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Hou W, Huo KG, Guo X, Xu M, Yang Y, Shi Z, Xu W, Tu J, Gao T, Ma Z, Han S. KLF15-Cyp3a11 Axis Regulates Rifampicin-induced Liver Injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2024:DMD-AR-2023-001617. [PMID: 38670799 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin (RFP) has demonstrated potent antibacterial effects in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the serious adverse effects on the liver intensively limit the clinical usage of the drug. Deacetylation greatly reduces the toxicity of RFP but also retains its curative activity. Here, we found that krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) repressed the expression of the major RFP detoxification enzyme Cyp3a11 in mice via both direct and indirect mechanisms. Knockout of hepatocyte KLF15 induced the expression of Cyp3a11 and robustly attenuated the hepatotoxicity of RFP in mice. In contrast, overexpression of hepatic KLF15 exacerbated RFP-induced liver injury as well as mortality. More importantly, the suppression of hepatic KLF15 expression strikingly restored liver functions in mice even after being pre-treated with overdosed RFP. Therefore, this study identified the KLF15-Cyp3a11 axis as a novel regulatory pathway that may play an essential role in the detoxification of RFP and associated liver injury. Significance Statement Rifampicin has demonstrated antibacterial effects in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the serious adverse effects on the liver intensively limit the clinical usage of the drug. Permanent depletion and transient inhibition of hepatic KLF15 expression significantly induced the expression of Cyp3a11 and robustly attenuated mouse hepatotoxicity induced by RFP. Overall, our studies show the KLF15-Cyp3a11 axis was identified as a novel regulatory pathway that may play an essential role in the detoxification of RFP and associated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Hou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | | | - Xiaohua Guo
- University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | | | | | | | - Weixiong Xu
- Case Western Reserve University, United States
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2
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Ichinose P, Miró MV, Viviani P, Herrera JM, Lifschitz A, Virkel G. Exploring precision-cut liver slices for comparative xenobiotic metabolism profiling in swine and cattle. Xenobiotica 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38626291 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2343905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In vitro systems are useful tools for unravelling species differences in xenobiotic metabolism.The current work aimed to validate the technique of precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) for comparative studies on xenobiotic metabolism in swine and cattle.PCLS from swine (n = 3) and cattle (n = 3) were produced using a Brendel-VitronTM Tissue Slicer and cultured for 6 h. Tissue viability was preserved throughout the whole culture period.Metabolic viability was evaluated using the anthelmintics albendazole (ABZ) and fenbendazole (FBZ) as model drugs, as well as other substrates of hepatic monooxygenases: benzydamine (BZ) N-oxygenase (FMO-dependent), and the O-dealkylations of 7-ethoxyresorufin (EROD, CYP1A1-dependent) and 7-methoxyresorufin (MROD, CYP1A2-dependent).ABZ S-oxygenation resulted 6-fold (cattle) and 13.6-fold (swine) higher (p = 0.001) compared to FBZ S-oxygenation.Similar BZ N-oxygenation and EROD activities were observed in PCLS cultures from both species. MROD was 2.5-fold higher (p = 0.033) in swine than in cattle. Similarly, ABZ S-oxygenation was 1.7-fold higher (p = 0.0002) in swine than in cattle. Conversely, a 82% higher (p = 0.0003) rate of FBZ S-oxygenation was evidenced in PCLS cultures from cattle compared to those from swine.Overall, this work shows that PCLS cultures are useful to obtain relevant information on species differences in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ichinose
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Miró
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Viviani
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Herrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mitchell SC, Waring RH. Academic foreign compound metabolism - ' quo vadis'? Xenobiotica 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38606913 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2340740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Mitchell
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R H Waring
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Makihara H, Maezawa M, Kaiga K, Satake T, Muto M, Tsunoda Y, Shimada T, Akase T. mRNA expression levels of cytochrome P450 CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 in the epidermis: a focus on individual differences among Japanese individuals. Xenobiotica 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38646717 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2344664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Various cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) that contribute to drug metabolism are expressed in the skin. However, variation among individuals in CYP expression profiles is not well-understood.To investigate CYPs related to the metabolism of transdermal preparations in Japan, multiple skin tissue specimens of individuals of Japanese descent were prepared, and the mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were measured. Associations between the expression patterns of these CYPs and body mass index (BMI) were also investigated.There were considerable individual differences in epidermal CYP1A2 mRNA expression levels, and CYP1A2 showed a weak positive correlation with CYP3A4 mRNA expression levels. In contrast to previous results for other organs, epidermal CYP3A4 mRNA expression levels showed a weak positive correlation with BMI.CYP3A4 in the epidermis may have been locally enhanced as a defence mechanism against xenobiotics in response to impaired barrier function. These differences in mRNA expression in the skin may affect the transdermal absorption of drugs, such as lidocaine and fentanyl, which are metabolised by multiple overlapping CYPs.Our study provides new insights into drug metabolism in the skin. These results are valuable for predicting drug effects and transdermal drug transfer rates in Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Makihara
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Maezawa
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazusa Kaiga
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Satake
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayu Muto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yui Tsunoda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akase
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Singh DK, Ahire D, Davydov DR, Prasad B. Differential tissue abundance of membrane-bound drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins by global proteomics. Drug Metab Dispos 2024:DMD-AR-2023-001477. [PMID: 38641346 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein abundance data of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) are critical for scaling in vitro and animal data to humans for accurate prediction and interpretation of drug clearance and toxicity. Targeted DMET proteomics which relies on synthetic stable isotope-labeled surrogate peptides as calibrators, is routinely used for the quantification of selected proteins; however, the technique is limited to the quantification of a small number of proteins. Although the global proteomics-based total protein approach (TPA) is emerging as a better alternative for large-scale protein quantification, the conventional TPA doesn't consider differential sequence coverage by identifying unique peptides across proteins. Here, we optimized the TPA approach by correcting protein abundance data by the sequence coverage (SC-TPA), which was applied to quantify 54 DMETs for characterization of i) differential tissue DMET abundance in the human liver, kidney, and intestine, and ii) interindividual variability of DMET proteins in individual intestinal samples (n=13). UGT2B7, MGST1, MGST2, MGST3, CES2, and MRP2 were expressed in all three tissues, whereas, as expected CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, CYP4F2, UGT1A1, UGT2B17, CES1, FMO5, MRP3, and P-gp were present in the liver and intestine. The top three DMET proteins in individual tissues were: CES1>CYP2E1>UGT2B7 (liver), CES2>UGT2B17>CYP3A4 (intestine), and MGST1>UGT1A6>MGST2 (kidney). CYP3A4, CYP3A5, UGT2B17, CES2, and MGST2 showed high interindividual variability in the intestine. These data are relevant for enhancing in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of drug absorption and disposition and can be used to enhance the accuracy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) prediction of systemic and tissue concentration of drugs. Significance Statement We quantified the abundance and compositions of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in pooled human liver, intestine, and kidney microsomes using an optimized sequence coverage-informed total protein approach. The quantification of DMETs revealed quantitative differences in their levels in the liver, intestine, and kidney. Further, the analysis of individual intestine samples confirmed high variability in the levels of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, UGT2B17, CES2, and MGST2. These data are applicable for the prediction of first-pass metabolism and tissue-specific drug clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, United States
| | - Dmitri R Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, United States
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6
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Yabut KCB, Martynova A, Nath A, Zercher BP, Bush MF, Isoherranen N. Drugs Form Ternary Complexes with Human Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP1) and FABP1 Binding Alters Drug Metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 2024:MOLPHARM-AR-2024-000878. [PMID: 38580446 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.124.000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1) binds diverse endogenous lipids and is highly expressed in the human liver. Binding to FABP1 alters the metabolism and homeostasis of endogenous lipids in the liver. Drugs have also been shown to bind to rat FABP1, but limited data is available for human FABP1 (hFABP1). FABP1 has a large binding pocket and up to two fatty acids can bind to FABP1 simultaneously. We hypothesized that drug binding to hFABP1 results in formation of ternary complexes and that FABP1 binding alters drug metabolism. To test these hypotheses, native protein mass spectrometry (MS) and fluorescent 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid (DAUDA) displacement assays were used to characterize drug binding to hFABP1, and diclofenac oxidation by cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) was studied in the presence and absence of hFABP1. DAUDA binding to hFABP1 involved high (Kd,1=0.2 µM) and low affinity (Kd,2 >10 µM) binding sites. Nine drugs bound to hFABP1 with Kd values ranging from 1 to 20 µM. None of the tested drugs completely displaced DAUDA from hFABP1 and fluorescence spectra showed evidence of ternary complex formation. Formation of DAUDA-hFABP1-diclofenac ternary complex was verified with native MS. Docking predicted diclofenac binding in the portal region of FABP1 with DAUDA in the binding cavity. The kcat of diclofenac hydroxylation by CYP2C9 was decreased by ~50% (p<0.01) in the presence of FABP1. Together, these results suggest that drugs form ternary complexes with hFABP1 and that hFABP1 binding in the liver will alter drug metabolism and clearance. Significance Statement Many commonly prescribed drugs bind FABP1 forming ternary complexes with FABP1 and the fluorescent fatty acid DAUDA. These findings suggests that drugs will bind to apo-FABP1 and fatty acid bound FABP1 in the human liver. The high expression of FABP1 in the liver, together with drug binding to FABP1 may alter drug disposition processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abhinav Nath
