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Wu DD, Song J, Bartel S, Krauss-Etschmann S, Rots MG, Hylkema MN. The potential for targeted rewriting of epigenetic marks in COPD as a new therapeutic approach. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 182:1-14. [PMID: 28830839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an age and smoking related progressive, pulmonary disorder presenting with poorly reversible airflow limitation as a result of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The prevalence, disease burden for the individual, and mortality of COPD continues to increase, whereas no effective treatment strategies are available. For many years now, a combination of bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory corticosteroids has been most widely used for therapeutic management of patients with persistent COPD. However, this approach has had disappointing results as a large number of COPD patients are corticosteroid resistant. In patients with COPD, there is emerging evidence showing aberrant expression of epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs in blood, sputum and lung tissue. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches may exist using epigenetic therapy. This review aims to describe and summarize current knowledge of aberrant expression of epigenetic marks in COPD. In addition, tools available for restoration of epigenetic marks are described, as well as delivery mechanisms of epigenetic editors to cells. Targeting epigenetic marks might be a very promising tool for treatment and lung regeneration in COPD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Juan Song
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands; Tianjin Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin, China
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Leibnitz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel and Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Airway Research Center North, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Leibnitz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel and Christian Albrechts University Kiel; Airway Research Center North, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Marianne G Rots
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhou W, Woodson M, Neupane B, Bai F, Sherman MB, Choi KH, Neelakanta G, Sultana H. Exosomes serve as novel modes of tick-borne flavivirus transmission from arthropod to human cells and facilitates dissemination of viral RNA and proteins to the vertebrate neuronal cells. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006764. [PMID: 29300779 PMCID: PMC5754134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular determinants and mechanisms of arthropod-borne flavivirus transmission to the vertebrate host are poorly understood. In this study, we show for the first time that a cell line from medically important arthropods, such as ticks, secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes that mediate transmission of flavivirus RNA and proteins to the human cells. Our study shows that tick-borne Langat virus (LGTV), a model pathogen closely related to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), profusely uses arthropod exosomes for transmission of viral RNA and proteins to the human- skin keratinocytes and blood endothelial cells. Cryo-electron microscopy showed the presence of purified arthropod/neuronal exosomes with the size range of 30 to 200 nm in diameter. Both positive and negative strands of LGTV RNA and viral envelope-protein were detected inside exosomes derived from arthropod, murine and human cells. Detection of Nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein in arthropod and neuronal exosomes further suggested that exosomes contain viral proteins. Viral RNA and proteins in exosomes derived from tick and mammalian cells were secured, highly infectious and replicative in all tested evaluations. Treatment with GW4869, a selective inhibitor that blocks exosome release affected LGTV loads in both arthropod and mammalian cell-derived exosomes. Transwell-migration assays showed that exosomes derived from infected-brain-microvascular endothelial cells (that constitute the blood-brain barrier) facilitated LGTV RNA and protein transmission, crossing of the barriers and infection of neuronal cells. Neuronal infection showed abundant loads of both tick-borne LGTV and mosquito-borne West Nile virus RNA in exosomes. Our data also suggest that exosome-mediated LGTV viral transmission is clathrin-dependent. Collectively, our results suggest that flaviviruses uses arthropod-derived exosomes as a novel means for viral RNA and protein transmission from the vector, and the vertebrate exosomes for dissemination within the host that may subsequently allow neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthropod Vectors/cytology
- Arthropod Vectors/ultrastructure
- Arthropod Vectors/virology
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Cerebral Cortex/ultrastructure
- Cerebral Cortex/virology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coculture Techniques
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Exosomes/ultrastructure
- Exosomes/virology
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Ixodes/cytology
- Ixodes/ultrastructure
- Ixodes/virology
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Keratinocytes/ultrastructure
- Keratinocytes/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Neurons/virology
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Michael Woodson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Biswas Neupane
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States of America
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kyung H. Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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53
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Hong X, Schouest B, Xu H. Effects of exosome on the activation of CD4+ T cells in rhesus macaques: a potential application for HIV latency reactivation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15611. [PMID: 29142313 PMCID: PMC5688118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by a wide variety of cell types, carry donor origin-proteins, cytokines, and nucleic acids, transport these cargos to adjacent or distant specific recipient cells, and thereby regulate gene expression and activation of target cells. In this study, we isolated and identified exosomes in rhesus macaques, and investigated their effects on cell tropism and activation, especially their potential to reactivate HIV latency. The results indicated that plasma-derived exosomes preferentially fuse to TCR-activated T cells and autologous parent cells. Importantly, the uptake of exosomes, derived from IL-2 stimulated CD4+ T cells, effectively promoted reactivation of resting CD4+ T-cell, as indicated by an increased viral transcription rate in these cells. These findings provide premise for the potential application of exosome in the reactivation of HIV latency, in combination its use as functional delivery vehicles with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
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54
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Maheshwari R, Tekade M, Gondaliya P, Kalia K, D'Emanuele A, Tekade RK. Recent advances in exosome-based nanovehicles as RNA interference therapeutic carriers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2653-2675. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics (siRNA, miRNA, etc.) represent an emerging medicinal remedy for a variety of ailments. However, their low serum stability and low cellular uptake significantly restrict their clinical applications. Exosomes are biologically derived nanodimensional vesicle ranging from a few nanometers to a hundred. In the last few years, several reports have been published demonstrating the emerging applications of these exogenous membrane vesicles, particularly in carrying different RNAi therapeutics to adjacent or distant targeted cells. In this report, we explored the numerous aspects of exosomes from structure to clinical implications with special emphasis on their application in delivering RNAi-based therapeutics. siRNA and miRNA have attracted great interest in recent years due to their specific application in treating many complex diseases including cancer. We highlight strategies to obviate the challenges of their low bioavailability for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Maheshwari
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Muktika Tekade
- TIT College of Pharmacy, Technocrats Institute of Technology Campus, Anand Nagar, Raisen Road, Bhopal 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Piyush Gondaliya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Antony D'Emanuele
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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55
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Zou Y, Zheng M, Yang W, Meng F, Miyata K, Kim HJ, Kataoka K, Zhong Z. Virus-Mimicking Chimaeric Polymersomes Boost Targeted Cancer siRNA Therapy In Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28961339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) offers a highly selective and effective pharmaceutical for various life-threatening diseases, including cancers. The clinical translation of siRNA is, however, challenged by its short plasma life, poor cell uptake, and cumbersome intracellular trafficking. Here, cNGQGEQc peptide-functionalized reversibly crosslinked chimaeric polymersomes (cNGQ/RCCPs) is shown to mediate high-efficiency targeted delivery of Polo-like kinase1 specific siRNA (siPLK1) to orthotopic human lung cancer in nude mice. Strikingly, siRNA is completely and tightly loaded into the aqueous lumen of the polymersomes at an unprecedentedly low N/P ratio of 0.45. cNGQ/RCCPs loaded with firefly luciferase specific siRNA (siGL3) or siPLK1 are efficiently taken up by α3 β1 -integrin-overexpressing A549 lung cancer cells and quickly release the payloads to the cytoplasm, inducing highly potent and sequence-specific gene silencing in vitro. The in vivo studies using nude mice bearing orthotopic A549 human lung tumors reveal that siPLK1-loaded cNGQ/RCCPs boost long circulation, superb tumor accumulation and selectivity, effective suppression of tumor growth, and significantly improved survival time. These virus-mimicking chimaeric polymersomes provide a robust and potent platform for targeted cancer siRNA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Weijing Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Policy Alternative Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Institute of Industry Promotion-Kawasaki, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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56
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Abstract
Virology is probably the most rapidly developing field within clinical laboratory medicine. Adequate diagnostic methods exist for the diagnostics of most acute viral infections. However, emergence of pathogenic viruses or virus strains and new disease associations of known viruses require the establishment of new diagnostic methods, sometimes very rapidly. In the field of chronic or persistent viral diseases, particularly those involving potential of malignant or fatal development, there is a constant need for improved differential diagnostics, monitoring, prognosis and risk assessment. Increasing understanding of disease pathogenesis also enables better patient management and personalized medicine, where companion diagnostics can offer precise and specific tools for individual care. Very often the new tools are offered by molecular diagnostic techniques, and this includes the detection of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small regulatory RNA molecules, which regulate the expression of their target genes. They are encoded both by viruses and their host, and both can target either viral or cellular gene expression. In this review the diagnostic possibilities offered by miRNA will be discussed. The focus will be on selected viral and human miRNAs in viral diseases, and examples of miRNAs of putative diagnostic potential will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, POB 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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57
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Baldari S, Di Rocco G, Piccoli M, Pozzobon M, Muraca M, Toietta G. Challenges and Strategies for Improving the Regenerative Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2087. [PMID: 28974046 PMCID: PMC5666769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have the potential to revolutionize current treatments for diseases with high prevalence and related economic and social burden. Unfortunately, clinical trials have made only modest improvements in restoring normal function to degenerating tissues. This limitation is due, at least in part, to the death of transplanted cells within a few hours after transplant due to a combination of mechanical, cellular, and host factors. In particular, mechanical stress during implantation, extracellular matrix loss upon delivery, nutrient and oxygen deprivation at the recipient site, and host inflammatory response are detrimental factors limiting long-term transplanted cell survival. The beneficial effect of cell therapy for regenerative medicine ultimately depends on the number of administered cells reaching the target tissue, their viability, and their promotion of tissue regeneration. Therefore, strategies aiming at improving viable cell engraftment are crucial for regenerative medicine. Here we review the major factors that hamper successful cell engraftment and the strategies that have been studied to enhance the beneficial effects of cell therapy. Moreover, we provide a perspective on whether mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicle delivery, as a cell-free regenerative approach, may circumvent current cell therapy limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baldari
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research "Città della Speranza", corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova 35127, Italy.
