (wpi). A decrease in antioxidant capacity of the host liver, manifested by a decrease in total antioxidant status (TAS), was observed. Diminution of antioxidant abilities resulted in enhanced oxidative modifications of lipids and proteins. F. hepatica infection enhanced lipid peroxidation, which was visible in the statistically significant increase in the level of different lipid peroxidation products such as conjugated dienes (CDs), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). The level of protein modification markers in the rat liver was also significantly changed and the most intensified changes were observed at seventh week postinfection. Concentration of carbonyl groups and dityrosine was significantly increased, whereas the level of tryptophan and sulfhydryl and amino groups was decreased. Changes in the antioxidant abilities of the liver and in the lipid and protein structure of the cell components resulted in destruction of the function of the liver. F. hepatica infection was accompanied by raising serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as markers of liver damage. A significant decrease in lysosomal as well as in the total activity of cathepsin B during fasciolosis was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Siemieniuk
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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77
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Dabir S, Dabir P, Goswami K, Goswamy K, Reddy MVR. Prophylactic evaluation of recombinant extracellular superoxide dismutase of Brugia malayi in jird model. Vaccine 2008; 26:3705-10. [PMID: 18524430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunoscreening of Brugia malayi adult cDNA library with pooled endemic normal sera identified several seroreactive clones including, EC-SOD which contained a 612 bp insert and showed significant nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence homologies with superoxide dismutase (SOD) of other nematode parasites. The SODs are known to play an important role in the protection of parasite against reactive oxygen species of the host. The coding region of the B. malayi EC-SOD (BmEC-SOD) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli followed by affinity purification on nickel agarose resin. Staining of native polyacrylamide gel for SOD activity of the expressed recombinant protein revealed that SOD activity inactivated by potassium cyanide and hydrogen peroxide but not by sodium azide, indicating presence of Cu/Zn-SOD. The rBm EC-SOD protein showed its activity over a broad range of pH.7.0-11.0. Further the immune protective activity of recombinant EC-SOD antigen was evaluated in susceptible host, jirds (gerbils) (Meriones unguiculatus) against B. malayi filarial infection. The immunized jirds showed 33.5% and 36% cytotoxicity against microfilariae and 42.8% and 45.5% cytotoxicity against infective larvae in in vitro antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay and in in situ micropore chamber methods respectively. This study suggests that the rBm EC-SOD antigen could stimulate a partial protective immune response against microfilariae and infective larvae in experimental animals against filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Dabir
- Department of Biochemistry & J.B. Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram 442102, MS, India.
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a tool for parasitic nematode research and there are now a number of compelling examples of its successful application. C. elegans has the potential to become a standard tool for molecular helminthology researchers, just as yeast is routinely used by molecular biologists to study vertebrate biology. However, in order to exploit C. elegans in a meaningful manner, we need a detailed understanding of the extent to which different aspects of C. elegans biology have been conserved with particular groups of parasitic nematodes. This review first considers the current state of knowledge regarding the conservation of genome organisation across the nematode phylum and then discusses some recent evolutionary development studies in free-living nematodes. The aim is to provide some important concepts that are relevant to the extrapolation of information from C. elegans to parasitic nematodes and also to the interpretation of experiments that use C. elegans as a surrogate expression system. In general, examples have been specifically chosen because they highlight the importance of careful experimentation and interpretation of data. Consequently, the focus is on the differences that have been found between nematode species rather than the similarities. Finally, there is a detailed discussion of the current status of C. elegans as a heterologous expression system to study parasite gene function and regulation using successful examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gilleard
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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79
