51
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LaFleur AD, Schug KA. A review of separation methods for the determination of estrogens and plastics-derived estrogen mimics from aqueous systems. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 696:6-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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52
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Hengstler JG, Foth H, Gebel T, Kramer PJ, Lilienblum W, Schweinfurth H, Völkel W, Wollin KM, Gundert-Remy U. Critical evaluation of key evidence on the human health hazards of exposure to bisphenol A. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:263-91. [PMID: 21438738 PMCID: PMC3135059 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.558487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that more than 5000 safety-related studies have been published on bisphenol A (BPA), there seems to be no resolution of the apparently deadlocked controversy as to whether exposure of the general population to BPA causes adverse effects due to its estrogenicity. Therefore, the Advisory Committee of the German Society of Toxicology reviewed the background and cutting-edge topics of this BPA controversy. The current tolerable daily intake value (TDI) of 0.05 mg/kg body weight [bw]/day, derived by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), is mainly based on body weight changes in two- and three-generation studies in mice and rats. Recently, these studies and the derivation of the TDI have been criticized. After having carefully considered all arguments, the Committee had to conclude that the criticism was scientifically not justified; moreover, recently published additional data further support the reliability of the two- and three-generation studies demonstrating a lack of estrogen-dependent effects at and below doses on which the current TDI is based. A frequently discussed topic is whether doses below 5 mg/kg bw/day may cause adverse health effects in laboratory animals. Meanwhile, it has become clear that positive results from some explorative studies have not been confirmed in subsequent studies with higher numbers of animals or a priori defined hypotheses. Particularly relevant are some recent studies with negative outcomes that addressed effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and the prostate in rodents for extrapolation to the human situation. The Committee came to the conclusion that rodent data can well be used as a basis for human risk evaluation. Currently published conjectures that rats are insensitive to estrogens compared to humans can be refuted. Data from toxicokinetics studies show that the half-life of BPA in adult human subjects is less than 2 hours and BPA is completely recovered in urine as BPA-conjugates. Tissue deconjugation of BPA-glucuronide and -sulfate may occur. Because of the extremely low quantities, it is only of minor relevance for BPA toxicity. Biomonitoring studies have been used to estimate human BPA exposure and show that the daily intake of BPA is far below the TDI for the general population. Further topics addressed in this article include reasons why some studies on BPA are not reproducible; the relevance of oral versus non-oral exposure routes; the degree to which newborns are at higher systemic BPA exposure; increased BPA exposure by infusions in intensive care units; mechanisms of action other than estrogen receptor activation; and the current regulatory status in Europe, as well as in the USA, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. Overall, the Committee concluded that the current TDI for BPA is adequately justified and that the available evidence indicates that BPA exposure represents no noteworthy risk to the health of the human population, including newborns and babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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53
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Vallejo A, Usobiaga A, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M, Cajaraville MP, Fernández LA, Zuloaga O. Focused ultrasound-assisted acceleration of enzymatic hydrolysis of alkylphenols and 17β-oestradiol glucuronide in fish bile. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2307-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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54
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Molecularly imprinted adsorbents for preconcentration and isolation of progesterone and testosterone by solid phase extraction combined with HPLC. ADSORPTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-010-9265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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55
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Vandenberg LN, Chahoud I, Heindel JJ, Padmanabhan V, Paumgartten FJ, Schoenfelder G. Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1055-70. [PMID: 20338858 PMCID: PMC2920080 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 919] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. Importantly, results from a large number of biomonitoring studies are at odds with the results from two toxicokinetic studies. OBJECTIVE We examined several possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. DATA SOURCES We examined > 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The > 80 biomonitoring studies examined included measurements in thousands of individuals from several different countries, and these studies overwhelmingly detected BPA in individual adults, adolescents, and children. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Some regulatory agencies have relied solely on these toxicokinetic models in their risk assessments. CONCLUSIONS Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Vandenberg
- Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to L.N. Vandenberg, Tufts University, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Telephone: (617) 627-4094. Fax: (617) 627-5305. E-mail:
| | - Ibrahim Chahoud
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Francisco J.R. Paumgartten
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilbert Schoenfelder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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56
