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Liu XJ, Duan NN, Liu C, Niu C, Liu XP, Wu J. Characterization of a murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model induced by high fat high calorie diet plus fructose and glucose in drinking water. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1184-1199. [PMID: 29959418 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are varieties of murine models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with different pathophysiologic characteristics. For preclinical assessment, a standardized model would allow comparisons of various pharmacotherapeutic candidates in efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmaco-metabolism, and adverse effects under a same system. The present study aims to characterize murine NASH models by comparing end-points of major abnormalities. NASH was induced by feeding high fructose/glucose in drinking water (HF/G), high-fat/calorie diet (HFCD), and in combination (HFCD-HF/G) in mice for 8 or 16 weeks. HF/G feeding caused a minimal fat accumulation and increase in free fatty acids (FFA). In contrast, HFCD-HF/G feeding resulted in a remarkable increase in body weight, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, macrosteatosis with a nearly seven-fold increase in triglyceride and FFA content, accompanied with marked hepatocellular injury, inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and insulin resistance, and represented as typical NASH in histopathology, metabolic, and adipokine profiles in a progressive manner. Meanwhile, mice fed HFCD displayed significant steatosis, necroptosis, fibrosis, insulin resistance, metabolic, and adipokine profiles, and the extent is less than those fed HFCD-HF/G. Significant MCP-1, CCR-2, and NLRP-1/3 activation were found in mice fed HFCD and HFCD-HF/G for 16 weeks, whereas gene expression of CPT-1 and ACOX-1 was down-regulated in these two groups in comparison to the controls. Nuclear receptors, such as SREBP-1c, FXR, LXR-α, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ, were strikingly elevated in the HFCD-HF/G group. In conclusion, feeding HFCD-HF/G resulted in a reliable NASH model in mice with remarkable necroptosis, steatosis, fibrosis, and insulin resistance as well as a disordered profile of lipid metabolism and adipokine, and HFCD caused significant NASH features in histopathology and metabolic profiles only at a late stage. Whereas HF/G feeding barely led to minimal fat accumulation, some changes at molecular levels and metabolic disturbance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Na-Na Duan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215005, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiu-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Tsuchida T, Lee YA, Fujiwara N, Ybanez M, Allen B, Martins S, Fiel MI, Goossens N, Chou HI, Hoshida Y, Friedman SL. A simple diet- and chemical-induced murine NASH model with rapid progression of steatohepatitis, fibrosis and liver cancer. J Hepatol 2018; 69:385-395. [PMID: 29572095 PMCID: PMC6054570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although the majority of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have only steatosis without progression, a sizeable fraction develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many established diet-induced mouse models for NASH require 24-52 weeks, which makes testing for drug response costly and time consuming. METHODS We have sought to establish a murine NASH model with rapid progression of extensive fibrosis and HCC by using a western diet (WD), which is high-fat, high-fructose and high-cholesterol, combined with low weekly dose of intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which serves as an accelerator. RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow diet ± CCl4 or WD ± CCl4 for 12 and 24 weeks. Addition of CCl4 exacerbated histological features of NASH, fibrosis, and tumor development induced by WD, which resulted in stage 3 fibrosis at 12 weeks and HCC development at 24 weeks. Furthermore, whole liver transcriptomic analysis indicated that dysregulated molecular pathways in WD/CCl4 mice and immunologic features were similar to those of human NASH. CONCLUSIONS Our mouse NASH model exhibits rapid progression of advanced fibrosis and HCC, and mimics histological, immunological and transcriptomic features of human NASH, suggesting that it will be a useful experimental tool for preclinical drug testing. LAY SUMMARY A carefully characterized model has been developed in mice that recapitulates the progressive stages of human fatty liver disease, from simple steatosis, to inflammation, fibrosis and cancer. The functional pathways of gene expression and immune abnormalities in this model closely resemble human disease. The ease and reproducibility of this model make it ideal to study disease pathogenesis and test new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsuchida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Youngmin A Lee
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Maria Ybanez
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Brittany Allen
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Sebastiao Martins
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Hsin-I Chou
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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53
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui E Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Jahn D, Kircher S, Hermanns HM, Geier A. Animal models of NAFLD from a hepatologist's point of view. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:943-953. [PMID: 29990551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder closely linked to obesity, hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes and is increasingly recognized as a major health problem in many parts of the world. While early stages of NAFLD are characterized by a bland accumulation of fat (steatosis) in hepatocytes, the disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which involves chronic liver inflammation, tissue damage and fibrosis and can ultimately lead to end-stage liver disease including cirrhosis and cancer. As no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD exists today, there is an urgent need to identify promising pharmacological targets and develop future therapies. For this purpose, basic and translational research in NAFLD animal models is indispensable. While a large number of diverse animal models are currently used in the field, there is an ongoing challenge to identify those models that mirror human pathology the closest to allow good translation of obtained results into further clinical development. This review is meant to provide a concise overview of the most relevant NAFLD animal models currently available and will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these models with regard to their comparability to human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jahn
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kircher
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Pathology, Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geier
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
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55
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Animal models of NAFLD from the pathologist's point of view. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:929-942. [PMID: 29746920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is a multifactorial world-wide health problem resulting from a complex interplay between liver, adipose tissue and intestine and initiated by alcohol abuse, overeating, various types of intoxication, adverse drug reactions and genetic or acquired metabolic defects. Depending on etiology fatty liver disease is commonly categorized as alcoholic or non-alcoholic. Both types may progress from simple steatosis to the necro-inflammatory lesion of alcoholic (ASH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), respectively, and finally to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Animal models are helpful to clarify aspects of pathogenesis and progression. Generally, they are classified as nutritional (dietary), toxin-induced and genetic, respectively, or represent a combination of these factors. Numerous reviews are dealing with NASH animal models designed to imitate as closely as possible the metabolic situation associated with human disease. This review focuses on currently used mouse models of NASH with particular emphasis on liver morphology. Despite metabolic similarities most models (except those with chemically or genetically induced porphyria or keratin 18-deficiency) fail to develop the morphologic key features of NASH, namely hepatocyte ballooning and formation of histologically and immunohistochemically well-defined Mallory-Denk-Bodies (MDBs). Although MDBs are not universally detectable in ballooned hepatocytes in NASH their experimental reproduction and analysis may, however, significantly contribute to our understanding of important pathogenic aspects of NASH despite the obvious differences in etiology.