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
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58
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Qin Y, Zhang C. Endothelial progenitor cell‑derived extracellular vesicle‑meditated cell‑to‑cell communication regulates the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7018-7024. [PMID: 28901383 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a promising treatment strategy to increase bone regeneration. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are commonly used to promote vessel formation and osteoblastic differentiation in tissue engineering. Previous studies have demonstrated that EPCs regulate both proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Understanding this mechanism is critical to developing more effective treatments. The role of extracellular vesicles in cell‑to‑cell communication has attracted substantial attention. These small vesicles deliver proteins, DNA, and RNA and consequently regulate the commitment, function, and differentiation of target cells. In the present study, EPC‑derived extracellular vesicles (EPC‑EVs were isolated using gradient ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration and the influence of EPC‑EVs on BMSC osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation was examined in vitro. The results indicated that EPC‑EVs regulate the osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs by inhibiting the expression of osteogenic genes and increasing proliferation in vitro. It is suggested that the results regarding the role of EPC‑EVs will provide a novel way to explain the crosstalk between EPCs and BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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59
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Abstract
During the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, have emerged as important players in cell-to-cell communication in normal physiology and pathological conditions. EVs encapsulate and convey various bioactive molecules that are further transmitted to neighboring or more distant cells, where they induce various signaling cascades. The message delivered to the target cells is dependent on EV composition, which, in turn, is determined by the cell of origin and the surrounding microenvironment during EV biogenesis. Among their multifaceted role in the modulation of biological responses, the involvement of EVs in vascular development, growth, and maturation has been widely documented and their potential therapeutic application in regenerative medicine or angiogenesis-related diseases is drawing increasing interest. EVs derived from various cell types have the potential to deliver complex information to endothelial cells and to induce either pro- or antiangiogenic signaling. As dynamic systems, in response to changes in the microenvironment, EVs adapt their cargo composition to fine-tune the process of blood vessel formation. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of microvesicles and exosomes from various cellular origins in angiogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms, and discusses the main challenges and prerequisites for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyana Todorova
- From the Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, VRCM, UMR_S 1076, Marseille, France (D.T., S.S., R.L., F.S., F.D.-G.); APHM, CHU de la Conception, Service d'Hématologie, Marseille, France (R.L., F.D.-G.); and APHM, CHU de la Conception, Laboratoire de Culture et Thérapie Cellulaire, INSERM, UMR_S 1076, CBT1409, Marseille, France (F.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Simoncini
- From the Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, VRCM, UMR_S 1076, Marseille, France (D.T., S.S., R.L., F.S., F.D.-G.); APHM, CHU de la Conception, Service d'Hématologie, Marseille, France (R.L., F.D.-G.); and APHM, CHU de la Conception, Laboratoire de Culture et Thérapie Cellulaire, INSERM, UMR_S 1076, CBT1409, Marseille, France (F.S.)
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- From the Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, VRCM, UMR_S 1076, Marseille, France (D.T., S.S., R.L., F.S., F.D.-G.); APHM, CHU de la Conception, Service d'Hématologie, Marseille, France (R.L., F.D.-G.); and APHM, CHU de la Conception, Laboratoire de Culture et Thérapie Cellulaire, INSERM, UMR_S 1076, CBT1409, Marseille, France (F.S.)
| | - Florence Sabatier
- From the Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, VRCM, UMR_S 1076, Marseille, France (D.T., S.S., R.L., F.S., F.D.-G.); APHM, CHU de la Conception, Service d'Hématologie, Marseille, France (R.L., F.D.-G.); and APHM, CHU de la Conception, Laboratoire de Culture et Thérapie Cellulaire, INSERM, UMR_S 1076, CBT1409, Marseille, France (F.S.).
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- From the Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, VRCM, UMR_S 1076, Marseille, France (D.T., S.S., R.L., F.S., F.D.-G.); APHM, CHU de la Conception, Service d'Hématologie, Marseille, France (R.L., F.D.-G.); and APHM, CHU de la Conception, Laboratoire de Culture et Thérapie Cellulaire, INSERM, UMR_S 1076, CBT1409, Marseille, France (F.S.)
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60
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Freskgård PO, Urich E. Antibody therapies in CNS diseases. Neuropharmacology 2017; 120:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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61
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Bone-derived exosomes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 34:64-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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62
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Gilligan KE, Dwyer RM. Engineering Exosomes for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061122. [PMID: 28538671 PMCID: PMC5485946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There remains an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies to treat metastatic cancer, which results in over 8 million deaths annually worldwide. Following secretion, exosomes are naturally taken up by cells, and capable of the stable transfer of drugs, therapeutic microRNAs and proteins. As knowledge of the biogenesis, release and uptake of exosomes continues to evolve, and thus also has interest in these extracellular vesicles as potential tumor-targeted vehicles for cancer therapy. The ability to engineer exosome content and migratory itinerary holds tremendous promise. Studies to date have employed viral and non-viral methods to engineer the parent cells to secrete modified exosomes, or alternatively, to directly manipulate exosome content following secretion. The majority of studies have demonstrated promising results, with decreased tumor cell invasion, migration and proliferation, along with enhanced immune response, cell death, and sensitivity to chemotherapy observed. The studies outlined in this review highlight the exciting potential for exosomes as therapeutic vehicles for cancer treatment. Successful implementation in the clinical setting will be dependent upon establishment of rigorous standards for exosome manipulation, isolation, and characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Gilligan
- Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway H91 YR71, Ireland.
| | - Róisín M Dwyer
- Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway H91 YR71, Ireland.
