51
|
Singh G, Lowe A, Azeem A, Cheng S, Chan HK, Walenga R, Kourmatzis A. Effect of inflow conditioning for dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121085. [PMID: 34508843 PMCID: PMC8720028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transport of pharmaceutical dry powder inside an optically accessible inhaler-like device is studied using both macro- and microscopic high-speed imaging. The investigation aims to systematically study the effect of inflow modifications on the dispersion characteristics of agglomerates inside a dry powder inhaler (DPI) geometry. An inhaler device was designed with geometrical features akin to commercial inhalers used in the current market and research oriented inhalers such as the Twincer®: two offset inlet channels (one with a powder pocket), a clockwise swirling chamber and a single outlet channel. At the device outlet, a vacuum pump was fitted with an actuator and calibrated to achieve a steady state inhalation with a peak flowrate of 85 and 125 L/min. Airflow conditions at the intake of the device were strategically perturbed in order to induce powder fluidisation and dispersion using turbulence grids and through physically obstructing channel streams in order to achieve changes in flow behaviour (e.g., flow separation). Complete fluidisation of the powder bed was observed with image processing enabling statistics on de-agglomerated fragment size and velocity. A range of behaviour was noted including local turbulence through introduction of a grid, bimodal fragment size behaviour for cohesive mannitol powder, as well as introduction of low velocity zones in the device through flow splitting. The geometry enables simple systematic study of inflow conditions into a DPI-like device with the data being useful for study of a given powder formulation (mannitol) and validation of computational models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Albyn Lowe
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Athiya Azeem
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ross Walenga
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Agisilaos Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lin L, Chi J, Yan Y, Luo R, Feng X, Zheng Y, Xian D, Li X, Quan G, Liu D, Wu C, Lu C, Pan X. Membrane-disruptive peptides/peptidomimetics-based therapeutics: Promising systems to combat bacteria and cancer in the drug-resistant era. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2609-2644. [PMID: 34589385 PMCID: PMC8463292 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-disruptive peptides/peptidomimetics (MDPs) are antimicrobials or anticarcinogens that present a general killing mechanism through the physical disruption of cell membranes, in contrast to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, which act on precise targets such as DNA or specific enzymes. Owing to their rapid action, broad-spectrum activity, and mechanisms of action that potentially hinder the development of resistance, MDPs have been increasingly considered as future therapeutics in the drug-resistant era. Recently, growing experimental evidence has demonstrated that MDPs can also be utilized as adjuvants to enhance the therapeutic effects of other agents. In this review, we evaluate the literature around the broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and anticancer activity of MDPs, and summarize the current development and mechanisms of MDPs alone or in combination with other agents. Notably, this review highlights recent advances in the design of various MDP-based drug delivery systems that can improve the therapeutic effect of MDPs, minimize side effects, and promote the co-delivery of multiple chemotherapeutics, for more efficient antimicrobial and anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiaying Chi
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yilang Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Rui Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Dongyi Xian
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xin Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guilan Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daojun Liu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Liao Q, Yuan S, Cao J, Tang K, Qiu Y, Seow HC, Man RC, Shao Z, Huang Y, Liang R, Chan JF, Yuen K, Lam JK. Inhaled Dry Powder Formulation of Tamibarotene, a Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral against Respiratory Viruses Including SARS‐CoV‐2 and Influenza Virus. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong 21 Sassoon Road Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Carol Yu Centre for Infection Department of Microbiology LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jianli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Carol Yu Centre for Infection Department of Microbiology LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Kaiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Carol Yu Centre for Infection Department of Microbiology LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yingshan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong 21 Sassoon Road Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Han Cong Seow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong 21 Sassoon Road Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Rico Chi‐Hang Man
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong 21 Sassoon Road Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Zitong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong 21 Sassoon Road Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yaoqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Carol Yu Centre for Infection Department of Microbiology LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ronghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Carol Yu Centre for Infection Department of Microbiology LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jasper Fuk‐Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Carol Yu Centre for Infection Department of Microbiology LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control The University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518053 China
- Hainan Medical University‐The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Kwok‐Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Carol Yu Centre for Infection Department of Microbiology LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control The University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518053 China
- Hainan Medical University‐The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases Hainan Medical University Haikou Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Jenny Ka‐Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong 21 Sassoon Road Pokfulam Hong Kong SAR China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Hong Kong Science Park Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Abstract
Spray drying is a versatile technology that has been applied widely in the chemical, food, and, most recently, pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on engineering advances and the most significant applications of spray drying for pharmaceuticals. An in-depth view of the process and its use is provided for amorphous solid dispersions, a major, growing drug-delivery approach. Enhanced understanding of the relationship of spray-drying process parameters to final product quality attributes has made robust product development possible to address a wide range of pharmaceutical problem statements. Formulation and process optimization have leveraged the knowledge gained as the technology has matured, enabling improved process development from early feasibility screening through commercial applications. Spray drying's use for approved small-molecule oral products is highlighted, as are emerging applications specific to delivery of biologics and non-oral delivery of dry powders. Based on the changing landscape of the industry, significant future opportunities exist for pharmaceutical spray drying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Baumann
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| | - Molly S Adam
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| | - Joel D Wood
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Coupled CFD-DEM model for dry powder inhalers simulation: Validation and sensitivity analysis for the main model parameters. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
56
|
Ke WR, Kwok PCL, Khanal D, Chang RYK, Chan HK. Co-spray dried hydrophobic drug formulations with crystalline lactose for inhalation aerosol delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120608. [PMID: 33862136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spray drying is a rapid method for converting a liquid feed into dried particles for inhalation aerosols. Lactose is a major inhalation excipient used in spray-dried (SD) formulations. However, SD powders produced from solutions are usually amorphous hence unstable to moisture. This problem can potentially be minimized by spray drying a suspension (instead of solution) containing crystalline lactose particles and dissolved drugs. In the present study, the suspension formulation containing dissolved budesonide (BUD) or rifampicin (RIF) and suspended lactose crystals in isopropanol alcohol (IPA) were produced. For comparison, powders were also produced from solution formulations containing the same proportions of drug and lactose dissolved in 50:50 IPA/water as controls. These SD powders were stored at 25 °C/60% RH and 40 °C/75% RH for six months. The particulate properties and in vitro dispersion performance were examined at various storage time points. All powders obtained from spray drying of solutions recrystallized after one week of storage at 25 °C/60% RH. In contrast, SD BUD-lactose obtained from suspension did not change until after three-months of storage when the particle size increased gradually with morphology change and yet the crystallinity remained the same as determined by X-ray powder diffraction. For the SD RIF-lactose obtained from suspension, both particulate properties and in vitro powder dispersion performance showed no significant difference before and after storage at both storage conditions. To conclude, this is the first study to show that SD powder formulations obtained from suspensions containing lactose crystals demonstrated superior storage stability performance, which is desirable for inhaled powders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Ke
