51
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Brandriss MC, Magasanik B. Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enzyme induction by proline. J Bacteriol 1979; 140:498-503. [PMID: 387737 PMCID: PMC216674 DOI: 10.1128/jb.140.2.498-503.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline is converted to glutamate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the sequential action of two enzymes, proline oxidase and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase. The levels of these enzymes appear to be controlled by the amount of proline in the cell. The capacity to transport proline is greatest when the cell is grown on poor nitrogen sources, such as proline or urea. Mutants have been isolated which can no longer utilize proline as the sole source of nitrogen. Mutants in put1 are deficient in proline oxidase, and those in put2 lack P5C dehydrogenase. The put1 and put2 mutations are recessive, segregate 2:2 in tetrads, and appear to be unlinked to one another. Proline induces both proline oxidase and P5C dehydrogenase. The arginine-degradative pathway intersects the proline-degradative pathway at P5C. The P5C formed from the breakdown of arginine or ornithine can induce both proline-degradative enzymes by virtue of its conversion to proline.
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52
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Messenguy F. Concerted repression of the synthesis of the arginine biosynthetic enzymes by aminoacids: a comparison between the regulatory mechanisms controlling aminoacid biosyntheses in bacteria and in yeast. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 169:85-95. [PMID: 375002 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that in bacteria, besides specific regulatory mechanisms, the synthesis of aminoacid biosynthetic enzymes is also controlled by the endogenous aminoacid pool. The latter regulates the intracellular level of ppGpp, a positive effector of RNA messenger transcription. A similar regulatory control exists in yeast but does not appear to involve the same general effector. This was established by the observation that derepression of the enzymes belonging to several aminoacid biosynthetic pathways follows aminoacid starvation or tRNA discharging. We now report the repression of the arginine pathway by the total aminoacid pool. New mutations affecting the repressibility of the arginine enzymes as well as enzymes belonging to other aminoacid biosyntheses, when cells are grown in the presence of an excess of aminoacids, were identified.
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53
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54
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Middelhoven WJ, van Eijk J, van Renesse R, Blijham JM. A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking catabolic NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. Growth characteristics of the mutant and regulation of enzyme synthesis in the wild-type strain. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1978; 44:311-20. [PMID: 222204 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH-B) was induced in a wild-type strain derived of alpha-sigma 1278b by alpha-amino acids, the nitrogen of which according to known degradative pathways is transferred to 2-oxoglutarate. A recessive mutant (gdhB) devoid of GDH-B activity grew more slowly than the wild type if one of these amino acids was the sole source of nitrogen. Addition of ammonium chloride, glutamine, asparagine or serine to growth media with inducing alpha-amino acids as the main nitrogen source increased the growth rate of the gdhB mutant to the wild-type level and repressed GDH-B synthesis in the wild type. Arginine, urea and allantoin similarly increased the growth rate of the gdhB mutant and repressed GDH-B synthesis in the presence of glutamate, but not in the presence of aspartate, alanine or proline as the main nitrogen source. These observations are consistent with the view that GDH-B in vivo deaminates glutamate. Ammonium ions are required for the biosynthesis of glutamine, asparagine, arginine, histidine and purine and pyrimidine bases. Aspartate and alanine apparently are more potent inducers of GDH-B than glutamate. Anabolic NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH-A) can not fulfil the function of GDH-B in the gdhB mutant. This is concluded from the equal growth rates in glutamate, aspartate and proline media as observed with a gdhB mutant and with a gdhA, gdhB double mutant in which both glutamate dehydrogenases area lacking. The double mutant showed an anomalous growth behaviour, growth rates on several nitrogen sources being unexpectedly low.
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55
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Abstract
Strains of yeast have been constructed that are unable to synthesize ornithine and are thereby deficient in polyamine biosynthesis. These strains were used to develop a protocol for isolation of mutants blocked directly in polyamine synthesis. There were seven mutants isolated that lack ornithine decarboxylase activity; these strains exhibited greatly decreased pool levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine when grown in the absence of polyamines. Three of the mutants lack S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity; polyamine limitation of a representative mutant resulted in an accumulation of putrescine and a decrease in spermidine and spermine. When the mutants were cultured in the absence of polyamines, a continuously declining growth rate was observed.
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56
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Johnston GC, Singer RA, McFarlane S. Growth and cell division during nitrogen starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1977; 132:723-30. [PMID: 334751 PMCID: PMC221916 DOI: 10.1128/jb.132.2.723-730.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During nitrogen starvation, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased threefold in number, and little ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein were accumulated. Both RNA and protein were extensivley degraded during starvation, suggesting that intracellular macromolecules could supply most of the growth requirements. The types and proportions of stable RNA synthesized during nitrogen deprivation were characteristic of exponentially growing cells; however, the complement of proteins synthesized was different. We conclude that, once events in the deoxyribonucleic acid division cycle are initiated, cells can complete division with little dependence on continued net cell growth.