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63
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Hough KP, Chanda D, Duncan SR, Thannickal VJ, Deshane JS. Exosomes in immunoregulation of chronic lung diseases. Allergy 2017; 72:534-544. [PMID: 27859351 DOI: 10.1111/all.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-bound vesicles released from cells that transport cargo including DNA, RNA, and proteins, between cells as a form of intercellular communication. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, exosomes are beginning to be appreciated as agents of immunoregulation that can modulate antigen presentation, immune activation, suppression, and surveillance. This article summarizes how these multifaceted functions of exosomes may promote development and/or progression of chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. The potential of exosomes as a novel therapeutic is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Hough
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - D. Chanda
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - S. R. Duncan
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - V. J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - J. S. Deshane
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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64
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Wang Y, Chen X, Tian B, Liu J, Yang L, Zeng L, Chen T, Hong A, Wang X. Nucleolin-targeted Extracellular Vesicles as a Versatile Platform for Biologics Delivery to Breast Cancer. Theranostics 2017; 7:1360-1372. [PMID: 28435471 PMCID: PMC5399599 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNA)/microRNAs (miRNA) have promising therapeutic potential, yet their clinical application has been hampered by the lack of appropriate delivery systems. Herein, we employed extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a targeted delivery system for small RNAs. EVs are cell-derived small vesicles that participate in cell-to-cell communication for protein and RNA delivery. We used the aptamer AS1411-modified EVs for targeted delivery of siRNA/microRNA to breast cancer tissues. Tumor targeting was facilitated via AS1411 binding to nucleolin, which is highly expressed on the surface membrane of breast cancer cells. This delivery vesicle targeted let-7 miRNA delivery to MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro as confirmed with fluorescent microscopic imaging and flow cytometry. Also, intravenously delivered AS1411-EVs loaded with miRNA let-7 labeled with the fluorescent marker, Cy5, selectively targeted tumor tissues in tumor-bearing mice and inhibited tumor growth. Importantly, the modified EVs were well tolerated and showed no evidence of nonspecific side effects or immune response. Thus, the RNAi nanoplatform is versatile and can deliver siRNA or miRNA to breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that the AS1411-EVs have a great potential as drug delivery vehicles to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafan Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lilan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianfen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - An Hong
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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65
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Mateescu B, Kowal EJK, van Balkom BWM, Bartel S, Bhattacharyya SN, Buzás EI, Buck AH, de Candia P, Chow FWN, Das S, Driedonks TAP, Fernández-Messina L, Haderk F, Hill AF, Jones JC, Van Keuren-Jensen KR, Lai CP, Lässer C, Liegro ID, Lunavat TR, Lorenowicz MJ, Maas SLN, Mäger I, Mittelbrunn M, Momma S, Mukherjee K, Nawaz M, Pegtel DM, Pfaffl MW, Schiffelers RM, Tahara H, Théry C, Tosar JP, Wauben MHM, Witwer KW, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Obstacles and opportunities in the functional analysis of extracellular vesicle RNA - an ISEV position paper. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1286095. [PMID: 28326170 PMCID: PMC5345583 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1286095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of RNA-containing extracellular vesicles (EV) into the extracellular milieu has been demonstrated in a multitude of different in vitro cell systems and in a variety of body fluids. RNA-containing EV are in the limelight for their capacity to communicate genetically encoded messages to other cells, their suitability as candidate biomarkers for diseases, and their use as therapeutic agents. Although EV-RNA has attracted enormous interest from basic researchers, clinicians, and industry, we currently have limited knowledge on which mechanisms drive and regulate RNA incorporation into EV and on how RNA-encoded messages affect signalling processes in EV-targeted cells. Moreover, EV-RNA research faces various technical challenges, such as standardisation of EV isolation methods, optimisation of methodologies to isolate and characterise minute quantities of RNA found in EV, and development of approaches to demonstrate functional transfer of EV-RNA in vivo. These topics were discussed at the 2015 EV-RNA workshop of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. This position paper was written by the participants of the workshop not only to give an overview of the current state of knowledge in the field, but also to clarify that our incomplete knowledge – of the nature of EV(-RNA)s and of how to effectively and reliably study them – currently prohibits the implementation of gold standards in EV-RNA research. In addition, this paper creates awareness of possibilities and limitations of currently used strategies to investigate EV-RNA and calls for caution in interpretation of the obtained data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Mateescu
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zürich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Emma J K Kowal
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Experimental Asthma Research, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Borstel , Germany
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- Department of Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata , India
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Franklin W N Chow
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Tom A P Driedonks
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | | | - Franziska Haderk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Molecular Immunogenetics & Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | | | - Charles P Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Italia di Liegro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht & Regenerative Medicine Center , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Sybren L N Maas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Mittelbrunn
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - Stefan Momma
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata , India
| | - Muhammed Nawaz
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Exosomes Research Group, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM) Weihenstephan , Freising , Germany
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Laboratory Clinical Chemistry & Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932 , Paris , France
| | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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66
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Shahabipour F, Barati N, Johnston TP, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Sahebkar A. Exosomes: Nanoparticulate tools for RNA interference and drug delivery. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1660-1668. [PMID: 28063231 PMCID: PMC7166392 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring extracellular vesicles released by most mammalian cells in all body fluids. Exosomes are known as key mediators in cell‐cell communication and facilitate the transfer of genetic and biochemical information between distant cells. Structurally, exosomes are composed of lipids, proteins, and also several types of RNAs which enable these vesicles to serve as important disease biomarkers. Moreover, exosomes have emerged as novel drug and gene delivery tools owing to their multiple advantages over conventional delivery systems. Recently, increasing attention has been focused on exosomes for the delivery of drugs, including therapeutic recombinant proteins, to various target tissues. Exosomes are also promising vehicles for the delivery of microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, which is usually hampered by rapid degradation of these RNAs, as well as inefficient tissue specificity of currently available delivery strategies. This review highlights the most recent accomplishments and trends in the use of exosomes for the delivery of drugs and therapeutic RNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nastaran Barati
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Giuseppe Derosa
- Center for the Study of Endocrine-Metabolic Pathophysiology and Clinical Research, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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67
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Inoue T, Hmwe SS, Shimada N, Kato K, Ide T, Torimura T, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Tsubota A, Takaguchi K, Wakita T, Tanaka Y. Clinical Significance of Two Real-Time PCR Assays for Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Receiving Protease Inhibitor-Based Therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170667. [PMID: 28118381 PMCID: PMC5261727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of two hepatitis C virus (HCV) real-time PCR assays, the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV test (CAP/CTM) and the Abbott RealTime HCV test (ART), for predicting the clinical outcomes of patients infected with HCV who received telaprevir (TVR)-based triple therapy or daclatasvir/asunaprevir (DCV/ASV) dual therapy. The rapid virological response rates in patients receiving TVR-based triple therapy were 92% (23/25) and 40% (10/25) for CAP/CTM and ART, respectively. The false omission rate (FOR) of ART was 93.3% (14/15), indicating that CAP/CTM could accurately predict clinical outcome in the early phase. In an independent examination of 20 patients receiving TVR-based triple therapy who developed viral breakthrough or relapse, the times to HCV disappearance by ART were longer than by CAP/CTM, whereas the times to HCV reappearance were similar. In an independent experiment of WHO standard HCV RNA serially diluted in serum containing TVR, the analytical sensitivities of CAP/CTM and ART were similar. However, cell cultures transfected with HCV and grown in medium containing TVR demonstrated that ART detected HCV RNA for a longer time than CAP/CTM. Similar results were found for 42 patients receiving DCV/ASV dual therapy. The FOR of ART was 73.3% (11/15) at week 8 after initiation of therapy, indicating that ART at week 8 could not accurately predict the clinical outcome. In conclusion, although CAP/CTM and ART detected HCV RNA with comparable analytical sensitivity, CAP/CTM might be preferable for predicting the clinical outcomes of patients receiving protease inhibitor-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Inoue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Su Su Hmwe
