Exploring blocking assays using Octet, ProteOn, and Biacore biosensors

Characterization of the human folate receptor alpha via novel antibody-based probes

Folate receptor alpha (FRA) is a cell surface protein whose aberrant expression in malignant cells has resulted in its pursuit as a therapeutic target and marker for diagnosis of cancer. The development of immune-based reagents that can reproducibly detect FRA from patient tissue processed by varying methods has been difficult due to the complex post-translational structure of the protein whereby most reagents developed to date are highly structure-sensitive and have resulted in equivocal expression results across independent studies. The aim of the present study was to generate novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using modified full length FRA protein as immunogen in order to develop a panel of mAbs to various, non-overlapping epitopes that may serve as diagnostic reagents able to robustly detect FRA-positive disease. Here we report the development of a panel of FRA-specific mAbs that are able to specifically detect FRA using an array of diagnostic platforms and methods. In addition, the methods used to develop these mAbs and their diverse binding properties provide additional information on the three dimensional structure of FRA in its native cell surface configuration.

Evaluation of the potency of the anti-idiotypic antibody Ab2/3H6 mimicking gp41 as an HIV-1 vaccine in a rabbit prime/boost study

The HIV-1 envelope protein harbors several conserved epitopes that are recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. One of these neutralizing sites, the MPER region of gp41, is targeted by one of the most potent and broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 2F5. Different vaccination strategies and a lot of efforts have been undertaken to induce MPER neutralizing antibodies but little success has been achieved so far. We tried to consider the alternative anti-idiotypic vaccination approach for induction of 2F5-like antibodies. The previously developed and characterized anti-idiotypic antibody Ab2/3H6 was expressed as antibody fragment fusion protein with C-terminally attached immune-modulators and used for immunization of rabbits to induce antibodies specific for HIV-1. Only those rabbits immunized with immunogens fused with the immune-modulators developed HIV-1 specific antibodies. Anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies were affinity purified using a two-step affinity purification protocol which revealed that only little amount of the total rabbit IgG fraction contained HIV-1 specific antibodies. The characterization of the induced anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies showed specificity for the linear epitope of 2F5 GGGELDKWASL and the HIV-1 envelope protein gp140. Despite specificity for the linear epitope and the truncated HIV-1 envelope protein these antibodies were not able to exhibit virus neutralization activities. These results suggest that Ab2/3H6 alone might not be suitable as a vaccine.

Discerning Trends in Multiplex Immunoassay Technology with Potential for Resource-Limited Settings

BACKGROUND

In the search for more powerful tools for diagnoses of endemic diseases in resource-limited settings, we have been analyzing technologies with potential applicability. Increasingly, the process focuses on readily accessible bodily fluids combined with increasingly powerful multiplex capabilities to unambiguously diagnose a condition without resorting to reliance on a sophisticated reference laboratory. Although these technological advances may well have important implications for the sensitive and specific detection of disease, to date their clinical utility has not been demonstrated, especially in resource-limited settings. Furthermore, many emerging technological developments are in fields of physics or engineering, which are not readily available to or intelligible to clinicians or clinical laboratory scientists.

CONTENT

This review provides a look at technology trends that could have applicability to high-sensitivity multiplexed immunoassays in resource-limited settings. Various technologies are explained and assessed according to potential for reaching relevant limits of cost, sensitivity, and multiplex capability. Frequently, such work is reported in technical journals not normally read by clinical scientists, and the authors make enthusiastic claims for the potential of their technology while ignoring potential pitfalls. Thus it is important to draw attention to technical hurdles that authors may not be publicizing.

SUMMARY

Immunochromatographic assays, optical methods including those involving waveguides, electrochemical methods, magnetorestrictive methods, and field-effect transistor methods based on nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoribbons reveal possibilities as next-generation technologies.

Survey of the 2009 commercial optical biosensor literature

We took a different approach to reviewing the commercial biosensor literature this year by inviting 22 biosensor users to serve as a review committee. They set the criteria for what to expect in a publication and ultimately decided to use a pass/fail system for selecting which papers to include in this year's reference list. Of the 1514 publications in 2009 that reported using commercially available optical biosensor technology, only 20% passed their cutoff. The most common criticism the reviewers had with the literature was that "the biosensor experiments could have been done better." They selected 10 papers to highlight good experimental technique, data presentation, and unique applications of the technology. This communal review process was educational for everyone involved and one we will not soon forget.

