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Kubar J, Marty P, Lelièvre A, Quaranta JF, Staccini P, Caroli-Bosc C, Le Fichoux Y. Visceral leishmaniosis in HIV-positive patients: primary infection, reactivation and latent infection. Impact of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. AIDS 1998; 12:2147-53. [PMID: 9833855 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199816000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discriminate cases of visceral leishmaniosis (VL) following a primary infection from cases originating in a reactivation of a latent Leishmania infection and to assess the impact of CD4+ T-cell counts on the occurrence of VL in patients with HIV disease. METHODS We searched by Western blotting for the presence of Leishmania infantum-specific antibodies in the sera of 236 HIV-positive patients. We performed a follow-up of antileishmanial serology and analysed the evolution of the CD4+ T-cell counts for 14 HIV-positive VL patients and for 18 HIV-positive Leishmania-seropositive patients without VL. RESULTS This study (1) showed that the VL disease/Leishmania infection ratio in HIV-positive individuals is high (1 : 10); (2) discriminated between a primary Leishmania infection (five patients who converted from Leishmania-seronegative to Leishmania-seropositive) and a reactivation of a latent infection (seven patients); (3) showed that HIV-positive individuals with dramatically low CD4+ T-cell counts maintained or generated a specific antileishmanial antibody production; (4) demonstrated that the primary-VL appeared at significantly higher (P = 0.028) CD4+ T-cell levels than the reactivation-VL; (5) documented the existence of HIV-positive Leishmania-seropositive individuals who despite a severe and prolonged immunosuppression did not develop VL (eight of 18). CONCLUSION Our data stress the utility of the follow-up by Western blotting for an early diagnosis of VL, and therefore an early treatment, for HIV-positive patients living in endemic areas. They suggest that in a latent Leishmania infection supplementary control mechanism(s) might operate in addition to the T-cell-mediated response, and provide a further example of non-appearance of an opportunistic infection despite a severe reduction in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kubar
- Groupe de Recherche en Immunopathologie de la Leishmaniose, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine de Nice, France.
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52
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Ara M, Maillo C, Peón G, Clavel A, Cuesta J, Grasa MP, Carapeto FJ. Visceral leishmaniasis with cutaneous lesions in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:114-7. [PMID: 9764161 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with cutaneous lesions in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The cutaneous lesions consisted of erythematous papules on the legs. Biopsy of one lesion showed abundant Leishmania amastigotes within epithelial cells of an eccrine sweat gland in the dermis. Leishmania organisms were also found in a blood smear. Rapid and complete clearance of the cutaneous lesions was achieved after antimony therapy. Cutaneous lesions in VL are being reported increasingly frequently in patients with HIV infection and their significance remains in discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ara
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, San Juan Bosco, Zaragoza, Spain
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53
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Abstract
Compromised travelers represent a diverse and challenging group of individuals. They include HIV-infected patients who are at risk for potentially adverse reactions to immunizations, and new exposures to enteric water-borne opportunistic pathogens associated with chronic infections. Such travelers may encounter unfamiliar opportunistic fungi and classical tropical infections, such as leishmaniasis, whose pathogenesis can be enhanced by the presence of prior HIV infection. Other immunocompromised groups include those who are functionally or anatomically asplenic, and patients who are iatrogenically immunosuppressed from medications utilized for solid organ transplantation, chemotherapy, or treatment of malignancies. This population of travelers also includes those with diabetes mellitus who may require adjustments in their dosing, administration, and possibly even the types of insulin used on their trips. These patients are also at greater risk for acquisition of tuberculosis, severe community-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and pyomyositis. Older travelers present both the infectious disease and travel medicine specialist with issues such events, malignancy-related infections, myocardial infarction, and other forms of cardiopulmonary compromise, which the authors address in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Mileno
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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54
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Bernier R, Barbeau B, J. Tremblay M, Olivier M. The Lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani Up-Regulates HIV-1 Transcription in T Cells Through the Nuclear Factor-κB Elements. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.6.