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Onder O, Turkarslan S, Sun D, Daldal F. Overproduction or absence of the periplasmic protease DegP severely compromises bacterial growth in the absence of the dithiol: disulfide oxidoreductase DsbA. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:875-90. [PMID: 18174153 PMCID: PMC2401338 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700433-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Facultative phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus DsbA-null mutants are proficient in photosynthesis but are defective in respiration especially in enriched growth medium at 35 degrees C. They also exhibit severe pleiotropic phenotypes extending from motility defects to osmofragility and oxidative stresses. In this work, using a combined proteomics and molecular genetics approach, we demonstrated that the respiratory defect of R. capsulatus DsbA-null mutants originates from the overproduction of the periplasmic protease DegP, which renders them temperature-sensitive for growth. The DsbA-null mutants reverted frequently to overcome this growth defect by decreasing, but not completely eliminating, their DegP activity. In agreement with these findings, we showed that overproduction of DegP abolishes the newly restored respiratory growth ability of the revertants in all growth media. Structural localizations of the reversion mutations in DegP revealed the regions and amino acids that are important for its protease-chaperone activity. Remarkably although R. capsulatus DsbA-null or DegP-null mutants were viable, DegP-null DsbA-null double mutants were lethal at all growth temperatures. This is unlike Escherichia coli, and it indicates that in the absence of DsbA some DegP activity is required for survival of R. capsulatus. Absence of a DegQ protease homologue in some bacteria together with major structural variations among the DegP homologues, including a critical disulfide bond-bearing region, correlates well with the differences seen between various species like R. capsulatus and E. coli. Our findings illustrate the occurrence of two related but distinct periplasmic protease families in bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Onder
- Department of Biology, Plant Science Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014-6019, USA
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80
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Chaudhuri S, Varshney JP, Patra RC. Erythrocytic antioxidant defense, lipid peroxides level and blood iron, zinc and copper concentrations in dogs naturally infected with Babesia gibsoni. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:120-4. [PMID: 18378268 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Babesiosis is a common tick borne disease of dogs in tropical and subtropical regions of the world caused by different species of Babesia. The present study aimed to examine erythrocyte lipid peroxide and erythrocytic antioxidant levels in dogs with clinical babesiosis, caused by Babesia gibsoni, and impact of the disease on blood iron, zinc and copper levels. The study was conducted on 10 naturally occurring cases of canine babesiosis with the history of tick infestation, erratic pyrexia, and prolonged illness. Microscopic examination of Giemsa stained peripheral blood smears confirmed B. gibsoni infection in the erythrocytes. Six apparently healthy dogs of different age, sex and breeds, brought for either health checkup or vaccination were used for comparison. Levels of erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes were significantly (P<0.01) higher in sick dogs than those of cytologically negative dogs (catalase: 0.192+/-0.024 units/mg Hb vs 0.074+/-0.004 units/mg Hb; superoxide dismutase: 0.014+/-0.0009 units/mg Hb vs 0.006+/-0.0008 units/mg Hb and lipid peroxide: 6.01+/-0.30 nmol MDA/mg Hb vs 1.89+/-0.10 nmol MDA/mg Hb). The levels of blood micronutrients were significantly low in these dogs (iron: 89.87+/-8.12 microg/g vs 126.44+/-14.65 microg/g; zinc: 3.67+/-1.85 microg/g vs 5.62+/-1.83 microg/g and copper: 0.55+/-0.63 microg/g vs 0.65+/-0.04 microg/g). The study demonstrated oxidative damage in dogs naturally infected with B. gibsoni. Low level of blood iron, zinc and copper seems to have an additional role in the genesis of anaemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhuri
- Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory, Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, UP, India
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81
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Ahmad R, Srivastava AK. Biochemical composition and metabolic pathways of filarial worms Setaria cervi: search for new antifilarial agents. J Helminthol 2008; 81:261-80. [PMID: 17875226 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x07799133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The main problem regarding the chemotherapy of filariasis is that no safe and effective drug is available yet to combat the adult human filarial worms. Setaria cervi, the causal organism of setariasis and lumbar paralysis in cattle, is routinely employed as a model organism for conducting biochemical and enzymatic studies on filarial parasites. In view of the practical difficulties in procuring human strains of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi for drug screening, the bovine filarial parasite S. cervi, resembling the human species in having microfilarial periodicity and chemotherapeutic response to known antifilarial agents, is widely used as a model in such studies. For a rational approach to antifilarial chemotherapy, knowledge of the biochemical composition and metabolic pathways of this helminth parasite may be of paramount importance, so that more potent antifilarial agents based on specific drug targets can be identified in drug discovery programmes. The present review provides an update on the biochemistry of the important metabolic pathways functioning within this potentially important bovine parasite, that have so far been studied, and on those that need to be investigated further so as to identify novel drug targets that can be exploited for designing new antifilarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry, Po Box 173, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow-226001, India