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Wu W, Yuan X, Wu X, Lin X, Xie Z. Analysis of phenolic xenoestrogens by pressurized CEC with amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1011-8. [PMID: 20155739 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new method, pressurized CEC with end-column amperometric detection using carbon paste electrode, has been developed for the separation and determination of five phenolic xenoestrogens in chicken eggs and milk powder samples. Efficient separation of five analytes was performed by pressurized CEC using a mobile phase consisting of 60% v/v ACN and 40% v/v Tris buffer (5 mmol/L, pH 8.0), +6 kV of applied voltage and 7.0 MPa of supplementary pressure. Detection limits of 50, 5, 2, 10 and 20 ng/mL for pentachlorophenol, bisphenol-A, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol, respectively, were achieved using carbon paste electrode as working electrode and +0.8 V as detection potential. Matrix solid phase dispersion extraction method had been employed during sample preparation procedure, and mean recoveries ranged from 79.2 to 102.6% at different concentrations of phenolic xenoestrogens for spiked egg and milk powder samples were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring, Fuzhou University, PR China
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57
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Simultaneous quantification of multiple classes of phenolic compounds in blood plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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58
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Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Freire C, Arrebola JP, Navea N, Taoufiki J, Fernandez MF, Ballesteros O, Prada R, Olea N. Nonylphenol and octylphenol in adipose tissue of women in Southern Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:847-852. [PMID: 19409598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenols (APs) and AP ethoxylates are environmental contaminants with endocrine disrupting activities in wildlife and humans. They have been largely used in industrial, agricultural, and domestic applications. Despite strong concerns about the consequences of human exposure to endocrine disrupters, little information is available on the presence in humans of compounds such as APs. The aim of the present study was to determine 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-octylphenol (OP) residues in adipose tissue of non-occupationally exposed women living in Southern Spain. NP was detected in 100% (n=20/20) and OP in 23.5% (n=4/20) of samples, with median levels of 57 and 4.5 ng g(-1) adipose tissue, respectively. Body mass index emerged as a determinant of exposure since it was associated with NP levels (p=0.041). Adipose tissue NP and OP levels are similar to the few data previously published in other countries. This is the first report on NP and OP levels in a population in Southern Spain. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to these compounds and to investigate their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lopez-Espinosa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 18071 Granada, Spain
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59
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Pacáková V, Loukotková L, Bosáková Z, Stulík K. Analysis for estrogens as environmental pollutants--a review. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:867-82. [PMID: 19219841 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The approaches to the analysis for estrogen compounds as environmental pollutants are critically reviewed and evaluated on the basis of significant, recent original publications. The importance of sample pretreatment and analyte preconcentration techniques is pointed out, with an emphasis on SPE and on the use of highly selective interactions such as molecular recognition. The hyphenated systems of high-performance gas or liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric techniques are discussed as the basic methods of determination of estrogens in environmental samples. Immunochemical procedures are shown to be useful in semiquantitative screening of estrogen pollutants (e.g. ELISA kits). Classical HPLC and GC with common UV/Vis, fluorescence and electrochemical detection are useful in routine checking on higher pollutant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pacáková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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60
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Vincent MD, Sneddon J. Nonylphenol: An overview and its determination in oysters and wastewaters and preliminary degradation results from laboratory experiments. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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61
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Álvarez-Sánchez B, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD. Ultrasound-enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated female steroids as pretreatment for their analysis by LC–MS/MS in urine. Analyst 2009; 134:1416-22. [DOI: 10.1039/b816283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Preparation and characterization of bisphenol A-cationized bovine serum albumin. J Immunol Methods 2009; 340:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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García-Prieto A, Lunar ML, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Determination of urinary bisphenol A by coacervative microextraction and liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 630:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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64
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Goodman JE, McConnell EE, Sipes IG, Witorsch RJ, Slayton TM, Yu CJ, Lewis AS, Rhomberg LR. An Updated Weight of the Evidence Evaluation of Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Low Doses of Bisphenol A. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 36:387-457. [PMID: 16954066 DOI: 10.1080/10408440600758317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is controversy over whether low doses of bisphenol A (BPA, CAS no. 80-05-7) cause reproductive and developmental effects in humans. We update the 2004 weight-of-evidence assessment of an expert panel convened by Harvard's Center for Risk Analysis by critically evaluating over 50 additional studies published between April 2002 and February 2006 that examine in vivo reproductive and developmental toxicity in mammals at doses <or=5 mg/kg-d. Our findings are consistent with the Harvard study: some statistically significant findings in rats and mice exist but they are generally countered by more numerous studies showing no effect for similar endpoints. No effect is marked or consistent across species, doses, and time points. Some mouse studies report morphological changes in testes and sperm and some non-oral mouse studies report morphological changes in female reproductive organs. Owing to lack of first-pass metabolism, results from non-oral studies are of limited relevance to oral human exposure. Human biomonitoring indicates exposures lower than the "low" doses in the reviewed animal studies. Reports of human health impact are very limited and inconsistent. Taken together, the weight of evidence does not support the hypothesis that low oral doses of BPA adversely affect human reproductive and developmental health.
