51
|
Nishizawa T, Takami I, Yang M, Oh MJ. Live vaccine of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) for Japanese flounder at fish rearing temperature of 21°C instead of Poly(I:C) administration. Vaccine 2011; 29:8397-404. [PMID: 21854822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The process of "Poly(I:C) immunization" involves immunization of fish with a pathogenic live virus, followed by administration of Poly(I:C), which induces a transient, non-specific antiviral state. As a result, fish in an antiviral state survive the initial immunization with live virus. Moreover, these fish are able to mount a specific protective immune response against the injected pathogenic virus. In the present study, we investigated the optimum temperature for Poly(I:C) immunization of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with live viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). It was revealed that the optimum temperature was around at 17°C for Poly(I:C) immunization in Japanese flounder. Furthermore, the protection efficacy of Poly(I:C) immunization was significantly decreased by elevation of fish rearing temperature, and no efficacy was observed at a fish rearing temperature of 25°C. Interestingly, no mortality by VHSV infection was observed in fish reared at 21°C and 25°C even when those fish were not administered Poly(I:C). All of the survivors from the first VHSV-challenge at 21°C were strongly protected from re-challenge with VHSV. However, almost all of the survivors (≥82.6%) from the first challenge at 25°C were lost by the second challenge with VHSV. It was thus concluded that by rearing fish at 21°C and challenging with live VHSV, it is possible to induce strong specific immunity in Japanese flounder without Poly(I:C) administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toyohiko Nishizawa
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Ammayappan A, Kurath G, Thompson TM, Vakharia VN. A reverse genetics system for the Great Lakes strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus: the NV gene is required for pathogenicity. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:672-683. [PMID: 20936318 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), belonging to the genus Novirhabdovirus in the family of Rhabdoviridae, causes a highly contagious disease of fresh and saltwater fish worldwide. Recently, a novel genotype of VHSV, designated IVb, has invaded the Great Lakes in North America, causing large-scale epidemics in wild fish. An efficient reverse genetics system was developed to generate a recombinant VHSV of genotype IVb from cloned cDNA. The recombinant VHSV (rVHSV) was comparable to the parental wild-type strain both in vitro and in vivo, causing high mortality in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). A modified recombinant VHSV was generated in which the NV gene was substituted with an enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP), and another recombinant was made by inserting the EGFP gene into the full-length viral clone between the P and M genes (rVHSV-EGFP). The in vitro replication kinetics of rVHSV-EGFP was similar to rVHSV; however, the rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP grew 2 logs lower. In yellow perch challenges, wtVHSV and rVHSV induced 82-100% cumulative per cent mortality (CPM), respectively, whereas rVHSV-EGFP produced 62% CPM and rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP caused only 15% CPM. No reversion of mutation was detected in the recovered viruses and the recombinant viruses stably maintained the foreign gene after several passages. These results indicate that the NV gene of VHSV is not essential for viral replication in vitro and in vivo, but it plays an important role in viral replication efficiency and pathogenicity. This system will facilitate studies of VHSV replication, virulence, and production of viral vectored vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Ammayappan
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202-3101, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Emmenegger EJ, Kentop E, Thompson TM, Pittam S, Ryan A, Keon D, Carlino JA, Ranson J, Life RB, Troyer RM, Garver KA, Kurath G. Development of an aquatic pathogen database (AquaPathogen X) and its utilization in tracking emerging fish virus pathogens in North America. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:579-587. [PMID: 21762169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The AquaPathogen X database is a template for recording information on individual isolates of aquatic pathogens and is freely available for download (http://wfrc.usgs.gov). This database can accommodate the nucleotide sequence data generated in molecular epidemiological studies along with the myriad of abiotic and biotic traits associated with isolates of various pathogens (e.g. viruses, parasites and bacteria) from multiple aquatic animal host species (e.g. fish, shellfish and shrimp). The cataloguing of isolates from different aquatic pathogens simultaneously is a unique feature to the AquaPathogen X database, which can be used in surveillance of emerging aquatic animal diseases and elucidation of key risk factors associated with pathogen incursions into new water systems. An application of the template database that stores the epidemiological profiles of fish virus isolates, called Fish ViroTrak, was also developed. Exported records for two aquatic rhabdovirus species emerging in North America were used in the implementation of two separate web-accessible databases: the Molecular Epidemiology of Aquatic Pathogens infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (MEAP-IHNV) database (http://gis.nacse.org/ihnv/) released in 2006 and the MEAP- viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (http://gis.nacse.org/vhsv/) database released in 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Emmenegger