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the parasite Leishmania donovani and its surface molecule, lipophosphoglycan (LPG), can activate HIV-1 replication in monocytoid cells. Our present interest was to determine whether LPG could also up-regulate HIV-1 transcription in T cells. Using a CD4-positive human lymphoid T cell line (1G5) containing a stably integrated HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-luciferase construct, we found that LPG is a potent inducer of HIV-1 LTR activity. Treatment of 1G5 cells with signaling antagonists revealed that protein tyrosine kinase- and protein kinase A-dependent pathways were actively participating in the LPG-induced enhancement of HIV-1 LTR-driven activity. Transfection of Jurkat E6.1 cells with plasmids containing wild-type and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mutated HIV-1 LTR-luciferase constructs has suggested a role for NF-κB binding sites in the LPG-mediated induction of HIV-1 LTR activity. An LPG-induced binding factor specific to the NF-κB consensus sequences could be observed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Finally, transfection experiments performed with a vector containing HIV-1 κB binding sites only showed similar LPG-mediated induction, which was abrogated by sodium salicylate, a known NF-κB inhibitor. We thus demonstrate that the LPG-mediated induction of HIV-1 LTR activity in T cells involves several second messengers culminating in activation of HIV-1 LTR-driven transcription via NF-κB-binding consensus sequences. In conclusion, these results reinforce the idea that L. donovani is a putative cofactor in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bernier
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), and Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoı̂t Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), and Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), and Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), and Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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55
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Pacheco RS, Ferreira MS, Machado MI, Brito CM, Pires MQ, Da-Cruz AM, Coutinho SG. Chagas' disease and HIV co-infection: genotypic characterization of the Trypanosoma cruzi strain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1998; 93:165-9. [PMID: 9698886 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761998000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, new aspects of the immunopathology of Chagas' disease have been described in immunosuppressed patients, such as fatal central nervous system lesions related to the reactivation of the parasite. This article is the first description of the genotypic characterization, at the strain level, of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from a patient with Chagas' disease/AIDS co-infection. The presence of four hypodense lesions was observed in the cranial compute tomographic scan. the diagnosis of AIDS was assessed by the detection of anti-HIV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot techniques. The CD4+ lymphocyte counts were maintained under 200 cells/mm3 during one year demonstrating the severity of the state of immunosuppression. Chagas' disease was confirmed by serological and parasitological methods. Trypomastigote forms were visualized in a thick blood smear. The parasite isolated is genotypically similar to the CL strain. The paper reinforces that cerebral Chagas' disease can be considered as another potential opportunistic infection in AIDS resulting from the reactivation of a dormant T. cruzi infection acquired years earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pacheco
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituo Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janerio, Brasil
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56
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Agostoni C, Dorigoni N, Malfitano A, Caggese L, Marchetti G, Corona S, Gatti S, Scaglia M. Mediterranean leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic features of 22 cases. Infection 1998; 26:93-9. [PMID: 9561378 DOI: 10.1007/bf02767767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two Italian HIV-infected patients developed leishmaniasis, clinically manifested as visceral (13 cases), cutaneous (2 cases) and disseminated disease (7 cases). Twenty were males and two females (mean age: 32.8 years) with a mean CD4+ cell count of 46.8/microliter at diagnosis; risk factors were intravenous drug use (17 patients) and sexual behaviour (two bisexual, two homosexual, one heterosexual). All but one patient lived or travelled in hypoendemic Italian regions and other Mediterranean countries. Apart from the two patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, the clinico-pathological and biological spectrum of the infection was often atypical, especially in patients with disseminated disease. The diagnosis was routinely made by direct recovery of parasites in biological specimens, mainly in bone marrow aspirate, whereas serology was negative or borderline in most of the patients. Among 17 in vitro isolates, Leishmania infantum was the only species involved with previously undescribed isoenzyme patterns in two cases. Treatment with antimonials and other drugs showed only temporary clinical improvement in some patients. Relapses were the rule. Leishmaniasis confirms itself as an opportunistic infection in HIV-positive persons. Secondary chemoprophylaxis should be considered in cases of relapsing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Agostoni
- Infectious Diseases Research Labs, University-IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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57
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Valladares JE, Riera C, Alberola J, Gállego M, Portús M, Cristòfol C, Franquelo C, Arboix M. Pharmacokinetics of meglumine antimoniate after administration of a multiple dose in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 1998; 75:33-40. [PMID: 9566092 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of meglumine antimoniate in dogs with experimentally induced leishmaniosis has been investigated. After infection, dogs received a dose of 75 mg kg-1 of meglumine antimoniate twice daily by subcutaneous injection for 10 days. Blood samples were collected throughout the treatment. No statistical differences were found in the kinetic behaviour of the drug administered as a single dose to healthy dogs and that administered as a multiple dose to infected animals. However, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 30.8 +/- 12.8 micrograms ml-1 found after this dosage regimen were higher than those observed after the single dose administration of 100 mg kg-1 24 h-1. Furthermore, sustained antimony concentrations of 1.14 +/- 0.52 micrograms Sb ml-1 were detected throughout the treatment. No signs of toxicity were found in the animals treated indicating that this regimen would be very appropriate to treat canine leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Valladares
- Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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58
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Isaza DM, Restrepo M, Mosca W. Immunoblot analysis of Leishmania panamensis antigens in sera of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:3043-7. [PMID: 9399491 PMCID: PMC230119 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.12.3043-3047.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sera from 86 Colombian patients with parasitologically confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis were studied by immunoblot analysis in order to identify a specific pattern for Leishmania infection. A soluble extract of Leishmania panamensis was used as the antigen. Sera from patients with Chagas' disease and sera from patients with no record of infection with trypanosomatids were also studied. The sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis specifically recognized fractions of 120 kDa (76.7%), 123 and 129 kDa (69.7%), 138 kDa (61.6%), 141 kDa (53.4%), and 78 kDa (44.1%). No band common to all patients infected with Leishmania parasites was found at the time of diagnosis. Likewise, the pattern of immunoblot change after the patients were treated and apparently cured with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) was studied by evaluating sera pretreatment and 1 year posttreatment. Only minor changes in the color intensity at the same serum dilution between pre- and posttreatment sera were found, although the antibody titers by indirect immunofluorescence were negative for the posttreatment sample. This study shows that Western blot analysis is a more sensitive test for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. However, the importance of whether the presence of antibodies correlates with the presence of Leishmania antigens could not be resolved by the data obtained from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Isaza
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Medellín, Columbia.
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59
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Valladares JE, Riera C, Pastor J, Gállego M, Portús M, Arboix M. Hepatobiliar and renal failure in a dog experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec 1997; 141:574-5. [PMID: 9423240 DOI: 10.1136/vr.141.22.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Valladares
- Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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60
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Seyfang A, Kavanaugh MP, Landfear SM. Aspartate 19 and glutamate 121 are critical for transport function of the myo-inositol/H+ symporter from Leishmania donovani. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:24210-5. [PMID: 9305873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.39.24210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan flagellate Leishmania donovani has an active myo-inositol/proton symporter (MIT), which is driven by a proton gradient across the parasite membrane. We have used site-directed mutagenesis in combination with functional expression of transporter mutants in Xenopus oocytes and overexpression in Leishmania transfectants to investigate the significance of acidic transmembrane residues for proton relay and inositol transport. MIT has only three charged amino acids within predicted transmembrane domains. Two of these residues, Asp19 (TM1) and Glu121 (TM4), appeared to be critical for transport function of MIT, with a reduction of inositol transport to about 2% of wild-type activity when mutated to the uncharged amides D19N or E121Q and 20% (D19E) or 4% (E121D) of wild-type activity for the conservative mutations that retained the charge. Immunofluorescence microscopy of oocyte cryosections showed that MIT mutants were expressed on the oocyte surface at a similar level as MIT wild type, confirming that these mutations affect transport function and do not prevent trafficking of the transporter to the plasma membrane. The proton uncouplers carbonylcyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone and dinitrophenol inhibited inositol transport by 50-70% in the wild-type as well as in E121Q, despite its reduced transport activity. The mutant D19N, however, was stimulated about 4-fold by either protonophore and 2-fold by cyanide or increase of pH 7.5 to 8.5 but inhibited at pH 6.5. The conservative mutant D19E, in contrast, showed an inhibition profile similar to MIT wild type. We conclude that Asp19 and Glu121 are critical for myo-inositol transport, while the negatively charged carboxylate at Asp19 may be important for proton coupling of MIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seyfang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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61
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Abstract
The number of HIV-infected persons who travel to the developing world is increasing. Pleasure, business, other work, and illness or death in families brings these special travelers to all corners of the world.1,2 Health care providers should ask patients who are seeking advice whether they are HIV-infected or at risk so that these travelers can be adequately protected and prepared. In most instances international travel is feasible, but in some cases itineraries may be modified or additional recommendations may be given to make trips safer and more enjoyable. This paper reviews the health problems that persons with HIV infection may face during international travel, and their prevention.