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritomo Shimada
- Ootakanomori Hospital, Kashiwa, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shin-Matsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Keizo Kato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shin-Matsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ide
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Akihito Tsubota
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichi Takaguchi
- Department of Hepatology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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68
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Somiya M, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Drug delivery application of extracellular vesicles; insight into production, drug loading, targeting, and pharmacokinetics. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2017.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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69
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Recent advances in the design, development, and targeting mechanisms of polymeric micelles for delivery of siRNA in cancer therapy. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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70
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Zhang K, Dong H, Dai W, Meng X, Lu H, Wu T, Zhang X. Fabricating Pt/Sn–In2O3 Nanoflower with Advanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance for High-Sensitivity MicroRNA Electrochemical Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 89:648-655. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Dai
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdan Meng
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huiting Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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71
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Shahabipour F, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Exosomes as nanocarriers for siRNA delivery: paradigms and challenges. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:1324-1326. [PMID: 27904525 PMCID: PMC5108394 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.62911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that facilitate intercellular communications through carrying genetic materials and functional biomolecules. Owing to their unique size and structure, exosomes have emerged as a useful tool to overcome the limitations of siRNA delivery. The use of exosomes as siRNA delivery vehicles lacks certain disadvantages of the existing foreign delivery systems such as viruses, polycationic polymers and liposomes, and introduces several advantages including inherent capacity to pass through biological barriers and escape from phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system, as well as being biocompatible, non-toxic, and immunologically inert. Different strategies have been employed to harness exosome-based delivery systems, including surface modification with targeting ligands, and using exosome-display technology, virus-modified exosomes, and exosome-mimetic vesicles. The present review provides a capsule summary of the recent advances and current challenges in the field of exosome-mediated siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Shahabipour
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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72
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Towards Therapeutic Delivery of Extracellular Vesicles: Strategies for In Vivo Tracking and Biodistribution Analysis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5029619. [PMID: 27994623 PMCID: PMC5141304 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5029619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as microvesicles and exosomes, are membranous structures containing bioactive material released by several cells types, including mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Increasing lines of evidences point to EVs as paracrine mediators of the beneficial effects on tissue remodeling associated with cell therapy. Administration of MSCs-derived EVs has therefore the potential to open new and safer therapeutic avenues, alternative to cell-based approaches, for degenerative diseases. However, an enhanced knowledge about in vivo EVs trafficking upon delivery is required before effective clinical translation. Only a few studies have focused on the biodistribution analysis of exogenously administered MSCs-derived EVs. Nevertheless, current strategies for in vivo tracking in animal models have provided valuable insights on the biodistribution upon systemic delivery of EVs isolated from several cellular sources, indicating in liver, spleen, and lungs the preferential target organs. Different strategies for targeting EVs to specific tissues to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and reduce possible off-target effects have been investigated. Here, in the context of a possible clinical application of MSC-derived EVs for tissue regeneration, we review the existing strategies for in vivo tracking and targeting of EVs isolated from different cellular sources and the studies elucidating the biodistribution of exogenously administered EVs.
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73
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Slivac I, Guay D, Mangion M, Champeil J, Gaillet B. Non-viral nucleic acid delivery methods. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:105-118. [PMID: 27740858 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1248941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delivery of nucleic acid-based molecules in human cells is a highly studied approach for the treatment of several disorders including monogenic diseases and cancers. Non-viral vectors for DNA and RNA transfer, although in general less efficient than virus-based systems, are particularly well adapted mostly due to the absence of biosafety concerns. Non-viral methods could be classified in two main groups: physical and vector-assisted delivery systems. Both groups comprise several different methods, none of them universally applicable. The choice of the optimal method depends on the predefined objectives and the features of targeted micro-environment. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss non-viral techniques and present recent therapeutic achievements in ex vivo and in vivo nucleic acid delivery by most commonly used techniques while emphasizing the role of 'biological particles', namely peptide transduction domains, virus like particles, gesicles and exosomes. Expert opinion: The number of available non-viral transfection techniques used for human therapy increased rapidly, followed by still moderate success in efficacy. The prospects are to be found in design of multifunctional hybrid systems that reflect the viral efficiency. In this respect, biological particles are very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Slivac
- a Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - David Guay
- b Feldan Therapeutics, Rideau , Quebec , Canada
| | - Mathias Mangion
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Juliette Champeil
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
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74
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Gill KS, Fernandes P, O'Donovan TR, McKenna SL, Doddakula KK, Power DG, Soden DM, Forde PF. Glycolysis inhibition as a cancer treatment and its role in an anti-tumour immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:87-105. [PMID: 27373814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased glycolysis is the main source of energy supply in cancer cells that use this metabolic pathway for ATP generation. Altered energy metabolism is a biochemical fingerprint of cancer cells that represents one of the "hallmarks of cancer". The immune system can prevent tumour growth by eliminating cancer cells but this editing process ultimately results in poorly immunogenic cells remaining allowing for unchallenged tumour growth. In this review we look at the glycolysis pathway as a target for cancer treatments. We also examine the interplay between the glycolysis modulation and the immune response as an anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheshwant S Gill
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philana Fernandes
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tracey R O'Donovan
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L McKenna
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Derek G Power
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Medical Oncology, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Cork, Ireland
| | - Declan M Soden
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick F Forde
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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75
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Kooijmans SAA, Schiffelers RM, Zarovni N, Vago R. Modulation of tissue tropism and biological activity of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles: New nanotools for cancer treatment. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:487-500. [PMID: 27394168 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally secreted nanovesicles that have recently aroused a great interest in the scientific and clinical community for their roles in intercellular communication in almost all physiological and pathological processes. These 30-100nm sized vesicles are released from the cells into the extracellular space and ultimately into biofluids in a tightly regulated way. Their molecular composition reflects their cells of origin, may confer specific cell or tissue tropism and underlines their biological activity. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry specific sets of proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA and regulatory RNAs), lipids and metabolites that represent an appealing source of novel noninvasive markers through biofluid biopsies. Exosome-shuttled molecules maintain their biological activity and are capable of modulating and reprogramming recipient cells. This multi-faceted nature of exosomes hold great promise for improving cancer treatment featuring them as novel diagnostic sensors as well as therapeutic effectors and drug delivery vectors. Natural biological activity including the therapeutic payload and targeting behavior of EVs can be tuned via genetic and chemical engineering. In this review we describe the properties that EVs share with conventional synthetic nanoparticles, including size, liposome-like membrane bilayer with customizable surface, and multifunctional capacity. We also highlight unique characteristics of EVs, which possibly allow them to circumvent some limitations of synthetic nanoparticle systems and facilitate clinical translation. The latter are in particular correlated with their innate stability, ability to cross biological barriers, efficiently deliver bioactive cargos or evade immune recognition. Furthermore, we discuss the potential roles for EVs in diagnostics and theranostics, and highlight the challenges that still need to be overcome before EVs can be applied to routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A A Kooijmans