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57
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Legrain C, Stalon V, Noullez JP, Mercenier A, Simon JP, Broman K, Wiame JM. Structure and function of ornithine carbamoyltransferases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 80:401-9. [PMID: 923586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The reaction catalyzed by ornithine carbamoyltransferase can participate in either the anabolism or the catabolism of arginine. The carbamoylation of ornithine, yielding citrulline, is involved in the biosynthetic sequence; the reverse reaction, the phosphorolysis of citrulline, is the second step of the arginine deiminase pathway. The ornithine carbamoyltransferases of a number of microorganisms which can fulfil both of these functions have been studied in this work. This group of organisms was found to possess two distinct ornithine carbamoyltransferases. The functions of these enzymes were surmised by determining the type of genetic regulation to which they were subjected. The kinetic properties of these various enzymes have been determined. All of them, regardless of the role they play in the cell, catalyze both the synthesis and arsenolysis of citrulline. The anabolic transferase of Pseudomonas is the only enzyme which displays functional irreversibility. A comparison of the quaternary structure of these transferases was performed and reveals interesting features in relation to the metabolic function of these enzymes. All well-characterized anabolic enzymes have low molecular weights (from 150000--105000) and are likely to be trimers. Catabolic enzymes, with the exception of those of Bacillus licheniformis and Halobacterium salinarium, display much higher molecular weights and more elaborate quaternary structure. The properties of these two groups of transferases are discussed in relation to their metabolic role in the cells.
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58
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A novel metabolic fate of arginine in Streptomyces eurocidicus. Partial resolution of the pathway and identification of an intermediate. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)63342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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59
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Bossinger J, Cooper TG. Molecular events associated with induction of arginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1977; 131:163-73. [PMID: 326758 PMCID: PMC235405 DOI: 10.1128/jb.131.1.163-173.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase, the enzyme responsible for arginine degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is an inducible protein whose inhibition of ornithine carbamoyl-transferase has been studied extensively. Mutant strains defective in the normal regulation of arginase production have also been isolated. However, in spite of these studies, the macromolecular biosynthetic events involved in production of arginase remain obscure. We have, therefore, studied the requirements of arginase induction. We observed that: (i) 4 min elapsed between the addition of inducer (homoarginine) and the appearance of arginase activity at 30 degrees C; (ii) induction required ribonucleic acid synthesis and a functional rna1 gene product; and (iii) production of arginase-specific synthetic capacity occurred in the absence of protein synthesis but could be expressed only when protein synthesis was not inhibited. Termination of induction by inducer removal, addition of the ribonucleic acid synthesis inhibitor lomofungin, or resuspension of a culture of organisms containing temperature-sensitive rna1 gene products in a medium at 35 degrees C resulted in loss of ability for continued arginase synthesis with half-lives of 5.5, 3.8, and 4.5 min, respectively. These and other recently published data suggest that a variety of inducible or repressible proteins responding rapidly to the environment may be derived from labile synthetic capacities, whereas constitutively produced proteins needed continuously throughout the cell cycle may be derived from synthetic capacities that are significantly more stable.
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60
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Bowman BJ, Davis RH. Cellular distribution of ornithine in Neurospora: anabolic and catabolic steady states. J Bacteriol 1977; 130:274-84. [PMID: 140162 PMCID: PMC235203 DOI: 10.1128/jb.130.1.274-284.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth on minimal medium, cells of Neurospora contain three pools of ornithine. Over 95% of the ornithine is in a metabolically inactive pool in vesicles, about 1% is in the cytosol, and about 3% is in the mitochondria. By using a ureaseless strain, we measured the rapid flux of ornithine across the membrane boundaries of these pools. High levels of ornithine and the catabolic enzyme ornithine aminotransferase coexist during growth on minimal medium but, due to the compartmentation of the ornithine, only 11% was catabolized. Most of the ornithine was used for the synthesis of arginine. Upon the addition of arginine to the medium, ornithine was produced catabolically via the enzyme arginasn early enzyme of ornithine synthesis. The biosynthesis of arginine itself, from ornithine and carbamyl phosphate, was halted after about three generations of growth on arginine via the repression of carbamyl phosphate synthetase A. The catabolism of arginine produced ornithine at a greater rate than it had been produced biosynthetically, but this ornithine was not stored; rather it was catabolized in turn to yield intermediates of the proline pathway. Thus, compartmentation, feedback inhibition, and genetic repression all play a role to minimize the simultaneous operation of anabolic and catabolic pathways for ornithine and arginine.
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61
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62
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Metz W, Reuter G. [Anabolic and catabolic enzymes of urea metabolism in a carbohydrate-utilizing strain of Candida guilliermondii]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1977; 17:599-610. [PMID: 24924 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630170804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The yeast "H" of the genus Candida guilliermondii can grow on hydrocarbons as the only source for carbon. Urea can serve as a nitrogen source for this yeast which lacks detectable urease activity. During urea metabolism ammonia has never been accumulated in the culture medium. However, transferring the yeast from complete urea-medium into an urea containing phophate-buffer, the degradation of urea continues and ammonia is accumulated as well as CO2 evolved. In cell-free extracts of the yeast urea amidolyase activity was detected in the presence of ATP, biotin and specific cations. Obviously, the synthesis of urea amidolyase is induced by urea and arginine and repressed by the catabolite ammonia. Similarly the synthesis of arginase is regulated by arginine and ammonia. The analytical data of the arginase action differ significantly in relation to the carbon source of the culture medium. Both the level of arginase and ornithine carbamyl-transferase change in a characteristic way during the batch-culture. From the lower level of arginase in relation to ornithine carbamyltransferase it can be concluded that especially in alkane-metabolizing yeast the arginine catabolism is not very intensive.