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, United States
| | | | | | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, United States
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7
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Vallianatou T, de Souza Anselmo C, Tsiara I, Bèchet NB, Lundgaard I, Globisch D. Identification of New Ketamine Metabolites and Their Detailed Distribution in the Mammalian Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1335-1341. [PMID: 38506562 PMCID: PMC10995950 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a common anesthetic used in human and veterinary medicine. This drug has recently received increased medical and scientific attention due to its indications for neurological diseases. Despite being applied for decades, ketamine's entire metabolism and pharmacological profile have not been elucidated yet. Therefore, insights into the metabolism and brain distribution are important toward identification of neurological effects. Herein, we have investigated ketamine and its metabolites in the pig brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma using mass spectrometric and metabolomics analysis. We discovered previously unknown metabolites and validated their chemical structures. Our comprehensive analysis of the brain distribution of ketamine and 30 metabolites describes significant regional differences detected mainly for phase II metabolites. Elevated levels of these metabolites were identified in brain regions linked to clearance through the cerebrospinal fluid. This study provides the foundation for multidisciplinary studies of ketamine metabolism and the elucidation of neurological effects by ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Vallianatou
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carina de Souza Anselmo
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Tsiara
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas B. Bèchet
- Department
of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department
of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Tang LWT, DaSilva E, Lapham K, Obach RS. Evaluation of Icotinib as a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Aldehyde Oxidase for Reaction Phenotyping in Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2024:DMD-AR-2024-001693. [PMID: 38565303 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a molybdenum cofactor-containing cytosolic enzyme that has gained prominence due to its involvement in the developmental failure of several drug candidates in first-in-human trials. Unlike cytochrome P450s (P450) and glucuronosyltransferase, AO substrates have been plagued by poor in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, leading to low systemic exposures and underprediction of human dose. However, apart from measuring a drug's AO clearance rates, it is also important to determine the relative contribution to metabolism by this enzyme (fm,AO). Although hydralazine is the most well-studied time-dependent inhibitor (TDI) of AO and is frequently employed for AO reaction phenotyping in human hepatocytes to derive fm,AO, multiple studies have expressed concerns pertaining to its utility in providing accurate estimates of fm,AO values due to its propensity to significantly inhibit P450s at the concentrations typically utilized for reaction phenotyping. In this study, we characterized icotinib, a cyclized analogue of erlotinib, as a potent TDI of AO - inactivating human liver cytosolic zoniporide 2-oxidation equipotently with erlotinib with a k inact/K I ratio of 463 and 501 min-1mM-1 , respectively. Moreover, icotinib also exhibits selectivity against P450 and elicits significantly weaker inhibition against human liver microsomal UGT1A1/3 as compared to erlotinib. Finally, we evaluated icotinib as an inhibitor of AO for reaction phenotyping in cryopreserved human hepatocytes and demonstrated that it can yield more accurate prediction of fm,AO compared to hydralazine and induce sustained suppression of AO activity at higher cell densities - which will be important for reaction phenotyping endeavors of low clearance drugs. Significance Statement In this study, we characterized icotinib as a potent time-dependent inhibitor of AO with ample selectivity margins against the P450s and UGT1A1/3 and demonstrated its utility for reaction phenotyping in human hepatocytes to obtain accurate estimates of fm,AO for victim DDI risk predictions. We envisage the adoption of icotinib in place of hydralazine in AO reaction phenotyping.
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Hu DG, Marri S, Hulin JA, Ansaar R, Mackenzie PI, McKinnon RA, Meech R. Activation of Cryptic Donor Splice Sites Within the UGT1A First-Exon Region Generates Variant Transcripts That Encode UGT1A Proteins With Truncated Aglycone-binding Domains. Drug Metab Dispos 2024:DMD-AR-2023-001565-T. [PMID: 38565302 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) have crucial roles in metabolizing and clearing numerous small lipophilic compounds. The UGT1A locus generates nine UGT1A mRNAs, 65 spliced transcripts and 34 circular RNAs. In this study, our analysis of published UGT-CaptureSeq datasets identified novel splice junctions that predict 24 variant UGT1A transcripts derived from ligation of exon 2 to unique sequences within the UGT1A first-exon region using cryptic donor splice sites. Of these variants, seven (1A1_n1, 1A3_n3, 1A4_n4, 1A5_n1, 1A8_n2, 1A9_n2v, 1A10_n7) are predicted to encode UGT1A proteins with truncated aglycone-binding domains. We assessed their expression profiles and deregulation in cancer using four RNA-seq datasets of paired normal and cancerous drug-metabolizing tissues from large patient cohorts. Variants were generally co-expressed with their canonical counterparts with a higher relative abundance in tumor than in normal tissues. Variants showed tissue-specific expression with high interindividual variability but overall low abundance. However, 1A8_n2 showed high abundance in normal and cancerous colorectal tissues with levels that approached or surpassed canonical 1A8 mRNA levels in many samples. We cloned 1A8_n2 and showed expression of the predicted protein (1A8_i3) in HEK293T cells. Glucuronidation assays with 4-MU showed that 1A8_i3 had no activity and was unable to inhibit the activity of 1A8_i1 protein. In summary, the activation of cryptic donor splice sites within the UGT1A first-exon region expands the UGT1A transcriptome and proteome. The 1A8_n2 cryptic donor splice site is highly active in colorectal tissues, representing an important cis-regulatory element that negatively regulates the function of the UGT1A8 gene through pre-mRNA splicing. Significance Statement The UGT1A locus generates nine canonical mRNAs, 65 alternately spliced transcripts and 34 different circular RNAs. The present study reports a series of novel UGT1A variants resulting from use of cryptic donor splice sites in both normal and cancerous tissues, several of which are predicted to encode variant UGT1A proteins with truncated aglycone-binding domains. Of these, 1A8_n2 shows exceptionally high abundance in colorectal tissues, highlighting its potential role in the first-pass metabolism in gut through the glucuronidation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Australia
| | | | | | - Radwan Ansaar
- Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Flinders Medical Center, Flinders University School of Medicine, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Australia
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Frybortova V, Satka S, Jourova L, Zapletalova I, Srejber M, Briolotti P, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Anzenbacher P, Otyepka M, Anzenbacherova E. On the Possible Effect of Phytic Acid (Myo-Inositol Hexaphosphoric Acid, IP6) on Cytochromes P450 and Systems of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Different Hepatic Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3610. [PMID: 38612422 PMCID: PMC11011971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As compounds of natural origin enter human body, it is necessary to investigate their possible interactions with the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics in general, namely with the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid, IP6) is mainly present in plants but is also an endogenous compound present in mammalian cells and tissues. It has been shown to exhibit protective effect in many pathological conditions. For this paper, its interaction with CYPs was studied using human liver microsomes, primary human hepatocytes, the HepG2 cell line, and molecular docking. Docking experiments and absorption spectra demonstrated the weak ability of IP6 to interact in the heme active site of CYP1A. Molecular docking suggested that IP6 preferentially binds to the protein surface, whereas binding to the active site of CYP1A2 was found to be less probable. Subsequently, we investigated the ability of IP6 to modulate the metabolism of xenobiotics for both the mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of CYP1A enzymes. Our findings revealed that IP6 can slightly modulate the mRNA levels and enzyme activity of CYP1A. However, thanks to the relatively weak interactions of IP6 with CYPs, the chances of the mechanisms of clinically important drug-drug interactions involving IP6 are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Frybortova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Stefan Satka
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Lenka Jourova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Iveta Zapletalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Srejber
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Briolotti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France (S.G.-C.)
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France (S.G.-C.)
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France (S.G.-C.)