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56
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Bertola A. WITHDRAWN: Rodent models of fatty liver diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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58
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Wang X, Liao Z, Bai Z, He Y, Duan J, Wei L. MiR-93-5p Promotes Cell Proliferation through Down-Regulating PPARGC1A in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Verification. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010051. [PMID: 29361788 PMCID: PMC5793202 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A, formerly known as PGC-1a) is a transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator. Previous studies are mainly focused on the association between PPARGC1A and hepatoma. However, the regulatory mechanism remains unknown. A microRNA associated with cancer (oncomiR), miR-93-5p, has recently been found to play an essential role in tumorigenesis and progression of various carcinomas, including liver cancer. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the regulatory mechanism underlying these two proteins in hepatoma cells. Firstly, an integrative analysis was performed with miRNA–mRNA modules on microarray and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and obtained the core regulatory network and miR-93-5p/PPARGC1A pair. Then, a series of experiments were conducted in hepatoma cells with the results including miR-93-5p upregulated and promoted cell proliferation. Thirdly, the inverse correlation between miR-93-5p and PPARGC1A expression was validated. Finally, we inferred that miR-93-5p plays an essential role in inhibiting PPARGC1A expression by directly targeting the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of its mRNA. In conclusion, these results suggested that miR-93-5p overexpression contributes to hepatoma development by inhibiting PPARGC1A. It is anticipated to be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with liver cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zhijun Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Zhimin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, China.
| | - Yan He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Juan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Leyi Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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59
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Schwab A, Siddiqui A, Vazakidou ME, Napoli F, Böttcher M, Menchicchi B, Raza U, Saatci Ö, Krebs AM, Ferrazzi F, Rapa I, Dettmer-Wilde K, Waldner MJ, Ekici AB, Rasheed SAK, Mougiakakos D, Oefner PJ, Sahin O, Volante M, Greten FR, Brabletz T, Ceppi P. Polyol Pathway Links Glucose Metabolism to the Aggressiveness of Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1604-1618. [PMID: 29343522 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells alter their metabolism to support their malignant properties. In this study, we report that the glucose-transforming polyol pathway (PP) gene aldo-keto-reductase-1-member-B1 (AKR1B1) strongly correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This association was confirmed in samples from lung cancer patients and from an EMT-driven colon cancer mouse model with p53 deletion. In vitro, mesenchymal-like cancer cells showed increased AKR1B1 levels, and AKR1B1 knockdown was sufficient to revert EMT. An equivalent level of EMT suppression was measured by targeting the downstream enzyme sorbitol-dehydrogenase (SORD), further pointing at the involvement of the PP. Comparative RNA sequencing confirmed a profound alteration of EMT in PP-deficient cells, revealing a strong repression of TGFβ signature genes. Excess glucose was found to promote EMT through autocrine TGFβ stimulation, while PP-deficient cells were refractory to glucose-induced EMT. These data show that PP represents a molecular link between glucose metabolism, cancer differentiation, and aggressiveness, and may serve as a novel therapeutic target.Significance: A glucose-transforming pathway in TGFβ-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition provides novel mechanistic insights into the metabolic control of cancer differentiation. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1604-18. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Schwab
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aarif Siddiqui
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Eleni Vazakidou
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bianca Menchicchi
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Saatci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Angela M Krebs
- Experimental Medicine I, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ida Rapa
- Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Katja Dettmer-Wilde
- Institute of Functional Genomics University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marco Volante
- Pathology Unit, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Florian R Greten
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Experimental Medicine I, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paolo Ceppi
- Junior Research Group 1, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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60
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Wu J. Utilization of animal models to investigate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42762-42776. [PMID: 27072576 PMCID: PMC5173170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of liver disorders with fat accumulation from simple fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis and NAFLD/NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is a progressive form of NAFLD and requires medical attention. One of 5-10 NASH patients may progress to end-state liver disease (ESLD or cirrhosis) in 5-10 years; meanwhile, life-threatening complications of ESLD and HCC account for major mortality. An increasing burden of NAFLD in clinics, elucidation of its pathogenesis and progression, and assessment of the efficacy of potential therapeutics demand reliable animal models. Most NASH-associated HCC occurs in cirrhotic subjects; however, HCC does appear in NASH patients without cirrhosis. Lipotoxicity, oxidant stress, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, altered adipokine and lymphokine profiles and gut microbiome changes affect NAFLD progression and constitute key pathobiologic interplays. How these factors promote malignant transformation in a microenvironment of steatotic inflammation and fibrosis/cirrhosis, and lead to development of neoplasms is one of critical questions faced in the hepatology field. The present review summarizes the characteristics of emerging rodent NASH-HCC models, and discusses the challenges in utilizing these models to unveil the mysteries of NASH-associated HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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61