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63
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Issaly IM, Issaly AS. Control of ornithine carbamoyltransferase activityby arginase in Bacillus subtilis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 49:485-95. [PMID: 4216455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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64
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Sebastian J, Carter BL, Halvorson HO. Induction capacity of enzyme synthesis during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 37:516-22. [PMID: 4591146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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65
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66
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Chan PY, Cossins EA. Regulation of arginase levels by urea and intermediates of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1972; 19:335-339. [PMID: 11946245 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Y. Chan
- Department of Botany, University of Alberta, 7, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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67
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Abstract
Zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient was used to separate yeast cells primarily by size and thus by age in the cell cycle. This approach provides an alternative to synchronous growth for examining the properties of cells at different stages in the cell cycle.
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68
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Messenguy F, Penninckx M, Wiame JM. Interaction between arginase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The regulatory site for ornithine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 22:277-86. [PMID: 5116613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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69
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Carter BL, Sebastian J, Halvorson HO. The regulation of the synthesis of arginine catabolizing enzymes during the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1971; 9:253-63. [PMID: 5520578 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(71)80048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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70
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Middelhoven WJ. Induction and repression of arginase and ornithine transaminase in baker's yeast. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1970; 36:1-19. [PMID: 4912187 DOI: 10.1007/bf02069003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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71
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Bourgeois CM, Thouvenot DR. [Effects of lysine on the synthesis and activity of arginase and ornithine transaminase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 15:140-5. [PMID: 5489832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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72
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Ramos F, Thuriaux P, Wiame JM, Bechet J. The participation of ornithine and citrulline in the regulation of arginine metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 12:40-7. [PMID: 5434282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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73
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Adams E. Metabolism of proline and of hydroxyproline. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1970; 5:1-91. [PMID: 5500436 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-363705-5.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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74
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Middelhoven WJ. Enzyme repression in the arginine pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1969; 35:215-26. [PMID: 5310448 DOI: 10.1007/bf02219132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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75
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Middelhoven WJ. The effect of myo-inositol on the synthesis of arginase and ornithine transaminase in baker's yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 192:243-51. [PMID: 5370018 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(69)90361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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76
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Messenguy F, Wiame JM. The control of ornithinetranscarbamylase activity by arginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1969; 3:47-49. [PMID: 11946965 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(69)80093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Messenguy
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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77
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Laishley EJ, Bernlohr RW. Regulation of arginine and proline catabolism in Bacillus licheniformis. J Bacteriol 1968; 96:322-9. [PMID: 5674049 PMCID: PMC252301 DOI: 10.1128/jb.96.2.322-329.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymes in the arginine breakdown pathway (arginase, ornithine-delta-transaminase, and Delta'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase) were found to be present in Bacillus licheniformis cells during exponential growth on glutamate. These enzymes could be coincidentally induced by arginine or ornithine to a very high level and their synthesis could be repressed by the addition of glucose, clearly demonstrating catabolite repression control of the arginine degradative pathway. The strongest catabolite repression control of arginase occurred when cells were grown on glucose and this control decreased when cells were grown on glycerol, acetate, pyruvate, or glutamate. The proline catabolite pathway was present in B. licheniformis during exponential growth on glutamate. The proline oxidation and the Delta'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase in this breakdown pathway were induced by l-proline to a high level. The Delta'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase was found to be under catabolite repression control. Arginase could be induced by proline and arginine addition induced proline oxidation, suggesting a common in vivo inducer for these convergent pathways.
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78
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Campbell JW, Speeg KV. Arginine biosynthesis and metabolism in terrestrial snails. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1968; 25:3-32. [PMID: 5657217 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(68)90911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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79
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Middelhoven WJ. The derepression of arginase and of ornithine transaminase in nitrogen-starved baker's yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 156:440-3. [PMID: 5641927 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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80
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Hill DL, Chambers P. The biosynthesis of proline by Tetrahymena pyriformis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 148:435-47. [PMID: 6075416 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(67)90140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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81
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Castañeda M, Martuscelli J, Mora J. The catabolism of L-arginine by Neurospora crassa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 141:276-86. [PMID: 6048315 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(67)90102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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82
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Grenson M, Mousset M, Wiame JM, Bechet J. Multiplicity of the amino acid permeases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Evidence for a specific arginine-transporting system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 127:325-38. [PMID: 5964977 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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83
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84
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Bechet J, Wiame JM. Indication of a specific regulatory binding protein for ornithinetranscarbamylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1965; 21:226-34. [PMID: 5866843 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(65)90276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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