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Gadd T, Jakava-Viljanen M, Tapiovaara H, Koski P, Sihvonen L. Epidemiological aspects of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype II isolated from Baltic herring, Clupea harengus membras L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:517-529. [PMID: 21623835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to clarify the role of wild fish, especially Baltic herring, Clupea harengus membras L., in the epidemiology of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in brackish water in Finland. Baltic herring with no visible signs of disease were collected from the Archipelago Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia and the eastern Gulf of Finland. In total, 7580 herring were examined by virus isolation as 758 pooled samples and 3029 wild salmonid broodfish as pooled samples during 2004-2006. VHSV was isolated from 51 pooled herring samples in bluegill fibroblast-2 cells, but not in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. The majority of isolations were from the coastal archipelago and from fish caught during the spawning season. Based on glycoprotein (G) gene sequences, the virus was classified as a member of genotype II of VHSV. Pairwise comparisons of the G gene regions of herring isolates revealed that all the isolates were closely related, with 98.8-100% nucleotide homology. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that they were closely related to the strains isolated previously from herring and sprat, Sprattus sprattus (L.), in Gotland and to the VHSV isolates from European river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis (L.), in the rivers that flow into the Bothnian Bay. The infection in Baltic herring is likely to be independent of the VHSV Id epidemic in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Gadd
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Kurath G, Winton J. Complex dynamics at the interface between wild and domestic viruses of finfish. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:73-80. [PMID: 22440571 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral traffic occurs readily between wild and domesticated stocks of finfish because aquatic environments have greater connectivity than their terrestrial counterparts and because the global expansion and dynamic nature of intensive aquaculture provide multiple pathways of transmission and unique drivers of virus adaptation. Supported by examples from the literature, we provide reasons why viruses move from wild fish reservoirs to infect domestic fish in aquaculture more readily than 'domestic' viruses move across the interface to infect wild stocks. We also hypothesize that 'wild' viruses moving across the interface to domestic populations of finfish are more frequently associated with disease outbreaks and host switches compared to domestic viruses that cross the interface to infect wild fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gael Kurath
- USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Genetic positioning of Korean viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from cultured and wild marine fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7847/jfp.2011.24.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
57
|
Song JY, Nakayama K, Murakami Y, Kitamura SI. Heavy oil exposure induces high moralities in virus carrier Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:362-365. [PMID: 21316712 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between chemical exposure and disease outbreak in fish has not been fully defined due to the limitations of experimental systems (model fish and pathogens). Therefore, we constructed a system using the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and evaluated it by heavy oil (HO) exposure. The fish were exposed to HO at 0.3, 0.03, 0.003, and 0 g/L following VHSV infection at doses of 10(2.5) or 10(3.5) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)50/fish. As a result, groups given the dual stressors showed more than 90% mortality. Although VHSV infection at 10(2.5) and 10(3.5) TCID50/fish without HO exposure also induced high mortality, at 68.8% and 81.3%, respectively, HO exposure induced faster and higher mortality in the virus carrier fish, indicating that chemical stressors raise the risk of disease outbreak in fish. The experimental system established in this study could be useful for chemical risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Song
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Centre for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Al-Hussinee L, Lord S, Stevenson RMW, Casey RN, Groocock GH, Britt KL, Kohler KH, Wooster GA, Getchell RG, Bowser PR, Lumsden JS. Immunohistochemistry and pathology of multiple Great Lakes fish from mortality events associated with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus type IVb. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 93:117-127. [PMID: 21381518 DOI: 10.3354/dao02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) (genotype IVb) has been isolated from mortality events in a range of wild freshwater fish from the Great Lakes since 2005. In 2005 and 2006, numerous new freshwater host species (approximately 90 fish from 12 different species) were confirmed to have VHSV by cell culture and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. A prominent feature observed in infected fish were the petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages on the body surface and in visceral organs, as well as serosanguinous ascites; however, many fish had few and subtle, gross lesions. Histologically, virtually all fish had a vasculitis and multifocal necrosis of numerous tissues. Excellent correlation was found between the presence of VHSV IVb antigen detected by immunohistochemistry and the pathological changes noted by light microscopy. Intact and degenerate leukocytes, including cells resembling lymphocytes and macrophages, also had cytoplasmic viral antigen. By contrast, renal tubules and gonadal tissues (ovary and testis), were strongly immunopositive for VHSV IVb, but no lesions were noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Hussinee
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kim R, Faisal M. Emergence and resurgence of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (Novirhabdovirus, Rhabdoviridae, Mononegavirales). J Adv Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
60
|