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Cole BK, Feaver RE, Wamhoff BR, Dash A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:193-205. [PMID: 29190166 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1410135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The progressive disease spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a rapidly emerging public health crisis with no approved therapy. The diversity of various therapies under development highlights the lack of consensus around the most effective target, underscoring the need for better translatable preclinical models to study the complex progressive disease and effective therapies. Areas covered: This article reviews published literature of various mouse models of NASH used in preclinical studies, as well as complex organotypic in vitro and ex vivo liver models being developed. It discusses translational challenges associated with both kinds of models, and describes some of the studies that validate their application in NAFLD. Expert opinion: Animal models offer advantages of understanding drug distribution and effects in a whole body context, but are limited by important species differences. Human organotypic in vitro and ex vivo models with physiological relevance and translatability need to be used in a tiered manner with simpler screens. Leveraging newer technologies, like metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, and the future development of validated disease biomarkers will allow us to fully utilize the value of these models to understand disease and evaluate novel drugs in isolation or combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajit Dash
- b Early Development Safety , Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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Xu G, Ye J, Liu XJ, Zhang NP, Zhao YM, Fan J, Liu XP, Wu J. Activation of pluripotent genes in hepatic progenitor cells in the transition of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to pre-malignant lesions. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1201-1217. [PMID: 28869588 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is considered as a precancerous condition. However, hepatic carcinogenesis from NASH is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the activation of pluripotent genes (c-Myc, Oct-4, KLF-4, and Nanog) and morphogenic gene (Gli-1) in hepatic progenitor cells from patient specimens and in an animal model to determine the possibility of normal stem/progenitor cells becoming the origin of NASH-HCC. In this study, expression of pluripotent and morphogenic genes in human NASH-HCC tissues was significantly upregulated compared to adjacent non-tumor liver tissues. After feeding high-fat/calorie diet plus high fructose/glucose in drinking water (HFC diet plus HF/G) for up to 12 months, mice developed obesity, insulin resistance, and steatohepatitis with significant necroptotic inflammation and fibrotic progression, as well as occurrence of hyperplastic nodules with dysplasia; and this model represents pathohistologically as a transition from NASH to NASH-HCC in a pre-carcinomatous stage. High expression of pluripotent and morphogenic genes was immunohistochemically visualized in the dysplasia areas of mouse liver, where there were many OV-6-positive cells, indicating proliferation of HOCs in NASH with fibrotic progression. Moreover, oncogenic transcription factors (c-Myc, KLF-4, and Nanog) were co-localized in these hepatic progenitor cells. In conclusion, pluripotent and morphogenic genes may contribute to the reprogramming of hepatic progenitor cells in driving these cells to be the origin of NASH-HCC in a steatotic and inflamed microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jing Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ping Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Liver Cancer, Fudan University-Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Institute of Liver Cancer, Fudan University-Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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63
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Mitochondrial adaptation in steatotic mice. Mitochondrion 2017; 40:1-12. [PMID: 28935446 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Western lifestyle-associated malnutrition causes steatosis that may progress to liver inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested as a key factor in promoting this disease. Here we have molecularly, biochemically and biophysically analyzed mitochondria from steatotic wild type and immune-compromised mice fed a Western diet (WD) - enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). WD-mitochondria demonstrated lipidomic changes, a decreased mitochondrial ATP production capacity and a significant sensitivity to calcium. These changes preceded hepatocyte damage and were not associated with enhanced ROS production. Thus, WD-mitochondria do not promote steatohepatitis per se, but demonstrate bioenergetic deficits and increased sensitivity to stress signals.
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Ikawa-Yoshida A, Matsuo S, Kato A, Ohmori Y, Higashida A, Kaneko E, Matsumoto M. Hepatocellular carcinoma in a mouse model fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:221-233. [PMID: 28895242 PMCID: PMC5639266 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer worldwide and represents the outcome of the natural history of chronic liver disease. The growing rates of HCC may be partially attributable to increased numbers of people with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, details of the liver‐specific molecular mechanisms responsible for the NAFLD–NASH–HCC progression remain unclear, and mouse models that can be used to explore the exact factors that influence the progression of NAFLD/NASH to the more chronic stages of liver disease and subsequent HCC are not yet fully established. We have previously reported a choline‐deficient, L‐amino acid‐defined, high‐fat diet (CDAHFD) as a dietary NASH model with rapidly progressive liver fibrosis in mice. The current study in C57BL/6J mice fed CDAHFD provided evidence for the chronic persistence of advanced hepatic fibrosis in NASH and disease progression towards HCC in a period of 36 weeks. When mice fed CDAHFD were switched back to a standard diet, hepatic steatosis was normalized and NAFLD activity score improved, but HCC incidence increased and the phenotype of fibrosis‐associated HCC development was observed. Moreover, when mice continued to be fed CDAHFD for 60 weeks, HCC further developed without severe body weight loss or carcinogenesis in other organs. The autochthonous tumours showed a variety of histological features and architectural patterns including trabecular, pseudoglandular and solid growth. The CDAHFD mouse model might be a useful tool for studying the development of HCC from NAFLD/NASH, and potentially useful for better understanding pathological changes during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saori Matsuo
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohmori
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Atsuko Higashida
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Eiji Kaneko
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Matsumoto
- Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