- Dept. Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Dept. Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natasa Zarovni
- HansaBioMed OU Tallinn, Estonia and Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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76
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Chu H, Kohane DS, Langer R. RNA therapeutics - The potential treatment for myocardial infarction. Regen Ther 2016; 4:83-91. [PMID: 31245491 PMCID: PMC6581817 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA therapeutics mainly control gene expression at the transcript level. In contrast to conventional gene therapy which solely increases production of a protein, delivered RNAs can enhance, reduce or abolish synthesis of a particular protein, which control its relevant activities in a more diverse fashion. Thus, they hold promise to treat many human diseases including myocardial infarction (MI). MI is a serious health burden that causes substantial morbidity and mortality. An unmet clinical need for treating MI is the recovery of cardiac function, which requires regeneration of the functional tissues including the vasculature, nerves, and myocardium. Several classes of RNA therapeutics have been investigated in preclinical MI models, and the results have demonstrated their benefits and encourage their future development. In this review, we summarize the common RNA therapeutic approaches and highlight their application in MI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunghao Chu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Daniel S. Kohane
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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77
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van Dongen HM, Masoumi N, Witwer KW, Pegtel DM. Extracellular Vesicles Exploit Viral Entry Routes for Cargo Delivery. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:369-86. [PMID: 26935137 PMCID: PMC4867369 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00063-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication, being involved in a wide array of key biological processes. Eukaryotic cells, and also bacteria, actively release heterogeneous subtypes of EVs into the extracellular space, where their contents reflect their (sub)cellular origin and the physiologic state of the parent cell. Within the past 20 years, presumed subtypes of EVs have been given a rather confusing diversity of names, including exosomes, microvesicles, ectosomes, microparticles, virosomes, virus-like particles, and oncosomes, and these names are variously defined by biogenesis, physical characteristics, or function. The latter category, functions, in particular the transmission of biological signals between cells in vivo and how EVs control biological processes, has garnered much interest. EVs have pathophysiological properties in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious disease, and cardiovascular disease, highlighting possibilities not only for minimally invasive diagnostic applications but also for therapeutic interventions, like macromolecular drug delivery. Yet, in order to pursue therapies involving EVs and delivering their cargo, a better grasp of EV targeting is needed. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning EV uptake by receptor-ligand interactions with recipient cells, highlighting once again the overlap of EVs and viruses. Despite their highly heterogeneous nature, EVs require common viral entry pathways, and an unanticipated specificity for cargo delivery is being revealed. We discuss the challenges ahead in delineating specific roles for EV-associated ligands and cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M van Dongen
- Department of Pathology, Exosomes Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niala Masoumi
- Department of Pathology, Exosomes Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Exosomes Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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78
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Exosome: A Novel Approach to Stimulate Bone Regeneration through Regulation of Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050712. [PMID: 27213355 PMCID: PMC4881534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical need for effective bone regeneration therapy remains in huge demands. However, the current "gold standard" treatments of autologous and allogeneic bone grafts may result in various complications. Furthermore, safety considerations of biomaterials and cell-based treatment require further clarification. Therefore, developing new therapies with stronger osteogenic potential and a lower incidence of complications is worthwhile. Recently, exosomes, small vesicles of endocytic origin, have attracted attention in bone regeneration field. The vesicles travel between cells and deliver functional cargoes, such as proteins and RNAs, thereby regulating targeted cells differentiation, commitment, function, and proliferation. Much evidence has demonstrated the important roles of exosomes in osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize the properties, origins and biogenesis of exosomes, and the recent reports using exosomes to regulate osteogenesis and promote bone regeneration.
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79
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Zhou Y, Zhou G, Tian C, Jiang W, Jin L, Zhang C, Chen X. Exosome-mediated small RNA delivery for gene therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:758-771. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS); School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Geyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS); School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Chenfei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS); School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Waner Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS); School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS); School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS); School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS); School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University; Nanjing China
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80
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Integrated nanotechnology platform for tumor-targeted multimodal imaging and therapeutic cargo release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1877-82. [PMID: 26839407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525796113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge of targeted molecular imaging and drug delivery in cancer is establishing a functional combination of ligand-directed cargo with a triggered release system. Here we develop a hydrogel-based nanotechnology platform that integrates tumor targeting, photon-to-heat conversion, and triggered drug delivery within a single nanostructure to enable multimodal imaging and controlled release of therapeutic cargo. In proof-of-concept experiments, we show a broad range of ligand peptide-based applications with phage particles, heat-sensitive liposomes, or mesoporous silica nanoparticles that self-assemble into a hydrogel for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Because nanoparticles pack densely within the nanocarrier, their surface plasmon resonance shifts to near-infrared, thereby enabling a laser-mediated photothermal mechanism of cargo release. We demonstrate both noninvasive imaging and targeted drug delivery in preclinical mouse models of breast and prostate cancer. Finally, we applied mathematical modeling to predict and confirm tumor targeting and drug delivery. These results are meaningful steps toward the design and initial translation of an enabling nanotechnology platform with potential for broad clinical applications.
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Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound, intercellular communication shuttles that are defined by their endocytic origin and size range of 30–140 nm. Secreted by nearly all mammalian cell types and present in myriad bodily fluids, exosomes confer messages between cells, proximal and distal, by transporting biofunctional cargo in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They play a vital role in cellular signaling in both normal physiology and disease states, particularly cancer. Exosomes are powerful progenitors in altering target cell phenotypes, particularly in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, with the ability to alter tumor microenvironments and to assist in establishing the pre-metastatic niche. Many aspects of exosomes present them as novel means to identify cancer biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targets, and using intrinsic and engineered characteristics of exosomes as therapeutic devices to ameliorate the progression of the disease. This review outlines some of the recent and major findings with regard to exosomes in cancer, and their utilization as therapeutic tools.
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82
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Exosomes and Their Role in the Life Cycle and Pathogenesis of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:3204-25. [PMID: 26102580 PMCID: PMC4488737 DOI: 10.3390/v7062770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles actively released into the extracellular space, whose content reflect the physiological/pathological state of the cells they originate from. These vesicles participate in cell-to-cell communication and transfer of biologically active proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Their role in viral infections is just beginning to be appreciated. RNA viruses are an important class of pathogens and affect millions of people worldwide. Recent studies on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and Dengue Virus (DENV) have demonstrated that exosomes released from infected cells harbor and deliver many regulatory factors including viral RNA and proteins, viral and cellular miRNA, and other host functional genetic elements to neighboring cells, helping to establish productive infections and modulating cellular responses. Exosomes can either spread or limit an infection depending on the type of pathogen and target cells, and can be exploited as candidates for development of antiviral or vaccine treatments. This review summarizes recent progress made in understanding the role of exosomes in RNA virus infections with an emphasis on their potential contribution to pathogenesis.