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Surface modification strategies for high-dose dry powder inhalers. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
58
|
Dorosz A, Urbankowski T, Zieliński K, Michnikowski M, Krenke R, Moskal A. Inhalation Profiles Through a Dry Powder Inhaler: Relation Between Inhalation Technique and Spirometric Measures. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2021; 34:346-357. [PMID: 33877899 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2020.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The understanding of the real flow profiles through a dry powder inhaler (DPI), generated by asthma patients, is a prerequisite for satisfactory drug delivery to the lungs. The aims of the study were to assess the relationship between spirometric measures and inhalation profiles through a low-resistance DPI, and to compare parameters of those profiles between optimal and suboptimal inhalation technique type. Methods: Both healthy adult volunteers and patients with asthma were included in the study. Spirometry was conducted along with modified flow-volume test to detect expiratory levels (maximum "100%" exhalation to residual volume [RV] and halfway "50%" to RV). These were the reference levels of the depth of exhalation for each patient to simulate the effect of incomplete exhalation. Individual inhalation profiles were recorded using spirometry in-house software as the volumetric airflow through the inhaler versus time. Inspiratory flow parameters were extracted: time to peak inspiratory flow through inhaler (PIFinh), time at which peak inspiratory flow occurs (tPIFinh), total inhalation time (T), and inhaled volume during maneuver (V). Results and Conclusions: There are significant relationships between spirometric indices and parameters of inhalation through a low-resistance, cyclohaler-type DPI (assessed by single-factor analysis of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient). Multiple regression models were constructed, predicting inspiratory flow parameters (including spirometric indices, demographic parameters, and inhaler's usage history as determinants). The exhalation halfway to RV before inhalation did not affect significantly PIFinh and tPIFinh (and, thus, initial flow dynamics) in asthma patients. T and V parameters were then significantly decreased, but seemed sufficient for successful DPI performance. Both exhalation to RV and incomplete exhalation halfway to RV preceding inhalation allow for effective usage of low-resistance DPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Dorosz
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Urbankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zieliński
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Michnikowski
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Krenke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Moskal
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Boc S, Momin MAM, Farkas DR, Longest W, Hindle M. Performance of Low Air Volume Dry Powder Inhalers (LV-DPI) when Aerosolizing Excipient Enhanced Growth (EEG) Surfactant Powder Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:135. [PMID: 33860378 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of dry powder aerosols dispersed with low volumes of air is challenging. This study aims to develop an efficient dry powder inhaler (DPI) capable of delivering spray-dried Survanta-EEG powders (3-10 mg) with a low volume (3 mL) of dispersion air. A series of iterative design modifications were made to a base low air volume actuated DPI. The modifications included the replacement of the original capsule chamber with an integral dose containment chamber, alteration of the entrainment air flow path through the device (from single-sided (SS) to straight through (ST)), change in the number of air inlet holes (from one to three), varying the outlet delivery tube length (45, 55, and 90 mm) and internal diameter (0.60, 0.89, and 1.17 mm). The modified devices were evaluated by determining the influence of the modifications and powder fill mass on aerosol performance of spray-dried Survanta-EEG powders. The optimal DPI was also evaluated for its ability to aerosolize a micronized powder. The optimized dose containment unit DPI had a 0.21 mL powder chamber, ST airflow path, three-0.60 mm air inlet holes, and 90 mm outlet delivery tube with 0.89 mm internal diameter. The powder dispersion characteristics of the optimal device were independent of fill mass with good powder emptying in one 3 mL actuation. At 10 mg fill mass, this device had an emitted mass of 5.3 mg with an aerosol Dv50 of 2.7 μm. After three 3 mL actuations, >85% of the spray-dried powder was emitted from the device. The emitted mass of the optimal device with micronized albuterol sulfate was >72% of the nominal fill mass of 10 mg in one 3 mL actuation. Design optimization produced a DPI capable of efficient performance with a dispersion air volume of 3 mL to aerosolize Survanta-EEG powders.
Collapse
|
60
|
Ke WR, Chang RYK, Kwok PCL, Tang P, Chen L, Chen D, Chan HK. Administration of dry powders during respiratory supports. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:596. [PMID: 33987294 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled drugs are routinely used for the treatment of respiratory-supported patients. To date, pressurized metered dose inhalers and nebulizers are the two platforms routinely employed in the clinical setting. The scarce utilization of the dry powder inhaler (DPI) platform is partly due to the lack of in vivo data that proves optimal delivery and drug efficacy are achievable. Additionally, fitting a DPI in-line to the respiratory circuit is not as straightforward as with the other aerosol delivery platforms. Importantly, there is a common misconception that the warm and humidified inspiratory air in respiratory supports, even for a short exposure, will deteriorate powder formulation compromising its delivery and efficacy. However, some recent studies have dispelled this myth, showing successful delivery of dry powders through the humidified circuit of respiratory supports. Compared with other aerosol delivery devices, the use of DPIs during respiratory supports possesses unique advantages such as rapid delivery and high dose. In this review, we presented in vitro studies showing various setups employing commercial DPIs and effects of ventilator parameters on the aerosol delivery. Inclusion of novel DPIs was also made to illustrate characteristics of an ideal inhaler that would give high lung dose with low powder deposition loss in tracheal tubes and respiratory circuits. Clinical trials are urgently needed to confirm the benefits of administration of dry powders in ventilated patients, thus enabling translation of powder delivery into practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Ke
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Tang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lan Chen
- Hangzhou Chance Pharmaceuticals, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghao Chen
- Hangzhou Chance Pharmaceuticals, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Keyhan shokouh M, Faghihi H, Darabi M, Mirmoeini M, Vatanara A. Formulation and evaluation of inhalable microparticles of Rizatriptan Benzoate processed by spray freeze-drying. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
62
|
Pinto JT, Cachola I, F. Pinto J, Paudel A. Understanding Carrier Performance in Low-Dose Dry Powder Inhalation: An In Vitro -In Silico Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030297. [PMID: 33668317 PMCID: PMC8025906 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to support drug product development has become increasingly popular. The in vitro characterization of the materials of the formulation provides valuable descriptors for the in silico prediction of the drug’s pharmacokinetic profile. Thus, the application of an in vitro–in silico framework can be decisive towards the prediction of the in vivo performance of a new medicine. By applying such an approach, this work aimed to derive mechanistic based insights into the potential impact of carrier particles and powder bulk properties on the in vivo performance of a lactose-based dry powder inhaler (DPI). For this, a PBPK model was developed using salbutamol sulphate (SS) as a model drug and the in vitro performance of its low-dose blends (2% w/w) with different types of lactose particles was investigated using different DPI types (capsule versus reservoir) at distinct airflows. Likewise, the influence of various carrier’s particle and bulk properties, device type and airflow were investigated in silico. Results showed that for the capsule-based device, low-dose blends of SS had a better performance, when smaller carrier particles (Dv0.5 ≈ 50 μm) with about 10% of fines were used. This resulted in a better predicted bioavailability of the drug for all the tested airflows. For the reservoir type DPI, the mean particle size (Dv0.5) was identified as the critical parameter impacting performance. Shear cell and air permeability or compressibility measurements, particle size distribution by pressure titration and the tensile strength of the selected lactose carrier powders were found useful to generate descriptors that could anticipate the potential in vivo performance of the tested DPI blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana T. Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: (J.T.P.); (A.P.); Tel.: +43-316-873-30975 (J.T.P.); +43-316-873-30912 (A.P.)