Hershberger PK, Gregg JL, Grady CA, Taylor L, Winton JR. Chronic and persistent viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infections in Pacific herring. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2010; 93:43-49. [PMID: 21290895 DOI: 10.3354/dao02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infections were established in a laboratory stock of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii held in a large-volume tank supplied with pathogen-free seawater at temperatures ranging from 6.8 to 11.6 degrees C. The infections were characterized by viral persistence for extended periods and near-background levels of host mortality. Infectious virus was recovered from mortalities occurring up to 167 d post-exposure and was detected in normal-appearing herring for as long as 224 d following initial challenge. Geometric mean viral titers were generally as high as or higher in brain tissues than in pools of kidney and spleen tissues, with overall prevalence of infection being higher in the brain. Upon re-exposure to VHSV in a standard laboratory challenge, negligible mortality occurred among groups of herring that were either chronically infected or fully recovered, indicating that survival from chronic manifestations conferred protection against future disease. However, some survivors of chronic VHS infections were capable of replicating virus upon re-exposure. Demonstration of a chronic manifestation of VHSV infection among Pacific herring maintained at ambient seawater temperatures provides insights into the mechanisms by which the virus is maintained among populations of endemic hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Hershberger
- Marrowstone Marine Field Station, US Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Nordland, Washington 98358, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
The rise of aquaculture has been one of the most profound changes in global food production of the past 100 years. Driven by population growth, rising demand for seafood and a levelling of production from capture fisheries, the practice of farming aquatic animals has expanded rapidly to become a major global industry. Aquaculture is now integral to the economies of many countries. It has provided employment and been a major driver of socio-economic development in poor rural and coastal communities, particularly in Asia, and has relieved pressure on the sustainability of the natural harvest from our rivers, lakes and oceans. However, the rapid growth of aquaculture has also been the source of anthropogenic change on a massive scale. Aquatic animals have been displaced from their natural environment, cultured in high density, exposed to environmental stress, provided artificial or unnatural feeds, and a prolific global trade has developed in both live aquatic animals and their products. At the same time, over-exploitation of fisheries and anthropogenic stress on aquatic ecosystems has placed pressure on wild fish populations. Not surprisingly, the consequence has been the emergence and spread of an increasing array of new diseases. This review examines the rise and characteristics of aquaculture, the major viral pathogens of fish and shrimp and their impacts, and the particular characteristics of disease emergence in an aquatic, rather than terrestrial, context. It also considers the potential for future disease emergence in aquatic animals as aquaculture continues to expand and faces the challenges presented by climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Al-Hussinee L, Huber P, Russell S, Lepage V, Reid A, Young KM, Nagy E, Stevenson RMW, Lumsden JS. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus IVb experimental infection of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and fathead minnow, Pimphales promelas (Rafinesque). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:347-360. [PMID: 20158580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in the Great Lakes has had a dramatic impact on fish husbandry because of the implications of the presence of a reportable disease. Experimental infections with VHSV IVb were conducted in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and fathead minnows, Pimphales promelas (Rafinesque), to examine their susceptibility and the clinical impact of infection. Triplicate groups of rainbow trout (n = 40) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 microL 10(6.5)50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) or waterborne exposed to graded doses (10(4.5), 10(6.5), and 10(8.5) TCID(50) mL(-1)) of VHSV IVb. Duplicate groups of fathead minnows (n = 15) were i.p. injected with (10(6.5) TCID(50) 100 microL) or waterborne exposed (10(6.5) TCID(50) mL(-1)). All experiments were performed with single-pass well water maintained at 12 degrees C. Following either i.p. or waterborne exposure, VHSV RNA was detectable in both rainbow trout and fathead minnows by nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) as early as 4-7 days post-infection (p.i.). Infected fathead minnow and rainbow trout exhibited lesions characteristic of VHS at 9 and 15 days p.i., respectively. Route of exposure had little effect on the onset of clinical signs. Cumulative mean mortality in rainbow trout was 4.4%, 2.6%, 2.6% and less than 1% in the i.p., high, medium and low dose waterborne exposures, respectively. Cumulative average mortality of 50% and 13% occurred in i.p. and waterborne-exposed fathead minnows, respectively. VHSV was detected from pooled rainbow trout tissue by RT-PCR and virus isolation at 38 days p.i., but not at 74 days p.i., regardless of the exposure route. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a rabbit antibody to VHSV IVb revealed the viral tissue tropisms following infection, with the identification of viral antigen in myocardium and necrotic branchial epithelium of both species and in gonadal tissue of fathead minnows. Rainbow trout, but not fathead minnows, are relatively refractory to experimental infection with VHSV IVb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Hussinee
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV IVb) risk factors and association measures derived by expert panel. Prev Vet Med 2010; 94:128-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
64
|
Hope KM, Casey RN, Groocock GH, Getchell RG, Bowser PR, Casey JW. Comparison of quantitative RT-PCR with cell culture to detect viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) IVb infections in the Great Lakes. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2010; 22:50-61. [PMID: 20575365 DOI: 10.1577/h09-028.