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83
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Pegtel DM, Peferoen L, Amor S. Extracellular vesicles as modulators of cell-to-cell communication in the healthy and diseased brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0516. [PMID: 25135977 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis relies heavily on effective cell-to-cell communication. In the central nervous system (CNS), probably more so than in other organs, such communication is crucial to support and protect neurons especially during ageing, as well as to control inflammation, remove debris and infectious agents. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) including endosome-derived exosomes and fragments of the cellular plasma membrane play a key role in intercellular communication by transporting messenger RNA, microRNA (miRNA) and proteins. In neurodegenerative diseases, secreted vesicles not only remove misfolded proteins, but also transfer aggregated proteins and prions and are thus thought to perpetuate diseases by 'infecting' neighbouring cells with these pathogenic proteins. Conversely, in other CNS disorders signals from stressed cells may help control inflammation and inhibit degeneration. EVs may also reflect the status of the CNS and are present in the cerebrospinal fluid indicating that exosomes may act as biomarkers of disease. That extracellular RNA and in particular miRNA, can be transferred by EV also indicates that these vesicles could be used as carriers to specifically target the CNS to deliver immune modulatory drugs, neuroprotective agents and anti-cancer drugs. Here, we discuss the recent evidence indicating the potential role of exosomes in neurological disorders and how knowledge of their biology may enable a Trojan-horse approach to deliver drugs into the CNS and treat neurodegenerative and other disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Pegtel
- Exosomes Research Group, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Peferoen
- Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Amor
- Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
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84
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Long X, Zhang Z, Han S, Tang M, Zhou J, Zhang J, Xue Z, Li Y, Zhang R, Deng L, Dong A. Structural mediation on polycation nanoparticles by sulfadiazine to enhance DNA transfection efficiency and reduce toxicity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7542-7551. [PMID: 25801088 DOI: 10.1021/am508847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the toxicity while maintaining high transfection efficiency is an important issue for cationic polymers as gene carriers in clinical application. In this paper, a new zwitterionic copolymer, polycaprolactone-g-poly(dimethylaminoethyl methyacrylate-co-sulfadiazine methacrylate) (PC-SDZ) with unique pH-sensitivity, was designed and prepared. The incorporation of sulfadiazine into poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) chains successfully mediates the surface properties including compacter shell structure, lower density of positive charges, stronger proton buffer capability, and enhanced hydrophobicity, which lead to reduction in toxicity and enhancements in stability, cellular uptake, endosome escape, and transfection efficiency for the PC-SDZ2 nanoparticles (NPs)/DNA complexes. Excellent transfection efficiency at the optimal N/P ratio of 10 was observed for PC-SDZ2 NPs/DNA complexes, which was higher than that of the commercial reagent-branched polyethylenimine (PEI). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by CCK8 measurement, and the results showed significant reduction in cytotoxicity even at high concentration of complexes after sulfadiazine modification. Therefore, this work may demonstrate a new way of structural mediation of cationic polymer carriers for gene delivery with high efficiency and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Long
- †Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- ∥Research Center of Basic Medical Science and Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shangcong Han
- †Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Minjie Tang
- †Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- †Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- †Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- ∥Research Center of Basic Medical Science and Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yan Li
- ∥Research Center of Basic Medical Science and Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- ∥Research Center of Basic Medical Science and Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Liandong Deng
- †Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Anjie Dong
- †Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- §Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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Smith JA, Leonardi T, Huang B, Iraci N, Vega B, Pluchino S. Extracellular vesicles and their synthetic analogues in aging and age-associated brain diseases. Biogerontology 2015; 16:147-85. [PMID: 24973266 PMCID: PMC4578234 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms rely upon diverse and complex intercellular communications networks for a myriad of physiological processes. Disruption of these processes is implicated in the onset and propagation of disease and disorder, including the mechanisms of senescence at both cellular and organismal levels. In recent years, secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as a particularly novel vector by which cell-to-cell communications are enacted. EVs actively and specifically traffic bioactive proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites between cells at local and systemic levels, modulating cellular responses in a bidirectional manner under both homeostatic and pathological conditions. EVs are being implicated not only in the generic aging process, but also as vehicles of pathology in a number of age-related diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative and disease. Thus, circulating EVs-or specific EV cargoes-are being utilised as putative biomarkers of disease. On the other hand, EVs, as targeted intercellular shuttles of multipotent bioactive payloads, have demonstrated promising therapeutic properties, which can potentially be modulated and enhanced through cellular engineering. Furthermore, there is considerable interest in employing nanomedicinal approaches to mimic the putative therapeutic properties of EVs by employing synthetic analogues for targeted drug delivery. Herein we describe what is known about the origin and nature of EVs and subsequently review their putative roles in biology and medicine (including the use of synthetic EV analogues), with a particular focus on their role in aging and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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Yang G, Yang L, Wang W, Wang J, Wang J, Xu Z. Discovery and validation of extracellular/circulating microRNAs during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis disease progression. Gene 2015; 562:138-44. [PMID: 25725128 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology that is currently untreatable. In this study we aim to characterize the potential of extracellular/circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in serum as biomarkers for IPF. METHODS Total serum RNAs were isolated from serum from healthy control subjects (n=12), rapid progressive (n=12) and slowly progressive IPF patients (n=12). Serum RNA was analyzed by using TaqMan microRNA assays containing probes for 366 human miRNAs, and selected findings were validated with quantitative RT-PCR. Target prediction and pathway analysis on the significant differential miRNAs were performed using DIANA-mirPath. RESULTS We found 47 significantly differentially expressed serum miRNAs (p<0.05) in rapid progressive or slowly progressive IPF patients compared to healthy controls, including 21 up-regulated miRNAs and 26 down-regulated miRNAs. Bioinformatic analysis by DIANA-mirPath demonstrated that 53 KEGG biological processes were significantly enriched (p < 0.05, FDR corrected) among differentially expressed serum miRNAs, including TGF-beta signaling pathway (p < 0.0001), MAPK signaling pathway (p < 0.0001), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (p < 0.0001), Wnt signaling pathway (p < 0.0001), HIF-1 signaling pathway (p < 0.0001), Regulation of actin cytoskeleton (p < 0.0001), Jak-STAT signaling pathway (p < 0.0001), Notch signaling pathway (p < 0.0001), and Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (p = 0.0062). We further validated six miRNAs (miR-21, miR-199a-5p, miR-200c, miR-31, let-7a, and let-7d) for further validation using an independent cohort of 20 rapid progressive IPF, 24 slowly progressive IPF patients and 20 healthy controls. In agreement with the preliminary data from miRNA assay, miR-21, miR-199a-5p, and miR-200c were significantly increased in serums of IPF patients while miR-31, let-7a, and let-7d were significantly under expressed in serums of IPF patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that extracellular/circulating miRNAs in serum could be potentially served as novel regulators influencing disease progression of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Oncology Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wendong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiashun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Zhongping Xu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis 63110, MO, USA.
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87
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Chen Y, Gao DY, Huang L. In vivo delivery of miRNAs for cancer therapy: challenges and strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:128-41. [PMID: 24859533 PMCID: PMC5009470 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, can regulate post-transcriptional gene expressions and silence a broad set of target genes. miRNAs, aberrantly expressed in cancer cells, play an important role in modulating gene expressions, thereby regulating downstream signaling pathways and affecting cancer formation and progression. Oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes regulated by miRNAs mediate cell cycle progression, metabolism, cell death, angiogenesis, metastasis and immunosuppression in cancer. Recently, miRNAs have emerged as therapeutic targets or tools and biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy monitoring in cancer. Since miRNAs can regulate multiple cancer-related genes simultaneously, using miRNAs as a therapeutic approach plays an important role in cancer therapy. However, one of the major challenges of miRNA-based cancer therapy is to achieve specific, efficient and safe systemic delivery of therapeutic miRNAs in vivo. This review discusses the key challenges to the development of the carriers for miRNA-based therapy and explores current strategies to systemically deliver miRNAs to cancer without induction of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Dong-Yu Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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88
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Cheng G. Circulating miRNAs: roles in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 81:75-93. [PMID: 25220354 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate numerous biological processes by targeting a broad set of messenger RNAs. Recently, miRNAs have been detected in remarkably stable forms in many types of body fluids. A comparison between cancer patients and healthy individuals has clearly shown that certain types of circulating miRNAs are associated with cancer initiation and progression. Research on miRNA-based biomarkers has witnessed phenomenal growth, owing to the non-invasive nature of miRNA-based screening assays and their sensitivity and specificity in detecting cancers. Consequently, a considerable effort has been devoted to identify suitable miRNAs for cancer diagnosis and also decode the information carried by circulating miRNAs. This review highlights the current studies that focus on the identification of circulating miRNA-based diagnostic and prognostic markers, for the most prevalent types of cancer. Additionally, the review also provides an insight into the putative functions of miRNAs, and attempts to delineate the mechanisms through which they are released into the bloodstream. Moreover, methodologies and strategies for identification of circulating miRNAs in cancers are summarized. Finally, potential strategies for circulating miRNA-based cancer therapies are proposed.
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Ma HC, Shi XL, Ding YT. Synergistic effect of IL-1β siRNA combined with mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of acute liver failure in mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:4547-4558. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i30.4547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct an adenovirus vector expressing interleukin (IL)-1β siRNA and assess the synergistic effect of treatment with this vector and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in acute liver failure (ALF) in mice.