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Tessitore A, Mastroiaco V, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Pompili S, Cicciarelli G, Barnabei R, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Capalbo C, Alesse E. Development of hepatocellular cancer induced by long term low fat-high carbohydrate diet in a NAFLD/NASH mouse model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53482-53494. [PMID: 28881825 PMCID: PMC5581124 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease. It can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and, in a percentage of cases, to hepatocarcinogenesis. The strong incidence in western countries of obesity and metabolic syndrome, whose NAFLD is the hepatic expression, is thought to be correlated to consumption of diets characterized by processed food and sweet beverages. Previous studies described high-fat diet-induced liver tumors. Conversely, the involvement of low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet in the progression of liver disease or cancer initiation has not been described yet. Here we show for the first time hepatic cancer formation in low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet fed NAFLD/NASH mouse model. Animals were long term high-fat, low-fat/high-carbohydrate or standard diet fed. We observed progressive liver damage in low-fat/high-carbohydrate and high-fat animals after 12 and, more, 18 months. Tumors were detected in 20% and 50% of high-fat diet fed mice after 12 and 18 months and, interestingly, in 30% of low-fat/high-carbohydrate fed animals after 18 months. No tumors were detected in standard diet fed mice. Global increase of hepatic interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and hepatocyte growth factor was detected in low-fat/high-carbohydrate and high-fat with respect to standard diet fed mice as well as in tumor with respect to non-tumor bearing mice. A panel of 15 microRNAs was analyzed: some of them revealed differential expression in low-fat/high-carbohydrate with respect to high-fat diet fed groups and in tumors. Data here shown provide the first evidence of the involvement of low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet in hepatic damage leading to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Mastroiaco
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Pompili
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Germana Cicciarelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Remo Barnabei
- S. Salvatore Hospital, Unit of Laboratory Medicine, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carlo Capalbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University "La Sapienza", 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Dietrich CG, Rau M, Jahn D, Geier A. Changes in drug transport and metabolism and their clinical implications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:625-640. [PMID: 28359183 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1314461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising, especially in Western countries. Drug treatment in patients with NAFLD is common since it is linked to other conditions like diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, changes in drug metabolism may have serious clinical implications. Areas covered: A literature search for studies in animal models or patients with obesity, fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or NASH cirrhosis published before November 2016 was performed. After discussing epidemiology and animal models for NAFLD, we summarized both basic as well as clinical studies investigating changes in drug transport and metabolism in NAFLD. Important drug groups were assessed separately with emphasis on clinical implications for drug treatment in patients with NAFLD. Expert opinion: Given the frequency of NAFLD even today, a high degree of drug treatment in NAFLD patients appears safe and well-tolerated despite considerable changes in hepatic uptake, distribution, metabolism and transport of drugs in these patients. NASH causes changes in biliary excretion, systemic concentrations, and renal handling of drugs leading to alterations in drug efficacy or toxicity under specific circumstances. Future clinical drug studies should focus on this special patient population in order to avoid serious adverse events in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph G Dietrich
- a Bethlehem Center of Health , Department of Medicine , Stolberg/Rhineland , Germany
| | - Monika Rau
- b Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Jahn
- b Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Geier
- b Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Garay-Lugo N, Domínguez-Lopez A, Miliar García A, Aguilar Barrera E, Gómez López M, Gómez Alcalá A, Martínez Godinez MDLA, Lara-Padilla E. n-3 Fatty acids modulate the mRNA expression of the Nlrp3 inflammasome and Mtor in the liver of rats fed with high-fat or high-fat/fructose diets. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 38:353-63. [PMID: 27367537 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1208221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is evidence that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs) can inhibit mTORC1, which should potentiate autophagy and eliminate NLRP3 inflammasome activity. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of a high-fat or high-fat/fructose diet with and without n-3-PUFAs on hepatic gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the mRNA expression by RT-PCR of Mtor, Nlrp3, and other 22 genes associated with inflammation in rats livers after a 9-week diet. The dietary regimens were low-fat (control, CD), high-fat (HF), high-fat/fructose (HF-Fr), and also each of these supplemented with n-3-PUFAs (CD-n-3-PUFAs, HF-n-3-PUFAs, and HF-Fr-n-3-PUFAs). These data were processed by GeneMania and STRING databases. RESULTS Compared to the control, the HF group showed a significant increase (between p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001) in 20 of these genes (Il1b, Il18, Rxra, Nlrp3, Casp1, Il33, Tnf, Acaca, Mtor, Eif2s1, Eif2ak4, Nfkb1, Srebf1, Hif1a, Ppara, Ppard, Pparg, Mlxipl, Fasn y Scd1), and a decrease in Sirt1 (p < 0.05). With the HF-Fr diet, a significant increase (between p < 0.05 and p < 0.005) was also found in the expression of 16 evaluated genes (Srebf1, Mlxipl, Rxra, Abca1, Il33, Nfkb1, Hif1a, Pparg, Casp1, Il1b, Il-18, Tnf, Ppard, Acaca, Fasn, Scd1), along with a decrease in the transcription of Mtor and Elovl6 (p < 0.05). Contrarily, many of the genes whose expression increased with the HF and HF-Fr diets did not significantly increase with the HF-n-3-PUFAs or HF-Fr-n-3-PUFAs diet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We found the interrelation of the genes for the mTORC1 complex, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and other metabolically important proteins, and that these genes respond to n-3-PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Garay-Lugo
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Salvador Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
| | - Aarón Domínguez-Lopez
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Salvador Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
| | - Angel Miliar García
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Salvador Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
| | - Eliud Aguilar Barrera
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Salvador Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
| | - Modesto Gómez López
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Salvador Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
| | - Alejandro Gómez Alcalá
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Salvador Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Martínez Godinez
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular , Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Salvador Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
| | - Eleazar Lara-Padilla
- b Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis and Díaz Mirón , México , D.F , México