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82
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Ahmad R, Srivastava AK. CYTOSOLIC AND MICROSOMAL GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASES FROM BOVINE FILARIAL WORMS SETARIA CERVI. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1285-90. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1119.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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83
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Kristan DM. Chronic calorie restriction increases susceptibility of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) to a primary intestinal parasite infection. Aging Cell 2007; 6:817-25. [PMID: 17973970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term calorie restriction (CR) has numerous benefits; however, effects of CR on susceptibility to intact pathogens are not well understood. Because CR enhances immune function of laboratory mice (Mus musculus), it was hypothesized that mice subjected to CR would be less susceptible to experimental infections of the intestinal parasite Heligmosomoides bakeri. Furthermore, because H. bakeri must combat a greater host immune response by CR mice compared to fully fed mice, it also was also hypothesized that (i) worms living in CR hosts would have lower reproduction than worms from ad libitum-fed mice, and (ii) CR mice would have a more female-biased sex ratio as male worms may be more vulnerable to host immune response than female worms. Mice were subjected to CR for 6.7 months and were then infected with H. bakeri for one additional month. As expected, CR mice had equal or enhanced immune response (eosinophils and immunoglobin G1 production) to H. bakeri infection compared to ad libitum-fed mice, and CR mice harbored a more female-biased sex ratio than ad libitum-fed mice. Contrary to predictions, CR mice had more worms than ad libitum-fed mice and the worms from CR mice produced more eggs than worms from ad libitum-fed mice. These data indicate that, despite the evidence that long-term CR enhances traditional measures of immune function, CR may actually increase susceptibility to intact parasite infection. Furthermore, changes in worm reproduction and differential survival of male vs. female worms may influence host-parasite transmission dynamics during long-term host CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
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84
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Kumagai T, Osada Y, Kanazawa T. 2-Cys peroxiredoxins from Schistosoma japonicum: The expression profile and localization in the life cycle. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 149:135-43. [PMID: 16806527 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 05/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is known to be an antioxidant protein that protects the organisms against various oxidative stresses and functions as a signal transductor. Here, we determined the full-length cDNA sequences of three types of Prx from an Asian blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum: Prx-1, Prx-2 and Prx-3. According to the deduced amino acid sequences, only Prx-3 had a mitochondria-targeting sequence. Using RT-PCR, it was shown that these Prx genes were constitutively expressed in the eggs, cercariae and adult worms of the schistosome. Western blot analysis using antisera specific for each Prx revealed that all the three Prx proteins existed in these developmental stages. By immunolocalization analysis, Prx-1 existed on the surface of a miracidium and in the space between a miracidium and an eggshell. Furthermore, Prx-1 was deposited in the host tissues around the eggs. In adult worms, Prx-1 was not only expressed in the tegument, but also contained in their excretory/secretory products. The surface of the 7 day-schistosomula was stained with anti-Prx-1 antiserum. On the other hand, Prx-2 only existed inside the miracidia in eggs. In addition, Prx-2 was mainly detected in the sub-tegumental tissues, parenchyma, vitelline gland and gut epithelium of the adult worms, but was not detected in the tegument of adults and schistosomula. Taken together with previous reports by other investigators, these data suggest that Prx-1 acts to protect the parasite against the ROS produced by host immune cells, and that Prx-2 plays important roles in intracellular redox signaling and/or in the reduction of ROS generated through the hemoglobinolytic process in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyusyu 807-8555, Japan.