| | - Inês Cachola
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - João F. Pinto
- iMed.ULisboa–Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.T.P.); (A.P.); Tel.: +43-316-873-30975 (J.T.P.); +43-316-873-30912 (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Benque B, Khinast JG. Estimating inter-patient variability of dispersion in dry powder inhalers using CFD-DEM simulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105574. [PMID: 32980431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery from a capsule-based dry powder inhaler depends on the inhaler's design, the drug's formulation, and the inhalation maneuver. The latter affects both the air flow and the capsule motion in the inhaler. It is well known that patient-to-patient variability is a major challenge in the design of new inhaler types. Modeling and simulation are important tools for understanding such systems, yet quite complex. Simulation studies of capsule-based dry powder inhalers have disregarded the transient nature of the inhalation process, adopting a constant flow rate through the inhaler instead. In addition, either no capsules, a capsule in a fixed position, or a capsule rotating at a constant rate have been considered. In this work, literature data for three inhalation flow profiles were incorporated into coupled simulations of the air flow and carrier particle motion through an Aerolizer® dry powder inhaler with a rotating capsule and compared to simulations at constant air flow rates. The results for the profile simulations indicated that the carrier powder experienced larger velocity fluctuations. Acceleration events were tracked as a measure of collision- and flow-induced dispersion. The majority of fast particle accelerations occurred when the particles collided with the swirl chamber walls. Of the two common particle dispersion metrics, only the peak particle force distribution appeared to be sensitive to the inhalation profiles, while the effect of the profiles on the cumulative impulse was small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Benque
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Aziz S, Scherlieβ R, Steckel H. Development of High Dose Oseltamivir Phosphate Dry Powder for Inhalation Therapy in Viral Pneumonia. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1154. [PMID: 33261071 PMCID: PMC7760073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir phosphate (OP) is an antiviral drug available only as oral therapy for the treatment of influenza and as a potential treatment option when in combination with other medication in the fight against the corona virus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia. In this study, OP was formulated as a dry powder for inhalation, which allows drug targeting to the site of action and potentially reduces the dose, aiming a more efficient therapy. Binary formulations were based on micronized excipient particles acting like diluents, which were blended with the drug OP. Different excipient types, excipient ratios, and excipient size distributions were prepared and examined. To investigate the feasibility of delivering high doses of OP in a single dose, 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1 drug/diluent blending ratios have been prepared. Subsequently, the aerosolization performance was evaluated for all prepared formulations by cascade impaction using a novel medium-resistance capsule-based inhaler (UNI-Haler). Formulations with micronized trehalose showed relatively excellent aerosolization performance with highest fine-particle doses in comparison to examined lactose, mannitol, and glucose under similar conditions. Focusing on the trehalose-based dry-powder inhalers' (DPIs) formulations, a physicochemical characterization of extra micronized grade trehalose in relation to the achieved performance in dispersing OP was performed. Additionally, an early indication of inhaled OP safety on lung cells was noted by the viability MTT assay utilizing Calu-3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahir Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Regina Scherlieβ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Horváth A, Farkas Á, Szipőcs A, Tomisa G, Szalai Z, Gálffy G. Numerical simulation of the effect of inhalation parameters, gender, age and disease severity on the lung deposition of dry powder aerosol drugs emitted by Turbuhaler®, Breezhaler® and Genuair® in COPD patients. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 154:105508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
66
|
Sou T, Soukarieh F, Williams P, Stocks MJ, Cámara M, Bergström CAS. Model-Informed Drug Discovery and Development in Pulmonary Delivery: Biopharmaceutical Pharmacometric Modeling for Formulation Evaluation of Pulmonary Suspensions. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25733-25746. [PMID: 33073099 PMCID: PMC7557213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For respiratory conditions, targeted drug delivery to the lungs could produce higher local concentrations with reduced risk of adverse events compared to systemic administration. Despite the increasing interest in pulmonary delivery, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs following pulmonary administration remains to be elucidated. In this context, the application of modeling and simulation methodologies to characterize PK properties of compounds following pulmonary administration remains a scarcity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) lung infections are resistant to many of the current antibiotic therapies. Targeted treatments for pulmonary delivery could be particularly beneficial for these local conditions. In this study, we report the application of biopharmaceutical pharmacometrics (BPMX) for the analysis of PK data from three investigational antimicrobial agents following pulmonary administration of a suspension formulation. The observed drug concentration-time profiles in lungs and plasma of the compound series were combined for simultaneous analysis and modeling. The developed model describes the PK data, taking into account formulation properties, and provides a mechanism to predict dissolved drug concentrations in the lungs available for activity. The model was then used to evaluate formulation effects and the impact of variability on total and dissolved drug concentrations in lungs and plasma. The predictions suggest that these therapies for lung delivery should ideally be delivered in a sustained release formulation with high solubility for maximum local exposure in lungs for efficacy, with rapid systemic clearance in plasma for reduced risk of unwanted systemic adverse effects. This work shows the potential benefits of BPMX and the role it can play to support drug discovery and development in pulmonary delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Molecular
Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala
University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Pharmacometrics,
Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fadi Soukarieh
- Nottingham
University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- The National
Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Williams
- Nottingham
University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- The National
Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- Nottingham
University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- The National
Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Cámara
- Nottingham
University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- The National
Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Drug
Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala
University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- The
Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Henao MP, Kraschnewski JL, Bolton MD, Ishmael F, Craig T. Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Particle Size on Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197287. [PMID: 33036169 PMCID: PMC7579456 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) produce local effects on upper airway dilators that could increase the risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Given that the particle size of ICS changes their distribution, the particle size of ICS may impact the risk of developing OSA. Objectives: In this large retrospective study, we explore the relationship of ICS use and OSA in patients with asthma. In addition, we seek to determine if this relationship is affected by the particle size of ICS. Methods: Using electronic health records, we established a cohort of 29,816 asthmatics aged 12 and older with a diagnosis of asthma documented by ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes between January 2011 and August 2016. We performed analyses of variance and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the effects ICS on the diagnosis of OSA with sub-analysis by particle size of ICS. Results: Uncontrolled asthmatics showed increased odds of receiving a diagnosis of OSA whether when looking at ACT scores (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.60, 95% CI 1.32–1.94) or PFT results (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.19–1.77). Users of ICS also had increased odds of OSA independent of asthma control (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.47–1.70). Notably, users of extra-fine particle ICS did not have significantly increased odds of having OSA compared to non-users of ICS (aOR 1.11, 95% CI 0.78–1.58). Conclusions: Use of ICS appears to be an independent risk factor for OSA. Notably, extra-fine particle size ICS do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of OSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Henao
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (F.I.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Matthew D. Bolton
- Bioinformatics and Enterprise Information Management, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Faoud Ishmael
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (F.I.); (T.C.)
| | - Timothy Craig
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (F.I.); (T.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
An effective approach to modify the inhalable betamethasone powders based on morphology and surface control using a biosurfactant. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
69
|
Choosing the right inhaler for the right patient: Considerations for effective management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2020; 32:89-99. [PMID: 31895754 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Effective management of chronic respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma necessitates that patients inhale their medication. However, lack of detailed guidelines on the technological and mechanical functions of inhalers limits the ability of health care providers (HCPs) to personalize inhaler choice for patients. Numerous types of inhalers are currently available which offer their own distinct advantages and disadvantages. Independent of the drug class, the choice of inhaler may be influenced by many factors (e.g., inhaler attributes and the efficiency with which it delivers the medication, patient characteristics and preferences, dosing regimen, clinical setting, and support available for both patients and HCPs). This article attempts to summarize the inhalation technology and factors influencing inhaler choice and use and to provide an approach for matching the right inhaler to the right patient. CONCLUSIONS Identifying factors related to inhaler choice is critical to ensuring adherence to treatment and patients' ability to use their inhaler correctly. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This review will help HCPs engage their patients in decision-making for inhaler choice and facilitate selection of the correct inhaler for each patient (i.e., one that they will use).
