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Bugiardini E, Poole OV, Manole A, Pittman AM, Horga A, Hargreaves I, Woodward CE, Sweeney MG, Holton JL, Taanman JW, Plant GT, Poulton J, Zeviani M, Ghezzi D, Taylor J, Smith C, Fratter C, Kanikannan MA, Paramasivam A, Thangaraj K, Spinazzola A, Holt IJ, Houlden H, Hanna MG, Pitceathly RDS. Clinicopathologic and molecular spectrum of RNASEH1-related mitochondrial disease. Neurol Genet 2017; 3:e149. [PMID: 28508084 PMCID: PMC5413961 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathologic ribonuclease H1 (RNase H1) causes aberrant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segregation and is associated with multiple mtDNA deletions. We aimed to determine the prevalence of RNase H1 gene (RNASEH1) mutations among patients with mitochondrial disease and establish clinically meaningful genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS RNASEH1 was analyzed in patients with (1) multiple deletions/depletion of muscle mtDNA and (2) mendelian progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) with neuropathologic evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction, but no detectable multiple deletions/depletion of muscle mtDNA. Clinicopathologic and molecular evaluation of the newly identified and previously reported patients harboring RNASEH1 mutations was subsequently undertaken. RESULTS Pathogenic c.424G>A p.Val142Ile RNASEH1 mutations were detected in 3 pedigrees among the 74 probands screened. Given that all 3 families had Indian ancestry, RNASEH1 genetic analysis was undertaken in 50 additional Indian probands with variable clinical presentations associated with multiple mtDNA deletions, but no further RNASEH1 mutations were confirmed. RNASEH1-related mitochondrial disease was characterized by PEO (100%), cerebellar ataxia (57%), and dysphagia (50%). The ataxia neuropathy spectrum phenotype was observed in 1 patient. Although the c.424G>A p.Val142Ile mutation underpins all reported RNASEH1-related mitochondrial disease, haplotype analysis suggested an independent origin, rather than a founder event, for the variant in our families. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, RNASEH1 mutations represent the fourth most common cause of adult mendelian PEO associated with multiple mtDNA deletions, following mutations in POLG, RRM2B, and TWNK. RNASEH1 genetic analysis should also be considered in all patients with POLG-negative ataxia neuropathy spectrum. The pathophysiologic mechanisms by which the c.424G>A p.Val142Ile mutation impairs human RNase H1 warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bugiardini
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Olivia V Poole
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Andreea Manole
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Alan M Pittman
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Alejandro Horga
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Cathy E Woodward
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Mary G Sweeney
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Gordon T Plant
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Joanna Poulton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - John Taylor
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Conrad Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Carl Fratter
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Meena A Kanikannan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Arumugam Paramasivam
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Antonella Spinazzola
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Ian J Holt
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (E.B., O.V.P., A.M., A.H., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H., R.D.S.P.), UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.M., A.M.P., J.L.H., H.H., M.G.H.), Division of Neuropathology (J.L.H.), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.-W.T., A.S., I.J.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Neurometabolic Unit (I.H.), Neurogenetics Unit (C.E.W., M.G.S.), Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (G.T.P.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.P.), University of Oxford; MRC-Mitochondrial Biology Unit (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories (J.T., C.S., C.F.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (M.A.K.), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (A.P., K.T.), Hyderabad, Telangana, India; MRC Mill Hill Laboratory (I.J.H.), London, UK; Biodonostia Research Institute (I.J.H.), San Sebastián, Spain; and Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (R.D.S.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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