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
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Lucchetti M, Aina KO, Grandmougin L, Jäger C, Pérez Escriva P, Letellier E, Mosig AS, Wilmes P. An Organ-on-Chip Platform for Simulating Drug Metabolism Along the Gut-Liver Axis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303943. [PMID: 38452399 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The human microbiome significantly influences drug metabolism through the gut-liver axis, leading to modified drug responses and potential toxicity. Due to the complex nature of the human gut environment, the understanding of microbiome-driven impacts on these processes is limited. To address this, a multiorgan-on-a-chip (MOoC) platform that combines the human microbial-crosstalk (HuMiX) gut-on-chip (GoC) and the Dynamic42 liver-on-chip (LoC), mimicking the bidirectional interconnection between the gut and liver known as the gut-liver axis, is introduced. This platform supports the viability and functionality of intestinal and liver cells. In a proof-of-concept study, the metabolism of irinotecan, a widely used colorectal cancer drug, is imitated within the MOoC. Utilizing liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), irinotecan metabolites are tracked, confirming the platform's ability to represent drug metabolism along the gut-liver axis. Further, using the authors' gut-liver platform, it is shown that the colorectal cancer-associated gut bacterium, Escherichia coli, modifies irinotecan metabolism through the transformation of its inactive metabolite SN-38G into its toxic metabolite SN-38. This platform serves as a robust tool for investigating the intricate interplay between gut microbes and pharmaceuticals, offering a representative alternative to animal models and providing novel drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Lucchetti
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | | | - Léa Grandmougin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Jäger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Pau Pérez Escriva
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, L-4362, Luxembourg
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12
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Dietrich CG, Geier A. What is the impact of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease on drug transport and metabolism? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:107-110. [PMID: 38412106 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2324015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Govers B, Matic M, van Schaik RHN, Klimek M. Genetic Polymorphism as a Possible Cause of Severe Postoperative Pain. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:378-381. [PMID: 37816218 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Govers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maja Matic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Klimek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Zhang W, Oh JH, Zhang W, Aldrich CC, Sirianni RW, Elmquist WF. Pharmacokinetics of panobinostat: Inter-species difference in metabolic stability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:JPET-AR-2023-002051. [PMID: 38409112 PMCID: PMC10949161 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Panobinostat is a potent pan-HDAC inhibitor that has been tested in multiple studies for the treatment of brain tumors. There have been contrasting views surrounding its efficacy for the treatment of tumors in the CNS following systemic administration when examined in different models or species. We conducted experiments using three different mouse strains or genotypes to have a more comprehensive understanding of the systemic as well as the CNS distributional kinetics of panobinostat. Our study found that panobinostat experienced rapid degradation in vitro in FVB mouse matrices and a faster degradation rate was observed at 37{degree sign}C compared with room temperature and 4{degree sign}C, suggesting that the in vitro instability of panobinostat was due to enzymatic metabolism. Panobinostat also showed inter-strain and inter-species differences in the in vitro plasma stability; and was stable in human plasma. The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro metabolic stability of panobinostat in different matrices and assess the influence of that metabolic stability on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and CNS delivery of panobinostat. Importantly, the plasma stability in various mouse strains was not reflected in the in vivo systemic pharmacokinetic behavior of panobinostat. Several hypotheses arise from this finding, including: the binding of panobinostat to red blood cells, the existence of competing endogenous compounds to enzyme(s), the distribution into tissues with a lower level of enzymatic activity or the metabolism occurring in the plasma is a small fraction of the total metabolism in vivo Significance Statement Panobinostat showed different in vitro degradation in plasma from different mouse strains and genotypes. However, despite the differences surrounding in vitro plasma stability, panobinostat showed similar in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior in different mouse models. This suggests that the inter-strain difference in enzymatic activity did not affect the in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of panobinostat and its CNS distribution in mice. This lack of translation between in vitro metabolism assays and in vivo disposition can confound drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiu Zhang
- Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Ju-Hee Oh
- University of Minnesota, United States
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15
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Haschimi B, Willecke F, Mundinger S, Hüttel W, Jessen H, Müller M, Auwärter V. Enzymatic defluorination of a terminally monofluorinated pentyl moiety: oxidative or hydrolytic mechanism? Drug Metab Dispos 2024:DMD-AR-2023-001501. [PMID: 38408868 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorination of organic compounds plays an important role in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry and is often applied in order to improve physicochemical parameters or modify pharmacological properties. While oxidative and reductive defluorination have been shown to be responsible for the metabolic degradation of organofluorine compounds, the involvement of hydrolytic mechanisms catalyzed by human enzymes has not been reported so far. Here, we investigated the enzymatic defluorination of terminally monofluorinated aliphates with [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1-naphthalenyl-methanone (AM-2201) as a model substance. We performed in vitro biotransformation using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and human recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP) assays. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, modified incubation conditions were applied including the use of deuterium labeled AM-2201 (d2 -AM-2201). Identification of the main metabolites and analysis of their isotopic composition was performed by liquid-chromatography coupled to time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS). Quantification of the metabolites was achieved with a validated method based on liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CYP 1A2 mediated defluorination of d2 -AM-2201 revealed an isotopic pattern of the defluorinated 5-hydroxypentyl metabolite (5-HPM) indicating a redox mechanism with an aldehyde as a plausible intermediate. In contrast, formation of 5-HPM by pHLM was observed independently of the presence of atmospheric oxygen or co-factors regenerating the redox system. pHLM incubation of d2 -AM-2201 confirmed the hypothesis of a non-oxidative mechanism involved in the defluorination of the 5-fluoropentyl moiety. So far, enzymatically catalyzed, hydrolytic defluorination was only described in bacteria and other prokaryotes. The presented data prove the involvement of a hydrolytic mechanism catalyzed by human microsomal enzymes other than CYP. Significance Statement Elucidating the mechanisms involved in the enzymatic detoxification of organofluorine compounds is crucial for enhancing our understanding and facilitating the design and development of drugs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. The carbon-fluorine bond possesses a high binding energy, which suggests that non-activated fluoroalkanes would not undergo hydrolytic cleavage. However, our study provides evidence for the involvement of a non-oxidative mechanism catalyzed by human liver enzymes. It is important to consider CYP-independent, hydrolytic defluorination, when investigating the pharmacokinetic properties of fluorinated xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Haschimi
- Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Germany
| | - Florian Willecke
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Switzerland
| | - Stefan Mundinger
- Insitute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hüttel
- Insitute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Müller
- Insitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Islam S, Jayaram DT, Biswas P, Stuehr DJ. Functional maturation of cytochromes P450 3A4 and 2D6 relies on GAPDH- and Hsp90-Dependent heme allocation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105633. [PMID: 38199567 PMCID: PMC10840333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6 (EC 1.14.13.97 and 1.14.14.1; CYP3A4 and 2D6) are heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a wide number of xenobiotic and drug substrates and thus broadly impact human biology and pharmacologic therapies. Although their activities are directly proportional to their heme contents, little is known about the cellular heme delivery and insertion processes that enable their maturation to functional form. We investigated the potential involvement of GAPDH and chaperone Hsp90, based on our previous studies linking these proteins to intracellular heme allocation. We studied heme delivery and insertion into CYP3A4 and 2D6 after they were transiently expressed in HEK293T and GlyA CHO cells or when naturally expressed in HEPG2 cells in response to rifampicin, and also investigated their associations with GAPDH and Hsp90 in cells. The results indicate that GAPDH and its heme binding function is involved in delivery of mitochondria-generated heme to apo-CYP3A4 and 2D6, and that cell chaperone Hsp90 is additionally involved in driving their heme insertions. Uncovering how cells allocate heme to CYP3A4 and 2D6 provides new insight on their maturation processes and how this may help to regulate their functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Islam
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Pranjal Biswas
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dennis J Stuehr
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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17
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Kumar R, Jayaraman M, Ramadas K, Chandrasekaran A. Computational identification and analysis of deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human POR gene: a structural and functional impact. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1518-1532. [PMID: 37173831 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2211674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) protein is essential for steroidogenesis, and POR gene mutations are frequently associated with P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency (PORD), a disorder of hormone production. To our knowledge, no previous attempt has been made to identify and analyze the deleterious/pathogenic non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human POR gene through an extensive computational approach. Computational algorithms and tools were employed to identify, characterize, and validate the pathogenic SNPs associated with certain diseases. To begin with, all the high-confidence SNPs were collected, and their structural and functional impacts on the protein structures were explored. The results of various in silico analyses affirm that the A287P and R457H variants of POR could destabilize the interactions between the amino acids and the hydrogen bond networks, resulting in functional deviations of POR. The literature study further confirms that the pathogenic mutations (A287P and R457H) are associated with the onset of PORD. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and essential dynamics (ED) studies characterized the structural consequences of prioritized deleterious mutations, representing the structural destabilization that might disrupt POR biological function. The identified deleterious mutations at the cofactor's binding domains might interfere with the essential interactions between the protein and cofactors, thus inhibiting POR catalytic activity. The consolidated insights from the computational analyses can be used to predict potential deleterious mutants and understand the disease's pathological basis and the molecular mechanism of drug metabolism for the application of personalized medication. HIGHLIGHTSNADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) mutations are associated with a broad spectrum of human diseasesIdentified and analyzed the most deleterious nsSNPs of POR through the sequence and structure-based prediction toolsInvestigated the structural and functional impacts of the most significant mutations (A287P and R457H) associated with PORDMolecular dynamics and PCA-based FEL analysis were utilized to probe the mutation-induced structural alterations in PORCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Kumar
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Manikandan Jayaraman
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Krishna Ramadas
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Adithan Chandrasekaran
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
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18
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Yin W, Ballard TE, Zhu SX, Hsiao S, Chen H, Li Y, Chowdhury SK, Stevenson A, Hui T, Hunt A, Asgharnejad M, Han S. Investigation of the absolute bioavailability, mass balance, metabolism, and excretion of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor soticlestat in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:516-527. [PMID: 37771051 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our aim was to determine the absolute bioavailability, mass balance, metabolism and excretion of soticlestat (TAK-935). METHODS An open-label, two-period, single-site, phase 1 study was conducted in six healthy men. In Period 1, a single 300 mg dose of soticlestat was administered orally, followed by a 15-min intravenous infusion of [14 C]soticlestat 50 μg (~1 μCi) 10 min later. In Period 2, a single 300 mg dose (~100 μCi) of [14 C]soticlestat in solution was administered orally. Samples were collected, analysed for radioactivity or unchanged soticlestat, and profiled for metabolites. RESULTS In Period 1, soticlestat had an absolute bioavailability of 12.6% (90% confidence interval, 7.81-20.23%). In Period 2, there was near-complete recovery of total radioactivity (TRA) following a 300 mg dose of [14 C]soticlestat: urine, 94.8% (standard deviation [SD], 1.35%); faeces, 2.7% (SD, 1.67%). Of TRA, 0.1% (SD, 0.09%) and 0.6% (SD, 0.21%) were recovered as soticlestat and metabolite M-I in urine, respectively. In plasma, soticlestat and M-I reached geometric mean maximum observed concentrations of 1352 ng/mL (geometric percent coefficient of variation [gCV%], 61.3) and 253.2 ng/mL (gCV%, 44.1) after 25 min and declined with mean terminal half-lives (SD) of 5.7 (2.90) and 2.0 (0.15) h, respectively. Soticlestat represented 4.9% of TRA in plasma. Soticlestat was rapidly eliminated primarily via O-glucuronidation to metabolite M3, which was the dominant species in plasma (92.6%) and urine (86%). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that soticlestat and its metabolites are rapidly cleared and eliminated, lowering the risk of dose accumulation from repeated dosing and supporting further investigation of soticlestat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Xiaochun Zhu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Hsiao