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62
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Pérez-Molina JA, Fortún J, López-Vélez R. Anal ulcer and chronic diarrhoea as manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91:436-7. [PMID: 9373645 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Pérez-Molina
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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63
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64
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Rubio FA, Robayna G, Herranz P, Torres E, Peña JM, Contreras F, de Lucas R, Casado M. Leishmaniasis presenting as a psoriasiform eruption in AIDS. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136:792-4. [PMID: 9205523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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65
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Bourdoiseau G, Bonnefont C, Magnol JP, Saint-André I, Chabanne L. Lymphocyte subset abnormalities in canine leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 56:345-51. [PMID: 9223238 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 42 Leishmania infantum-infected dogs using flow cytometry. Twenty-two healthy dogs were used as a control group. Analysis of the B-cell populations showed a reduction in the number of CD21+ cells in all the infected dogs. On the other hand, the disease was found to be associated with a striking decrease in the number of CD21+ cells and of T-lymphocyte CD4+ cells in comparison with asymptomatic dogs and with healthy dogs. This study suggests that the dysimmunity which is observed with leishmaniasis may be linked to a reduced number of T-lymphocyte CD4+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bourdoiseau
- Département de Pathologie et Clinique des Carnivores Domestiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy I'Etoile, France
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66
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Alvar J, Cañavate C, Gutiérrez-Solar B, Jiménez M, Laguna F, López-Vélez R, Molina R, Moreno J. Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10:298-319. [PMID: 9105756 PMCID: PMC172921 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.10.2.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 850 Leishmania-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection cases have been recorded, the majority in Europe, where 7 to 17% of HIV-positive individuals with fever have amastigotes, suggesting that Leishmania-infected individuals without symptoms will express symptoms of leishmaniasis if they become immunosuppressed. However, there are indirect reasons and statistical data demonstrating that intravenous drug addiction plays a specific role in Leishmania infantum transmission: an anthroponotic cycle complementary to the zoonotic one has been suggested. Due to anergy in patients with coinfection, L. infantum dermotropic zymodemes are isolated from patient viscera and a higher L. infantum phenotypic variability is seen. Moreover, insect trypanosomatids that are currently considered nonpathogenic have been isolated from coinfected patients. HIV infection and Leishmania infection each induce important analogous immunological changes whose effects are multiplied if they occur concomitantly, such as a Th1-to-Th2 response switch; however, the consequences of the viral infection predominate. In fact, a large proportion of coinfected patients have no detectable anti-Leishmania antibodies. The microorganisms share target cells, and it has been demonstrated in vitro how L. infantum induces the expression of latent HIV-1. Bone marrow culture is the most useful diagnostic technique, but it is invasive. Blood smears and culture are good alternatives. PCR, xenodiagnosis, and circulating-antigen detection are available only in specialized laboratories. The relationship with low levels of CD4+ cells conditions the clinical presentation and evolution of disease. Most patients have visceral leishmaniasis, but asymptomatic, cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis can be produced by L. infantum. The digestive and respiratory tracts are frequently parasitized. The course of coinfection is marked by a high relapse rate. There is a lack of randomized prospective treatment trials; therefore, coinfected patients are treated by conventional regimens. Prophylactic therapy is suggested to be helpful in preventing relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alvar
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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67
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Jiménez M, Alvar J, Tibayrenc M. Leishmania infantum is clonal in AIDS patients too: epidemiological implications. AIDS 1997; 11:569-73. [PMID: 9108937 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199705000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test, in AIDS patients, a previously proposed hypothesis of clonal population structure in Leishmania infantum, the agent of visceral leishmaniasis. DESIGN Forty-three stocks of L. infantum isolated from AIDS patients in Spain were analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. METHODS The results were analysed in terms of population genetics according to previously described statistical methods. Departures from panmixia were examined by linkage disequilibrium analysis. RESULTS As previously shown in HIV-negative patients, classical manifestations of clonality were shown, namely strong linkage disequilibrium, over-representation of genotypes and overall lack of genotype diversity. The same dominant clonal genotype (MON1) was recorded in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Frequency of this dominant genotype was not statistically different in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS The parasite population under survey appears to be clonal; parasite genotypes can therefore be equated to natural clones, stable in space and time, which can be used as multilocus epidemiological markers. Nevertheless, additional studies are required to better estimate the long-term stability of these clonal genotypes and the possible interference of gene exchange at an evolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jiménez