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Shen W, Feng Z, Wang P, Zhang J. FAM172A controls endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related to NF-κB signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM172A is an anti-oncogene and plays a vital role in controlling cell proliferation and cell cycle by inducing the arrest of G1/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Shen
- Department of Ultrasound
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
- Air Force General Hospital
- Beijing 100142
- China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Air Force General Hospital
- Beijing 100142
- China
| | - Jinqian Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510317
- China
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Amano Y, Shimizu F, Yasuno H, Harada A, Tsuchiya S, Isono O, Nagabukuro H, Tozawa R. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a combined mouse model of genetic modification and dietary challenge. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:103-115. [PMID: 26992446 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Experimental models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are still required for understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. This study aimed to examine whether disease progression is accelerated by combining dyslipidemic genetic modification and dietary challenges and develop NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma in a short period. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a modified choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet, including 1 w/w% cholesterol and 41 kcal% fat, and was comprehensively profiled over 1 year. RESULTS Microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis in the liver was observed from the first week after starting the modified choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet. Macrovesicular steatosis was exacerbated with time and was observed in almost all hepatocytes at week 8, but slightly decreased at week 16. Infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and upregulation of hepatic inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were also observed from week 1. Plasma hepatic transaminase activities were increased at week 1, reached a peak at week 4, and gradually decreased thereafter. In parallel with increases in hepatic gene expression of collagen-I, the hepatic fibrosis area expanded after week 4 and massively spread all over the liver by week 8. Hepatocellular hyperplasia was observed from week 24. Hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma were observed from week 31 and 39, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, in a rodent NASH model with the combination of genetic modification and dietary challenges, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatic injury, hepatic fibrosis, hepatocellular hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma can be developed in a relatively short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Amano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumi Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasuno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Harada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuntarou Tsuchiya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Isono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagabukuro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tozawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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Larner DP, Morgan SA, Gathercole LL, Doig CL, Guest P, Weston C, Hazeldine J, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. Male 11β-HSD1 Knockout Mice Fed Trans-Fats and Fructose Are Not Protected From Metabolic Syndrome or Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3493-504. [PMID: 27384305 PMCID: PMC5007899 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines a spectrum of conditions from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis and is regarded as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Glucocorticoids can promote steatosis by stimulating lipolysis within adipose tissue, free fatty acid delivery to liver and hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Glucocorticoids can be reactivated in liver through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme activity. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 has been suggested as a potential treatment for NAFLD. To test this, male mice with global (11β-HSD1 knockout [KO]) and liver-specific (LKO) 11β-HSD1 loss of function were fed the American Lifestyle Induced Obesity Syndrome (ALIOS) diet, known to recapitulate the spectrum of NAFLD, and metabolic and liver phenotypes assessed. Body weight, muscle and adipose tissue masses, and parameters of glucose homeostasis showed that 11β-HSD1KO and LKO mice were not protected from systemic metabolic disease. Evaluation of hepatic histology, triglyceride content, and blinded NAFLD activity score assessment indicated that levels of steatosis were similar between 11β-HSD1KO, LKO, and control mice. Unexpectedly, histological analysis revealed significantly increased levels of immune foci present in livers of 11β-HSD1KO but not LKO or control mice, suggestive of a transition to NASH. This was endorsed by elevated hepatic expression of key immune cell and inflammatory markers. These data indicate that 11β-HSD1-deficient mice are not protected from metabolic disease or hepatosteatosis in the face of a NAFLD-inducing diet. However, global deficiency of 11β-HSD1 did increase markers of hepatic inflammation and suggests a critical role for 11β-HSD1 in restraining the transition to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P Larner
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura L Gathercole
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Guest
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Weston
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Mahady SE, George J. Exercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:1172-82. [PMID: 26805014 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver condition worldwide, and is projected to become the leading cause for liver transplantation in the United States as early as 2020. The mainstay of treatment remains lifestyle modification with diet and exercise recommendations, as although some pharmacological treatments such as glitazones and Vitamin E have shown benefit, there are concerns regarding long term safety. The evidence base for dietary interventions in NAFLD such as the Mediterranean diet, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and coffee is mainly derived from observational data with questionable validity. Where trials exist, they have shown benefit for surrogate outcomes such as hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, but no trials have been conducted with salient clinical outcomes such as reduction in progression to chronic liver disease. Benefit in surrogate outcomes has also been seen for aerobic, anaerobic and combined modality exercise but it remains unclear if one type is superior. Furthermore, a reduction in sedentary time appears equally important. To provide a sound evidence base for lifestyle recommendations to people with NAFLD, longer duration trials of standardized dietary or exercise interventions, and testing various doses, types and with liver related outcomes, are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Mahady
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW Australia.