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuexian Li
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Annette Stevenson
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tom Hui
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Steve Han
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Mease J, Ramamoorthy A, Yang X, Madabushi R, Pfuma Fletcher E, Zineh I. Statin Drug-Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Basis of FDA Labeling Recommendations and Comparison Across Common Tertiary Clinical Resources. J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38299698 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Statins are widely prescribed and highly susceptible to pharmacokinetic (PK)-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs). To date, there has not been a comprehensive analysis of the basis upon which statin DDI recommendations in US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prescribing information (PI) are derived. We have conducted such an analysis. We also assessed the degree of concordance of statin DDI recommendations in FDA PI and those provided in common tertiary clinical resources. We catalogued statin DDI information, including PK data and management recommendations, for statin precipitant drugs approved from 2010 to 2021, available from FDA PI and tertiary clinical resource databases. Recommendations were categorized and mapped with associated PK data to assess consistency in the PK basis for labeling recommendations. From the 80 precipitant drugs evaluated, 180 statin DDIs were identified in FDA PI. Dedicated clinical DDI studies were conducted for 54% (n = 97) of these DDIs and 34% (n = 61) of DDI recommendations were extrapolated from clinical data with other statins. Overall, we found that PK-based statin recommendations were consistent across PI. These findings highlight regulatory precedence for translating information across statins without conducting dedicated clinical DDI studies, which may support future efforts toward streamlining the approach to investigation and labeling of statin DDIs. In addition, with the exception of some notable discrepancies, general concordance was observed between FDA and tertiary resources regarding "Dose Adjustment" and "Avoid Coadministration" recommendations. However, further analyses are warranted across other DDI pairs to determine whether discordance can routinely lead to different clinical recommendations depending on the drug information resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mease
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anuradha Ramamoorthy
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xinning Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Madabushi
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Elimika Pfuma Fletcher
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Issam Zineh
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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20
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Sivadas A, Rathore S, Sahana S, Jolly B, Bhoyar RC, Jain A, Sharma D, Imran M, Senthilvel V, Divakar MK, Mishra A, Sivasubbu S, Scaria V. The genomic landscape of CYP2D6 variation in the Indian population. Pharmacogenomics 2024; 25:147-160. [PMID: 38426301 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic, causing large interindividual variability in the metabolism of several clinically important drugs. Materials & methods: The authors investigated the diversity and distribution of CYP2D6 alleles in Indians using whole genome sequences (N = 1518). Functional consequences were assessed using pathogenicity scores and molecular dynamics simulations. Results: The analysis revealed population-specific CYP2D6 alleles (*86, *7, *111, *112, *113, *99) and remarkable differences in variant and phenotype frequencies with global populations. The authors observed that one in three Indians could benefit from a dose alteration for psychiatric drugs with accurate CYP2D6 phenotyping. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed large conformational fluctuations, confirming the predicted reduced function of *86 and *113 alleles. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the utility of comprehensive CYP2D6 profiling for aiding precision public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Sivadas
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Surabhi Rathore
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - S Sahana
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Bani Jolly
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rahul C Bhoyar
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Abhinav Jain
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Disha Sharma
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohamed Imran
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Vigneshwar Senthilvel
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Divakar
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Anushree Mishra
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Vishwanath Cancer Care Foundation, B 702, 7th Floor, Neelkanth Business Park Kirol Village, Vidya Vihar, West Mumbai, 400086, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Vishwanath Cancer Care Foundation, B 702, 7th Floor, Neelkanth Business Park Kirol Village, Vidya Vihar, West Mumbai, 400086, India
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21
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Kurniawan DA, Leo S, Inamatsu M, Funaoka S, Aihara T, Aiko M, Rei I, Sakura T, Arakawa H, Kato Y, Matsugi T, Esashika K, Shiraki N, Kume S, Shinha K, Kimura H, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y. Gut-liver microphysiological systems revealed potential crosstalk mechanism modulating drug metabolism. PNAS Nexus 2024; 3:pgae070. [PMID: 38384383 PMCID: PMC10879850 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The small intestine and liver play important role in determining oral drug's fate. Both organs are also interconnected through enterohepatic circulation, which imply there are crosstalk through circulating factors such as signaling molecules or metabolites that may affect drug metabolism. Coculture of hepatocytes and intestinal cells have shown to increase hepatic drug metabolism, yet its crosstalk mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we aim to elucidate such crosstalk by coculturing primary human hepatocytes harvested from chimeric mouse (PXB-cells) and iPSc-derived intestinal cells in a microphysiological systems (MPS). Perfusion and direct oxygenation from the MPS were chosen and confirmed to be suitable features that enhanced PXB-cells albumin secretion, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes activity while also maintaining barrier integrity of iPSc-derived intestine cells. Results from RNA-sequencing showed significant upregulation in gene ontology terms related to fatty acids metabolism in PXB-cells. One of such fatty acids, arachidonic acid, enhanced several CYP enzyme activity in similar manner as coculture. From the current evidences, it is speculated that the release of bile acids from PXB-cells acted as stimuli for iPSc-derived intestine cells to release lipoprotein which was ultimately taken by PXB-cells and enhanced CYP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhimas Agung Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sylvia Leo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Inamatsu
- PhoenixBio Co. Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | | | | | - Mizuno Aiko
- Sumitomo Bakelite Co. Ltd., Tokyo 140-0002, Japan
| | - Inoue Rei
- Sumitomo Bakelite Co. Ltd., Tokyo 140-0002, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | | | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Shinha
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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22
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Wang JH, Lim DW, Yadav MK, Zheng X. Editorial: The role of commensal microbiota in drug metabolism: friend or foe? Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1364747. [PMID: 38351919 PMCID: PMC10861788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1364747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Wang
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lim
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Drug Target Discovery, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Kadi AA, Li Y, Parashar A, Attwa MW. Editorial: Drug metabolism-induced organ toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1362229. [PMID: 38333014 PMCID: PMC10850562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A. Kadi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yang Li
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) enables personalized treatment for the prediction of drug response and to avoid adverse drug reactions. Currently, PGx mainly relies on the genetic information of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) targets such as drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters to predict differences in the patient's phenotype. However, there is evidence that the phenotype-genotype concordance is limited. Thus, we discuss different phenotyping strategies using exogenous xenobiotics (e.g., drug cocktails) or endogenous compounds for phenotype prediction. In particular, minimally invasive approaches focusing on liquid biopsies offer great potential to preemptively determine metabolic and transport capacities. Early studies indicate that ADME phenotyping using exosomes released from the liver is reliable. In addition, pharmacometric modeling and artificial intelligence improve phenotype prediction. However, further prospective studies are needed to demonstrate the clinical utility of individualized treatment based on phenotyping strategies, not only relying on genetics. The present review summarizes current knowledge and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Tremmel
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany;
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany;
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany;
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany;
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany;
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Partner Site, Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Interindividual variability in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, and human leukocyte antigens has a major impact on a patient's response to drugs with regard to efficacy and safety. Enabled by both technological and conceptual advances, the field of pharmacogenomics is developing rapidly. Major progress in omics profiling methods has enabled novel genotypic and phenotypic characterization of patients and biobanks. These developments are paralleled by advances in machine learning, which have allowed us to parse the immense wealth of data and establish novel genetic markers and polygenic models for drug selection and dosing. Pharmacogenomics has recently become more widespread in clinical practice to personalize treatment and to develop new drugs tailored to specific patient populations. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest developments in the field and discuss the way forward, including how to address the missing heritability, develop novel polygenic models, and further improve the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
- Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
- Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Wang S, Ju D, Zeng X. Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Human Gut Microbiota-Drug Interactions in the Precision Medicine Era. Biomedicines 2024; 12:194. [PMID: 38255298 PMCID: PMC10813426 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota, comprising trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a pivotal player in modulating various aspects of human health and disease. Recent research has shed light on the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and pharmaceuticals, uncovering profound implications for drug metabolism, efficacy, and safety. This review depicted the landscape of molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of dynamic human gut Microbiota-Drug Interactions (MDI), with an emphasis on the impact of MDI on drug responses and individual variations. This review also discussed the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiota or harnessing its metabolic capabilities to optimize clinical treatments and advance personalized medicine, as well as the challenges and future directions in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China;
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27
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Hu DG, Marri S, Hulin JA, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI, Meech R. A Comprehensive Bioinformatic Analysis of RNA-seq Datasets Reveals a Differential and Variable Expression of Wildtype and Variant UGT1A Transcripts in Human Tissues and Their Deregulation in Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:353. [PMID: 38254842 PMCID: PMC10814044 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The UGT1A locus generates over 60 different alternatively spliced transcripts and 30 circular RNAs. To date, v2 and v3 transcripts are the only variant UGT1A transcripts that have been functionally characterized. Both v2 and v3 transcripts encode the same inactive variant UGT1A proteins (i2s) that can negatively regulate glucuronidation activity and influence cancer cell metabolism. However, the abundance and interindividual variability in the expression of v2 and v3 transcripts in human tissues and their potential deregulation in cancers have not been comprehensively assessed. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified the expression levels of v1, v2, and v3 transcripts using RNA-seq datasets with large cohorts of normal tissues and paired normal and tumor tissues from patients with six different cancer types (liver, kidney, colon, stomach, esophagus, and bladder cancer). We found that v2 and v3 abundance varied significantly between different tissue types, and that interindividual variation was also high within the same tissue type. Moreover, the ratio of v2 to v3 variants varied between tissues, implying their differential regulation. Our results showed higher v2 abundance in gastrointestinal tissues than liver and kidney tissues, suggesting a more significant negative regulation of glucuronidation by i2 proteins in gastrointestinal tissues than in liver and kidney tissues. We further showed differential deregulation of wildtype (v1) and variant transcripts (v2, v3) in cancers that generally increased the v2/v1 and/or v3/v1 expression ratios in tumors compared to normal tissues, indicating a more significant role of the variants in tumors. Finally, we report ten novel UGT1A transcripts with novel 3' terminal exons, most of which encode variant proteins with a similar structure to UGT1A_i2 proteins. These findings further emphasize the diversity of the UGT1A transcriptome and proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; (S.M.); (J.-A.H.); (R.A.M.); (P.I.M.); (R.M.)