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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69
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Molina R, Alvar J. A simple protocol for the indirect xenodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum in the blood of HIV-infected patients. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1996; 90:639-40. [PMID: 9039276 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1996.11813094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Molina
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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70
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Harrat Z, Pratlong F, Belazzoug S, Dereure J, Deniau M, Rioux JA, Belkaid M, Dedet JP. Leishmania infantum and L. major in Algeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90:625-9. [PMID: 9015497 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1980, the development of leishmaniasis in Algeria has been marked by a considerable increase in the number of cases of both visceral leishmaniasis (1121 cases recorded) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (more than 2000 cases per year). New Leishmania infantum and L. major foci have appeared in the north and south of the country. During this period, 100 strains of Leishmania isolated from humans, other mammals and sandflies have been identified. The presence of L. major MON-25 in Psammomys obesus and Phlebotomus papatasi had identified these species as the main reservoir and vector, respectively, of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Similarly, the presence of L. infantum MON-1 in Ph. perniciosus and dogs has implicated them as the vector and reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis. The isolation of the dermotropic zymodeme MON-24 of L. infantum from Ph. perfiliewi suggested that it was one of the main vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the north of the country; the reservoir has not been identified. In addition, other zymodemes of Leishmania have been identified in visceral leishmaniasis patients, frequently associated with human immunodeficiency virus (MON-24, MON-33, MON-34 and MON-78), in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (MON-80), and in dogs with leishmaniasis (MON-34 and MON-77).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Harrat
- Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, El Hamma, Algiers
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71
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Nigro L, Vinci C, Romano F, Russo R. Comparison of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15:832-5. [PMID: 8950566 DOI: 10.1007/bf01701531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One hundred subjects positive for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies were tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the direct agglutination test (DAT). Subjects were subsequently followed for two years to monitor the onset of visceral leishmaniasis. Fifteen subjects were positive for anti-Leishmania antibodies in either one or both tests. Eleven were positive only by IFAT, one only by DAT, and three by both tests. During the two-year follow-up period, nine subjects developed visceral leishmaniasis; of these, six were serologically positive, four by IFAT alone and two by both tests. The results indicate that IFAT and DAT have a similar specificity but that IFAT has a higher sensitivity and a greater diagnostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nigro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ascoli-Tomaselli, Hospital, Catania, Italy
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72
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis presents a serious problem in endemic regions that is difficult to treat or prevent. Several epidemiologic problems make the disease particularly troublesome to manage. These include the facts that classic visceral leishmaniasis is fatal if untreated and there is not reliable access to medical care in many endemic regions. When available, treatment has associated toxicity and requires the use of intravenous medications with careful monitoring for toxicity, which are complex to administer in underdeveloped nations. There is an increasing incidence of the disease in HIV-infected individuals in southern Europe, in part because of the fact that eradication of the organism from infected persons using currently available drugs appears to be difficult if not impossible. Furthermore, chronic cutaneous forms of the disease allow humans and animals to maintain the organism long-term in a bodily site that is easily accessible to the sandfly vector. More effective and less toxic treatment modalities as well as a protective vaccine are badly needed to manage this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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73
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Alvar J, Gutiérrez-Solar B, Pachón I, Calbacho E, Ramírez M, Vallés R, Guillén JL, Cañavate C, Amela C. AIDS and Leishmania infantum. New approaches for a new epidemiological problem. Clin Dermatol 1996; 14:541-6. [PMID: 8889333 DOI: 10.1016/0738-081x(96)00046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Alvar
- Reference Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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74
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Daudén E, Peñas PF, Rios L, Jimenez M, Fraga J, Alvar J, García-Diez A. Leishmaniasis presenting as a dermatomyositis-like eruption in AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35:316-9. [PMID: 8698915 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three patients are described with leishmaniasis and AIDS, with cutaneous lesions mimicking dermatomyositis. Leishmania organisms were observed in great numbers in the dermis of lesional skin biopsy specimens. They were also present inside keratinocytes in all layers of the epidermis in one patient. Skin cultures from all patients and bone marrow culture in patients 1 and 3 revealed Leishmania infantum. Leishmania organisms were also found in nonlesional skin. The absence of proximal symmetric muscle weakness, elevated muscle enzymes, myopathic electromyograms, or characteristic histopathologic and immunologic features of dermatomyositis, and the rapid and complete clearance or marked improvement of the cutaneous lesions after treatment for leishmaniasis, make us consider true dermatomyositis unlikely. We suggest that leishmaniasis be included in the list of diseases capable of inducing a dermatomyositis-like eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Daudén
