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Enzyme immobilization strategies and electropolymerization conditions to control sensitivity and selectivity parameters of a polymer-enzyme composite glucose biosensor. SENSORS 2010; 10:6439-62. [PMID: 22163559 PMCID: PMC3231131 DOI: 10.3390/s100706439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing programme to develop characterization strategies relevant to biosensors for in-vivo monitoring, glucose biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on 125 μm diameter Pt cylinder wire electrodes (Pt(C)), using three different methods: before, after or during the amperometric electrosynthesis of poly(ortho-phenylenediamine), PoPD, which also served as a permselective membrane. These electrodes were calibrated with H(2)O(2) (the biosensor enzyme signal molecule), glucose, and the archetypal interference compound ascorbic acid (AA) to determine the relevant polymer permeabilities and the apparent Michaelis-Menten parameters for glucose. A number of selectivity parameters were used to identify the most successful design in terms of the balance between substrate sensitivity and interference blocking. For biosensors electrosynthesized in neutral buffer under the present conditions, entrapment of the GOx within the PoPD layer produced the design (Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx) with the highest linear sensitivity to glucose (5.0 ± 0.4 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)), good linear range (K(M) = 16 ± 2 mM) and response time (< 2 s), and the greatest AA blocking (99.8% for 1 mM AA). Further optimization showed that fabrication of Pt(C)/PoPD-GOx in the absence of added background electrolyte (i.e., electropolymerization in unbuffered enzyme-monomer solution) enhanced glucose selectivity 3-fold for this one-pot fabrication protocol which provided AA-rejection levels at least equal to recent multi-step polymer bilayer biosensor designs. Interestingly, the presence of enzyme protein in the polymer layer had opposite effects on permselectivity for low and high concentrations of AA, emphasizing the value of studying the concentration dependence of interference effects which is rarely reported in the literature.
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Romero MR, Ahumada F, Garay F, Baruzzi AM. Amperometric Biosensor for Direct Blood Lactate Detection. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5568-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ricardo Romero
- INFIQC, Departimento de Físico Química, Faculdad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Pab. Argentina, Ala 1, 2° piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Facundo Ahumada
- INFIQC, Departimento de Físico Química, Faculdad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Pab. Argentina, Ala 1, 2° piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando Garay
- INFIQC, Departimento de Físico Química, Faculdad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Pab. Argentina, Ala 1, 2° piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Baruzzi
- INFIQC, Departimento de Físico Química, Faculdad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Pab. Argentina, Ala 1, 2° piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Ges IA, Baudenbacher F. Enzyme-coated microelectrodes to monitor lactate production in a nanoliter microfluidic cell culture device. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:828-33. [PMID: 20566279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the degree of anaerobic respiration of cells in high density microscale culture systems is an enabling key technology and essential for cell-based biosensors. We have fabricated and incorporated miniature amperometric lactate sensing electrodes with working areas from 3 to 5×10(-2) mm2 into a microfluidic-based microscale cell culture system to measure the lactate production rate of fibroblasts in nanoliter volumes. Planar thin film platinum electrode arrays on glass substrates were spin coated with lactate oxidase and a protective Nafion layer. The lactate electrodes had a high enzymatic activity described by a Michaelis-Menten constant of 2.6±0.1 mM, a linear response in the range 0.01-2.5 mM and a sensitivity of 7.3×10(-2) mA/mM cm2. A replica-molded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device with nanoliter sensing volumes was aligned and sealed to a glass substrate with the sensing electrodes. We trapped fibroblasts in the cell culture volume and measured the lactate production rate using a stop-flow protocol. The average lactate production rate was 0.011±0.0049 mM/min. The lactate production was suppressed with the addition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which binds to hexokinase. The blocking of hexokinase prevents the generation of pyruvate, the intermittent substrate required for lactate production even in the presence of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Ges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351631, Nashville, TN 37235-1631, USA
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54
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Optimization of acetylcholinesterase immobilization on microelectrodes based on nitrophenyl diazonium for sensitive organophosphate insecticides detection. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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55
