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Moehling KK, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Bertolet M, Ross TM, Carter CE, Susick M, Saul SG, Kaynar AM, Bromberger JT, Zimmerman RK. The effect of frailty on HAI response to influenza vaccine among community-dwelling adults ≥ 50 years of age. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:361-367. [PMID: 29172948 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1405883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to vaccine antigens is less robust in older adults because of changes in the aging immune system. Frailty, the multi-dimensional syndrome marked by losses in function and physiological reserve, is increasingly prevalent with advancing age. Frailty accelerates this immunosenescence but the consequence of frailty on immune response specific to influenza vaccine among older adults, is mixed. An observational, prospective study of 114 adults was conducted in the fall of 2013 to assess the association of physical frailty with immune response to standard dose influenza vaccine in community-dwelling adults ≥ 50 years of age. Participants were stratified by age (<65 years and ≥65 years), and vaccine strain (Influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B) was analyzed separately adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and baseline log2 hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers. Overall, immune responses were lower among those ≥65 years of age than those <65 years. Among those ≥65 years there were no significant differences between frail and non-frail individuals in seroprotection or seroconversion for any influenza strain. Frail individuals <65 years of age compared with non-frail individuals were more likely to be seroprotected and to seroconvert post vaccination. Linear regression models show the same pattern of significant differences between frail and non-frail for those <65 years but no significant differences between frailty groups for those ≥65 years. Additional research may elucidate the reasons for the differences observed between younger frail and non-frail adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissy K Moehling
- a University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- a University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Chyongchiou Jeng Lin
- a University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Marnie Bertolet
- b University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health , Department of Epidemiology , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- c Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,d University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine , Department of Infectious Diseases , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Chalise E Carter
- c Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Michael Susick
- a University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Sean G Saul
- a University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - A Murat Kaynar
- e University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Department of Critical Care Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Joyce T Bromberger
- b University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health , Department of Epidemiology , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- a University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Vassilieva EV, Wang S, Li S, Prausnitz MR, Compans RW. Skin immunization by microneedle patch overcomes statin-induced suppression of immune responses to influenza vaccine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17855. [PMID: 29259264 PMCID: PMC5736694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that in elderly individuals, statin therapy is associated with a reduced response to influenza vaccination. The present study was designed to determine effects on the immune response to influenza vaccination induced by statin administration in a mouse model, and investigate potential approaches to improve the outcome of vaccination on the background of statin therapy. We fed middle aged BALB/c mice a high fat “western” diet (WD) alone or supplemented with atorvastatin (AT) for 14 weeks, and control mice were fed with the regular rodent diet. Mice were immunized with a single dose of subunit A/Brisbane/59/07 (H1N1) vaccine, either systemically or with dissolving microneedle patches (MNPs). We observed that a greater age-dependent decline in the hemagglutinin inhibition titers occurred in systemically-immunized mice than in MNP- immunized mice. AT dampened the antibody response in the animals vaccinated by either route of vaccine delivery. However, the MNP-vaccinated AT-treated animals had ~20 times higher total antibody levels to the influenza vaccine than the systemically vaccinated group one month postvaccination. We propose that microneedle vaccination against influenza provides an approach to ameliorate the immunosuppressive effect of statin therapy observed with systemic immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Vassilieva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Shelly Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Song Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Georgia
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Georgia.
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A Single Intramuscular Dose of a Plant-Made Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Elicits a Balanced Humoral and Cellular Response and Protects Young and Aged Mice from Influenza H1N1 Virus Challenge despite a Modest/Absent Humoral Response. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00273-17. [PMID: 29021303 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00273-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like-particle (VLP) influenza vaccines can be given intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) and may have advantages over split-virion formulations in the elderly. We tested a plant-made VLP vaccine candidate bearing the viral hemagglutinin (HA) delivered either i.m. or i.n. in young and aged mice. Young adult (5- to 8-week-old) and aged (16- to 20-month-old) female BALB/c mice received a single 3-μg dose based on the HA (A/California/07/2009 H1N1) content of a plant-made H1-VLP (i.m. or i.n.) split-virion vaccine (i.m.) or were left naive. After vaccination, humoral and splenocyte responses were assessed, and some mice were challenged. Both VLP and split vaccines given i.m. protected 100% of the young animals, but the VLP group lost the least weight and had stronger humoral and cellular responses. Compared to split-vaccine recipients, aged animals vaccinated i.m. with VLP were more likely to survive challenge (80% versus 60%). The lung viral load postchallenge was lowest in the VLP i.m. groups. Mice vaccinated with VLP i.n. had little detectable immune response, but survival was significantly increased. In both age groups, i.m. administration of the H1-VLP vaccine elicited more balanced humoral and cellular responses and provided better protection from homologous challenge than the split-virion vaccine.