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an important pathogen of cultured and wild fish in marine and freshwater environments. A new genotype, VHSV IVb, was isolated from a fish collected from the Great Lakes in 2003. Since the first isolation, VHSV IVb has been confirmed in 28 species, signaling the early invasion and continued spread of this Office International des Epizooties-reportable agent. For surveillance of this virus in both wild and experimental settings, we have developed a rapid and sensitive one-step quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay that amplifies a 100-base-pair conserved segment from both the genomic negative strand and the mRNA positive strand of the nucleoprotein (N) gene of VHSV IVb. This assay is linear over seven orders of magnitude, with an analytical capability of detecting a single copy of viral RNA and reproducibility at 100 copies. The assay is approximately linear with RNA input from 50 to 1000 ng per assay and works equally well with RNA prepared from a column-based or phenol-chloroform-based method. In wild-caught fish, 97% of the cases were found to be more than three orders of magnitude more sensitive using qRT-PCR than using cell culture. Of the 1,428 fish from the Great Lakes region tested in 2006 and 2007, 24% were positive by qRT-PCR whereas only 5% were positive by cell culture. All of the fish that were positive by cell culture were also positive by qRT-PCR. Importantly, qRT-PCR sensitivity is comparable to that of cell culture detection when comparing VHSV viral RNA levels with viral titer stocks, confirming that the high qRT-PCR signals obtained with diagnostic samples are due to the accumulation of N gene mRNA by transcriptional attenuation. The qRT-PCR assay is particularly valuable for rapid and high-throughput prescreening of fish before confirmatory testing by cell culture or sequencing tissue-derived amplicons and especially in detecting infection in fish that do not show clinical signs of VHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Hope
- Aquatic Animal Health Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hershberger PK, Gregg JL, Grady CA, Collins RM, Winton JR. Susceptibility of three stocks of pacific herring to viral hemorrhagic septicemia. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2010; 22:1-7. [PMID: 20575359 DOI: 10.1577/h09-026.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory challenges using specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring Clupea pallasii from three distinct populations indicated that stock origin had no effect on susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). All of the populations were highly susceptible to the disease upon initial exposure, with significantly greater cumulative mortalities occurring in the exposed treatment groups (56.3-64.3%) than in the unexposed control groups (0.8-9.0%). Interstock differences in cumulative mortality were not significant. The virus loads in the tissues of fish experiencing mortality were 10-10,000 times higher during the acute phase of the epizootics (day 13 postexposure) than during the recovery phase (days 30-42). Survivors of the epizootics were refractory to subsequent VHS, with reexposure of VHS survivors resulting in significantly less cumulative mortality (1.2-4.0%) than among positive controls (38.1-64.4%); interstock differences in susceptibility did not occur after reexposure. These results indicate that data from experiments designed to understand the ecology of VHS virus in a given stock of Pacific herring are broadly applicable to stocks throughout the northeastern Pacific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Hershberger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station, 616 Marrowstone Point Road, Nordland, Washington 98358, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous in the sea and appear to outnumber all other forms of marine life by at least an order of magnitude. Through selective infection, viruses influence nutrient cycling, community structure, and evolution in the ocean. Over the past 20 years we have learned a great deal about the diversity and ecology of the viruses that constitute the marine virioplankton, but until recently the emphasis has been on DNA viruses. Along with expanding knowledge about RNA viruses that infect important marine animals, recent isolations of RNA viruses that infect single-celled eukaryotes and molecular analyses of the RNA virioplankton have revealed that marine RNA viruses are novel, widespread, and genetically diverse. Discoveries in marine RNA virology are broadening our understanding of the biology, ecology, and evolution of viruses, and the epidemiology of viral diseases, but there is still much that we need to learn about the ecology and diversity of RNA viruses before we can fully appreciate their contributions to the dynamics of marine ecosystems. As a step toward making sense of how RNA viruses contribute to the extraordinary viral diversity in the sea, we summarize in this review what is currently known about RNA viruses that infect marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed trout ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
68
|
Differences in virulence of marine and freshwater isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in vivo correlate with in vitro ability to infect gill epithelial cells and macrophages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Virol 2008; 82:10359-65. [PMID: 18753199 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01009-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) with known different virulence characteristics in vivo were studied (by a time course approach) for their abilities to infect and translocate across a primary culture of gill epithelial cells (GEC) of rainbow trout (RBT; Oncorhynchus mykiss). The strains included one low-virulence marine VHSV (ma-VHSV) strain, ma-1p8, and a highly pathogenic freshwater VHSV (fw-VHSV) strain, fw-DK-3592B. Infectivities toward trout head kidney macrophages were also studied (by a time course method), and differences in in vivo virulence were reconfirmed, the aim being to determine any correlation between in vivo virulence and in vitro infectivity. The in vitro studies showed that the fw-VHSV isolate infected and caused a cytotoxic effect in monolayers of GEC (demonstrating virulence) at an early time point (2 h postinoculation) and that the same virus strain had translocated over a confluent, polarized GEC layer by 2 h postinoculation. The marine isolate did not infect monolayers of GEC, and delayed translocation across polarized GEC was seen by 48 h postinoculation. Primary cultures of head kidney macrophages were also infected with fw-VHSV, with a maximum of 9.5% virus-positive cells by 3 days postinfection, while for the ma-VHSV strain, only 0.5% of the macrophages were positive after 3 days of culture. In vivo studies showed that the fw-VHSV strain was highly virulent for RBT fry and caused high mortality, with classical features of viral hemorrhagic septicemia. The ma-VHSV showed a very low level of virulence (only one pool of samples from the dead fish was VHSV positive). This study has shown that the differences in virulence between marine and freshwater strains of VHSV following the in vivo infection of RBT correlate with in vitro abilities to infect primary cultures of GEC and head kidney macrophages of the same species.