Collapse
|
70
|
Sou T, Bergström CAS. Contemporary Formulation Development for Inhaled Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:66-86. [PMID: 32916138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery has gained increased interests over the past few decades. For respiratory conditions, targeted drug delivery directly to the site of action can achieve a high local concentration for efficacy with reduced systemic exposure and adverse effects. For systemic conditions, the unique physiology of the lung evolutionarily designed for rapid gaseous exchange presents an entry route for systemic drug delivery. Although the development of inhaled formulations has come a long way over the last few decades, many aspects of it remain to be elucidated. In particular, a reliable and well-understood method for in vitro-in vivo correlations remains to be established. With the rapid and ongoing advancement of technology, there is much potential to better utilise computational methods including different types of modelling and simulation approaches to support inhaled formulation development. This review intends to provide an introduction on some fundamental concepts in pulmonary drug delivery and inhaled formulation development followed by discussions on some challenges and opportunities in the translation of inhaled pharmaceuticals from preclinical studies to clinical development. The review concludes with some recent advancements in modelling and simulation approaches that could play an increasingly important role in modern formulation development of inhaled pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Allan R, Canham K, Wallace R, Singh D, Ward J, Cooper A, Newcomb C. Usability and Robustness of the Wixela Inhub Dry Powder Inhaler. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 34:134-145. [PMID: 32865454 PMCID: PMC8060712 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2020.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wixela Inhub is a generic version of Advair Diskus recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The Inhub inhaler delivers fluticasone propionate (FP)/salmeterol in a dry powder formulation. The goals of our studies were to demonstrate that the Inhub inhaler can be used by representative end users and confirm the robustness of the Inhub inhaler. Methods: Study 1: A nondosing usability assessment, the device orientation study, confirmed that intended users (represented by patients diagnosed with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] who were naive to dry powder inhalers and current Advair Diskus users) could use the Inhub inhaler safely and effectively. Subjects were provided with an Inhub inhaler in commercial packaging, including instructions for use, and were asked to undertake three dose simulations using the inhaler. Subjects were encouraged to interact with this new drug delivery device as they would at home. Subjects were not provided with training on the use of the device. Subjects were observed interacting with the Inhub inhaler, and those who currently use Diskus were also observed interacting with the Diskus to determine whether their mental model of the use of Diskus impacted their interaction with the Inhub device, this assessment was not a primary outcome of the study. Study 2: This is an open-label clinical study to confirm the robustness of the Inhub inhaler after at home patient use. Subjects diagnosed with asthma or COPD were provided Inhub inhaler training and subsequently self-administered 3 weeks of twice daily doses of Wixela Inhub 250 μg FP/50 μg salmeterol in the home environment. The Inhub inhalers were returned to the investigator after ∼3 weeks of outpatient use for in vitro tests on the drug remaining in each inhaler. Results: Study 1 enrolled 110 subjects, and all completed the study. Most subjects (100/110) held the Inhub inhaler in the correct orientation and of those who did not, 9 still achieved a peak inhalation flow rate of ≥30 L/min and a total inhaled volume of ≥1 L, thus meeting the requirements of the study success criteria. In Study 2, 111 pediatric, adult, and elderly subjects with asthma or COPD received the study drug. After ∼3 weeks of outpatient use of the Inhub inhaler by subjects, comprehensive in vitro testing demonstrated that the FP and salmeterol pharmaceutical performance in the Inhub inhaler was preserved. Conclusions: The majority of subjects demonstrated safe and effective use of the Inhub inhaler. In vitro testing and inspections confirmed the robustness of the Inhub inhaler after outpatient use. Clinical trial registration number: NCT02474017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Ward
- Mylan, Inc., Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Effect of USP induction ports and modified glass sampling apparatus on aerosolization performance of lactose carrier-based fluticasone propionate dry powder inhaler. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
73
|
Recent advances in the development of microparticles for pulmonary administration. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1865-1872. [PMID: 32712311 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery offers several benefits for the management of various conditions over other conventional routes. Inhalation of drugs can also be useful for targeting alveolar macrophages and for maintaining a higher drug concentration in the lung tissues to improve the efficacy of drugs and shorten the duration of treatment, thereby reducing drug toxicities. Thus, such an approach is useful in the treatment of various pulmonary and nonpulmonary diseases. Newer techniques and delivery devices have been used for the formulation of inhalable microparticles. Here. we not only focus on advances in inhalation therapy and in the preparation of microparticles, but also address the clinical development and regulatory aspects of such therapies.
Collapse
|
74
|
Mohammed A, Zurek J, Madueke S, Al-Kassimy H, Yaqoob M, Houacine C, Ferraz A, Kalgudi R, Zariwala MG, Hawkins N, Al-Obaidi H. Generation of High Dose Inhalable Effervescent Dispersions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Pharm Res 2020; 37:150. [PMID: 32686026 PMCID: PMC7369260 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Novel particle engineering approach was used in this study to generate high dose inhalable effervescent particles with synergistic effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. METHODS Spray dried co-amorphous salt of ciprofloxacin (CFX) and tartaric acid (TA) was prepared and coated with external layer of sodium bicarbonate and silica coated silver nanobeads. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize physicochemical properties of particles for enhanced lung deposition. RESULTS Generated particles were co-amorphous CFX/TA showing that CFX lost its zwitterionic form and exhibiting distinct properties to CFX/HCl as assessed by FTIR and thermal analysis. Particles exhibited mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 3.3 μm, emitted dose of 78% and fine particle dose of 85%. Particles were further evaluated via antimicrobial assessment of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). MIC and MBEC results showed that the hybrid particles were around 3-5 times more effective when compared to CFX signifying that synergistic effect was achieved. Diffusing wave spectroscopy results showed that the silver containing particles had a disruptive effect on rheological properties as opposed to silver free particles. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results showed the potential to use particle engineering to generate particles that are highly disruptive of bacterial biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Mohammed
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Jakub Zurek
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Somto Madueke
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | | | | | - Chahinez Houacine
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Amina Ferraz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Rachith Kalgudi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Nicholas Hawkins
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, 0X1 3PJ, Oxford, UK
| | - Hisham Al-Obaidi
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Sibum I, Hagedoorn P, Botterman CO, Frijlink HW, Grasmeijer F. Automated Filling Equipment Allows Increase in the Maximum Dose to Be Filled in the Cyclops ® High Dose Dry Powder Inhalation Device While Maintaining Dispersibility. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070645. [PMID: 32659899 PMCID: PMC7407802 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been increasing interest in the pulmonary delivery of high dose dry powder drugs, such as antibiotics. Drugs in this class need to be dosed in doses far over 2.5 mg, and the use of excipients should therefore be minimized. To our knowledge, the effect of the automatic filling of high dose drug formulations on the maximum dose that can be filled in powder inhalers, and on the dispersion behavior of the powder, have not been described so far. In this study, we aimed to investigate these effects after filling with an Omnidose, a vacuum drum filler. Furthermore, the precision and accuracy of the filling process were investigated. Two formulations were used—an isoniazid formulation we reported previously and an amikacin formulation. Both formulations could be precisely and accurately dosed in a vacuum pressure range of 200 to 600 mbar. No change in dispersion was seen after automatic filling. Retention was decreased, with an optimum vacuum pressure range found from 400 to 600 mbar. The nominal dose for amikacin was 57 mg, which resulted in a fine particle dose of 47.26 ± 1.72 mg. The nominal dose for isoniazid could be increased to 150 mg, resulting in a fine particle dose of 107.35 ± 13.52 mg. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the upscaling of high dose dry powder inhalation products.