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85
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Sekiya M, Mulcahy G, Irwin JA, Stack CM, Donnelly SM, Xu W, Collins P, Dalton JP. Biochemical characterisation of the recombinant peroxiredoxin (FhePrx) of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5016-22. [PMID: 16938293 PMCID: PMC7127579 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic helminth Fasciola hepatica secretes a 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx) that may play important functions in host-parasite interaction. Recombinant peroxiredoxin (FhePrx) prevented metal-catalyzed oxidative nicking of plasmid DNA and detoxified hydrogen peroxide when coupled with Escherichia coli thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase (k(cat)/K(m)=5.2 x 10(5)M(-1)s(-1)). Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed that the catalytic efficiency of FhePrx is similar to other 2-Cys peroxiredoxins; the enzyme displayed saturable enzyme Michaelis-Menten type kinetics with hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide, and is sensitive to concentrations of hydrogen peroxide above 0.5 mM. Like the 2-Cys peroxiredoxins from a related helminth, Schistosoma mansoni, steady-state kinetics indicate that FhePrx exhibits a saturable, single displacement-like reaction mechanism rather than non-saturable double displacement (ping-pong) enzyme substitution mechanism common to other peroxiredoxins. However, unlike the schistosome Prxs, FhePrx could not utilise reducing equivalents supplied by glutathione or glutathione reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sekiya
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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86
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Kaya S, Sütçü R, Cetin ES, Aridogan BC, Delibaş N, Demirci M. Lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activities in the blood of patients with acute and chronic fascioliasis. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 11:251-5. [PMID: 16859944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the relationship between fascioliasis and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. We also investigated whether there are significant differences in MDA levels and antioxidant enzymatic activities between acute and chronic fascioliasis. METHODS Forty fascioliasis patients who were diagnosed by ES-ELISA positivity were included in this study. The patients were classified as 18 with acute and 22 with chronic fascioliasis. RESULTS In patients with fascioliasis, levels of MDA were statistically higher and erythrocyte SOD and GPx activities were statistically lower than in healthy controls. MDA levels were found to be higher in patients with acute fascioliasis than in patients with chronic fascioliasis although MDA levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic fascioliasis than in controls. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the antioxidant enzyme activities. CONCLUSION The results of this study may indicate that fascioliasis produces specific effects on the antioxidant defense mechanisms due to its inflammatory character. Our results also allow us to suggest that oxidative stress has an important role in the pathogenesis of fascioliasis and the persistence of this oxidative stress can be one of the underlying factors in the pathogenesis of the chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Kaya
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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87
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Seo M, Kho BM, Guk SM, Lee SH, Chai JY. Radioresistance of Anisakis simplex Third-Stage Larvae and the Possible Role of Superoxide Dismutase. J Parasitol 2006; 92:416-8. [PMID: 16729710 DOI: 10.1645/ge-610r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The radioresistance of Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae and the possible role of sublethal radiation on superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated. Larvae were isolated from the viscera of the sea eel Anago anago; irradiated with 10, 100, 200, 500, or 1,000 Gy; and then given orally to rats. Worms were recovered at 16 hr postinoculation. Most larvae were found to have invaded the gastric wall, omentum, and abdominal cavity, suggesting that their viability and infectivity were not controlled by irradiation with the doses used. To determine the relationship between SOD activities in parasites and their radiosensitivities, the larvae of A. simplex and the metacercariae of Neodiplostomum seoulense (a radiosensitive control) were irradiated with 0, 30, 100, or 500 Gy, and parasite SOD levels were measured. In nonirradiated A. simplex larvae, the average SOD level was 38.9 U/mg, and this increased to 51.3 U/mg at 500 Gy. However, at all radiation doses applied, SOD activities of N. seoulense metacercariae were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of A. simplex larvae. Our results demonstrate that A. simplex third-stage larvae are radioresistant, and suggest that SOD plays a role in this radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chonan 330-714, Korea
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88