Collapse
|
69
|
Possible vector species and live stages of susceptible species not transmitting disease as regards certain fish diseases - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
70
|
Hershberger PK, Gregg J, Pacheco C, Winton J, Richard J, Traxler G. Larval Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes), are highly susceptible to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia and survivors are partially protected after their metamorphosis to juveniles. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2007; 30:445-58. [PMID: 17640248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pacific herring were susceptible to waterborne challenge with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) throughout their early life history stages, with significantly greater cumulative mortalities occurring among VHSV-exposed groups of 9-, 44-, 54- and 76-day-old larvae than among respective control groups. Similarly, among 89-day-1-year-old and 1+year old post-metamorphosed juveniles, cumulative mortality was significantly greater in VHSV-challenged groups than in respective control groups. Larval exposure to VHSV conferred partial protection to the survivors after their metamorphosis to juveniles as shown by significantly less cumulative mortalities among juvenile groups that survived a VHS epidemic as larvae than among groups that were previously naïve to VHSV. Magnitude of the protection, measured as relative per cent survival, was a direct function of larval age at first exposure and was probably a reflection of gradual developmental onset of immunocompetence. These results indicate the potential for easily overlooked VHS epizootics among wild larvae in regions where the virus is endemic and emphasize the importance of early life history stages of marine fish in influencing the ecological disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Hershberger
- Marrowstone Marine Field Station, U.S. Geological Survey, Nordland, WA 98358, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Gagné N, Mackinnon AM, Boston L, Souter B, Cook-Versloot M, Griffiths S, Olivier G. Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from mummichog, stickleback, striped bass and brown trout in eastern Canada. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2007; 30:213-23. [PMID: 17394523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from mortalities occurring in populations of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus, brown trout, Salmo trutta, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The isolated viral strains produced a cytopathic effect on the epithelioma papillosum cyprini cell line. Serum neutralization indicated the virus was VHSV and sequencing identified the rhabdovirus isolates as the North American strain of VHSV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates are closely related and form a distinguishable subgroup of North American type VHSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VHSV in mummichog and striped bass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gagné
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Fish Health Unit, Moncton, NB, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Elsayed E, Faisal M, Thomas M, Whelan G, Batts W, Winton J. Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), in Lake St Clair, Michigan, USA reveals a new sublineage of the North American genotype. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:611-9. [PMID: 17026670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), caught from the NW portion of Lake St Clair, Michigan, USA in 2003. Affected fish exhibited congestion of internal organs; the inner wall of the swim bladder was thickened and contained numerous budding, fluid-filled vesicles. A virus was isolated using fish cell lines inoculated with a homogenate of kidney and spleen tissues from affected fish. Focal areas of cell rounding and granulation appeared as early as 24 h post-inoculation and expanded rapidly to destroy the entire cell sheet by 96 h. Electron microscopy revealed virions that were 170-180 nm in length by 60-70 nm in width having a bullet-shaped morphology typical of rhabdoviruses. The virus was confirmed as VHSV by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis of the entire nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes revealed the virus was a member of the North American genotype of VHSV; however, the isolate was sufficiently distinct to be considered a separate sublineage, suggesting its origin may have been from marine species inhabiting the eastern coastal areas of the USA or Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Elsayed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Nishizawa T, Savas H, Isidan H, Ustündağ C, Iwamoto H, Yoshimizu M. Genotyping and pathogenicity of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from free-living turbot (Psetta maxima) in a Turkish coastal area of the Black Sea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:2373-8. [PMID: 16597932 PMCID: PMC1449023 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.4.2373-2378.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is one of the most serious fish viral diseases for cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), although VHS virus (VHSV) seems to be ubiquitous among marine fishes. In the present study, VHSV isolation was performed with free-living and cultured turbot (Psetta maxima) in the Trabzon coastal area of the Black Sea to evaluate participation of VHSV in mass mortalities of seed-produced turbot larvae. VHSV was detected in 14 of 66 free-living spawners (positive ratio, 21.2%), 1 of 65 free-living immature fish (1.5%) and 7 of 40 cultured brood stock (17.5%), respectively. Based on a partial glycoprotein gene nucleotide sequence, Turkish VHSV isolates were classified into the class I-e of genotype I and were the most closely related to the GE-1.2 isolate (>98% identity), which was found >20 years ago in Georgia. Thus, it was revealed that Turkish VHSV isolates were not introduced from European countries, it could be an indigenous type of VHSV distributing in the Black Sea environment. In pathogenicity tests, the Turkish isolates did not induce mortality in turbot larvae and rainbow trout fingerlings. Mass mortalities at a rate of approximately 90% occurred in turbot larvae produced by