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kishida N, Matsuda S, Itano O, Shinoda M, Kitago M, Yagi H, Abe Y, Hibi T, Masugi Y, Aiura K, Sakamoto M, Kitagawa Y. Development of a novel mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis using a high-fat, choline-deficient diet and intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:61. [PMID: 27296438 PMCID: PMC4906823 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is increasing, and its clinicopathological features are well established. Several animal models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis have been developed to facilitate its study; however, few fully recapitulate all its clinical features, which include insulin resistance, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Moreover, these models require a relatively long time to produce hepatocellular carcinoma reliably. The aim of this study was to develop a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that develops quickly and reflects all clinically relevant features. Methods Three-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were fed either a standard diet (MF) or a choline-deficient, high-fat diet (HFCD). The mice in the MF + diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and HFCD + DEN groups received a one-time intraperitoneal injection of DEN at the start of the respective feeding protocols. Results The mice in the HFCD and HFCD + DEN groups developed obesity early in the experiment and insulin resistance after 12 weeks. Triglyceride levels peaked at 8 weeks for all four groups and decreased thereafter. Alanine aminotransferase levels increased every 4 weeks, with the HFCD and HFCD + DEN groups showing remarkably high levels; the HFCD + DEN group presented the highest incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The levels of fibrosis and steatosis varied, but they tended to increase every 4 weeks in the HFCD and HFCD + DEN groups. Computed tomography scans indicated that all the HFCD + DEN mice developed hepatic tumors from 20 weeks, some of which were glutamine synthetase-positive. Conclusions The nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-hepatocellular carcinoma model we describe here is simple to establish, results in rapid tumor formation, and recapitulates most of the key features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. It could therefore facilitate further studies of the development, oncogenic potential, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0477-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kishida
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sachiko Matsuda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Endowed Research Chair in Molecular Targeted Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Itano
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taizo Hibi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Aiura
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kawasaki-ku, Japan
| | - Michiie Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Torres N, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Noriega LG, Torre-Villalvazo I, Leal-Díaz AM, Antunes-Ricardo M, Márquez-Mota C, Ordaz G, Chavez-Santoscoy RA, Serna-Saldivar SO, Tovar AR. The effect of isorhamnetin glycosides extracted from Opuntia ficus-indica in a mouse model of diet induced obesity. Food Funct 2016; 6:805-15. [PMID: 25588195 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A diet rich in polyphenols can ameliorate some metabolic alterations associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) is a plant rich in isorhamnetin glycosides and is highly consumed in Mexico. The purpose of this research was to determine the metabolic effect of an OFI extract on a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and in isolated pancreatic islets. OFI extract was added to a high fat (HF) diet at a low (0.3%) or high (0.6%) dose and administered to C57BL/6 mice for 12 weeks. Mice fed the HF diet supplemented with the OFI extract gained less body weight and exhibited significantly lower circulating total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol compared to those fed the HF diet alone. The HF-OFI diet fed mice presented lower glucose and insulin concentration than the HF diet fed mice. However, the HF-OFI diet fed mice tended to have higher insulin concentration than control mice. The OFI extract stimulated insulin secretion in vitro, associated with increased glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mRNA content. Furthermore, the OFI extract improved glucose tolerance, and additionally increased energy expenditure. These metabolic improvements were associated with reduced adipocyte size, increased hepatic IRS1 tyr-608 and S6 K thr-389 phosphorylation. OFI isorhamnetin glycosides also diminished the hepatic lipid content associated with reduced mRNA expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and lipogenic enzymes and increased mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation. Overall, the OFI extract prevented the development of metabolic abnormalities associated with diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL, México
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Arfianti E, Larter CZ, Lee S, Barn V, Haigh G, Yeh MM, Ioannou GN, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Obesity and diabetes accelerate hepatocarcinogenesis via hepatocyte proliferation independent of NF-κB or Akt/mTORC1. J Clin Transl Res 2016; 2:26-37. [PMID: 30873458 PMCID: PMC6410642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are strong links between obesity, diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. AIM We tested the proposed involvement of NF-κB, IL-6/STAT3 and Akt/mTORC1 before onset (at 3 months) and at onset (6 months) of accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis in DEN-injected obese and diabetic foz/foz compared to lean wildtype (Wt) mice, and also studied the hepatocyte proliferative response to DNA damage between the obese and lean lines. METHODS Male foz/foz and Wt littermates fed normal chow were DEN-injected (10mg/kg i.p.) at age 12-15 days. To test the effect of mTOR inhibitor on growth of dysplastic hepatocytes, a separate cohort of DEN-injected foz/foz mice was administered rapamycin (4 mg/kg body weight/day). RESULTS foz/foz mice developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, adipokine dysregulation and fatty liver, without increased serum or liver TNF-α or serum IL-6. All DEN-injected foz/foz mice developed HCC by 6 mths vs. 0/10 lean Wt. At 3 mths, there were more dysplastic hepatocytes in DEN-injected foz/foz than Wt, with increased liver injury (serum ALT), hepatocyte apoptosis (M30-positive cells) and proliferation (cyclin D1, cyclin E, PCNA), but neither NF-κB nor STAT3 activation. foz/foz livers exhibited upregulation of DNA damage sensors ATM and ATR, with inadequate cell cycle checkpoint controls (CHK1, CHK2, p53, p21). Akt and mTORC1 were highly activated in livers from foz/foz vs. Wt mice. Despite such activation, rapamycin failed to reduce growth of dysplastic hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Accelerated DEN-induced HCC in obese/diabetic mice is linked to enhanced growth of dysplastic hepatocytes that cannot be attributed to NF-κB or IL-6/STAT3 activation, nor to sustained mTORC1 activation. The critical mechanism for obesity-enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis lies in the disconnection between hepatocellular injury with DNA damage, and an unrestrained proliferative response. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS This study supports the epidemiological data linking obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease with increased risk for developing HCC. The findings also suggest that mTORC1 inhibition may not be beneficial in the prevention of obesity-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Arfianti
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Claire Z Larter
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Seungsoo Lee
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vanessa Barn
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Haigh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew M. Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - George N. Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Narci C. Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C. Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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75
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Song W, Song C, Shan Y, Lu W, Zhang J, Hu P, Wu X, Li L, Guo S. The antioxidative effects of three lactobacilli on high-fat diet induced obese mice. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, three Lactobacillus strains (L. coryniformis subsp. torquens T3, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei M5 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei X12) isolated in our laboratory were investigated for antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Chen Song
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Yujuan Shan
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Weihong Lu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Panpan Hu
- Department of Life Science
- Lvliang University
- Lvliang 033001
- China
| | - Xianfan Wu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
| | - L. Li
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Shouli Guo
- Animal Experiment Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital
- Harbin Medical University
- Harbin 150086
- China
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Delarue J, Lallès JP. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Roles of the gut and the liver and metabolic modulation by some dietary factors and especially long-chain n-3 PUFA. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:147-59. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; University Hospital and University of Brest; Brest France
- Breton Federation of Food and Human Nutrition (FED4216); University of Brest; Brest France
| | - Jean-Paul Lallès
- Breton Federation of Food and Human Nutrition (FED4216); University of Brest; Brest France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; UR1341; Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives; Nerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC); Saint-Gilles France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine-Ouest; Nantes Cedex 1 France
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77
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Nakagawa H. Recent advances in mouse models of obesity- and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2110-2118. [PMID: 26301053 PMCID: PMC4539404 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i17.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer, and obesity has been established as a risk factor for HCC development. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is apparently the key link between obesity and hepatocarcinogenesis, and obesity also accelerates HCC development synergistically with other risk factors, such as hepatitis virus infection and alcohol consumption. As an explanation for the pathogenesis of NASH, the so-called “two-hit” theory has been widely accepted, but recently, a better model, the so-called “multiple-hits hypothesis” was proposed, which states that many disease-promoting factors may occur in parallel, rather than consecutively. However, the overall mechanism remains largely unknown. Various cell-cell and organ-organ interactions are involved in the pathogenesis of NASH, and thus appropriate in vivo disease models are essential for a deeper understanding. However, replicating the full spectrum of human NASH has been difficult, as NASH involves obesity, insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and ultimately HCC, and the lack of an appropriate mouse model has been a considerable barrier to determining the missing links among obesity, NASH, and HCC. In recent years, several innovative mouse models presenting obesity- and NASH-associated HCC have been established by modified diets, chemotoxic agents, genetic manipulation, or a combination of these factors, shedding some light on this complex network and providing new therapeutic strategies. Thus, in this paper, I review the mouse models of obesity- and NASH-associated HCC, especially focusing on recent advances and their clinical relevance.