METHODS: An adenovirus vector expressing IL-1β siRNA was constructed and its interference ability for IL-1β was tested in vitro by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). qPCR assay was employed to determine the optimal dose and timing of administration of IL-1β siRNA. The immunogenicity of adenovirus vector was also detected. Bone marrow MSCs were obtained from Balb/c mice and transfected with GFP by lentivirus. ALF was induced in mice by intraperitoneal infusion of 20% (v/v) CCl4 dissolved in olive oil at a dose of 8 μL/g. One hundred mice were divided randomly into five groups: a normal control group (n = 20), an ALF group (n = 20), an ALF + IL-1β siRNA group (n = 20), an ALF + MSCs group (n = 20), and an ALF + IL-1β siRNA + MSCs group (n = 20). At different time points after intervention, the mice were sacrificed with an overdose of isoflurane. Liver function, serum levels of inflammatory factors, histopathology, apoptosis and proliferation of hepatocytes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels were detected. GFP-positive cells in liver tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy.
RESULTS: MSCs obtained from Balb/c mice were positive for CD44, CD90 and CD29, and negative for CD45. In vitro, IL-1β siRNA could suppress IL-1β secretion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. In vivo, qPCR assay showed that 1 × 108 pfu was the optimal dose and 36 h after infusion was the optimal time point. Serum interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6 levels exhibited no significant changes after administration of a null adenovirus vector. Compared with the ALF + MSCs group, the levels of CXCL1, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) significantly changed in the ALF + IL-1β siRNA + MSCs group, but there was no significant difference between the ALF + IL-1β siRNA + MSCs group and ALF + IL-1β siRNA group. Interestingly, the ALF + IL-1β siRNA + MSCs group had better hepatocyte proliferation and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis compared with other groups. Meanwhile, the ALF + IL-1β siRNA + MSCs group secreted more VEGF and HGF than the other groups. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the number of surviving MSCs in the ALF + IL-1β siRNA + MSCs group was significantly more than that in the ALF + MSCs group.
CONCLUSION: IL-1β siRNA could inhibit the inflammatory response in ALF and enhance the ability of MSCs to promote tissue repair and regeneration by increasing the survival rate of MSCs. Therefore, combination of IL-1β siRNA with MSCs has a better hepatoprotective effect.
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Koppers-Lalic D, Hackenberg M, Bijnsdorp IV, van Eijndhoven MAJ, Sadek P, Sie D, Zini N, Middeldorp JM, Ylstra B, de Menezes RX, Würdinger T, Meijer GA, Pegtel DM. Nontemplated nucleotide additions distinguish the small RNA composition in cells from exosomes. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1649-1658. [PMID: 25242326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional biomolecules, including small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), are released and transmitted between mammalian cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs), including endosome-derived exosomes. The small RNA composition in cells differs from exosomes, but underlying mechanisms have not been established. We generated small RNA profiles by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from a panel of human B cells and their secreted exosomes. A comprehensive bioinformatics and statistical analysis revealed nonrandomly distributed subsets of microRNA (miRNA) species between B cells and exosomes. Unexpectedly, 3' end adenylated miRNAs are relatively enriched in cells, whereas 3' end uridylated isoforms appear overrepresented in exosomes, as validated in naturally occurring EVs isolated from human urine samples. Collectively, our findings suggest that posttranscriptional modifications, notably 3' end adenylation and uridylation, exert opposing effects that may contribute, at least in part, to direct ncRNA sorting into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Koppers-Lalic
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Exosomes Research Group, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Michael Hackenberg
- Department of Genetics, Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique A J van Eijndhoven
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Exosomes Research Group, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Payman Sadek
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Exosomes Research Group, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daud Sie
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, IGM, and SC Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, IOR, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renee X de Menezes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Würdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology Research Group, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Exosomes Research Group, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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91
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Wang M, Cheng Y. The effect of fluorination on the transfection efficacy of surface-engineered dendrimers. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6603-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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92
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van Balkom BWM, van Doorn J, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Verhaar MC. The potential of exosomes in diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:497-504. [PMID: 24509975 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, have gained much attention as potent mediators of intercellular signaling. Exosomes are 50-130 nm intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVB) that are secreted into the extracellular environment upon fusion of MVB with the plasma membrane. Current research on exosomes focuses on their biogenesis, including specific sorting mechanisms, their potential to transfer proteins and RNA from their cells of origin to target cells, specific methods of vesicle isolation, and their possible application as diagnostic and therapeutic devices. Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin that contain a portion of the cytoplasm. Their molecular components represent the composition and thereby the physiological state of the cells from which they originate. In this review, we recapitulate the discovery of exosomes and the subsequent expansion of exosome research into a variety of different areas of interest, with a specific focus on how exosomes could prove to be invaluable for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications within the research field of inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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93
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Extracellular RNA mediates and marks cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 28:14-23. [PMID: 24783980 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Different types of RNAs identified thus far represent a diverse group of macromolecules that are involved in the regulation of different biological processes. RNA is generally thought to be localized primarily in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, some types of RNA have been detected in the extracellular milieu. These extracellular RNA (exRNA) molecules are protected from degradation and it is now widely accepted that extracellular vesicles and ribonucleoprotein particles serve as transport vehicles for exRNA among cells. The functional consequence of this transfer of genetic information probably encompasses a broad range of normal developmental and physiologic processes in many organisms. This review will focus on the role of exRNA communication in cancer. We will focus on different types of RNA species identified and characterized within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Further, we will describe the role of exRNAs in cancer progression, as well as their potential for use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for monitoring and treating cancer, respectively.