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Sesay S, Brzostek J, Meyer I, Donazzolo Y, Leroux-Roels G, Rouzier R, Astruc B, Szymanski H, Toursarkissian N, Vandermeulen C, Kowalska E, Van Damme P, Salamand C, Pepin S. Safety, immunogenicity, and lot-to-lot consistency of a split-virion quadrivalent influenza vaccine in younger and older adults: A phase III randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:596-608. [PMID: 28968138 PMCID: PMC5861783 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1384106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a randomized multicenter phase III trial assessing the lot-to-lot consistency of the 2014–2015 Northern Hemisphere quadrivalent split-virion inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4; Sanofi Pasteur) and comparing its immunogenicity and safety with that of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in younger and older adults (EudraCT no. 2014-000785-21). Younger (18–60 y, n = 1114) and older (>60 y, n = 1111) adults were randomized 2:2:2:1:1 to receive a single dose of one of three lots of IIV4, the licensed IIV3 containing the B Yamagata lineage strain, or an investigational IIV3 containing the B Victoria lineage strain. Post-vaccination (day 21) hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were equivalent for the three IIV4 lots. For the pooled IIV4s vs. IIV3, hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were also non-inferior for the A strains, non-inferior for the B strain when present in the comparator IIV3, and superior for the B strain lineage when absent from the comparator IIV3. For all vaccine strains, seroprotection rates were ≥98% in younger adults and ≥90% in older adults. IIV4 also increased seroneutralizing antibody titers against all three vaccine strains of influenza. All vaccines were well tolerated, with no safety concerns identified. Solicited injection-site reactions were similar for IIV4 and IIV3 and mostly grade 1 and transient. This study showed that in younger and older adults, IIV4 had a similar safety profile as the licensed IIV3 and that including a second B strain lineage in IIV4 provided superior immunogenicity for the added B strain without affecting the immunogenicity of the three IIV3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerzy Brzostek
- b Clinic of Infectious Diseases Health Care Team , Dębica , Poland
| | - Ingo Meyer
- c CRS Clinical Research Services Kiel GmbH , Lübeck , Germany
| | | | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- e Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital , Gent , Belgium
| | - Régine Rouzier
- f Centre CAP, Centre Médical Odysseum , Montpellier , France
| | | | - Henryk Szymanski
- h St Hedwig of Silesia Hospital , Department of Paediatrics , Prusicka , Trzebnica , Poland
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Van Damme
- l Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute , Antwerpen (Wilrijk) , Belgium
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. Aging, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and influenza vaccine responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:682-90. [PMID: 26588038 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccination is less effective in elderly as compared to young individuals. Several studies have identified immune biomarkers able to predict a protective humoral immune response to the vaccine. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses and on biomarkers so far identified, and we discuss the relevance of latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on these vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
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56
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Kumar A, McElhaney JE, Walrond L, Cyr TD, Merani S, Kollmann TR, Halperin SA, Scheifele DW. Cellular immune responses of older adults to four influenza vaccines: Results of a randomized, controlled comparison. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017. [PMID: 28635557 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1337615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity is important for protection against the serious complications of influenza in older adults. As it is unclear if newer influenza vaccines elicit greater cellular responses than standard vaccines, we compared responses to 2 standard and 2 newer licensed trivalent inactivated vaccines (TIVs) in a randomized trial in older adults. Non-frail adults ≥ 65 y old were randomly assigned to receive standard subunit, MF59-adjuvanted subunit, standard split-virus or intradermal split-virus TIV. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) harvested pre- and 3-weeks post-vaccination were stimulated with live A/H3N2 virus. PBMC supernatants were tested for interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and lysates for granzyme B (GrB). Flow cytometry identified CD4+ and CD8+ T- cells expressing intracellular IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, GrB, or perforin. Differences following immunization were assessed for paired subject samples and among vaccines. 120 seniors participated, 29-31 per group, which were well matched demographically. Virus-stimulated PBMCs were GrB-rich before and after vaccination, with minimal increases evident. Immunization did not increase secretion of IFN-γ or IL-10. However, cytolytic effector T-cells (CD8+GrB+perforin+) increased significantly in percentage post-vaccination in all groups, to similar mean values across groups. CD4+GrB+perforin+ T-cells also increased significantly after each vaccine, to similar mean values among vaccines. Vaccination did not increase the low baseline percentages of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells expressing IFN-γ, IL-2 or IL-10 . In conclusion, participants had pre-existing cellular immunity to H3N2 virus. All 4 vaccines boosted cellular responses to a similar but limited extent, particularly cytolytic effector CD8+ T-cells associated with clinical protection against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- a Health Sciences North Research Institute , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- a Health Sciences North Research Institute , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada.,b Northern Ontario School of Medicine , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada.,c VITALITY Research Center , Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - Lisa Walrond
- e Regulatory Research Division , Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Terry D Cyr
- e Regulatory Research Division , Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Shahzma Merani
- a Health Sciences North Research Institute , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada.,f Vaccine Evaluation Center , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada.,g Canadian Center for Vaccinology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - David W Scheifele