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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75
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Cacopardo B, Nigro L, Preiser W, Famá A, Satariano MI, Braner J, Celesia BM, Weber B, Russo R, Doerr HW. Prolonged Th2 cell activation and increased viral replication in HIV-Leishmania co-infected patients despite treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90:434-5. [PMID: 8882199 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Cacopardo
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Catania, Italy
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76
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Costa JM, Durand R, Deniau M, Rivollet D, Izri M, Houin R, Vidaud M, Bretagne S. PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:1831-3. [PMID: 8784604 PMCID: PMC229129 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.7.1831-1833.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) involving the use of bone marrow aspirates (BMA) and blood samples (BS) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients was developed with primers selected from the sequence of the small-subunit rRNA gene and compared with direct examination and in vitro cultivation. The PCR was optimized for routine diagnosis: processing of samples with lysis of erythrocytes without isolation of leukocytes, enzymatic prevention of contamination, internal control of the reaction, and ELISA testing in a microtitration plate hybridization. Of 79 samples (33 BMA and 46 BS) from 77 patients without VL, all the results were negative. Fifty-three samples (9 BMA and 44 BS) were obtained from 13 patients with VL: 6 samples drawn during anti-Leishmania treatment were negative whatever the technique used, and 47 samples (9 BMA and 38 BS) were positive with at least one technique. The sensitivities were 51% (24 of 47), 81% (38 of 47), and 98% (46 of 47) for direct examination, culture, and PCR, respectively. Thus, PCR ELISA is reliable for diagnosing VL in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, and blood sampling should be sufficient for the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Costa
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Marcel Dassault, Hôpital américain de Paris, Neuilly sur Seine, France
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77
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Buffet PA, Garin YJ, Sulahian A, Nassar N, Derouin F. Therapeutic effect of reference antileishmanial agents in murine visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1996; 90:295-302. [PMID: 8758143 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1996.11813054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, culture-based, microtitration technique has recently been developed for determining parasite burdens in organs recovered from Balb/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum. In the present study, this technique was used to examine the efficacy of three, first-line, antileishmanial agents in reducing parasite burdens and eradicating parasites from target organs in mice. Treatment with meglumine antimoniate (50 mg SbV/kg.day) significantly reduced the parasite burdens in the livers and lungs (by about 10-fold and > 100-fold, respectively) but not those in the spleens. Although use of a higher dose of meglumine antimoniate (200 mg SbV/kg.day) resulted in an even more dramatic reduction in the parasite burdens in the livers, it had no significant effect on the burdens in the spleens. Treatment with amphotericin B (0.8 mg/kg every other day) resulted in significant reductions in the parasite burdens in the livers, spleens and lungs of infected mice. Although low doses of aminosidine (20 mg/kg.day) had no effect, high doses (200 mg/kg.day) resulted in undetectable parasite burdens in the livers, for at least 100 days post-treatment, and marked reductions in burdens in the spleens. These results are consistent with previous data from studies using animal models of visceral leishmaniasis. Thanks to the sensitivity of the technique, culture microtitration revealed that none of the drug schedules achieved the elimination of all parasites in all target organs. The murine model used mimics some important features of HIV/Leishmania infantum co-infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Buffet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisière Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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78
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Gradoni L, Pizzuti R, Scalone A, Russo M, Gramiccia M, di Martino L, Pempinello R, Gaeta GB. Recrudescence of visceral leishmaniasis unrelated to HIV infection in the Campania region of Italy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90:234-5. [PMID: 8758059 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Gradoni
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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79