Collapse
|
76
|
Douafer H, Andrieu V, Brunel JM. Scope and limitations on aerosol drug delivery for the treatment of infectious respiratory diseases. J Control Release 2020; 325:276-292. [PMID: 32652109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for the development of new methods for antibiotics delivery to patients with pulmonary infections in order to mainly increase the effectiveness of the drugs administration, to minimize the risk of emergence of resistant strains, and to prevent patients reinfection. Since bacterial resistance is often related to antibiotic concentration, their pulmonary administration could eradicate strains resistant to the same drug at the concentration achieved through the systemic circulation. Pulmonary administration offers several advantages; it directly targets the site of the infection which allows the inhaled dose of the drug to be reduced compared to that administered orally or parenterally while keeping the same local effect. The review article is made with an objective to compile information about various existing modern technologies developed to provide greater patient compliance and reduce the undesirable side effect of the drugs. In conclusion, aerosol antibiotic delivery appears as one of the best technologies for the treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases and able to limit the systemic adverse effects related to the high drug dose and to make life easier for the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Douafer
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SSA, MCT, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Andrieu
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Spray Drying for the Preparation of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Formulations as Dry Powders for Inhalation. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based therapeutics have been used in pulmonary formulations to enhance delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, protect drugs against degradation and achieve modified release and drug targeting. This review focuses on the use of spray drying as a solidification technique to produce microparticles containing nanoparticles (i.e., nanoparticle (NP) agglomerates) with suitable properties as dry powders for inhalation. The review covers the general aspects of pulmonary drug delivery with emphasis on nanoparticle-based dry powders for inhalation and the principles of spray drying as a method for the conversion of nanosuspensions to microparticles. The production and therapeutic applications of the following types of NP agglomerates are presented: nanoporous microparticles, nanocrystalline agglomerates, lipid-based and polymeric formulations. The use of alternative spray-drying techniques, namely nano spray drying, and supercritical CO2-assisted spray drying is also discussed as a way to produce inhalable NP agglomerates.
Collapse
|
78
|
Hertel N, Birk G, Scherließ R. Performance tuning of particle engineered mannitol in dry powder inhalation formulations. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119592. [PMID: 32622814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Typically, smooth lactose particles are used as carrier in dry powder formulations for inhalation. Two classical approaches to improve their aerodynamic behaviour are the addition of fines (milled lactose) or magnesium stearate (MgSt). Mannitol (Parteck® M DPI) as an alternative carrier was used in this study. It has an irregular particle size distribution and a large and rough surface. This could be challenging for the detachment of micronised drug upon inhalation and it is unclear whether classic strategies for the optimisation of aerodynamic performance can be applied. In contrast, its rough surface could be an advantage in terms of drug load. To address these questions, the mannitol carrier was blended with two different drugs using various concentrations up to 50%. Self-produced mannitol fines and MgSt in different amounts and in combination were added. Blends were investigated regarding their in vitro aerodynamic performance, dosing behaviour and powder rheology. An addition of up to 30% drug load was possible while retaining good flowability and constant dosing behaviour. Despite the rough and indented carrier surface of the mannitol carrier, the addition of fines or MgSt increased the inhalable fraction, but higher concentrations of fines, as used for lactose blends, were necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hertel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gudrun Birk
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Aloum F, Al Ayoub Y, Mohammad M, Obeed M, Paluch K, Assi K. Ex vivo and in vitro evaluation of the influence of the inhaler device and formulation on lung deposition of budesonide. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
80
|
Zhang X, Cui Y, Liang R, Wang G, Yue X, Zhao Z, Huang Z, Huang Y, Geng J, Pan X, Wu C. Novel approach for real-time monitoring of carrier-based DPIs delivery process via pulmonary route based on modular modified Sympatec HELOS. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1331-1346. [PMID: 32874832 PMCID: PMC7452036 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An explicit illustration of pulmonary delivery processes (PDPs) was a prerequisite for the formulation design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs. However, the current evaluation approaches for DPIs could not provide precise investigation of each PDP separately, or the approaches merely used a simplified and idealized model. In the present study, a novel modular modified Sympatec HELOS (MMSH) was developed to fully investigate the mechanism of each PDP separately in real-time. An inhaler device, artificial throat and pre-separator were separately integrated with a Sympatec HELOS. The dispersion and fluidization, transportation, detachment and deposition processes of pulmonary delivery for model DPIs were explored under different flow rates. Moreover, time-sliced measurements were used to monitor the PDPs in real-time. The Next Generation Impactor (NGI) was applied to determine the aerosolization performance of the model DPIs. The release profiles of the drug particles, drug aggregations and carriers were obtained by MMSH in real-time. Each PDP of the DPIs was analyzed in detail. Moreover, a positive correlation was established between the total release amount of drug particles and the fine particle fraction (FPF) values (R 2 = 0.9898). The innovative MMSH was successfully developed and was capable of illustrating the PDPs and the mechanism of carrier-based DPIs, providing a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACI, Anderson Cascade Impactor
- APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients
- Air flow rate
- CFD-DEM, computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method
- CIA, cascade impactor analysis
- Carrier
- Copt, optical concentration
- DPIs, dry powder inhalations
- Dry powder inhalation
- ED, emitted dose
- EDXS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- FC, centrifugal force
- FD, drag force
- FF, friction force
- FG, gravity
- FI, interaction force
- FPD, fine particle dose
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HPMC, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
- LAC, lactose carrier
- MFV, minimum fluidization velocity
- MMAD, mass median aerodynamic diameter
- MMSH, modular modified Sympatec HELOs
- MOC, micro orifice collector
- MSS, micronized salbutamol sulfate
- Mechanism of drug delivery
- Modular modification
- NGI, Next Generation Impactor
- O, oxygen
- PDP, pulmonary delivery process
- Pulmonary delivery process
- R, release amount
- RAUC, total release amount
- Real-time monitoring
- Rmax, maximum of release amount
- S, stopping distance
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- Tmax, the time to Rmax
- Tt, terminal time
- U0, air flow rate
- V0, velocity
- a, acceleration
- dQ3, the volume percentage of particles within certain range
- dae, aerodynamic diameter