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78
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H Henry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stephen H Caldwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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79
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Streba LAM, Vere CC, Rogoveanu I, Streba CT. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic risk factors, and hepatocellular carcinoma: An open question. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4103-4110. [PMID: 25892859 PMCID: PMC4394070 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) defines liver abnormalities ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with or without cirrhosis development, occurring in the absence of significant alcohol consumption, use of teratogenic medication, or hereditary disorders. The association between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome is well documented and widely recognized. Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and dyslipidemia are the most common metabolic risk factors associated with NAFLD. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, current evidence strongly indicates obesity and diabetes as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk factors. There is also growing evidence that suggests an increased risk of HCC in NAFLD patients, even surpassing other etiologies in some high-income countries. Epidemiologic data demonstrate a parallel rise in prevalence of obesity, diabetes, NAFLD, and HCC. As obesity and its related diseases have steadily afflicted larger populations, HCC incidence is expected to increase in the future. Pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie NAFLD development and subsequent progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis (insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hepatic stellate cell activation, cytokine/adipocytokine signaling pathways, and genetic and environmental factors) appear to play a significant role in the development of NAFLD-related HCC. However, a comprehensive view of molecular mechanisms linking obesity, T2DM, and NAFLD-related HCC, as well as the exact sequence of molecular events, is still not understood in its entirety. Good-quality data are still necessary, and efforts should continue towards better understanding the underlying carcinogenic mechanisms of NAFLD-related HCC. In this paper, we aimed to centralize the most important links supporting these relationships, focusing on obesity, T2DM, and NAFLD-related HCC, as well as point out the major gaps in knowledge regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms behind them.
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80
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Tennakoon AH, Izawa T, Wijesundera KK, Katou-Ichikawa C, Tanaka M, Golbar HM, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing ductular cells in a rat liver cirrhosis model induced by repeated injections of thioacetamide (TAA). Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:476-85. [PMID: 25758201 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a type III intermediate filament protein, is expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the principal fibrogenic cell type in the liver. Further, GFAP could be a marker for hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). In this study, the participation of GFAP-expressing cells in HPC expansion/ductular reaction was investigated in a rat model of liver cirrhosis. Six-week-old male F344 rats were injected intraperitoneally with thioacetamide (100mg/kg BW, twice a week) and examined at post-first injection weeks 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25. Fibrosis-related proliferation of ductular cells was observed as demonstrated by CK19 immunostaining. Some of these cells were stained with GFAP. No co-staining was observed between CK19 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; myofibroblast marker). There were proliferating ductular cells stained with α-fetoprotein or β-catenin; the ductular reaction was related to increased expression of hepatocarcinogenesis-related factors (Wnt2, Wnt4 and glypican-3). These results for the first time show the participation of GFAP-positive HPCs in ductular reaction in a chemically induced rodent model. Though the ductular cells were chaperoned by myofibroblasts, they show no direct evidence for epithelial to mesenchymal transition. These findings shed new light in understanding the roles of GFAP-expressing HPCs in liver cirrhosis and provide further evidence of interaction between newly-formed bile ductules and HSCs, suggesting that both cells could be in the common lineage of HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha H Tennakoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kavindra K Wijesundera
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Chisa Katou-Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Miyuu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hossain M Golbar
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
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Antiarrhythmic agents and the risk of malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116960. [PMID: 25590332 PMCID: PMC4295889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to determine the association between the use of antiarrhythmic agents and the risk of malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile ducts (MNLIHD). Methods We used the research database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program to conduct a population-based, case-control study. We identified 9944 patients with antiarrhythmic history who were first diagnosed as having MNLIHD between 2005 and 2010. We identified an additional 19,497 patients with antiarrhythmic history in the same period who did not develop MNLIHD and were frequency-matched using age, sex, and index year to form a control group. Five commercially available antiarrhythmic agents, amiodarone, mexiletine, propafenone, quinidine, and procainamide, were analyzed. Results The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of MNLIHD was 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45–1.77) for amiodarone users versus nonamiodarone users. In subgroup analysis, amiodarone use was significantly associated with an increased risk of MNLIHD with an adjusted OR of 18.0 (95% CI, 15.7–20.5) for patients with comorbidities compared to an OR of 2.43 (95% CI, 1.92–3.06) for those without comorbidities. After adjustment for age, sex, statins, anti-diabetes medications, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, propafenone use, quinidine use, and comorbidities, the ORs were 1.49, 1.66, and 1.79 for MNLIHD associated with annual mean defined daily doses of ≤30, 31–145, and >145, respectively. Conclusions The results of the present study indicated that amiodarone might be associated with the development of MNLIHD in a dose-dependent manner, particularly among patients with comorbidities.