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Gupta S, Srivastava AK, Banu N. Setaria cervi: kinetic studies of filarial glutathione synthetase by high performance liquid chromatography. Exp Parasitol 2005; 111:137-41. [PMID: 16087176 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bovine filarial worm Setaria cervi was found to have abundance of glutathione synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.2.3) activity, the enzyme being involved in catalysing the final step of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. A RP-HPLC method involving precolumn derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde has been followed for the estimation of GS activity in crude filarial preparations. Subcellular fractionation of the enzyme was undertaken and it was confirmed to be a soluble protein residing mainly in cytosolic fraction. Attempts to determine the Km value for L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine gave a distinctly nonlinear double-reciprocal plot in which data obtained at relatively high dipeptide concentrations (>1 mM) extrapolate to a Km value of about 400 microM whereas data obtained at lower concentrations (<0.1 mM) extrapolate to a value of about 33 microM. Km was determined to be around 950 and 410 microM for ATP and glycine, respectively. The effect of various amino acids was studied on enzyme activity at 1mM concentration. L-cystine caused a significant enzyme inhibition of 11%. Preincubation with N-ethylmaleimide also resulted in significant inhibition of GS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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89
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Mohamed AM, Metwally NM, Mahmoud SS. Sativa seeds against Schistosoma mansoni different stages. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:205-11. [PMID: 16021310 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The schistosomicidal properties of Nigella sativa seeds were tested in vitro against Schistosoma mansoni miracidia, cercariae, and adult worms. Results indicate its strong biocidal effects against all stages of the parasite and also showed an inhibitory effect on egg-laying of adult female worms. In the present work we also studied the effects of crushed seeds on some antioxidant enzymes; which have a role in protection of adult worms against host oxidant killing; as well as some enzymes of glucose metabolism; which have a crucial role in the survival of adult worms inside their hosts. The data revealed that the used drug induce an oxidative stress against adult worms which indicated by a decrease in the activities of both antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase and enzymes of glucose metabolism, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Disturbing of such enzymes of adult worms using N. sativa seeds could in turn render the parasite vulnerable to damage by the host and may play a role in the antischistosomal potency of the used drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Mohamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt.
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90
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Dabir P, Dabir S, Siva Prasad BV, Reddy MVR. Isolation and analysis of partial cDNA sequence coding for superoxide dismutase in Wuchereria bancrofti. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2005; 6:287-91. [PMID: 16199210 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of Wuchereria bancrofti is essential to develop suitable anti-filarial drugs and vaccines. We describe here isolation, sequence analysis and cloning of a partial cDNA of an enzyme superoxide dismutase from this parasite. The immunoscreening of a lambda zap W. bancrofti microfilarial (Mf) cDNA library with microfilaremic sera had resulted in the isolation of several seroreactive clones including, WbSOD. This clone contained a 309 bp insert and showed significant nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence homologies to the superoxide dismutases of other nematode parasites. The antioxidant property of this enzyme may have important contribution in the defense mechanism of the parasite against host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dabir
- Department of Biochemistry and J B Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram 442 102, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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91
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Martínez J, Rodríguez-Caabeiro F. Relationship between heat shock protein levels and infectivity in Trichinella spiralis larvae exposed to different stressors. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:213-8. [PMID: 15997408 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between infectivity and the levels of two major heat shock proteins (Hsp70 and Hsp60) in Trichinella spiralis larvae. Parasites were exposed to either sublethal thermal stress (43 and 45 degrees C) or to warm or cold temperature oxidative stress. The stressed larvae were then inoculated into female CD1 mice to determine their infectivity. Hsps were detected and quantified by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies. Infectivity was expressed as larvae per gram of muscle. Warm temperature oxidative stress (20 mM H2O2 at 37 degrees C) caused a significant increase in Hsp levels and total loss of infectivity. Cold oxidative stress (20 mM H2O2 at 4 degrees C) caused no alterations in either Hsp levels or infectivity. However, high oxidative stress and cold (200 mM H2O2 at 4 degrees C) caused a slight increase in Hsp60 levels and a drastic reduction in infectivity. Exposure of the larvae to 43 or 45 degrees C did not significantly alter Hsp levels or infectivity. These results show that (i) cold reduces the deleterious effects of oxidative stress; (ii) heat induces neither increased Hsp60/Hsp70 levels nor reduces infectivity; (iii) increased Hsp levels induced by oxidative stress may cause lower infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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92