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, poses a substantial economic burden on patients and caregivers alike. Moreover, the heterogeneous nature of the disease and the presence of various phenotypes make the treatment of asthma challenging and nuanced. Despite the availability of several approved pharmacological treatments, approximately half of patients with asthma in the United States experienced exacerbations in 2016, highlighting the need for effective add-on treatments. Furthermore, asthma control remains suboptimal due to low adherence to medications, poor inhaler technique, and several patient-related factors. Importantly, the primary care setting, in which pharmacists play an integral role, represents a critical environment for providing long-term follow-up care for the effective management of chronic diseases, such as asthma. Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to ensure optimal clinical outcomes in patients with asthma since they have the clinical expertise to educate patients on their disease state and the role of asthma medications, provide training on inhalation technique, address patients’ concerns about potential side effects of medications, and improve adherence to therapy. Therefore, in this review article, we discuss the overall role of pharmacists in effective asthma care and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Bridgeman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 5751Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Lori A Wilken
- Pharmacy Practice, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Khan I, Lau K, Bnyan R, Houacine C, Roberts M, Isreb A, Elhissi A, Yousaf S. A Facile and Novel Approach to Manufacture Paclitaxel-Loaded Proliposome Tablet Formulations of Micro or Nano Vesicles for Nebulization. Pharm Res 2020; 37:116. [PMID: 32488363 PMCID: PMC7266847 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to develop novel paclitaxel-loaded proliposome tablet formulations for pulmonary drug delivery. Method Proliposome powder formulations (i.e. F1 – F27) were prepared employing Lactose monohydrate (LMH), Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or Starch as a carbohydrate carriers and Soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC), Hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) or Dimyristoly phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) as a phospholipid. Proliposome powder formulations were prepared in 1:5, 1:15 or 1:25 w/w lipid phase to carrier ratio (lipid phase; comprising of phospholipid and cholesterol in 1:1 M ratio) and Paclitaxel (PTX) was used as model anticancer drug. Results Based on flowability studies, out of 27 formulations; F3, F6, and F9 formulations were selected as they exhibited an excellent angle of repose (AOR) (17.24 ± 0.43, 16.41 ± 0.52 and 15.16 ± 0.72°), comparatively lower size of vesicles (i.e. 5.35 ± 0.76, 6.27 ± 0.59 and 5.43 ± 0.68 μm) and good compressibility index (14.81 ± 0.36, 15.01 ± 0.35 and 14.56 ± 0.14) via Carr’s index. The selected formulations were reduced into Nano (N) vesicles via probe sonication, followed by spray drying (SD) to get a dry powder of these formulations as F3SDN, F6SDN and F9SDN, and gave high yield (>53%) and exhibited poor to very poor compressibility index values via Carr’s Index. Post tablet manufacturing, F3 tablets formulation showed uniform weight uniformity (129.40 ± 3.85 mg), good crushing strength (14.08 ± 1.95 N), precise tablet thickness (2.33 ± 0.51 mm) and a short disintegration time of 14.35 ± 0.56 min, passing all quality control tests in accordance with British Pharmacopeia (BP). Upon nebulization of F3 tablets formulation, Ultrasonic nebulizer showed better nebulization time (8.75 ± 0.86 min) and high output rate (421.06 ± 7.19 mg/min) when compared to Vibrating mesh nebulizer. PTX-loaded F3 tablet formulations were identified as toxic (60% cell viability) to cancer MRC-5 SV2 cell lines while safe to normal MRC-5 cell lines. Conclusion Overall, in this study LMH was identified as a superior carbohydrate carrier for proliposome tablet manufacturing in a 1:25 w/w lipid to carrier ratio for in-vitro nebulization via Ultrasonic nebulizer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-020-02840-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Khan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Katie Lau
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ruba Bnyan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Chahinez Houacine
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Matthew Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Abdullah Isreb
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Abdelbary Elhissi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Section, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sakib Yousaf
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Gajjar P, Styliari ID, Nguyen TTH, Carr J, Chen X, Elliott JA, Hammond RB, Burnett TL, Roberts K, Withers PJ, Murnane D. 3D characterisation of dry powder inhaler formulations: Developing X-ray micro computed tomography approaches. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:32-44. [PMID: 32268190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carrier-based dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations need to be accurately characterised for their particle size distributions, surface roughnesses, fines contents and flow properties. Understanding the micro-structure of the powder formulation is crucial, yet current characterisation methods give incomplete information. Commonly used techniques like laser diffraction (LD) and optical microscopy (OM) are limited due to the assumption of sphericity and can give variable results depending on particle orientation and dispersion. The aim of this work was to develop new three dimensional (3D) powder analytical techniques using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) that could be employed for non-destructive metrology of inhaled formulations. α-lactose monohydrate powders with different characteristics have been analysed, and their size and shape (sphericity/aspect ratio) distributions compared with results from LD and OM. The three techniques were shown to produce comparable size distributions, while the different shape distributions from XCT and OM highlight the difference between 2D and 3D imaging. The effect of micro-structure on flowability was also analysed through 3D measurements of void volume and tap density. This study has demonstrated for the first time that XCT provides an invaluable, non-destructive and analytical approach to obtain number- and volume-based particle size distributions of DPI formulations in 3D space, and for unique 3D characterisation of powder micro-structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gajjar
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - I D Styliari
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - T T H Nguyen
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Carr
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - X Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - J A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - R B Hammond
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T L Burnett
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K Roberts
- Centre for the Digital Design of Drug Products, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P J Withers
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D Murnane
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Cazzola M, Cavalli F, Usmani OS, Rogliani P. Advances in pulmonary drug delivery devices for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:635-646. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1739021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavalli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Omar S. Usmani
- Imperial College London and Royal Brompton Hospital, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), London, UK
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Hertel N, Birk G, Scherließ R. Particle engineered mannitol for carrier-based inhalation – A serious alternative? Int J Pharm 2020; 577:118901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
86
|