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28
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Lee J, Beers JL, Geffert RM, Jackson KD. A Review of CYP-Mediated Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Assessment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:99. [PMID: 38254699 PMCID: PMC10813492 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism is a major determinant of drug concentrations in the body. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by the co-administration of multiple drugs can lead to alteration in the exposure of the victim drug, raising safety or effectiveness concerns. Assessment of the DDI potential starts with in vitro experiments to determine kinetic parameters and identify risks associated with the use of comedication that can inform future clinical studies. The diverse range of experimental models and techniques has significantly contributed to the examination of potential DDIs. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of many drugs on the market, making them frequently implicated in drug metabolism and DDIs. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on the assessment of DDI risk for CYPs. This review article provides mechanistic insights underlying CYP inhibition/induction and an overview of the in vitro assessment of CYP-mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.L.B.); (R.M.G.)
| | | | | | - Klarissa D. Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.L.B.); (R.M.G.)
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29
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Eberhard C, Mosher EP, Bumpus N, Orsburn BC. Tenofovir Activation Is Diminished in the Brain and Liver of Creatine Kinase Brain-Type Knockout Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:222-235. [PMID: 38230280 PMCID: PMC10789144 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor prescribed for the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Here, we demonstrate that creatine kinase brain-type (CKB) can form tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP), the pharmacologically active metabolite, in vitro and identify nine missense mutations (C74S, R96P, S128R, R132H, R172P, R236Q, C283S, R292Q, and H296R) that diminish this activity. Additional characterization of these mutations reveals that five (R96P, R132H, R236Q, C283S, and R292Q) have ATP dephosphorylation catalytic efficiencies less than 20% of those of the wild type (WT), and seven (C74S, R96P, R132H, R172P, R236Q, C283S, and H296P) induce thermal instabilities. To determine the extent CKB contributes to TFV activation in vivo, we generated a CKB knockout mouse strain, Ckbtm1Nnb. Using an in vitro assay, we show that brain lysates of Ckbtm1Nnb male and female mice form 70.5 and 77.4% less TFV-DP than wild-type brain lysates of the same sex, respectively. Additionally, we observe that Ckbtm1Nnb male mice treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for 14 days exhibit a 22.8% reduction in TFV activation in the liver compared to wild-type male mice. Lastly, we utilize mass spectrometry-based proteomics to elucidate the impact of the knockout on the abundance of nucleotide and small molecule kinases in the brain and liver, adding to our understanding of how the loss of CKB may be impacting tenofovir activation in these tissues. Together, our data suggest that disruptions in CKB may lower levels of active drugs in the brain and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten
D. Eberhard
- Department of Pharmacology
and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Eric P. Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology
and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Namandjé
N. Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology
and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Orsburn
- Department of Pharmacology
and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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30
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Florke Gee RR, Huber AD, Chen T. Regulation of PXR in drug metabolism: chemical and structural perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:9-23. [PMID: 38251638 PMCID: PMC10939797 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2309212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a master xenobiotic sensor that transcriptionally controls drug metabolism and disposition pathways. PXR activation by pharmaceutical drugs, natural products, environmental toxins, etc. may decrease drug efficacy and increase drug-drug interactions and drug toxicity, indicating a therapeutic value for PXR antagonists. However, PXR's functions in physiological events, such as intestinal inflammation, indicate that PXR activators may be useful in certain disease contexts. AREAS COVERED We review the reported roles of PXR in various physiological and pathological processes including drug metabolism, cancer, inflammation, energy metabolism, and endobiotic homeostasis. We then highlight specific cellular and chemical routes that modulate PXR activity and discuss the functional consequences. Databases searched and inclusive dates: PubMed, 1 January 1980 to 10 January 2024. EXPERT OPINION Knowledge of PXR's drug metabolism function has helped drug developers produce small molecules without PXR-mediated metabolic liabilities, and further understanding of PXR's cellular functions may offer drug development opportunities in multiple disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Florke Gee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew D. Huber
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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31
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Abudahab S, Slattum PW, Price ET, McClay JL. Epigenetic regulation of drug metabolism in aging: utilizing epigenetics to optimize geriatric pharmacotherapy. Pharmacogenomics 2024; 25:41-54. [PMID: 38126340 PMCID: PMC10794944 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore the relationship between epigenetic aging and drug metabolism. We review current evidence for changes in drug metabolism in normal aging, followed by a description of how epigenetic modifications associated with age can regulate the expression and functionality of genes. In particular, we focus on the role of epigenome-wide studies of human and mouse liver in understanding these age-related processes with respect to xenobiotic processing. We highlight genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters revealed to be affected by epigenetic aging in these studies. We conclude that substantial evidence exists for epigenetic aging impacting drug metabolism and transport genes, but more work is needed. We further highlight the promise of pharmacoepigenetics applied to enhancing drug safety in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abudahab
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Patricia W Slattum
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Virginia Center on Aging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Elvin T Price
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Joseph L McClay
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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32
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Dudas B, Miteva MA. Computational and artificial intelligence-based approaches for drug metabolism and transport prediction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:39-55. [PMID: 38072723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Drug metabolism and transport, orchestrated by drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters (DTs), are implicated in drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Reliable and precise predictions of DDIs and ADRs are critical in the early stages of drug development to reduce the rate of drug candidate failure. A variety of experimental and computational technologies have been developed to predict DDIs and ADRs. Recent artificial intelligence (AI) approaches offer new opportunities for better predicting and understanding the complex processes related to drug metabolism and transport. We summarize the role of major DMEs and DTs, and provide an overview of current progress in computational approaches for the prediction of drug metabolism, transport, and DDIs, with an emphasis on AI including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Dudas
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8038 CiTCoM, Inserm U1268 MCTR, Paris, France
| | - Maria A Miteva
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8038 CiTCoM, Inserm U1268 MCTR, Paris, France.