Detection of low-affinity anti-drug antibodies and improved drug tolerance in immunogenicity testing by Octet(®) biolayer interferometry

We assessed the utility of the FortéBio Octet(®) system for detection of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against an investigational therapeutic human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), CNTO X. To understand the relative merits of this technology, key performance requirements were compared with two popularly accepted ADA detection methods, a step-wise bridging ELISA and a Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) homogeneous (single step binding) bridging ECLIA. When used to detect 13 monoclonal ADAs of varying affinities and one polyclonal ADA, all three methods demonstrated their greatest apparent sensitivity to the polyclonal sample (1, 6, and 130 ng/mL, respectively for ECLIA, ELISA, and Octet). Sensitivity to monoclonal ADAs tended to vary in accordance with their affinities, however, the sensitivity of the Octet method varied much less between ADAs. As a result, the above ranking became reversed such that Octet was the most and ELISA least sensitive for detection of low-affinity ADAs. With regard to drug tolerance, the presence of CNTO X could lead to false-negative assay results, although each method was affected to a different degree, with the Octet method tolerating up to 10 times more drug than the ECLIA method, which in turn tolerated up to 10 times more than the ELISA. Finally, the ECLIA and Octet methods were applied to the bioanalysis of cynomolgus monkey sera from a pre-clinical multiple dose study of CNTO X. Octet indicated 3 positive animals developed ADA as early as day 15 of the dosing phase while drug was present at nearly 1mg/mL. ECLIA detected only one of these, and only in a day 57 recovery sample after drug had cleared from circulation. We conclude that the Octet is a promising platform for detection of lower affinity ADAs and is particularly suitable for ADA detection when drug persists at levels that negatively impact bridging immunoassays.

Surface plasmon resonance for vaccine design and efficacy studies: recent applications and future trends

The lack of a clear correlation between design and protection continues to present a barrier to progress in vaccine research. In this article, we outline how surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are emerging as tools to help resolve some of the key biophysical determinants of protection and, thereby, facilitate more rational vaccine design campaigns. SPR technology has contributed significantly to our understanding of the complex biophysical determinants of HIV neutralization and offers a platform for preclinical evaluation of vaccine candidates. In particular, the concept of reverse-engineering HIV vaccine targets based on known broadly neutralizing antibody modalities is explored and extended to include other infectious diseases, such as malaria and influenza, and other diseases such as cancer. The analytical capacity afforded by SPR includes serum screening to monitor immune responses and highly efficient quality-control surveillance measures. These are discussed alongside key technological advances, such as developments in sample throughput, and a perspective predicting continued growth and diversification of the role of SPR in vaccine development is proposed.

Therapeutic antibodies: Discovery and development using the ProteOn XPR36 biosensor interaction array system

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are becoming a significant and rapidly growing class of therapeutic pharmaceuticals. Their discovery and development requires fast and high-throughput methodologies for screening and selecting appropriate candidate antibodies having high affinity for the target as well as high specificity and low cross-reactivity. This study demonstrates the use of the ProteOn XPR36 protein interaction array system and its novel approach, termed One-Shot Kinetics, for the rapid screening and selection of high-affinity antibodies. This approach allows multiple quantitative protein binding analyses in parallel, providing association, dissociation, and affinity constants for several antibodies or supernatants simultaneously in one experiment. We show that the ProteOn XPR36 system is a valuable tool for use across multiple stages of the therapeutic antibody discovery and development process, enabling efficient and rapid screening after panning, affinity maturation, assay validation, and clone selection.

Ligand-binding assays: risk of using a platform supported by a single vendor

The use of biological reagents in ligand-binding assays (LBAs) presents inherent challenges when measuring the concentration of large molecules in complex matrices. As a result, there are relatively few platforms that provide the accuracy, precision and robustness needed to determine the concentration of macromolecular therapies and biomarkers, and demonstrate the presence or absence of an immune response. Some bioanalytical laboratories use only one LBA platform to reduce costs, increase efficiency and maintain optimal assay performance. However, the business and regulatory risks of using a single platform supported by only one vendor should be considered. This article summarizes the immunological methods used to support bioanalysis for large molecules that are supported by a single vendor, the benefits of being dedicated to a single platform for bioanalysis used for regulatory filings, the costs associated with restructuring if an immunoassay platform is discontinued and recommendations to mitigate risk when using LBAs in drug development. The experience with the recent discontinuation of the BioVeris™ electrochemiluminescent-based platform is discussed.