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Singh A, Rathaur S. Identification and characterization of a selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in Setaria cervi. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:1069-74. [PMID: 15882986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Setaria cervi a bovine filarial parasite secretes selenium glutathione peroxidase during in vitro cultivation. A significant amount of enzyme activity was detected in the somatic extract of different developmental stages of the parasite. Among different stages, microfilariae showed a higher level of selenium glutathione peroxidase activity followed by males then females. However, when the activity was compared in excretory secretory products of these stages males showed higher activity than microfilariae and female worms. The enzyme was purified from female somatic extract using a combination of glutathione agarose and gel filtration chromatography, which migrated as a single band of molecular mass approximately = 20 kDa. Selenium content of purified enzyme was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy and found to be 3.5 ng selenium/microg of protein. Further, inhibition of enzyme activity by potassium cyanide suggested the presence of selenium at the active site of enzyme. This is the first report of identification of selenium glutathione peroxidase from any filarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
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93
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Lee WG, Hwang JH, Na BK, Cho JH, Lee HW, Cho SH, Kong Y, Song CY, Kim TS. Functional expression of a recombinant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase of filarial nematode, Brugia malayi. J Parasitol 2005; 91:205-8. [PMID: 15856906 DOI: 10.1645/ge-285r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ Zn-SOD) of a filarial nematode, Brugia malayi, has been isolated and the biochemical properties of a functionally expressed recombinant enzyme were investigated. The cloned complementary DNA contained a single open reading frame of 477 bp encoding 158 amino acids (aa), which conserved metal-binding residues as well as residues specific for Cu/Zn-SODs. Comparison of the deduced aa sequence of the enzyme with that of other helminthes species, including filarial worms, exhibited high degree of similarities (49-98%). Recombinant enzyme of 32 kDa had an isoelectric point of 6.6 and was shown to consist of 2 subunits linked by interchain disulfide bonds. Enzyme activity of the recombinant protein was inhibited by potassium cyanide and hydrogen peroxide but not by sodium azide. It showed a wide range of pH optima, i.e., 7.0-11.0 and was highly resistant to heat inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Lee
- Department of Tropical and Endemic Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul 122-701, Korea
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94
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Li AH, Na BK, Kong Y, Cho SH, Zhao QP, Kim TS. MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER/ZINC-SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE OF PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI. J Parasitol 2005; 91:293-9. [PMID: 15986603 DOI: 10.1645/ge-349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs; EC 1.15.1.1) play important roles in the protection of the parasites against cellular oxygen-mediated killing of the hosts. A copper/zinc-containing SOD (Cu/Zn-SOD) was identified previously from lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani. To expand our understanding of P. westermani SOD, we isolated a complementary DNA encoding a Cu/Zn-SOD, expressed the active enzyme in Escherichia coli, and characterized its biochemical properties. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the gene shared up to 73.7% identities with Cu/Zn-SODs of other helminths and shared well-conserved characteristic motifs and essential aa residues involved in coordinating copper and zinc enzymatic functions. Recombinant Cu/ Zn-SOD exhibited comparable biochemical properties with that of the native enzyme, including pH optima and potassium cyanide-and hydrogen peroxide-sensitive inhibition profiles. The active enzyme consisted of 2 identical subunits covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The enzyme was constitutively expressed throughout various developmental stages of the parasite. The levels increased as P. westermani matured and plateaued in adult stage. Our result suggests the enzyme might play an important role for parasites to survive in the hosts through its superoxide anion-detoxifying function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Li
- Department of Tropical and Endemic Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul 122-701, Korea
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95