Simões RM, Castro Caldas A, Ferreira JJ. Inhaled levodopa for intermittent treatment of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:85-101. [PMID: 32011195 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1724535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Many patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) have inadequate control of motor symptoms despite optimized treatment. Predictable and unpredictable OFF periods severely interfere with the quality of life. A drug that easily and rapidly reverts the OFF state is still needed. Subcutaneous apomorphine, the only approved drug for this indication, although efficacious, is not widely used probably due to its potential side effects and complicated administration.Levodopa is the most efficacious drug for the treatment of PD motor symptoms. However, issues related to the oral route and intestinal absorption in later disease stages render this route lengthy and inefficacious.Areas covered: Literature on the development of an inhaled formulation of levodopa has been reviewed. Significant advances in the field of pulmonary delivery systems and in dry powders have enabled the development of a new formulation of levodopa that can be inhaled and adequate blood levels rapidly achieved, bypassing intestinal absorption. Several clinical trials have reported efficacy, safety, and tolerability data. Some pulmonary-related adverse events have been reported but are mostly mild.Expert opinion: This new way of administering levodopa is likely to be very welcome and may fill a gap for OFF rescue treatments, at least for some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moiron Simões
- Neurology Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal.,CNS-Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Ana Castro Caldas
- CNS-Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- CNS-Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Clark AR, Weers JG, Dhand R. The Confusing World of Dry Powder Inhalers: It Is All About Inspiratory Pressures, Not Inspiratory Flow Rates. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 33:1-11. [PMID: 31613682 PMCID: PMC7041319 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) all have the ability to aerosolize dry powders, but they each offer different operating mechanisms and resistances to inhaled airflow. This variety has resulted in both clinician and patient confusion concerning DPI performance, use, and effectiveness. Particularly, there is a growing misconception that a single peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR) can determine a patient's ability to use a DPI effectively, regardless of its design or airflow resistance. For this review article, we have sifted through the relevant literature concerning DPIs, inspiratory pressures, and inspiratory flow rates to provide a comprehensive and concise discussion and recommendations for DPI use. We ultimately clarify that the controlling parameter for DPI performance is not the PIFR but the negative pressure generated by the patient's inspiratory effort. A pressure drop ∼≥1 kPa (∼10 cm H2O) with any DPI is a reasonable threshold above which a patient should receive an adequate lung dose. Overall, we explore the underlying factors controlling inspiratory pressures, flow rates and dispensing, and dispersion characteristics of the various DPIs to clarify that inspiratory pressures, not flow rates, limit and control a patient's ability to generate sufficient flow for effective DPI use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajiv Dhand
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Lechanteur A, Evrard B. Influence of Composition and Spray-Drying Process Parameters on Carrier-Free DPI Properties and Behaviors in the Lung: A review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010055. [PMID: 31936628 PMCID: PMC7022846 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have attracted great interest compared to nebulizers and metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), drug deposition in the deep lung is still insufficient to enhance therapeutic activity. Indeed, it is estimated that only 10–15% of the drug reaches the deep lung while 20% of the drug is lost in the oropharyngeal sphere and 65% is not released from the carrier. The potentiality of the powders to disperse in the air during the patient’s inhalation, the aerosolization, should be optimized. To do so, new strategies, in addition to classical lactose-carrier, have emerged. The lung deposition of carrier-free particles, mainly produced by spray drying, is higher due to non-interparticulate forces between the carrier and drug, as well as better powder uniformity and aerosolization. Moreover, the association of two or three active ingredients within the same powder seems easier. This review is focused on a new type of carrier-free particles which are characterized by a sugar-based core encompassed by a corrugated shell layer produced by spray drying. All excipients used to produce such particles are dissected and their physico-chemical properties (Péclet number, glass transition temperature) are put in relation with the lung deposition ability of powders. The importance of spray-drying parameters on powders’ properties and behaviors is also evaluated. Special attention is given to the relation between the morphology (characterized by a corrugated surface) and lung deposition performance. The understanding of the closed relation between particle material composition and spray-drying process parameters, impacting the final powder properties, could help in the development of promising DPI systems suitable for local or systemic drug delivery.
Collapse
|
89
|
Shetty N, Cipolla D, Park H, Zhou QT. Physical stability of dry powder inhaler formulations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:77-96. [PMID: 31815554 PMCID: PMC6981243 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1702643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are popular for pulmonary drug delivery. Various techniques have been employed to produce inhalation drug particles and improve the delivery efficiency of DPI formulations. Physical stability of these DPI formulations is critical to ensure the delivery of a reproducible dose to the airways over the shelf-life.Areas covered: This review focuses on the impact of solid-state stability on aerosolization performance of DPI drug particles manufactured by powder production approaches and particle-engineering techniques. It also highlights the different analytical tools that can be used to characterize the physical instability originating from production and storage.Expert opinion: A majority of the DPI literature focuses on the effects of physico-chemical properties such as size, morphology, and density on aerosolization. While little has been reported on the physical stability, particularly the stability of engineered drug particles for use in DPIs. Literature data have shown that different particle-engineering methods and storage conditions may cause physical instability of dry powders for inhalation and can significantly change the aerosol performance. A systematic examination of physical instability mechanisms in DPI formulations is necessary during formulation development in order to select the optimum formulation with satisfactory stability. In addition, the use of appropriate characterization tools is critical to detect and understand physical instability during the development of DPI formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Shetty
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David Cipolla
- Insmed Incorporated, Bridgewater, NJ 08807-3365, USA
| | - Heejun Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Sibum I, Hagedoorn P, Kluitman MPG, Kloezen M, Frijlink HW, Grasmeijer F. Dispersibility and Storage Stability Optimization of High Dose Isoniazid Dry Powder Inhalation Formulations with L-Leucine or Trileucine. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010024. [PMID: 31881695 PMCID: PMC7022271 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from a single infectious pathogen worldwide. Lately, the targeted delivery of antibiotics to the lungs via inhalation has received increasing interest. In a previous article, we reported on the development of a spray-dried dry powder isoniazid formulation containing an L-leucine coating. It dispersed well but had poor physical stability. In this study, we aimed to improve the stability by improving the leucine coating. To this end, we optimized the spray-drying conditions, the excipient content, and the excipient itself. Using L-leucine, the tested excipient contents (up to 5%) did not result in a stable powder. Contrary to L-leucine, the stability attained with trileucine was satisfactory. Even when exposed to 75% relative humidity, the formulation was stable for at least three months. The optimal formulation contained 3% trileucine w/w. This formulation resulted in a maximum fine particle dose of 58.00 ± 2.56 mg when a nominal dose of 80 mg was dispersed from the Cyclops® dry powder inhaler. The improved moisture protection and dispersibility obtained with trileucine are explained by its amorphous nature and a higher surface enrichment during drying. Dispersion efficiency of the device decreases at higher nominal doses.