experimental seeding, although VHSV was not detected in any dead fish. Thus, it was concluded that mass mortality in the seed-produced turbot larvae was not caused by VHSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toyohiko Nishizawa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Chico V, Gomez N, Estepa A, Perez L. Rapid detection and quantitation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in experimentally challenged rainbow trout by real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2005; 132:154-9. [PMID: 16271770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative real-time RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) was developed to detect and determine the amount of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in organs of experimentally infected rainbow trout. Primers and TaqMan probes targeting the glycoprotein (G) and the nucleoprotein (N) genes of the virus were designed. The efficiency, linear range and detection limit of the Q-RT-PCR were assessed on cell cultured virus samples. VHSV N gene amplification was more efficient and more sensitive than the VHSV G amplicon. On cell culture grown virus, samples could be accurately assayed over a range of seven logs of infectious particles per reaction. To demonstrate the utility of Q-RT-PCR in vivo, bath infection trials were carried out and samples from fish spleen, kidney, liver and blood were harvested and tested for VHSV. Q-RT-PCR was a more reliable method than either conventional RT-PCR or the cell culture assay for virus diagnosis. Results of VHSV RNA detection in fish shortly after infection as well as on asymptomatic fish several weeks after experimental challenge are presented here. This is the first report showing the utility of Q-RT-PCR for VHSV detection and quantitation both in vitro and in vivo. The suitability of this method to test the efficacy of antiviral treatments is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Hoffmann B, Beer M, Schütze H, Mettenleiter TC. Fish rhabdoviruses: molecular epidemiology and evolution. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 292:81-117. [PMID: 15981469 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27485-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdoviruses may cause serious diseases in wild and farmed fish. Within the Rhabdoviridae six genera have been established: Ephemerovirus, Cytorhabdovirus, Nucleorhabdovirus, Lyssavirus, Vesiculovirus, and Novirhabdovirus. Viruses that infect fish are official or tentative members of the genera Vesiculovirus and Novirhabdovirus, or are listed as unassigned rhabdoviruses. In this report, we summarize and discuss published and our own unpublished data on the molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of fish rhabdoviruses including intrapopulational differences and subgrouping of fish rhabdoviruses, in particular the species spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Skall HF, Olesen NJ, Mellergaard S. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine fish and its implications for fish farming--a review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2005; 28:509-29. [PMID: 16266325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has, in recent decades, been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. So far, it has been isolated from at least 48 fish species from the northern hemisphere, including North America, Asia and Europe, and fifteen different species including herring, sprat, cod, Norway pout and flatfish from northern European waters. The high number of VHSV isolations from the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak, the North Sea and waters around Scotland indicate that the virus is endemic in these waters. The VHSV isolates originating from wild marine fish show no to low pathogenicity to rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, although several are pathogenic for turbot. Marine VHSV isolates are so far serologically indistinguishable from freshwater isolates. Genotyping based on VHSV G- and N-genes reveals four groups indicating the geographical origin of the isolates, with one group representing traditional European freshwater isolates and isolates of north European marine origin, a second group of marine isolates from the Baltic Sea, a third group of isolates from the North Sea, and a group representing North American isolates. Examples of possible transfer of virus from free-living marine fish to farmed fish are discussed, as are measures to prevent introduction of VHSV from the marine environment to aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Skall
- Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Arhus, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Einer-Jensen K, Winton J, Lorenzen N. Genotyping of the fish rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Vet Microbiol 2005; 106:167-78. [PMID: 15778022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a standardized molecular assay that used limited resources and equipment for routine genotyping of isolates of the fish rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Computer generated restriction maps, based on 62 unique full-length (1524 nt) sequences of the VHSV glycoprotein (G) gene, were used to predict restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns that were subsequently grouped and compared with a phylogenetic analysis of the G-gene sequences of the same set of isolates. Digestion of PCR amplicons from the full-length G-gene by a set of three restriction enzymes was predicted to accurately enable the assignment of the VHSV isolates into the four major genotypes discovered to date. Further sub-typing of the isolates into the recently described sub-lineages of genotype I was possible by applying three additional enzymes. Experimental evaluation of the method consisted of three steps: (i) RT-PCR amplification of the G-gene of VHSV isolates using purified viral RNA as template, (ii) digestion of the PCR products with a panel of restriction endonucleases and (iii) interpretation of the resulting RFLP profiles. The RFLP analysis was shown to approximate the level of genetic discrimination obtained by other, more labour-intensive, molecular techniques such as the ribonuclease protection assay or sequence analysis. In addition, 37 previously uncharacterised isolates from diverse sources were assigned