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infection is extremely prevalent worldwide in humans and animals. Infection levels vary between individuals in infected populations and exhibit a negative binomial distribution, and some individuals appear to be predisposed to certain infection levels. Moreover, infection tends to be chronic, despite evidence for the acquisition of some degree of acquired immunity. The host is subject to constant and repeated antigenic challenge, and individuals vary in the response they make. While a considerable amount of information is emerging on the immunoregulatory mechanisms operating during acute nematode infection from a variety of laboratory model systems, relatively little work has been carried out on the immune mechanisms underlying chronic infection. This review details some of the work that has addressed this important facet of gut nematode infection, highlighting studies from model systems that give insight into the induction of nonprotective immunity, while at the same time avoiding the induction of host-damaging pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Hayes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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96
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Locatelli C, Pedrosa RC, De Bem AF, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Cordova CAS, Wilhelm-Filho D. A comparative study of albendazole and mebendazole-induced, time-dependent oxidative stress. Redox Rep 2005; 9:89-95. [PMID: 15231063 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole (MBZ) are two benzimidazole-derived drugs that show remarkable antihelmintic activity and are widely used in the treatment and control of helminths. Some antihelmintic drugs seem to act through the deleterious generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) to which helminths have no, or relatively low, antioxidant defences (AD), when compared to aerobic organisms. The main objective of the present study consisted of the evaluation of the effect of both drugs on the AD and on some oxidative stress indicators in the host liver. Adult, male, Wistar rats were treated with ABZ or MBZ at doses of 40 mg/kg for different periods of time (2, 4, 8 and 10 days). After treatment, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase, as well as the concentrations of TBARS, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and total glutathione, were evaluated in rat hepatocytes. The serum nitrogen monoxide, usually known as nitric oxide (NO) levels, was also measured. The results showed that both drugs provoked an oxidative stress condition, demonstrated through the elevation of TBARS contents and through the decrease of some AD. Moreover, ABZ showed to be a strong ROS and RNS generator while MBZ showed a low and transient effect on ROS generation. It is suggested that MBZ could be the first-choice drug in the treatment of helminthiasis because it shares a similar therapeutic indication with ABZ, and because it causes only a mild oxidative stress to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudriana Locatelli
- Departmentos de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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97
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Jiménez-Delgadillo B, Chaudhuri PP, Baylón-Pacheco L, López-Monteon A, Talamás-Rohana P, Rosales-Encina JL. Entamoeba histolytica: cDNAs cloned as 30kDa collagen-binding proteins (CBP) belong to an antioxidant molecule family. Protection of hamsters from amoebic liver abscess by immunization with recombinant CBP. Exp Parasitol 2004; 108:7-17. [PMID: 15491543 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA expression library of Entamoeba histolytica was screened with antiserum to native amoebic collagen binding proteins (CBPs), and two clones C13 and C7 which partially encode for the 30 kDa CBP were obtained. The sequenced clones were 90% homologous. C7 had a 69 bp deletion at the 5' end that is present in C13 and encodes for a Glu-Cys-Lys rich region and a four amino acids repeat (Glu-Lys-Glu-Cys). Purified fusion proteins from these cDNA clones were able to bind native type I collagen gels in a pH, calcium, ionic strength, and temperature dependent way. The binding of pgtC13 to collagen gel was time and temperature stable, while pgtC7 binding was not, suggesting that the deleted region in C7 is important for the binding. The clones reported here partially encode a 30 kDa CBP that also belong to an antioxidant molecule family. We demonstrated that the fusion protein pgtC13 is immunogenic and partially protective as a subunit vaccine in the hamster model of amoebic liver abscess.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Collagen/metabolism
- Consensus Sequence
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Entamoeba histolytica/genetics
- Entamoeba histolytica/immunology
- Liver Abscess, Amebic/prevention & control
- Male
- Mesocricetus
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmids/chemistry
- Plasmids/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Protozoan Vaccines
- Sequence Alignment
- Vaccines, Subunit
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Jiménez-Delgadillo
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, D.F. CP 07360, Mexico
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98
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Gupta R, Bajpai P, Tripathi LM, Srivastava VML, Jain SK, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Macrophages in the development of protective immunity against experimental Brugia malayi infection. Parasitology 2004; 129:311-23. [PMID: 15471006 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004005682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present report compares the macrophage function in rodent hosts susceptible and resistant to the human lymphatic filariid Brugia malayi. Macrophages from both mastomys (resistant) and gerbil (susceptible) infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the infective larvae (L3) of B. malayi were isolated from peritoneal lavage at different time-intervals and formation rate of NO, H2O2, O2-, TNF-alpha, glutathione peroxidase and