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65
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Álvarez Sánchez B, Capote FP, Jiménez JR, Luque de Castro M. Automated solid-phase extraction for concentration and clean-up of female steroid hormones prior to liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry: An approach to lipidomics. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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66
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Chapin RE, Adams J, Boekelheide K, Gray LE, Hayward SW, Lees PSJ, McIntyre BS, Portier KM, Schnorr TM, Selevan SG, Vandenbergh JG, Woskie SR. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 83:157-395. [PMID: 18613034 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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67
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Licea-Perez H, Wang S, Szapacs ME, Yang E. Development of a highly sensitive and selective UPLC/MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in human serum to support testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadism. Steroids 2008; 73:601-10. [PMID: 18329061 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective quantitative method to accurately determine testosterone (Te) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in human serum is crucial to the success of Te replacement therapy for hypogonadism. To this end we have developed and validated a semi-automated and relatively high-throughput method in a 96-well plate format using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of Te and DHT in human serum. Te and DHT along with the internal standards [(2)H(3)]-Te and [(2)H(3)]-DHT were extracted from 300 microL of human serum by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), followed by derivatization with 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride and solid-phase extraction for sample clean up. A novel chemical derivatization approach using 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride was employed to achieve the MS sensitivity and selectivity required for DHT. Baseline separation of Te and DHT derivatives from endogenous steroid derivatives was achieved using UPLC technology on a C18 stationary-phase column with 1.7 microm particle size. The validity of using double charcoal-stripped female human serum as surrogate matrix for preparation of calibration standards was demonstrated through standard addition experiments. The method was validated over the concentration ranges of 0.2-40 ng/mL for Te and 0.01-2 ng/mL for DHT. The validation and study sample analysis results show that the method is rugged, precise, accurate, and well suited to support pharmacokinetic studies where approximately 300 samples can be extracted and analyzed in 1 day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermes Licea-Perez
- Worldwide Bioanalysis, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithkline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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68
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Dekant W, Völkel W. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: Methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228:114-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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69
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Wang J, Dong M, Shim WJ, Kannan N, Li D. Improved cleanup technique for gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of alkylphenols from biota extract. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1171:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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70
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Bianchi F, Careri M, Mangia A, Musci M, Santini SE, Basini G. Porcine follicular fluids: Comparison of solid-phase extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion for the GC–MS determination of hormones during follicular growth. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:711-7. [PMID: 17459644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The capabilities of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for the determination of the hormones 17beta-estradiol, 2-hydroxyestradiol, 4-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a very complex matrix like porcine follicular fluids were compared, thus proving the highest effectiveness of the SPE technique. Validation was carried out in terms of limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and stability. LOQ values in the low microg kg(-1) were achieved, with all the other parameters satisfying the acceptance criteria for the validation of bioanalytical methods. The applicability of the method to the determination of the hormones in porcine follicular fluids was demonstrated, thus allowing to observe an increase of the concentration of the hormones during the follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale Usberti 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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71
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Havlíková L, Nováková L, Matysová L, Sícha J, Solich P. Determination of estradiol and its degradation products by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:216-23. [PMID: 16466732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel HPLC method for simultaneous determination of estradiol and its seven degradation products in topical gel was developed. Zorbax SB-CN (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) analytical column and mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, phosphoric acid 0.085%, and tetrahydrofurane (27:63:10, v/v/v) at flow-rate 1.0 ml min(-1) were used for the chromatographic separation using UV detection at 225 nm. The active substance estradiol was separated from all its known degradation products successfully. Two degradation products estrone and Delta(9(11))-estrone were not separated sufficiently, their peaks were evaluated as a sum of two components. The method was validated according to ICH guideline recommendations and thereafter it was successfully applied for stability tests of topical cream Estrogel HBF in the quality control laboratory. Limits of detection for degradation products ranged from 1.03 x 10(-5) to 1.14 x 10(-4) mg ml(-1), limits of quantitation for degradation products were in the range 3.43 x 10(-5) to 3.81 x 10(-4) mg ml(-1). The developed method is selective, precise, accurate and sensitive enough for determination of estradiol and its known degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Havlíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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72
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Völkel W, Bittner N, Dekant W. QUANTITATION OF BISPHENOL A AND BISPHENOL A GLUCURONIDE IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:1748-57. [PMID: 16103135 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.005454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a weak estrogen. Pharmacokinetic studies of BPA have demonstrated a rapid and extensive metabolism of BPA to the nonestrogenic BPA-monoglucuronide (BPA-gluc). Some investigators have reported that BPA was found at parts per billion concentrations in the tissues or urine of humans without known exposure to BPA. This work developed a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of BPA and BPA-gluc in plasma and urine based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of BPA and BPA-gluc uses stable isotope-labeled internal standards. A linear ion trap mass spectrometer permits identification and quantitation of BPA-gluc and BPA without sample workup. Development of separation conditions reduced the BPA-background in solvent samples to below 2.5 pmol/ml for BPA. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) for BPA in control urine was 15 pmol/ml; LOQ for BPA-gluc was 65 pmol/ml. Application of the method to urine samples from human subjects (n = 6) after administration of 25 microg of BPA/person (estimated maximum human daily intake) permitted the determination of excretion kinetics for BPA-gluc; BPA was below the LOD in all except two of the samples. In urine or blood samples of human subjects (n = 19) without intentional exposure to BPA, BPA concentrations were always below the limit of detection ( approximately 2.5 pmol/ml) with or without prior glucuronidase treatment. The results show that care is required for analysis of BPA and its major metabolite BPA-gluc. The LOD obtained and the absence of detectable levels of BPA in samples from individuals suggests that general exposure of humans to BPA is much lower than the worst-case exposure scenario developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Völkel
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacherstrasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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