to specific genotypes. While the assay was able to distinguish between marine and continental isolates of VHSV, the differences did not correlate with the pathogenicity of the isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Einer-Jensen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Arhus, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Lorenzen E, Lorenzen N, Einer-Jensen K, Brudeseth B, Evensen O. Time course study of in situ expression of antigens following DNA-vaccination against VHS in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) fry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 19:27-41. [PMID: 15722229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed as a time course study of fish vaccinated with 20 microg plasmid DNA vaccine encoding either the VHSV G-protein or the VHSV N-protein. Samples of the injection site were collected sequentially over a 7-week period. The study revealed an intense positive staining by immunohistochemistry for the viral G-protein mainly in the membrane of intact myocytes, most prominent by days 10-27, and with concomitant infiltration of inflammatory cells by days 13-38 that subsequently lead to a marked reduction in the number of myocytes expressing the G-protein. By immunofluorescence, infiltrating cells positive for MHC II, IgM, and C3 were demonstrated. By contrast, in fish vaccinated with the VHSV-N construct, fewer, diffusely positive myocytes were found, most prominent by days 13-38, these having a positive reaction for the N-protein mainly in the cytoplasm and variably in the membrane. N-protein positive myocytes did not attract infiltrating cells to the same degree. Positive reaction for the N-protein almost ceased by day 48 post-vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Lorenzen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Arhus N, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Skall HF, Kjaer TE, Olesen NJ. Investigation of wild caught whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), for infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and experimental challenge of whitefish with VHSV. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:401-408. [PMID: 15228609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract One hundred and forty-eight wild whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), were caught by electrofishing and sampled for virological examination in December 1999 and 2000, during migration from the brackish water feeding grounds to the freshwater spawning grounds, where the whitefish may come into contact with farmed rainbow trout. All samples were examined on cell cultures. No viruses were isolated. Three viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates of different origin were tested in infection trials by immersion and intraperitoneal (IP) injection, using 1.5 g farmed whitefish: an isolate from wild caught marine fish, a farmed rainbow trout isolate with a suspected marine origin and a classical freshwater isolate. The isolates were highly pathogenic by IP injection where 99-100% of the whitefish died. Using an immersion challenge the rainbow trout isolates were moderately pathogenic with approximately 20% mortality, whereas the marine isolate was virtually non-pathogenic. At the end of the experiment it was possible to isolate VHSV from survivors infected with the marine and suspected marine isolates. Because of the low infection rate in wild whitefish in Denmark, the role of whitefish in the spread of VHSV in Denmark is probably not significant. The experimental studies, however, showed that whitefish are potential carriers of VHSV as they suffer only low mortality after infection but continue to carry virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Skall
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Arhus, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Mork C, Hershberger P, Kocan R, Batts W, Winton J. Isolation and characterization of a rhabdovirus from starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) collected from the northern portion of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:495-505. [PMID: 14769907 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial characterization of a rhabdovirus isolated from a single, asymptomatic starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) collected during a viral survey of marine fishes from the northern portion of Puget Sound, Washington, USA, is reported. Virions were bullet-shaped and approximately 100 nm long and 50 nm wide, contained a lipid envelope, remained stable for at least 14 days at temperatures ranging from −80 to 5 °C and grew optimally at 15 °C in cultures of epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. The cytopathic effect on EPC cell monolayers was characterized by raised foci containing rounded masses of cells. Pyknotic and dark-staining nuclei that also showed signs of karyorrhexis were observed following haematoxylin and eosin, May–Grunwald Giemsa and acridine orange staining. PAGE of the structural proteins and PCR assays using primers specific for other known fish rhabdoviruses, including Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, Spring viremia of carp virus, and Hirame rhabdovirus, indicated that the new virus, tentatively termed starry flounder rhabdovirus (SFRV), was previously undescribed in marine fishes from this region. In addition, sequence analysis of 2678 nt of the amino portion of the viral polymerase gene indicated that SFRV was genetically distinct from other members of the family Rhabdoviridae for which sequence data are available. Detection of this virus during a limited viral survey of wild fishes emphasizes the void of knowledge regarding the diversity of viruses that naturally infect marine fish species in the North Pacific Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mork
- University of Washington Friday Harbour Laboratories, 620 University Road, Friday Harbour, WA 98250, USA
| | - Paul Hershberger
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard Kocan
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William Batts
- Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - James Winton
- Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Winton JR, Einer-Jensen K. Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia. REVIEWS: METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2315-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