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Choi S, Lee GJ, Chae SJ, Kang SW, Yin CS, Lee SH, Choi SK, Park HK. Potential neuroprotective effects of acupuncture stimulation on diabetes mellitus in a global ischemic rat model. Physiol Meas 2010; 31:633-47. [PMID: 20308770 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/5/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture (ACU) is known to be effective in ischemia treatment, and glutamate (GLU) excitotoxicity is an important factor in neuronal cell death. We observed the effect of ACU on cerebral blood flow (%CBF) and DeltaGLU (the changes in GLU release) in the ischemic stroke rat model of diabetic mellitus (DM). A global ischemia was induced using the eleven-vessel occlusion (11-VO) method in 14 Sprague-Dawley rats (DM), which were randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the ACU-treatment group. Extracellular DeltaGLU was assessed using an intra-cerebral biosensor system measuring 256 samples per second, simultaneously with %CBF and electroencephalogram. ACU stimulation was applied to ACU points GB34 and GB39 during the ischemic period. Twenty-three diagnostic parameters were proposed first for a detailed analysis of changes in %CBF and GLU release during ischemia/reperfusion. ACU rats showed a significant decrease in ischemic (p < 0.05) and reperfusion %CBF (p < 0.0001) than control rats, and a significantly larger decrease in ischemic DeltaGLU (p < 0.05) and peak level of reperfusion DeltaGLU (p < 0.005) than control rats. From these results, we suggest that ACU stimulation is responsible for the potential protection of neurons through suppression of %CBF response in the increased plasma osmolality and extracellular DeltaGLU in diabetic rats under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samjin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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56
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Ammam M, Fransaer J. Highly sensitive and selective glutamate microbiosensor based on cast polyurethane/AC-electrophoresis deposited multiwalled carbon nanotubes and then glutamate oxidase/electrosynthesized polypyrrole/Pt electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1597-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this article was to design, fabricate, and evaluate a novel type of glucose biosensors based on the use of atomic force microscopy to create nanoindented electrodes (NIDEs) for the selective detection of glucose. METHODS Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation techniques were extended to covalently immobilized glucose oxidase on NIDEs via composite hydrogel membranes composed of interpenetrating networks of inherently conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) tetramethacrylate grown within ultraviolet cross-linked hydroxyethylmethacrylate-based hydrogels to produce an in vitro amperometric NIDE biosensor for the long-term monitoring of glucose. RESULTS The calibration curve for glucose was linear from 0.25 to 20 mM. Results showed that the NIDE glucose biosensor has a much higher detection sensitivity of 0.32 microA/mM and rapid response times (<5 seconds). There was no interference from the competing interferent (fructose) present; the only interference was from species that react with H(2)O(2) (ascorbic acid). The linear equation was B(response) (microA) = 0.323 [glucose] (mM) + 0.634 (microA); n = 24, r(2) = 0.994. CONCLUSION Results showed that the resultant NIDE glucose biosensor increases the dynamic range, device sensitivity, and response time and has excellent detecting performance for glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gymama Slaughter
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Virginia State University, Center for Biosystems and Engineering, Petersburg, Virginia 23806 , USA.
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58
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Guiseppi-Elie A. Electroconductive hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2701-16. [PMID: 20060580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) are composite biomaterials that bring together the redox switching and electrical properties of inherently conductive electroactive polymers (CEPs) with the facile small molecule transport, high hydration levels and biocompatibility of cross-linked hydrogels. General methods for the synthesis of electroconductive hydrogels as polymer blends and as polymer co-networks via chemical oxidative, electrochemical and/or a combination of chemical oxidation followed by electrochemical polymerization techniques are reviewed. Specific examples are introduced to illustrate the preparation of electroconductive hydrogels that were synthesized from poly(HEMA)-based hydrogels with polyaniline and from poly(HEMA)-based hydrogels with polypyrrole. The key applications of electroconductive hydrogels; as biorecognition membranes for implantable biosensors, as electro-stimulated drug release devices for programmed delivery, and as the low interfacial impedance layers on neuronal prostheses are highlighted. These applications provide great new horizons for these stimuli responsive, biomimetic polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- ABTECH Scientific, Inc., Biotechnology Research Park, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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59
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Effects of polymerization potential on the permselectivity of poly(o-phenylenediamine) coatings deposited on Pt–Ir electrodes for biosensor applications. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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60
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Frey O, van der Wal P, de Rooij N, Koudelka-Hep M. Biosensor Microprobe Functionalisation Using an On-Chip Dispensing Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2009.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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61
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Justin G, Guiseppi-Elie A. Characterization of Electroconductive Blends of Poly(HEMA-co-PEGMA-co-HMMA-co-SPMA) and Poly(Py-co-PyBA). Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2539-49. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900486d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gusphyl Justin