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Stenger S, Donhauser N, Thüring H, Röllinghoff M, Bogdan C. Reactivation of latent leishmaniasis by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1501-14. [PMID: 8666908 PMCID: PMC2192515 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.4.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) is required for the resolution of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis in resistant C57BL/6 mice. As is the case in several other infections, the clinically cured host organism still harbors small amounts of live Leishmania major parasites. Here, we demonstrate lifelong expression of iNOS at the site of the original skin lesion and in the draining lymph node of long-term-infected C57BL/6 mice. iNOS activity in the lymph node was dependent on CD4+, but not on the CD8+ T cells. By double labeling techniques, iNOS and L. major were each found in macrophages (F4/80+, BM-8+, and/or MOMA-2+) and dendritic cells (NLDC-145+), but not in granulocytes or endothelial cells. In situ triple labeling of lymph node sections revealed that approximately 30-40% of the L. major foci were associated with iNOS-positive macrophages or dendritic cells. The majority of the L. major foci (60-70%), however, was located in areas that were negative for both iNOS and the macrophage and dendritic cell markers. In L. major-infected C57BL/6 mice, which had cured their cutaneous lesions, administration of L-N6-iminoethyl-lysine (L-NIL), a potent inhibitor of iNOS, led to a 10(4)-10(5)-fold increase of the parasite burden in the cutaneous and lymphoid tissue and caused clinical recrudescence of the disease. Persistent expression of iNOS and resumption of parasite replication after application of L-NIL was also observed in resistant C3H/HeN and CBA/J mice. We conclude that iNOS activity is crucial for the control of Leishmania persisting in immunocompetent hosts after resolution of the primary infection. Failure to maintain iNOS activity might be the mechanism underlying endogenous reactivation of latent infections with NO-sensitive microbes during phases of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stenger
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Erlangen, Germany
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80
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van Beers SM, de Wit MY, Klatser PR. The epidemiology of Mycobacterium leprae: recent insight. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 136:221-30. [PMID: 8867377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is still a health problem in many countries. Because the causative organism, Mycobacterium leprae cannot be cultured in vitro, it is virtually impossible to assess exposure, and the onset of infection and disease. As a consequence, the chain of infection, considered as the relationships between M. leprae, transmission and human host, is poorly understood. Here, we discuss a number of organism-, host- and environmental-related factors which may be incriminated in the dynamic process of the development of leprosy disease. The use of modern molecular and immunological tools has become a valuable addition to epidemiological research. Understanding of the epidemiology of leprosy is a prerequisite for effective control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Beers
- Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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81
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Amela C, López-Gay D, Alberdi JC, Castilla J. Injecting drug use as risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis in AIDS patients. Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12:91-2. [PMID: 8817185 DOI: 10.1007/bf00144435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In Madrid Region 6652 AIDS cases were diagnosed between 1982 and 1993. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was present in 166 (2.49%). VL frequency among injecting drug users proved higher than that for the other transmission categories (relative risk 2.57; 95% confidence interval 1.64-4.01). This could point to an alternative Leishmania transmission route via needle sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Amela
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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82
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Jiménez MI, López-Vélez R, Molina R, Cañavate C, Alvar J. HIV co-infection with a currently non-pathogenic flagellate. Lancet 1996; 347:264-5. [PMID: 8551910 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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83
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Bernier R, Turco SJ, Olivier M, Tremblay M. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in monocytoid cells by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. J Virol 1995; 69:7282-5. [PMID: 7474154 PMCID: PMC189654 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7282-7285.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated that the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and one of its major surface molecules, the lipophosphoglycan (LPG), can induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in U1 and OM-10.1, two cell lines of monocytoid origin latently infected with HIV-1. Treatment of U1 cells with various concentrations of LPG (1, 5, and 10 microM) resulted in a dose-dependent secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Suppression of LPG-induced HIV-1 expression by polyclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibodies further confirmed the involvement of this cytokine. Results from these studies indicate that the protozoan parasite L. donovani can induce the secretion of TNF-alpha that will function in an autocrine or paracrine manner to upregulate HIV-1 expression. Our data suggest for the first time that this protozoan parasite can be viewed as a potential cofactor in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bernier
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy Québec, Canada
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84
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Buffet PA, Sulahian A, Garin YJ, Nassar N, Derouin F. Culture microtitration: a sensitive method for quantifying Leishmania infantum in tissues of infected mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2167-8. [PMID: 8540741 PMCID: PMC162906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.9.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a microtitration method to determine the parasite burdens in homogenized organs of mice infected with Leishmania infantum. This method proved more sensitive than direct enumeration of amastigotes in stained organs, was appropriate for describing the kinetics of infection, and can be considered for physiopathological or pharmaceutical experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Buffet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisière Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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85