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Aranda-Merino N, Marín-Garrido A, Román-Hidalgo C, Ramos-Payán M, Abril N, Fernández-Torres R, Bello-López MÁ. Bioavailability of flumequine and diclofenac in mice exposed to a metal-drug chemical cocktail. Evaluation of the protective role of selenium. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 38149319 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Organisms, including humans, are subjected to the simultaneous action of a wide variety of pollutants, the effects of which should not be considered in isolation, as many synergies and antagonisms have been found between many of them. Therefore, this work proposes an in vivo study to evaluate the effect of certain metal contaminants on the bioavailability and metabolism of pharmacologically active compounds. Because the most frequent entry vector is through ingestion, the influence of the gut microbiota and the possible protective effects of selenium has been additionally evaluated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A controlled exposure experiment in mammals (Mus musculus) to a "chemical cocktail" consisting of metals and pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and flumequine). The presence of selenium has also been evaluated as an antagonist. Mouse plasma samples were measured by UPLC-QTOF. A targeted search of 48 metabolites was also performed. KEY RESULTS Metals significantly affected the FMQ plasma levels when the gut microbiota was depleted. Hydroxy FMQ decreased if metals were present. Selenium minimized this decrease. The 3-hydroxy DCF metabolite was not found in any case. Changes in some metabolic pathways are discussed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The presence of metals in the mouse diet as well as the prior treatment of mice with an antibiotic mixture (Abxs), which deplete the gut microbiota, has a decisive effect on the bioavailability and metabolism of the tested pharmaceuticals and dietary selenium minimize some of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Aranda-Merino
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Marín-Garrido
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Román-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nieves Abril
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rut Fernández-Torres
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Vale N, Ribeiro E, Cruz I, Stulberg V, Koksch B, Costa B. New Perspective for Using Antimicrobial and Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Increase Efficacy of Antineoplastic 5-FU in Cancer Cells. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:565. [PMID: 38132819 PMCID: PMC10744333 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the effectiveness of the antineoplastic agent 5-FU in cancer cells by leveraging the unique properties of cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Traditional anticancer therapies face substantial limitations, including unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles and inadequate specificity for tumor sites. These drawbacks often necessitate higher therapeutic agent doses, leading to severe toxicity in normal cells and adverse side effects. Peptides have emerged as promising carriers for targeted drug delivery, with their ability to selectively deliver therapeutics to cells expressing specific receptors. This enhances intracellular drug delivery, minimizes drug resistance, and reduces toxicity. In this research, we comprehensively evaluate the ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties of various AMPs and CPPs to gain insights into their potential as anticancer agents. The peptide synthesis involved a solid-phase synthesis using a Liberty Microwave Peptide Synthesizer. The peptide purity was confirmed via LC-MS and HPLC methods. For the ADMET screening, computational tools were employed, assessing parameters like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity. The cell lines A549 and UM-UC-5 were cultured and treated with 5-FU, CAMPs, and CPPs. The cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. The physicochemical properties analysis revealed favorable drug-likeness attributes. The peptides exhibited potential inhibitory activity against CYP3A4. The ADMET predictions indicated variable absorption and distribution characteristics. Furthermore, we assessed the effectiveness of these peptides alone and in combination with 5-FU, a widely used antineoplastic agent, in two distinct cancer cell lines, UM-UC-5 and A549. Our findings indicate that CAMPs can significantly reduce the cell viability in A549 cells, while CPPs exhibit promising results in UM-UC-5 cells. Understanding these multifaceted effects could open new avenues for antiviral and anticancer research. Further, experimental validation is necessary to confirm the mechanism of action of these peptides, especially in combination with 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (E.R.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Ribeiro
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (E.R.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Cruz
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (E.R.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (V.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Beate Koksch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (V.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Bárbara Costa
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (E.R.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Muhamad N, Na‐Bangchang K. The roles of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in the in vitro metabolism of β-eudesmol in human liver: Reaction phenotyping and enzyme kinetics. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01149. [PMID: 37902256 PMCID: PMC10614204 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
β-eudesmol is a major bioactive component of Atractylodes lancea (AL). AL has been developed as the capsule formulation of standardized AL extract for treating cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the complex constituents of herbal products increase the risk of adverse drug interactions. β-eudesmol has demonstrated inhibitory effects on rCYP2C19 and rCYP3A4 in the previous research. This study aimed to identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms responsible for the metabolism of β-eudesmol and determine the enzyme kinetic parameters and the metabolic stability of β-eudesmol metabolism in the microsomal system. Reaction phenotyping using human recombinant CYPs (rCYPs) and selective chemical inhibitors of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 was performed, and enzyme kinetics and metabolic stability were investigated using human liver microsome (HLM). The results suggest that CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 play significant roles in β-eudesmol metabolism. The disappearance half-life (t1/2 ) and intrinsic clearance (CLint ) of β-eudesmol were 17.09 min and 0.20 mL/min·mg protein, respectively. Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ) and maximum velocity (Vmax ) of 16.76 μM and 3.35 nmol/min·mg protein, respectively. As a component of AL, β-eudesmol, as a substrate and inhibitor of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, has a high potential for drug-drug interactions when AL is co-administered with other herbs or conventional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadda Muhamad
- Graduate Studies, Chulabhorn International College of MedicineThammasat UniversityPathumthaniThailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and CholangiocarcinomaThammasat UniversityPathumthaniThailand
| | - Kesara Na‐Bangchang
- Graduate Studies, Chulabhorn International College of MedicineThammasat UniversityPathumthaniThailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and CholangiocarcinomaThammasat UniversityPathumthaniThailand
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and TechnologyThammasat UniversityPathumthaniThailand
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Nair PC, Burns K, Chau N, McKinnon RA, Miners JO. The molecular basis of dapsone activation of CYP2C9-catalyzed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug oxidation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105368. [PMID: 37866634 PMCID: PMC10696402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive heterotropic cooperativity, or "activation," results in an instantaneous increase in enzyme activity in the absence of an increase in protein expression. Thus, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activation presents as a potential drug-drug interaction mechanism. It has been demonstrated previously that dapsone activates the CYP2C9-catalyzed oxidation of a number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in vitro. Here, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) together with enzyme kinetic investigations and site-directed mutagenesis to elucidate the molecular basis of the activation of CYP2C9-catalyzed S-flurbiprofen 4'-hydroxylation and S-naproxen O-demethylation by dapsone. Supplementation of incubations of recombinant CYP2C9 with dapsone increased the catalytic efficiency of flurbiprofen and naproxen oxidation by 2.3- and 16.5-fold, respectively. MDS demonstrated that activation arises predominantly from aromatic interactions between the substrate, dapsone, and the phenyl rings of Phe114 and Phe476 within a common binding domain of the CYP2C9 active site, rather than involvement of a distinct effector site. Mutagenesis of Phe114 and Phe476 abrogated flurbiprofen and naproxen oxidation, and MDS and kinetic studies with the CYP2C9 mutants further identified a pivotal role of Phe476 in dapsone activation. MDS additionally showed that aromatic stacking interactions between two molecules of naproxen are necessary for binding in a catalytically favorable orientation. In contrast to flurbiprofen and naproxen, dapsone did not activate the 4'-hydroxylation of diclofenac, suggesting that the CYP2C9 active site favors cooperative binding of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with a planar or near-planar geometry. More generally, the work confirms the utility of MDS for investigating ligand binding in CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; FHMRI Cancer Program, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Kushari Burns
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nuy Chau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- FHMRI Cancer Program, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; FHMRI Cancer Program, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Scheible H, Schieferstein H, Schmidt R, Pusecker K, Gradhand U, Gopalakrishnan S, Iqbal K, Dong J, Jones R, Meli C, Bolleddula J, Dyroff M, Georgi K. Evobrutinib pathway to its major metabolite M463-2 and insights from a biotransformation and DDI perspective. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:547-558. [PMID: 37880944 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2272180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Evobrutinib is a highly selective, covalent, central nervous system-penetrant Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, currently in Phase III trials for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. One major circulating metabolite of evobrutinib has been previously identified as the racemic dihydro-diol M463-2 (MSC2430422) in a Phase I human mass balance study.Phenotyping experiments were conducted to confirm the metabolic pathway of evobrutinib to M463-2. Ratio of the enantiomers was determined by enantioselective liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis of plasma samples from humans and preclinical species. Drug-drug interaction (DDI) characterisation, evaluation of pharmacological activity on BTK, and off-target screening experiments followed assessing safety of the metabolite.The biotransformation of evobrutinib to M463-2 was determined to be a two-step process with a CYP-mediated oxidation acting to form an epoxide intermediate, which was further hydrolysed by soluble and mitochondrial epoxide hydrolase. Only the (S)-enantiomer was determined to be a major metabolite, the (R)-enantiomer was minor. In vitro studies demonstrated the (S)-enantiomer lacked clinically relevant pharmacological activity, off-target effects and DDIs.The biotransformation of evobrutinib to its major metabolite has been elucidated, with the major (S)-enantiomer being shown to pose no on/off target or DDI risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Schmidt
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Khalid Iqbal
- Quantitative Pharmacology Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dong
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Reinaldo Jones
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Meli
- Merck Ltd, Piedmont, Italy, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jayaprakasam Bolleddula
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Dyroff
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc, Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Schindler M, Siegerist F, Lange T, Simm S, Bach SM, Klawitter M, Gehrig J, Gul S, Endlich N. A Novel High-Content Screening Assay Identified Belinostat as Protective in a FSGS-Like Zebrafish Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1977-1990. [PMID: 37752628 PMCID: PMC10703078 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FSGS affects the complex three-dimensional morphology of podocytes, resulting in loss of filtration barrier function and the development of sclerotic lesions. Therapies to treat FSGS are limited, and podocyte-specific drugs are unavailable. To address the need for treatments to delay or stop FSGS progression, researchers are exploring the repurposing of drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for other purposes. METHODS To identify drugs with potential to treat FSGS, we used a specific zebrafish screening strain to combine a high-content screening (HCS) approach with an in vivo model. This zebrafish screening strain expresses nitroreductase and the red fluorescent protein mCherry exclusively in podocytes (providing an indicator for podocyte depletion), as well as a circulating 78 kDa vitamin D-binding enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein (as a readout for proteinuria). To produce FSGS-like lesions in the zebrafish, we added 80 µ M metronidazole into the fish water. We used a specific screening microscope in conjunction with advanced image analysis methods to screen a library of 138 drugs and compounds (including some FDA-approved drugs) for podocyte-protective effects. Promising candidates were validated to be suitable for translational studies. RESULTS After establishing this novel in vivo HCS assay, we identified seven drugs or compounds that were protective in our FSGS-like model. Validation experiments confirmed that the FDA-approved drug belinostat was protective against larval FSGS. Similar pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors also showed potential to reproduce this effect. CONCLUSIONS Using an FSGS-like zebrafish model, we developed a novel in vivo HCS assay that identified belinostat and related pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential candidates for treating FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Siegerist