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips (C3B), Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, 100 Technology Drive, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, and Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips (C3B), Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, 100 Technology Drive, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, and Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
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62
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Rothwell SA, Kinsella ME, Zain ZM, Serra PA, Rocchitta G, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Contributions by a novel edge effect to the permselectivity of an electrosynthesized polymer for microbiosensor applications. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3911-8. [PMID: 19371060 DOI: 10.1021/ac900162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pt electrodes of different sizes (2 x 10(-5)-2 x 10(-2) cm(2)) and geometries (disks and cylinders) were coated with the ultrathin non-conducting form of poly(o-phenylenediamine), PPD, using amperometric electrosynthesis. Analysis of the ascorbic acid (AA) and H(2)O(2) apparent permeabilities for these Pt/PPD sensors revealed that the PPD deposited near the electrode insulation (Teflon or glass edge) was not as effective as the bulk surface PPD for blocking AA access to the Pt substrate. This discovery impacts on the design of implantable biosensors where electrodeposited polymers, such as PPD, are commonly used as the permselective barrier to block electroactive interference by reducing agents present in the target medium. The undesirable "edge effect" was particularly marked for small disk electrodes which have a high edge density (ratio of PPD-insulation edge length to electrode area), but was essentially absent for cylinder electrodes with a length of >0.2 mm. Sample biosensors, with a configuration based on these findings (25 microm diameter Pt fiber cylinders) and designed for brain neurotransmitter L-glutamate, behaved well in vitro in terms of Glu sensitivity and AA blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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63
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Tian F, Gourine AV, Huckstepp RTR, Dale N. A microelectrode biosensor for real time monitoring of L-glutamate release. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 645:86-91. [PMID: 19481635 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an amperometric microbiosensor for real time monitoring L-glutamate release in neural tissue, based on enzymatic oxidation catalyzed by the L-glutamate oxidase. By means of a sol-gel coating method, L-glutamate oxidase was entrapped in a biocompatible gel layer that provided a benign environment and retained enzyme activity on the surface of Pt microelectrode. Prior to gel layer formation, a modification on the surface of Pt microelectrode with poly(phenylene diamine) enabled the microbiosensor screen majority of common potential interfering substances existing in physiological samples. The miniaturized biosensor achieved a steady state response to l-glutamate within 10 s and exhibited a linear dependence on the concentration of L-glutamate from 0.5 to 100 micromol L(-1) with a high sensitivity of 279.4 +/- 2.0 microA (mmol L(-1))(-1) cm(-2) (n = 4, R.S.D. = 2.8%). The microbiosensor also exhibited excellent long-term stability in dry storage. We have successfully used the microbiosensor for real time measuring of L-glutamate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Tian
- Warwick Biosensors Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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64
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Ballesta Claver J, Valencia Mirón MC, Capitán-Vallvey LF. Disposable electrochemiluminescent biosensor for lactate determination in saliva. Analyst 2009; 134:1423-32. [PMID: 19562211 DOI: 10.1039/b821922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemiluminescence-based disposable biosensor for lactate is characterized. The lactate recognition system is based on lactate oxidase (LOx) and the transduction system consists of luminol. All the needed reagents, luminol, LOx, BSA, electrolyte and buffer have been immobilized by a Methocel membrane placed on the working electrode of the screen-printed electrochemical cell. The measurement of the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is made possible via a photocounting head when 50 microl of sample is placed into the screen-printed cell with a circular container containing the disposable sensing membrane. The compositions of the membrane and reaction conditions have been optimized to obtain adequate sensitivity. The disposable biosensor responds to lactate after 20 s when two 1 s pulses at 0.5 V are applied to obtain the analytical parameter, the ECL initial rate. The linearized double logarithmic dependence for lactate shows a dynamic range from 10(-5) to 5 x 10(-4) M with a detection limit of 5 x 10(-6) M and a sensor-to-sensor repeatability, as relative standard deviation, RSD, of 3.30% at the medium level of the range. The ECL disposable biosensor was applied to the analysis of lactate in human saliva as an alternative procedure for obtaining the lactate level in a non-invasive way. Interferences coming from components of saliva were studied and eliminated in a simple way that was easy to handle. The procedure was validated for use in human saliva, comparing the results against an enzymatic reference procedure. The proposed method is quick, inexpensive, selective and sensitive and uses conventional ECL instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ballesta Claver