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Jiménez M, Ferrer-Dufol M, Cañavate C, Gutiérrez-Solar B, Molina R, Lagun F, López-Vélez R, Cercenado E, Daudén E, Blazquez J, Guevara CLD, Gómez J, la Torre J, Barros C, Altes J, Serra T, Alvar J. Variability ofLeishmania (Leishmania) infantumamong stocks from immunocompromised, immunocompetent patients and dogs in Spain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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86
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87
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Ravel S, Cuny G, Reynes J, Veas F. A highly sensitive and rapid procedure for direct PCR detection of Leishmania infantum within human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Acta Trop 1995; 59:187-96. [PMID: 7572425 DOI: 10.1016/0001-706x(95)00079-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a highly sensitive, simple and rapid procedure to detect Leishmania infantum within human macrophages. It only requires ficoll preparation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patient, and their direct use for Leishmania kDNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Under these conditions, about one parasite can be detected in a one million human cell environment. Results, including those of a hybridization step to confirm the diagnosis specificity, are obtained with 24 h, a very short period as compared to current diagnostic methods. This procedure is of particular interest for early detection and early drug treatment of leishmaniasis, especially in the case of HIV coinfection. Furthermore, the method could be useful for monitoring the efficiency of new leishmaniasis treatments in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ravel
- Laboratoire Rétrovirus-Parasites, Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération (ORSTOM), Montpellier, France
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88
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Mathis A, Deplazes P. PCR and in vitro cultivation for detection of Leishmania spp. in diagnostic samples from humans and dogs. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1145-9. [PMID: 7615719 PMCID: PMC228120 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.5.1145-1149.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A PCR assay for the diagnosis of leishmaniosis was developed by using primers that were selected from the sequence of the small-subunit rRNA gene. The assay was optimized for routine diagnostic use. Processing of the clinical samples is rapid and simple (lysis of erythrocytes in Tris-EDTA buffer, digestion with proteinase K directly in PCR buffer, and no further purification steps). Furthermore, an internal control is included in every specimen in order to detect the presence of PCR inhibitors. The PCR was compared with diagnostic in vitro cultivation of promastigote stages for the detection of Leishmania spp. in clinical specimens from humans and dogs with a tentative diagnosis of leishmaniosis. PCR and cultivation gave identical results with all but 1 of the 95 specimens from humans. The PCR result in this case was false negative, possibly because of unequal apportionment of this sample. With 10 skin biopsies from six patients with cutaneous leishmaniosis, the sensitivity was 60%. For six human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with visceral leishmaniosis, all bone marrow biopsies and 7 of 11 whole blood samples (after isolation of leukocytes by Ficoll-Paque) were positive in both tests. PCR detected one more case with the use of 500 microliters of whole blood with direct lysis of the erythrocytes in Tris-EDTA buffer. With dog lymph node aspirates, the sensitivity was 100% (16 of 16 samples) for both methods; furthermore, PCR was positive for 5 of 13 whole blood samples from dogs with leishmaniosis. The specificity of the PCR was 100% (70 specimens from patients without leishmaniosis). This PCR assay proved to be feasible as a routine diagnostic test, being reliable and faster than in vitro cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mathis
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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89
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López-Vélez R, Laguna F, Alvar J, Pérez-Molina JA, Molina R, Martinez P, Villarrubia J. Parasitic culture of buffy coat for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:937-9. [PMID: 7790464 PMCID: PMC228071 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.4.937-939.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two samples of buffy coat from the peripheral blood of 25 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with proven visceral leishmaniasis, as determined with a bone marrow aspirate (stain and culture), were cultured onto Schneider's and Novy-McNeal-Nicolle media. Hemoculture positivity was 67%. The average growing time was 10 days. This is an easy, noninvasive, and sensitive technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Vélez
- Tropical Medicine and Clinical Parasitology Unit, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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90
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Jiménez MI, Laguna F, de la Torré F, Solís F, Pratlong F, Alvar J. New Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum zymodemes responsible for visceral leishmaniasis in patients co-infected with HIV in Spain. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89:33. [PMID: 7747301 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M I Jiménez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Leishmaniasis
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91
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92
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93
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Wait R, Jones C, Routier FH, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. Structure determination of phosphoinositol oligosaccharides from parasitic protozoa using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210291209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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94
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Lockwood
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow
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