Collapse
|
91
|
Zhao Z, Zhang X, Cui Y, Huang Y, Huang Z, Wang G, Liang R, Pan X, Tao L, Wu C. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as anti-hygroscopicity agent inamorphous lactose carriers for dry powder inhalers. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
92
|
Micron-size lactose manufactured under high shear and its dispersion efficiency as carrier for Salbutamol Sulphate. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
93
|
Della Bella A, Müller M, Danani A, Soldati L, Bettini R. Effect of Lactose Pseudopolymorphic Transition on the Aerosolization Performance of Drug/Carrier Mixtures. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110576. [PMID: 31689975 PMCID: PMC6920796 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties of lactose are key factors in adhesive mixtures used as dry powder inhaler (DPI). Despite the abundant literature on this topic, the effect of the polymorphism and pseudo-polymorphism of lactose has been seldom investigated and discussed although often lactose used in DPI is subjected to unit operations, which may alter its solid-state properties. Here, we studied the aerosolization performance of salbutamol sulphate (SS) or budesonide (BUD) formulations by investigating the effect of lactose pseudopolymorphism in ternary (coarse lactose/fine lactose/drug) and binary (coarse lactose/drug) mixtures. An improvement of the aerosolization performance of SS formulations with the increase of the amount of fine micronized lactose up to 30% (fine particle fraction (FPF) = 57%) was observed. Micronized lactose contained hygroscopic anhydrous α-lactose, which converted to α-lactose monohydrate at ambient conditions. This implied that the positive effect of fines on the aerosolization performance decreased and eventually disappeared with the formulation aging. Positive effect on SS deposition was observed also with binary mixtures with anhydrous lactose, whereas the opposite occurred with budesonide-containing formulations. The collected data demonstrated the crucial role of the carrier crystal form on the positive effect of fines on the deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Müller
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Danani
- Istituto Delle Molle di Studi Sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Luciano Soldati
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Spray-drying of inhalable, multifunctional formulations for the treatment of biofilms formed in cystic fibrosis. J Control Release 2019; 314:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
95
|
Osman NM, Sexton DW, Saleem IY. Toxicological assessment of nanoparticle interactions with the pulmonary system. Nanotoxicology 2019; 14:21-58. [PMID: 31502904 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1661043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle(NP)-based materials have breakthrough applications in many fields of life, such as in engineering, communications and textiles industries; food and bioenvironmental applications; medicines and cosmetics, etc. Biomedical applications of NPs are very active areas of research with successful translation to pharmaceutical and clinical uses overcoming both pharmaceutical and clinical challenges. Although the attractiveness and enhanced applications of these NPs stem from their exceptional properties at the nanoscale size, i.e. 1-1000 nm, they exhibit completely different physicochemical profiles and, subsequently, toxicological profiles from their parent bulk materials. Hence, the clinical evaluation and toxicological assessment of NPs interactions within biological systems are continuously evolving to ensure their safety at the nanoscale. The pulmonary system is one of the primary routes of exposure to airborne NPs either intentionally, via aerosolized nanomedicines targeting pulmonary pathologies such as cancer or asthma, or unintentionally, via natural NPs and anthropogenic (man-made) NPs. This review presents the state-of-the-art, contemporary challenges, and knowledge gaps in the toxicological assessment of NPs interactions with the pulmonary system. It highlights the main mechanisms of NP toxicity, factors influencing their toxicity, the different toxicological assessment methods and their drawbacks, and the recent NP regulatory guidelines based on literature collected from the research pool of NPs interactions with lung cell lines, in vivo inhalation studies, and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa M Osman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Darren W Sexton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Imran Y Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Microstructural characterization of carrier-based dry powder inhalation excipients: Insights and guidance. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118482. [PMID: 31260786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in development of dry powder inhalation (DPI) products raises a need for development of standard testing methods and specifications for DPI excipients. The pharmaceutical industry, meanwhile, yet lacks compendial guidance on this topic. Despite of the complexity of interactions taking place in DPI systems and the large number and variety of interplaying factors, understanding of key determinants of performance (critical quality attributes) of DPI excipients have considerably developed over the past years. In light of the current knowledge in this area, this article provides technical guidance and insights on testing and quality control of carrier-based-DPI excipients. These excipients are, typically, blends of coarse, carrier particles and fine, performance-modulating particles. The article explores techniques used for measurement of key microstructural attributes, namely the particle size distribution, the porosity and the particle surface roughness, the particle shape, rheological properties, and the permeability, of these excipients. The technical relevance of each measurement to the functionality of the excipients is critically discussed. In this regard, caveats concerning use of some measurements and data analysis procedures are raised. The guidance lends itself for compendial adoption.
Collapse
|
97
|
Tamadondar MR, Rasmuson A. The effect of carrier surface roughness on wall collision‐induced detachment of micronized pharmaceutical particles. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Tamadondar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anders Rasmuson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Madlmeir S, Loidolt P, Khinast JG. Study of the capsule-filling dosator process via calibrated DEM simulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118441. [PMID: 31212054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Capsule filling is frequently accomplished via the dosator process. Controlling the main quality attributes, i.e., the fill weight and the fill weight variability, requires excellent process understanding. For the investigation of critical process parameters of low-dose capsule filling, DEM simulations were used. Two contact models (Hertz model and Luding model) were calibrated and validated to represent the lactose powder Lactohale 100. Both models gave good results, yet the Luding model resulted in better predictions. Since the dosator process is a volume-based approach, the dosator geometry is an important factor. We provide evidence that not only the volume, but also the proportions of the dosator affect the capsule fill weight. Slim nozzle chambers cause lower mass due to increased wall friction impact. The process is not volumetric, as a fill weight to volume correlation does not exist. Furthermore, the fill weight increases with higher powder beds and smaller gaps between the nozzle tip and the container bottom due to higher densification of the powder. Fill weight variations due to bed inhomogeneity were investigated by varying the bulk density of the initial powder bed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Madlmeir
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Loidolt
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Mangal S, Park H, Nour R, Shetty N, Cavallaro A, Zemlyanov D, Thalberg K, Puri V, Nicholas M, Narang AS, Zhou QT. Correlations between surface composition and aerosolization of jet-milled dry powder inhaler formulations with pharmaceutical lubricants. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118504. [PMID: 31299339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Co-jet-milling drugs and lubricants may enable simultaneous particle size reduction and surface coating to achieve satisfactory aerosolization performance. This study aims to establish the relationship between surface lubricant coverage and aerosolization behavior of a model drug (ciprofloxacin HCl) co-jet-milled with lubricants [magnesium stearate (MgSt) or l-leucine]. The co-jet-milled formulations were characterized for particle size, morphology, cohesion, Carr's index, and aerosolization performance. The surface lubricant coating was assessed by probing surface chemical composition using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The effects of co-jet-milling on the surface energy and in vitro dissolution of ciprofloxacin were also evaluated. Our results indicated that, in general, the ciprofloxacin co-jet-milled with l-leucine at >0.5% w/w showed a significant higher fine particle fraction (FPF) compared with the ciprofloxacin jet-milled alone. The FPF values plateau at or above 5% w/w for both MgSt and l-leucine. We have established the quantitative correlations between surface lubricant coverage and aerosolization in the tested range for each of the lubricants. More importantly, our results suggest different mechanisms to improve aerosolization for MgSt-coating and l-leucine-coating, respectively: MgSt-coating reduces inter-particulate interactions through the formation of low surface energy coating films, while l-leucine-coating not only reduces the surface energy but also creates rough particle surfaces that reduce inter-particulate contact area. Furthermore, surface coatings with 5% w/w MgSt (which is hydrophobic) did not lead to substantial changes in in vitro dissolution. Our findings have shown that the coating structure/quality and their effects could be highly dependent on the process and the coating material. The findings from this mechanistic study provide fundamental understanding of the critical effects of MgSt and l-leucine surface coverages on aerosolization and powder flow properties of inhalation particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Mangal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Heejun Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Reham Nour
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nivedita Shetty
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alex Cavallaro
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Dmitry Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kyrre Thalberg
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vibha Puri
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutics Department, Genentech, Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark Nicholas
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ajit S Narang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutics Department, Genentech, Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Benque B, Khinast JG. Understanding the motion of hard-shell capsules in dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118481. [PMID: 31260784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of small drug particles from a dry powder inhaler (DPI) into the patient's peripheral airways requires the dispersion of the powder. In DPIs that contain a rotating pierced capsule, the capsule's motion is paramount to powder dispersion. Previous studies have simplified the capsule motion in an Aerolizer® inhaler as a constant rotation around a fixed center. The present work examines deviations from this simplified motion and describes the capsule collisions with the surrounding inhaler walls. High-speed photography was employed to analyze the motion of a size 3 capsule in an Aerolizer® inhaler at various flow rates ranging from 30 to 100 L/min. Frequent collisions of the capsule with the surrounding inhaler walls were observed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations indicated that the air flow through the capsule governs the behavior of small drug particles, while inertial forces are the dominant influence on large carrier particles in the capsule. Discrete element method (DEM) simulations were employed to study the effect of the capsule-inhaler collisions on the powder discharge from a rotating capsule. The collisions vastly improved the discharge of a polydisperse model carrier powder from the capsule over a wide range of cohesiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Benque
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes G Khinast
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|