- Solid Phase Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Fuentenueva, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain
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65
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Justin G, Finley S, Abdur Rahman AR, Guiseppi-Elie A. Biomimetic hydrogels for biosensor implant biocompatibility: electrochemical characterization using micro-disc electrode arrays (MDEAs). Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11:103-15. [PMID: 18679800 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our interest is in the development of engineered microdevices for continuous remote monitoring of intramuscular lactate, glucose, pH and temperature during post-traumatic hemorrhaging. Two important design considerations in the development of such devices for in vivo diagnostics are discussed; the utility of micro-disc electrode arrays (MDEAs) for electrochemical biosensing and the application of biomimetic, bioactive poly(HEMA)-based hydrogel composites for implant biocompatibility. A poly(HEMA)-based hydrogel membrane containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) was UV cross-linked with tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate following application to MDEAs (50 mum discs) and to 250 mum diameter gold electrodes within 8-well culture ware. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the MDEAs revealed a reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient of ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid (FcCO(2)H), from 6.68 x 10(-5) to 6.74 x 10(-6) cm(2)/s for the uncoated and 6 mum thick hydrogel coated devices, respectively. Single frequency (4 kHz) temporal impedance measurements of the hydrogels in the 8-well culture ware showed a reversible 5% change in the absolute impedance of the hydrogels when exposed to a pH change between 6.1 to 7.2 and a 20% drop between pH 6.1 and 8.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusphyl Justin
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips (C3B), Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, 100 Technology Drive, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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66
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Rahman MM, Umar A, Sawada K. High-sensitive glutamate biosensor based on NADH at Lauth's violet/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite film on gold substrates. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:1511-6. [PMID: 19143491 DOI: 10.1021/jp809693z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive amperometric L-glutamate biosensor based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has been developed on Lauth's Violet (known as thionine)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Th-MWCNTs) composite film, which is used as a mediator and an enzyme immobilization matrix. The glutamate biosensor, which is fabricated by immobilizing glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) on the surface of Th-MWCNTs, displayed a precipitous response (ca. 3 s), a low detection limit (15.9 nM), a wide linear dynamic range (0.1 to 500 microM), and high sensitivity of 281.6 microAmM(-1) cm(-2), higher biological affinity, as well as good stability and repeatability. Interferences from other biological compounds were also studied for the fabricated sensor. The Th-MWCNTs system exemplifies a simple and efficient approach to the assimilation of GLDH and electrodes, which can provide analytical access to a large group of enzymes for wide range of bioelectrochemical applications in health care fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- Venture Business Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan.
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67
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Laiwattanapaisal W, Yakovleva J, Bengtsson M, Laurell T, Wiyakrutta S, Meevootisom V, Chailapakul O, Emnéus J. On-chip microfluidic systems for determination of L-glutamate based on enzymatic recycling of substrate. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2009; 3:14104. [PMID: 19693397 PMCID: PMC2717601 DOI: 10.1063/1.3098319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two microfluidic systems have been developed for specific analysis of L-glutamate in food based on substrate recycling fluorescence detection. L-glutamate dehydrogenase and a novel enzyme, D-phenylglycine aminotransferase, were covalently immobilized on (i) the surface of silicon microchips containing 32 porous flow channels of 235 mum depth and 25 mum width and (ii) polystyrene Poros beads with a particle size of 20 mum. The immobilized enzymes recycle L-glutamate by oxidation to 2-oxoglutarate followed by the transfer of an amino group from D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine to 2-oxoglutarate. The reaction was accompanied by reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to NADH, which was monitored by fluorescence detection (epsilon(ex)=340 nm, epsilon(em)=460 nm). First, the microchip-based system, L-glutamate was detected within a range of 3.1-50.0 mM. Second, to be automatically determined, sequential injection analysis (SIA) with the bead-based system was investigated. The bead-based system was evaluated by both flow injection analysis and SIA modes, where good reproducibility for L-glutamate calibrations was obtained (relative standard deviation of 3.3% and 6.6%, respectively). In the case of SIA, the beads were introduced and removed from the microchip automatically. The immobilized beads could be stored in a 20% glycerol and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution maintained at a pH of 7.0 using a phosphate buffer for at least 15 days with 72% of the activity remaining. The bead-based system demonstrated high selectivity, where L-glutamate recoveries were between 91% and 108% in the presence of six other L-amino acids tested.