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94
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Molecular biomarkers of cancer stem/progenitor cells associated with progression, metastases, and treatment resistance of aggressive cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:234-54. [PMID: 24273063 PMCID: PMC3977531 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The validation of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in tumor cells is of critical importance for optimizing the choice and efficacy of personalized therapies. Importantly, recent advances have led to the identification of gene-expression signatures in cancer cells, including cancer stem/progenitor cells, in the primary tumors, exosomes, circulating tumor cells (CTC), and disseminated cancer cells at distant metastatic sites. The gene-expression signatures may help to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and predict the therapeutic responses and overall survival of patients with cancer. Potential biomarkers in cancer cells include stem cell-like markers [CD133, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD44, and CD24], growth factors, and their cognate receptors [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), EGFRvIII, and HER2], molecules associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT; vimentin, N-cadherin, snail, twist, and Zeb1), regulators of altered metabolism (phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase/Akt/mTOR), and drug resistance (multidrug transporters and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1). Moreover, different pluripotency-associated transcription factors (Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2, and Myc) and microRNAs that are involved in the epigenetic reprogramming and acquisition of stem cell-like properties by cancer cells during cancer progression may also be exploited as molecular biomarkers to predict the risk of metastases, systemic treatment resistance, and disease relapse of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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95
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Skorupska E, Jeziorna A, Kazmierski S, Potrzebowski MJ. Recent progress in solid-state NMR studies of drugs confined within drug delivery systems. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2014; 57-58:2-16. [PMID: 24398051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the application of solid-state NMR (SS NMR) spectroscopy in structural studies of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) embedded in different drug carriers is detailed. This article is divided into sections. The first part reports short characterization of the nanoparticles and microparticles that can be used as drug delivery systems (DDSs). The second part shows the applicability of SS NMR to study non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In this section, problems related to API-DDS interactions, morphology, local molecular dynamics, nature of inter- or intramolecular connections, and pore filling are reviewed for different drug carriers (e.g. mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), cyclodextrins, polymeric matrices and others). The third and fourth sections detail the recent applications of SS NMR for searching for antibiotics and anticancer drugs confined in zeolites, MSNs, amorphous calcium phosphate and other carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skorupska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Jeziorna
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kazmierski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek J Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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96
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Shtam TA, Kovalev RA, Varfolomeeva EY, Makarov EM, Kil YV, Filatov MV. Exosomes are natural carriers of exogenous siRNA to human cells in vitro. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:88. [PMID: 24245560 PMCID: PMC3895799 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles of endocytic origin that are involved in cell-to-cell communication including shuttle RNA, mainly mRNA and microRNA. As exosomes naturally carry RNA between cells, these particles might be useful in gene cancer therapy to deliver therapeutic short interfering RNA (siRNA) to the target cells. Despite the promise of RNA interference (RNAi) for use in therapy, several technical obstacles must be overcome. Exogenous siRNA is prone to degradation, has a limited ability to cross cell membranes and may induce an immune response. Naturally occurring RNA carriers, such as exosomes, might provide an untapped source of effective delivery strategies. RESULTS This study demonstrates that exosomes can deliver siRNA to recipient cells in vitro. The different strategies were used to introduce siRNAs into human exosomes of various origins. The delivery of fluorescently labeled siRNA via exosomes to cells was confirmed using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Two different siRNAs against RAD51 and RAD52 were used to transfect into the exosomes for therapeutic delivery into target cells. The exosome-delivered siRNAs were effective at causing post-transcriptional gene silencing in recipient cells. Moreover, the exosome-delivered siRNA against RAD51 was functional and caused the massive reproductive cell death of recipient cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The results strongly suggest that exosomes effectively delivered the siRNA into the target cells. The therapeutic potential of exosome-mediated siRNA delivery was demonstrated in vitro by the strong knockdown of RAD51, a prospective therapeutic target for cancer cells. The results give an additional evidence of the ability to use human exosomes as vectors in cancer therapy, including RNAi-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Shtam
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, SFBI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Roman A Kovalev
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, SFBI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Varfolomeeva
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, SFBI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Evgeny M Makarov
- School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Yury V Kil
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, SFBI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
- Department of Biophysics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Michael V Filatov
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, SFBI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
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97
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Cancer cell exosomes depend on cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans for their internalization and functional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17380-5. [PMID: 24101524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304266110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated intercellular transfer of signaling proteins and nucleic acids has recently been implicated in the development of cancer and other pathological conditions; however, the mechanism of EV uptake and how this may be targeted remain as important questions. Here, we provide evidence that heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (PGs; HSPGs) function as internalizing receptors of cancer cell-derived EVs with exosome-like characteristics. Internalized exosomes colocalized with cell-surface HSPGs of the syndecan and glypican type, and exosome uptake was specifically inhibited by free HS chains, whereas closely related chondroitin sulfate had no effect. By using several cell mutants, we provide genetic evidence of a receptor function of HSPG in exosome uptake, which was dependent on intact HS, specifically on the 2-O and N-sulfation groups. Further, enzymatic depletion of cell-surface HSPG or pharmacological inhibition of endogenous PG biosynthesis by xyloside significantly attenuated exosome uptake. We provide biochemical evidence that HSPGs are sorted to and associate with exosomes; however, exosome-associated HSPGs appear to have no direct role in exosome internalization. On a functional level, exosome-induced ERK1/2 signaling activation was attenuated in PG-deficient mutant cells as well as in WT cells treated with xyloside. Importantly, exosome-mediated stimulation of cancer cell migration was significantly reduced in PG-deficient mutant cells, or by treatment of WT cells with heparin or xyloside. We conclude that cancer cell-derived exosomes use HSPGs for their internalization and functional activity, which significantly extends the emerging role of HSPGs as key receptors of macromolecular cargo.
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98
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Ahmed W, Khan G. The labyrinth of interactions of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs. Rev Med Virol 2013; 24:3-14. [PMID: 24105992 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human malignancies. However, the mechanism by which EBV leads to malignant transformation is not clear. A number of viral latent gene products, including non-protein coding small RNAs, are believed to be involved. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA 1 (EBER1) and EBER2 are two such RNA molecules that are abundantly expressed (up to 10(7) copies) in all EBV-infected cells, but their function remains poorly understood. These polymerase III transcripts have extensive secondary structure and exist as ribonucleoproteins. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that EBERs play an important role, directly or indirectly, in EBV-induced oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the complex interactions of EBERs with various cellular factors and the potential pathways by which these small RNAs are able to influence EBV-infected cells to proliferate and to induce tumorigenesis. The exosome pathway is probably involved in the cellular excretion of EBERs and facilitating some of their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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99
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Svensson KJ, Christianson HC, Wittrup A, Bourseau-Guilmain E, Lindqvist E, Svensson LM, Mörgelin M, Belting M. Exosome uptake depends on ERK1/2-heat shock protein 27 signaling and lipid Raft-mediated endocytosis negatively regulated by caveolin-1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17713-24. [PMID: 23653359 PMCID: PMC3682571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of exosomes in cancer can be inferred from the observation that they transfer tumor cell derived genetic material and signaling proteins, resulting in e.g. increased tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. However, the membrane transport mechanisms and the signaling events involved in the uptake of these virus-like particles remain ill-defined. We now report that internalization of exosomes derived from glioblastoma (GBM) cells involves nonclassical, lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. Importantly, we show that the lipid raft-associated protein caveolin-1 (CAV1), in analogy with its previously described role in virus uptake, negatively regulates the uptake of exosomes. We find that exosomes induce the phosphorylation of several downstream targets known to associate with lipid rafts as signaling and sorting platforms, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). Interestingly, exosome uptake appears dependent on unperturbed ERK1/2-HSP27 signaling, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation is under negative influence by CAV1 during internalization of exosomes. These findings significantly advance our general understanding of exosome-mediated uptake and offer potential strategies for how this pathway may be targeted through modulation of CAV1 expression and ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin J Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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100
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Araldi E, Krämer-Albers EM, Hoen EN', Peinado H, Psonka-Antonczyk KM, Rao P, van Niel G, Yáñez-Mó M, Nazarenko I. International Society for Extracellular Vesicles: first annual meeting, April 17-21, 2012: ISEV-2012. J Extracell Vesicles 2012; 1:19995. [PMID: 26082071 PMCID: PMC3760652 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v1i0.19995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular micro- and nano-scale membrane vesicles produced by different cells are recognised as an essential entity of physiological fluids in a variety of organisms and function as mediators of intercellular communication employed for the regulation of multiple systemic and local processes. In the last decade, an exponential amount of experimental work was dedicated to exploring the biogenesis and secretion mechanisms, physiological and pathological functions and potential applications of the extracellular vesicles (EVs). Noteworthy is the large heterogeneity of in vitro and in vivo models applied, technical approaches developed in these studies and the diversity of designations assigned to different or similar types of EVs. Hence, there is a clear necessity for a uniform nomenclature and standardisation of methods to isolate and characterise these vesicles. In April 2012, the first meeting of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) took place bringing together this exponentially grown scientific community. The University of Gothenburg (Krefting Research Centre) together with the Interim Board of the Society created in September 2011 (Jan Lötvall, Clotilde Théry, Xandra Breakefield, Marca Wauben, Yong Song Gho, Lawrence Rajendran, Graça Raposo, Douglas Taylor, Margareta Sjöstrand and Esbjörn Telemo) organised this fantastic event that counted 488 registered and contributing participants. This meeting report provides a retrospective summary of the broad spectrum of ISEV-2012 sessions. Again, we emphasise novel findings, discussions and decisions met by the community during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Araldi
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Esther Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hector Peinado
- Departments of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | | | - Pooja Rao
- Laboratory for Aging and Cognitive Diseases, European Neuroscience Institute, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany;
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