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Lange
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia-Marie Bach
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marianne Klawitter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sheraz Gul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Rojas Velazquez MN, Therkelsen S, Pandey AV. Exploring Novel Variants of the Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene ( POR) from the Genome Aggregation Database by Integrating Bioinformatic Tools and Functional Assays. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1728. [PMID: 38136599 PMCID: PMC10741880 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is an essential redox partner for steroid and drug-metabolizing cytochromes P450 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in POR lead to metabolic disorders, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and affect the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and xenobiotics. In this study, we examined approximately 450 missense variants of the POR gene listed in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) using eleven different in silico prediction tools. We found that 64 novel variants were consistently predicted to be disease-causing by most tools. To validate our findings, we conducted a population analysis and selected two variations in POR for further investigation. The human POR wild type and the R268W and L577P variants were expressed in bacteria and subjected to enzyme kinetic assays using a model substrate. We also examined the activities of several cytochrome P450 proteins in the presence of POR (WT or variants) by combining P450 and reductase proteins in liposomes. We observed a decrease in enzymatic activities (ranging from 35% to 85%) of key drug-metabolizing enzymes, supported by POR variants R288W and L577P compared to WT-POR. These results validate our approach of curating a vast amount of data from genome projects and provide an updated and reliable reference for diagnosing POR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Natalia Rojas Velazquez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.N.R.V.); (S.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Søren Therkelsen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.N.R.V.); (S.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amit V. Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.N.R.V.); (S.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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40
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Yang F, Wenzel M, Bureik M, Parr MK. Glucuronidation Pathways of 5- and 7-Hydroxypropranolol: Determination of Glucuronide Structures and Enzyme Selectivity. Molecules 2023; 28:7783. [PMID: 38067513 PMCID: PMC10707847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker medication, has been utilized in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases for several decades. Its hydroxynaphthyl metabolites have been recognized to possess varying degrees of beta-blocker activity due to the unaltered side-chain. This study achieved the successful separation and identification of diastereomeric glucuronic metabolites derived from 4-, 5-, and 7-hydroxypropranolol (4-OHP, 5-OHP, and 7-OHP) in human urine. Subsequently, reaction phenotyping of 5- and 7-hydroxypropranolol by different uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) was carried out, with a comparison to the glucuronidation of 4-hydroxypropranolol (4-OHP). Among the 19 UGT enzymes examined, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2A1, and UGT2A2 were found to be involved in the glucuronidation of 5-OHP. Furthermore, UGT1A6 exhibited glucuronidation activity towards 7-OHP, along with the aforementioned eight UGTs. Results obtained by glucuronidation of corresponding methoxypropranolols and MS/MS analysis of 1,2-dimethylimidazole-4-sulfonyl (DMIS) derivatives of hydroxypropranolol glucuronides suggest that both the aromatic and aliphatic hydroxy groups of the hydroxypropranolols may be glucuronidated in vitro. However, the analysis of human urine samples collected after the administration of propranolol leads us to conclude that aromatic-linked glucuronidation is the preferred pathway under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (M.W.)
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Fendt R, Ghallab A, Myllys M, Hofmann U, Hassan R, Hobloss Z, González D, Brackhagen L, Marchan R, Edlund K, Seddek AL, Abdelmageed N, Blank LM, Schlender JF, Holland CH, Hengstler JG, Kuepfer L. Increased sinusoidal export of drug glucuronides is a compensative mechanism in liver cirrhosis of mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1279357. [PMID: 38053838 PMCID: PMC10694292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1279357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Liver cirrhosis is known to affect drug pharmacokinetics, but the functional assessment of the underlying pathophysiological alterations in drug metabolism is difficult. Methods: Cirrhosis in mice was induced by repeated treatment with carbon tetrachloride for 12 months. A cocktail of six drugs was administered, and parent compounds as well as phase I and II metabolites were quantified in blood, bile, and urine in a time-dependent manner. Pharmacokinetics were modeled in relation to the altered expression of metabolizing enzymes. In discrepancy with computational predictions, a strong increase of glucuronides in blood was observed in cirrhotic mice compared to vehicle controls. Results: The deviation between experimental findings and computational simulations observed by analyzing different hypotheses could be explained by increased sinusoidal export and corresponded to increased expression of export carriers (Abcc3 and Abcc4). Formation of phase I metabolites and clearance of the parent compounds were surprisingly robust in cirrhosis, although the phase I enzymes critical for the metabolism of the administered drugs in healthy mice, Cyp1a2 and Cyp2c29, were downregulated in cirrhotic livers. RNA-sequencing revealed the upregulation of numerous other phase I metabolizing enzymes which may compensate for the lost CYP isoenzymes. Comparison of genome-wide data of cirrhotic mouse and human liver tissue revealed similar features of expression changes, including increased sinusoidal export and reduced uptake carriers. Conclusion: Liver cirrhosis leads to increased blood concentrations of glucuronides because of increased export from hepatocytes into the sinusoidal blood. Although individual metabolic pathways are massively altered in cirrhosis, the overall clearance of the parent compounds was relatively robust due to compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Fendt
- Institute for Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interaction, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Zaynab Hobloss
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniela González
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lisa Brackhagen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Abdel-Latif Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Lars M. Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology—iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology—ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan-Frederik Schlender
- Pharmacometrics, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Christian H. Holland
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Institute for Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interaction, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Struwe MA, Scheidig AJ, Clement B. The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component-from prodrug-activation mechanism to drug-metabolizing enzyme and onward to drug target. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105306. [PMID: 37778733 PMCID: PMC10637980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is one of five known molybdenum enzymes in eukaryotes. mARC belongs to the MOSC domain superfamily, a large group of so far poorly studied molybdoenzymes. mARC was initially discovered as the enzyme activating N-hydroxylated prodrugs of basic amidines but has since been shown to also reduce a variety of other N-oxygenated compounds, for example, toxic nucleobase analogs. Under certain circumstances, mARC might also be involved in reductive nitric oxide synthesis through reduction of nitrite. Recently, mARC enzymes have received a lot of attention due to their apparent involvement in lipid metabolism and, in particular, because many genome-wide association studies have shown a common variant of human mARC1 to have a protective effect against liver disease. The mechanism linking mARC enzymes with lipid metabolism remains unknown. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about mARC enzymes, their substrates, structure, and apparent involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Struwe
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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43
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Kumar S. Editorial: Chromatographic analytical methods for quantifying newly marketed targeted antitumor drugs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1308336. [PMID: 38026981 PMCID: PMC10644766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1308336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Xie F, Gales T, Ringenberg M, Wolf AI, Groseclose MR. Characterizing the distribution of a STING agonist and its metabolites in mouse liver by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2023:DMD-AR-2022-001076. [PMID: 37884391 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A STING (stimulator of interferon genes) agonist GSK3996915 under investigation in early discovery for hepatitis B was orally dosed to a mouse model for understanding the parent drug distribution in liver, the target organ. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) was used to quantify the distribution of GSK3996915 in liver collected from mice administered a single oral dose at 90 mg/kg. GSK3996915 was detected with a zonal distribution localized in the portal triad and highly concentrated in the main bile ducts, indicating clearance through biliary excretion. High spatial resolution imaging showed the distribution of the parent drug localized to the cellular populations in the sinusoids including the Kupffer cells. Additionally, a series of drug-related metabolites were observed to be localized in the central zones of the liver. These results exemplify the potential of utilizing MALDI IMS for measuring not only quantitative drug distribution and target exposure, but also drug metabolism and elimination in a single suite of experiments. Significance Statement An integrated imaging approach utilizing MALDI IMS, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and histology was used to measure MALDI IMS complemented with other imaging techniques such as immunohistochemistry addressed the question of target exposure at the cellular level. Localized quantification of the parent drug in the target organ and identificaitonidentification of potential metabolites in the context of tissue histology were also achieved in one experimental suite to support characterization of pharmacokinetic properties of the drug in the early discovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- GlaxoSmithKline plc, United States
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Scantamburlo G, Nofziger C, Paulmichl M, Vanoni S. Genetic analysis of the equine orthologues for human CYP2D6: unraveling the complexity of the CYP2D family in horses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1188633. [PMID: 37929279 PMCID: PMC10620600 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1188633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because of their importance as companion animals or as racehorses, horses can be treated with various drugs. Although it is known that drug withdrawal times can vary for each horse, pharmacogenetics for these animals has not been adequately studied and requires further development. Since CYP2D6 is responsible for the metabolism of 25-30% of drugs in humans, including some used to treat horses, a study of the CYP2D family in horses was conducted to define its genetic structure as well as its expression pattern in the liver. Methods Genomic DNA extracted from venous blood and mRNA from fresh liver tissue were amplified and sequenced to analyze the genomic structure, genotype, and expression of the various enzymes that are part of the equine orthologous family for CYP2D6. Results Amplification and sequencing of the gDNA of CYP2D50, the major CYP2D6 orthologue identified in previous studies, revealed a novel putative genomic structure for this gene compared with that reported from the EquCab3.0 assembly, including the formation of a hybrid structure similar to what happens in human CYP2D6. At the mRNA level, transcripts from six different members of the equine CYP2D family were detected in horse liver. In addition, genotyping of CYP2D50 and CYP2D82 revealed the presence of several polymorphisms, six of which result in novel, nonsynonymous amino acid changes for each of the two genes. Discussion This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacogenetic analysis of the CYP2D family in horses and resulted in the identification of a novel gene structure for CYP2D50, the expression of six different members of the CYP2D family in horse liver, and several novel polymorphisms for CYP2D50 and CYP2D82.