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Sucrose, fructose, glucose, and their link to metabolic syndrome and cancer. Nutrition 2015; 31:249-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Simple sugar intake and hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiological and mechanistic insight. Nutrients 2014; 6:5933-54. [PMID: 25533006 PMCID: PMC4277008 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar intake has dramatically increased during the last few decades. Specifically, there has been a clear trend towards higher consumption of fructose and high fructose corn syrup, which are the most common added sugars in processed food, soft drinks and other sweetened beverages. Although still controversial, this rising trend in simple sugar consumption has been positively associated with weight gain and obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Interestingly, all of these metabolic alterations have also been related to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this review is to discuss the evidence coming from epidemiological studies and data from animal models relating the consumption of simple sugars, and specifically fructose, with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and to gain insight into the putative molecular mechanisms involved.
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84
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Zhang H, Feng Z, Huang R, Xia Z, Xiang G, Zhang J. MicroRNA-449 suppresses proliferation of hepatoma cell lines through blockade lipid metabolic pathway related to SIRT1. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2143-52. [PMID: 25119660 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA or miR) inhibition of oncogenic related pathways has been shown to be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer. SIRT1 might be a promoter factor on tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism is unknown. We investigated whether miRNAs regulate the SIRT1 and its downstream SREBP-lipogenesis-cholesterogenesis metabolic pathway in hepatoma cells. Human hepatoma cells were transfected with miR-449 mimics and inhibitors, and the effects of miR-449 on cell proliferation was assessed. We identified the miRNAs, miR-449, that control lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in hepatoma cells by inhibiting SIRT1 and SREBP-1c expression and downregulating their targeted genes, including fatty acid synthase (FASN) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR). MiR-449 repressed DNA synthesis, mitotic entry and proliferation of hepatoma cells. Restoration of miR-449 led to suppression of SIRT1 expression and liver tumorigenesis. The newly identified miRNAs, miR-449 represents a novel targeting mechanism for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglin Xia
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
| | - Guoan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jinqian Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
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Alwahsh SM, Xu M, Schultze FC, Wilting J, Mihm S, Raddatz D, Ramadori G. Combination of alcohol and fructose exacerbates metabolic imbalance in terms of hepatic damage, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104220. [PMID: 25101998 PMCID: PMC4125190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although both alcohol and fructose are particularly steatogenic, their long-term effect in the development of a metabolic syndrome has not been studied in vivo. Consumption of fructose generally leads to obesity, whereas ethanol can induce liver damage in the absence of overweight. Here, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum for 28 days on five diets: chow (control), liquid Lieber-DeCarli (LDC) diet, LDC +30%J of ethanol (L-Et) or fructose (L-Fr), and LDC combined with 30%J ethanol and 30%J fructose (L-EF). Body weight (BW) and liver weight (LW) were measured. Blood and liver samples were harvested and subjected to biochemical tests, histopathological examinations, and RT-PCR. Alcohol-containing diets substantially reduced the food intake and BW (≤3rd week), whereas fructose-fed animals had higher LW than controls (P<0.05). Additionally, leukocytes, plasma AST and leptin levels were the highest in the fructose-administered rats. Compared to the chow and LDC diets, the L-EF diet significantly elevated blood glucose, insulin, and total-cholesterol levels (also vs. the L-Et group). The albumin and Quick-test levels were the lowest, whereas ALT activity was the highest in the L-EF group. Moreover, the L-EF diet aggravated plasma triglyceride and reduced HDL-cholesterol levels more than 2.7-fold compared to the sum of the effects of the L-Et and L-Fr diets. The decreased hepatic insulin clearance in the L-EF group vs. control and LDC groups was reflected by a significantly decreased C-peptide:insulin ratio. All diets except the control caused hepatosteatosis, as evidenced by Nile red and H&E staining. Hepatic transcription of insulin receptor substrate-1/2 was mainly suppressed by the L-Fr and L-EF diets. The L-EF diet did not enhance the mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids (Cpt1α and Ppar-α expressions) compared to the L-Et or L-Fr diet. Together, our data provide evidence for the coaction of ethanol and fructose with a high-fat-diet on dyslipidemia and insulin resistance-accompanied liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salamah Mohammad Alwahsh
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Min Xu
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frank Christian Schultze
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Mihm
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Raddatz
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ramadori
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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86
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Modeling progressive non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the laboratory mouse. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:473-86. [PMID: 24802098 PMCID: PMC4164843 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world and its prevalence is rising. In the absence of disease progression, fatty liver poses minimal risk of detrimental health outcomes. However, advancement to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) confers a markedly increased likelihood of developing severe liver pathologies, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, organ failure, and cancer. Although a substantial percentage of NAFLD patients develop NASH, the genetic and molecular mechanisms driving this progression are poorly understood, making it difficult to predict which patients will ultimately develop advanced liver disease. Deficiencies in mechanistic understanding preclude the identification of beneficial prognostic indicators and the development of effective therapies. Mouse models of progressive NAFLD serve as a complementary approach to the direct analysis of human patients. By providing an easily manipulated experimental system that can be rigorously controlled, they facilitate an improved understanding of disease development and progression. In this review, we discuss genetically- and chemically-induced models of NAFLD that progress to NASH, fibrosis, and liver cancer in the context of the major signaling pathways whose disruption has been implicated as a driving force for their development. Additionally, an overview of nutritional models of progressive NAFLD is provided.
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