reductase was assayed. NO release was found to be significantly increased in resistant mastomys as compared to gerbils and the release was markedly suppressed by i.p. administration of the NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG). The AG-treated mastomys also demonstrated significantly greater establishment of larvae which correlated well with suppressed formation of NO. Nitric oxide synergizes with superoxide to form peroxynitrite radical (potent oxidant), which is known to be more toxic per se than NO. Results indicate the possible involvement of peroxynitrite in the rapid killing of larvae in the peritoneal cavity of mastomys. In contrast, the production of H2O2 was found to be enhanced in both species indicating that B. malayi L3 could withstand the toxic effects of H2O2. The higher level of glutathione peroxidase and reductase, as observed in mastomys compared with the gerbil after larval introduction, possibly protects the cell against the injurious effect of H2O2. The TNF-alpha level remained virtually unchanged in both the hosts, suggesting an insignificant role for this cytokine in parasite establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gupta
- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
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99
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Cook RM, Carvalho-Queiroz C, Wilding G, LoVerde PT. Nucleic acid vaccination with Schistosoma mansoni antioxidant enzyme cytosolic superoxide dismutase and the structural protein filamin confers protection against the adult worm stage. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6112-24. [PMID: 15385516 PMCID: PMC517585 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6112-6124.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a worldwide endemic cause of chronic and debilitating illness. There are two paradigms that exist in schistosome immunology. The first is that the schistosomule stages are the most susceptible to immune killing, and the second is that the adult stage, through evolution of defense mechanisms, can survive in the hostile host environment. One mechanism that seems to aid the adult worm in evading immune killing is the expression of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize the effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Here, we challenge one paradigm by targeting adult Schistosoma mansoni worms for immune elimination in an experimental mouse model using two S. mansoni antioxidants, cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SmCT-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (SmGPX), and a partial coding sequence for a structural protein, filamin, as DNA vaccine candidates. DNA vaccination with SmCT-SOD induced a mean of 39% protection, filamin induced a mean of 50% protection, and SmGPX induced no protection compared to controls following challenge with adult worms by surgical transfer. B- and T-cell responses were analyzed in an attempt to define the protective immune mechanism(s) involved in adult worm killing. SmCT-SOD-immunized mice presented with a T1 response, and filamin-immunized mice showed a mixed T1-T2 response. We provide evidence for natural boosting after vaccination. Our results demonstrate that adult worms can be targeted for immune elimination through vaccination. This represents an advance in schistosome vaccinology and allows for the development of a therapeutic as well as a prophylactic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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100
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Bagnall NH, Kotze AC. cDNA cloning and expression patterns of a peroxiredoxin, a catalase and a glutathione peroxidase from Haemonchus contortus. Parasitol Res 2004; 94:283-9. [PMID: 15368124 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The range of antioxidant enzyme systems available to Haemonchus contortus for detoxification of hydrogen peroxide was investigated using cDNA cloning of candidate genes. PCR with primers based on conserved amino acid regions and spliced leader sequences was used to obtain full-length sequences for a 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, a catalase, and a selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase, indicating that H. contortus expresses a number of antioxidant systems with the potential to detoxify peroxide (nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available in the GenBank, EMBL and DDBJ databases under the accession numbers AY603335, AY603336 and AY603337). Quantitative PCR analysis comparing L3-stage larvae with adult worms showed significantly elevated peroxiredoxin levels in adults, equivalent catalase levels in the two stages, and significantly less glutathione peroxidase in adults, suggesting a significant role for peroxiredoxin in allowing the nematode to detoxify hydrogen peroxide encountered in the parasitic environment. Exposure of L4-stage worms to hydrogen peroxide in vitro (generated using glucose/glucose oxidase) caused no change in mRNA levels for each of the genes, though the exposed worms showed up to eightfold higher catalase activities. The lack of mRNA changes alongside increased catalase enzyme activity indicates that transcript level was not predictive of enzyme activity, suggesting that activity may be regulated in response to oxidative stress by a mechanism other than increased transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bagnall
- Queensland Bioscience Precinct, CSIRO Livestock Industries, 306 Carmody Rd., QLD 4068 St Lucia, Australia
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