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Riddick DS. Canadian Content in the Pages of Drug Metabolism and Disposition: A Comprehensive Historical Analysis. Drug Metab Dispos 2023:DMD-MR-2023-001517. [PMID: 37833076 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists from Canadian institutions have a rich history of making interesting and important contributions to the journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition (DMD) over the past 51 years. A goal of this minireview is to highlight these contributions and pay tribute to many of the scientists at Canadian institutions that have aided in the evolution of the discipline through their DMD publications. We conducted a geographical and research sectoral analysis of the temporal trends of DMD publications originating from Canadian sources. The fraction of total DMD papers of Canadian origin achieved a peak during the 1990s and since that time, this metric has displayed a pronounced and steady decline to the present situation, where the country needs to be concerned about its potentially vulnerable global status within the realm of drug metabolism and disposition science. Stronger and timely investment by Canadian academic institutions in drug metabolism and disposition science may help to restore the nation's research excellence in this discipline and ensure a more robust pipeline of appropriately trained scientists to take on careers in academia, industry, and government. Significance Statement The substantial contributions made by scientists at Canadian institutions to the journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition (DMD) are highlighted and celebrated in this minireview. Analysis of temporal trends in the fraction of total DMD papers of Canadian origin paints a concerning picture of Canada's current global status in the realm of drug metabolism and disposition science. Further investment in this discipline at Canadian universities may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Riddick
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada
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de Boer NKH, Simsek M, Meijer B, Neurath MF, van Bodegraven A, Mulder CJJ. Drug rediscovery in gastroenterology: from off-label to on-label use of thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2023; 72:1985-1991. [PMID: 37380330 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Drug rediscovery refers to the principle of using 'old' drugs outside the indications mentioned in the summary of product characteristics. In the past decades, several drugs were rediscovered in a wide variety of medical fields. One of the most recent examples is the unconditional registration of thioguanine (TG), a thiopurine derivative, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the Netherlands. In this paper, we aim to visualise potential hurdles that hamper drug rediscovery in general, emphasise the global need for optimal use and development of potentially useful drugs, and provide an overview of the registration process for TG in the Netherlands. With this summary, we aim to guide drug rediscovery trajectories in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanne K H de Boer
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Institute, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Melek Simsek
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Medicine, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berrie Meijer
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Medicine, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus F Neurath
- First Department of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ad van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co-MIK), Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen-Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chimalakonda A, Li W, Marchisin D, He B, Singhal S, Deshpande P, Brown J, Aras U, Murthy B. Absolute and Relative Bioavailability of Oral Solid Dosage Formulations of Deucravacitinib in Humans. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:956-965. [PMID: 37587797 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Deucravacitinib is an oral, selective, allosteric inhibitor of tyrosine kinase 2, an intracellular signaling kinase involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The absolute and relative bioavailability (BA) were evaluated in phase 1, open-label studies in healthy adults to assess (1) the absolute BA of the deucravacitinib tablet formulation following single oral administration of a 12-mg tablet and an intravenous microdose infusion of 0.1-mg carbon-13 and nitrogen-15-labeled deucravacitinib ([13 C2 , 15 N3 ] deucravacitinib) solution in 8 subjects, and (2) the relative oral BA of deucravacitinib tablet and capsule formulations at the 3- and 12-mg dose levels in 20 subjects. The absolute oral availability of deucravacitinib in the tablet formulation was near complete at approximately 99%. The total clearance (254 mL/min) was low relative to hepatic blood flow, and volume of distribution (∼140 L) was greater than total body water, indicating extravascular distribution. Deucravacitinib systemic exposure (maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma drug concentration curve from time zero to the time of the last quantifiable nonzero concentration, and area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity) after administration of the tablet formulation were similar to the capsule at the tested 3- and 12-mg doses. In both studies, deucravacitinib was safe with no clinically relevant changes in laboratory values, electrocardiogram parameters, or vital signs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenying Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bing He
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Urvi Aras
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Eberhard CD, Mosher EP, Bumpus NN, Orsburn BC. Tenofovir Activation is Diminished in the Brain and Liver of Creatine Kinase Brain-Type Knockout Mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.25.559370. [PMID: 37808667 PMCID: PMC10557616 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor prescribed for the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Here, we demonstrate that creatine kinase brain-type (CKB) can form tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP), the pharmacologically active metabolite, in vitro, and identify nine missense mutations (C74S, R96P, S128R, R132H, R172P, R236Q, C283S, R292Q, and H296R) that diminish this activity. Additional characterization of these mutations reveal that five (R96P, R132H, R236Q, C283S, and R292Q) have ATP dephosphorylation catalytic efficiencies less than 20% of wild-type (WT), and seven (C74S, R96P, R132H, R172P, R236Q, C283S, and H296P) induce thermal instabilities. To determine the extent CKB contributes to TFV activation in vivo, we generated a CKB knockout mouse strain, Ckbtm1Nnb. Using an in vitro assay, we show that brain lysates of Ckbtm1Nnb male and female mice form 70.5% and 77.4% less TFV-DP than wild-type brain lysates of the same sex, respectively. Additionally, we observe that Ckbtm1Nnb male mice treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for 14 days exhibit a 22.8% reduction in TFV activation in liver compared to wild-type male mice. Lastly, we utilize mass spectrometry-based proteomics to elucidate the impact of the knockout on the abundance of nucleotide and small molecule kinases in the brain and liver, adding to our understanding of how loss of CKB may be impacting tenofovir activation in these tissues. Together, our data suggest that disruptions in CKB may lower levels of active drug in brain and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten D. Eberhard
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Eric P. Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Namandjé N. Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Benjamin C. Orsburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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50
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Line J, Saville E, Meng X, Naisbitt D. Why drug exposure is frequently associated with T-cell mediated cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. Front Toxicol 2023; 5:1268107. [PMID: 37795379 PMCID: PMC10546197 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1268107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions represent the most common manifestation of drug allergy seen in the clinic, with 25% of all adverse drug reactions appearing in the skin. The severity of cutaneous eruptions can vastly differ depending on the cellular mechanisms involved from a minor, self-resolving maculopapular rash to major, life-threatening pathologies such as the T-cell mediated bullous eruptions, i.e., Stevens Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. It remains a significant question as to why these reactions are so frequently associated with the skin and what factors polarise these reactions towards more serious disease states. The barrier function which the skin performs means it is constantly subject to a barrage of danger signals, creating an environment that favors elicitation. Therefore, a critical question is what drives the expansion of cutaneous lymphocyte antigen positive, skin homing, T-cell sub-populations in draining lymph nodes. One answer could be the heterologous immunity hypothesis whereby tissue resident memory T-cells that express T-cell receptors (TCRs) for pathogen derived antigens cross-react with drug antigen. A significant amount of research has been conducted on skin immunity in the context of contact allergy and the role of tissue specific antigen presenting cells in presenting drug antigen to T-cells, but it is unclear how this relates to epitopes derived from circulation. Studies have shown that the skin is a metabolically active organ, capable of generating reactive drug metabolites. However, we know that drug antigens are displayed systemically so what factors permit tolerance in one part of the body, but reactivity in the skin. Most adverse drug reactions are mild, and skin eruptions tend to be visible to the patient, whereas minor organ injury such as transient transaminase elevation is often not apparent. Systemic hypersensitivity reactions tend to have early cutaneous manifestations, the progression of which is halted by early diagnosis and treatment. It is apparent that the preference for cutaneous involvement of drug hypersensitivity reactions is multi-faceted, therefore this review aims to abridge the findings from literature on the current state of the field and provide insight into the cellular and metabolic mechanisms which may contribute to severe cutaneous adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dean Naisbitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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