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68
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Du P, Wu P, Cai C. A glucose biosensor based on electrocatalytic oxidation of NADPH at single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with poly(nile blue A). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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69
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Microsensors for in vivo Measurement of Glutamate in Brain Tissue. SENSORS 2008; 8:6860-6884. [PMID: 27873904 PMCID: PMC3787420 DOI: 10.3390/s8116860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several immobilized enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors for glutamate detection have been developed over the last decade. In this review, we compare first and second generation sensors. Structures, working mechanisms, interference prevention, in vitro detection characteristics and in vivo performance are summarized here for those sensors that have successfully detected brain glutamate in vivo. In brief, first generation sensors have a simpler structure and are faster in glutamate detection. They also show a better sensitivity to glutamate during calibration in vitro. For second generation sensors, besides their less precise detection, their fabrication is difficult to reproduce, even with a semi-automatic dip-coater. Both generations of sensors can detect glutamate levels in vivo, but the reported basal levels are different. In general, second generation sensors detect higher basal levels of glutamate compared with the results obtained from first generation sensors. However, whether the detected glutamate is indeed from synaptic sources is an issue that needs further attention.
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70
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Killoran SJ, O’Neill RD. Characterization of permselective coatings electrosynthesized on Pt–Ir from the three phenylenediamine isomers for biosensor applications. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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71
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Meng L, Wu P, Chen G, Cai C, Sun Y, Yuan Z. Low potential detection of glutamate based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at thionine/single-walled carbon nanotubes composite modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:1751-6. [PMID: 18945610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A glutamate biosensor based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which was generated by the enzymatic reaction, was developed via employing a single-walled carbon nanotubes/thionine (Th-SWNTs) nanocomposite as a mediator and an enzyme immobilization matrix. The biosensor, which was fabricated by immobilizing glutamate dehydrogenase (GlDH) on the surface of Th-SWNTs, exhibited a rapid response (ca. 5s), a low detection limit (0.1 microM), a wide and useful linear range (0.5-400 microM), high sensitivity (137.3+/-15.7) microA mM(-1)cm(-2), higher biological affinity, as well as good stability and repeatability. In addition, the common interfering species, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and 4-acetamidophenol, did not cause any interference due to the use of a low operating potential (190 mV vs. NHE). The biosensor can be used to quantify the concentration of glutamate in the physiological level. The Th-SWNTs system represents a simple and effective approach to the integration of dehydrogenase and electrodes, which can provide analytical access to a large group of enzymes for wide range of bioelectrochemical applications including biosensors and biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
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72
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Rothwell SA, Killoran SJ, Neville EM, Crotty AM, O’Neill RD. Poly(o-phenylenediamine) electrosynthesized in the absence of added background electrolyte provides a new permselectivity benchmark for biosensor applications. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Du P, Zhou B, Cai C. Development of an amperometric biosensor for glucose based on electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at the single-walled carbon nanotube/nile blue A nanocomposite modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Designing sensitive and selective polymer/enzyme composite biosensors for brain monitoring in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Frey O, van der Wal P, de Rooij N, Koudelka-Hep M. Development and Characterization of Choline and L-Glutamate Biosensor Integrated on Silicon Microprobes for In-Vivo Monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2007:6040-3. [DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen X, Yan X, Khor KA, Tay BK. Multilayer assembly of positively charged polyelectrolyte and negatively charged glucose oxidase on a 3D Nafion network for detecting glucose. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:3256-60. [PMID: 17314038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel amperometric glucose biosensor was constructed by alternative self-assembly of positively charged poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and negatively charged glucose oxidase (GOx) onto a 3D Nafion network via electrostatic adsorption. The amount of Nafion in the electrode and the number of the (PDDA/GOx)(n) multilayers were optimized to develop a sensitive and selective glucose biosensor. Under optimal conditions, the glucose biosensor with (PDDA/GOx)(5) multilayers exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity, capable of detecting glucose with enhanced sensitivity of 9.55 microA/mM cm(2) and a commendably low detection limit of 20 microM (S/N=3). A linear response range of 0.05-7 mM (a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9984, n=20) was achieved. In addition, the glucose biosensor demonstrated superior selectivity towards glucose over some interferents, such as ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA), at an optimized detection potential of 0.6 V versus Ag/AgCl reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Modifications of Poly(o-phenylenediamine) Permselective Layer on Pt-Ir for Biosensor Application in Neurochemical Monitoring. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schuvailo O, Gáspár S, Soldatkin A, Csöregi E. Ultramicrobiosensor for the Selective Detection of Glutamate. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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