82
|
Essbauer S, Ahne W. Viruses of lower vertebrates. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:403-75. [PMID: 11550762 PMCID: PMC7159363 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of lower vertebrates recently became a field of interest to the public due to increasing epizootics and economic losses of poikilothermic animals. These were reported worldwide from both wildlife and collections of aquatic poikilothermic animals. Several RNA and DNA viruses infecting fish, amphibians and reptiles have been studied intensively during the last 20 years. Many of these viruses induce diseases resulting in important economic losses of lower vertebrates, especially in fish aquaculture. In addition, some of the DNA viruses seem to be emerging pathogens involved in the worldwide decline in wildlife. Irido-, herpes- and polyomavirus infections may be involved in the reduction in the numbers of endangered amphibian and reptile species. In this context the knowledge of several important RNA viruses such as orthomyxo-, paramyxo-, rhabdo-, retro-, corona-, calici-, toga-, picorna-, noda-, reo- and birnaviruses, and DNA viruses such as parvo-, irido-, herpes-, adeno-, polyoma- and poxviruses, is described in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Essbauer
- WHO Centre for Comparative Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Johnson MC, Maxwell JM, Loh PC, Leong JA. Molecular characterization of the glycoproteins from two warm water rhabdoviruses: snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) and rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (RPS)/spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Virus Res 1999; 64:95-106. [PMID: 10518707 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the complete coding sequences for the glycoprotein (G) genes from two rhabdoviruses that infect warm water aquatic animals, the snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) and rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (RPS). Surprisingly, the G nucleotide sequence from RPS, a virus which has been isolated from diseased shrimp in Hawaii on numerous occasions, was over 99% identical to the G nucleotide sequence from spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), a fish virus from Europe and Asia. This is the first report of SVCV isolation outside of Europe and Asia, and it is also the first report of SVCV infecting a non-vertebrate species. The G gene from SHRV was most closely related to the G genes from the three Novirhabdoviruses, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), with 47, 37, and 36% amino acid identity, respectively. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis using the amino acid sequence from rhabdovirus G genes indicated that SHRV should be classified within the Novirhabdovirus genus. Finally, the SHRV-G gene was successfully expressed in mammalian cells under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, establishing that it can potentially be used in the production of pseudotyped retroviruses designed to infect fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Snow M, Cunningham CO, Melvin WT, Kurath G. Analysis of the nucleoprotein gene identifies distinct lineages of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus within the European marine environment. Virus Res 1999; 63:35-44. [PMID: 10509714 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A ribonuclease (RNase) protection assay (RPA) has been used to detect nucleotide sequence variation within the nucleoprotein gene of 39 viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates of European marine origin. The classification of VHSV isolates based on RPA cleavage patterns permitted the identification of ten distinct groups of viruses based on differences at the molecular level. The nucleotide sequence of representatives of each of these groupings was determined and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. This revealed grouping of the European marine isolates of VHSV into three genotypes circulating within distinct geographic areas. A fourth genotype was identified comprising isolates originating from North America. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that VHSV isolates recovered from wild caught fish around the British Isles were genetically related to isolates responsible for losses in farmed turbot. Furthermore, a relationship between naturally occurring marine isolates and VHSV isolates causing mortality among rainbow trout in continental Europe was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Mortensen HF, Heuer OE, Lorenzen N, Otte L, Olesen NJ. Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) from wild marine fish species in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak and the North Sea. Virus Res 1999; 63:95-106. [PMID: 10509720 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to analyse the occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in the marine environment surrounding Denmark, fish tissue samples were collected on four cruises with the research vessel H/S Dana in 1996 and 1997. The sampling comprised 923 samples totalling 7344 fish representing 29 different species. VHSV was isolated from 24 fish samples from the Baltic Sea, four samples from Skagerrak and three samples from the North Sea. The virus-positive host species included herring Clupea harengus (11 isolates), sprat Sprattus sprattus (eight isolates), cod Gadus morhua (six isolates), rockling Rhinonemus cimbrius (one isolate), Norway pout Trisopterus esmarkii (one isolate), blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou (one isolate), whiting Merlangius merlangus (two isolates) and lesser argentine Argentina sphyraena (one isolate). VHSV has previously been reported from cod and herring, but not from the other five species. A virus belonging to serogroup II of the aquatic birnaviruses was isolated from three samples of flounder Platichthys flesus and three samples of dab Limanda limanda and a virus preliminary identified as iridovirus (lymphocystis virus) was isolated from seven samples of long rough dab Hippoglossoides platessoides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Mortensen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Arhus.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|