- d Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN), Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada.,f Vaccine Evaluation Center , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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57
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Falkeborn T, Hinkula J, Olliver M, Lindberg A, Maltais AK. The intranasal adjuvant Endocine™ enhances both systemic and mucosal immune responses in aged mice immunized with influenza antigen. Virol J 2017; 14:44. [PMID: 28253901 PMCID: PMC5335733 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite availability of annual influenza vaccines, influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. This is at least in part a result of immunosenescence; the age-dependent decrease in immunological competence that results in greater susceptibility to infections and reduced responses to vaccination. To improve protective immune responses in this age group, new vaccines strategies, such as the use of adjuvants, are needed. Here, we evaluated the mucosal vaccine adjuvant Endocine™, formulated with split influenza antigen and administered intranasally in aged (20-month old) mice. Humoral immune responses were assessed and compared to unadjuvanted intranasal and subcutaneous vaccines. We show that formulation with Endocine™ significantly enhances hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, as well as serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibody titers, compared to both types of unadjuvanted vaccines. Thus, our results indicate that intranasal vaccination with Endocine™ is a possible approach for the development of mucosal influenza vaccines for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Falkeborn
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Olliver
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alf Lindberg
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
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Brahmakshatriya V, Kuang Y, Devarajan P, Xia J, Zhang W, Vong AM, Swain SL. IL-6 Production by TLR-Activated APC Broadly Enhances Aged Cognate CD4 Helper and B Cell Antibody Responses In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2819-2833. [PMID: 28250157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4 T cell responses, especially their ability to help B cell responses, become compromised with aging. We find that using APC pretreated ex vivo with TLR agonists, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and CpG, to prime naive CD4 T cells in vivo, restores their ability to expand and become germinal center T follicular helpers and enhances B cell IgG Ab production. Enhanced helper responses are dependent on IL-6 production by the activated APC. Aged naive CD4 T cells respond suboptimally to IL-6 compared with young cells, such that higher doses are required to induce comparable signaling. Preactivating APC overcomes this deficiency. Responses of young CD4 T cells are also enhanced by preactivating APC with similar effects but with only partial IL-6 dependency. Strikingly, introducing just the activated APC into aged mice significantly enhances otherwise compromised Ab production to inactivated influenza vaccine. These findings reveal a central role for the production of IL-6 by APC during initial cognate interactions in the generation of effective CD4 T cell help, which becomes greater with age. Without APC activation, aging CD4 T cell responses shift toward IL-6-independent Th1 and CD4 cytotoxic Th cell responses. Thus, strategies that specifically activate and provide Ag to APC could potentially enhance Ab-mediated protection in vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Allen Minh Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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A De- O-acylated Lipooligosaccharide-Based Adjuvant System Promotes Antibody and Th1-Type Immune Responses to H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3713656. [PMID: 27891512 PMCID: PMC5116492 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3713656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are agents that are used to promote immune responses to vaccine antigens and thereby to enhance the protective efficacy of the vaccines. In this study, we investigated the adjuvant activity of CIA06, an adjuvant system that is composed of a toll-like receptor 4 agonist de-O-acylated lipooligosaccharide (dLOS) and aluminum hydroxide, on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Greenflu-S® in mice. CIA06 significantly enhanced influenza-specific serum IgG, hemagglutination-inhibition, and virus-neutralizing antibody titers, which eliminated vaccine dose-dependency in the antibody response. Mice immunized with the CIA06-adjuvanted Greenflu-S showed Th1-type-predominant cytokine profiles, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were induced. Immunization of mice with the CIA06-adjuvanted vaccine reduced the mortality and morbidity of mice upon lethal challenges with influenza virus, and no excessive inflammatory responses were observed in the lung tissues of the immunized mice after viral infection. These data suggest that the dLOS-based adjuvant system CIA06 can be used to promote the immune responses to influenza vaccine or to spare antigen dose without causing harmful inflammatory responses.
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Zimmermann MT, Grill DE, Oberg AL, Poland GA. Transcriptional signatures of influenza A/H1N1-specific IgG memory-like B cell response in older individuals. Vaccine 2016; 34:3993-4002. [PMID: 27317456 PMCID: PMC5520794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that the recall-based humoral immune responses to influenza A/H1N1 originates from activated memory B cells. The aim of this study was to identify baseline, early and late blood transcriptional signatures (in peripheral blood mononuclear cells/PBMCs) associated with memory B cell response following influenza vaccination. METHODS We used pre- and post-vaccination mRNA-Seq transcriptional profiling on samples from 159 subjects (50-74years old) following receipt of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine containing the A/California/7/2009/H1N1-like virus, and penalized regression modeling to identify associations with influenza A/H1N1-specific memory B cell ELISPOT response after vaccination. RESULTS Genesets and genes (p-value range 7.92E(-08) to 0.00018, q-value range 0.00019-0.039) demonstrating significant associations (of gene expression levels) with memory B cell response suggest the importance of metabolic (cholesterol and lipid metabolism-related), cell migration/adhesion, MAP kinase, NF-kB cell signaling (chemokine/cytokine signaling) and transcriptional regulation gene signatures in the development of memory B cell response after influenza vaccination. CONCLUSION Through an unbiased transcriptome-wide profiling approach, our study identified signatures of memory B cell response following influenza vaccination, highlighting the underappreciated role of metabolic changes (among the other immune function-related events) in the regulation of influenza vaccine-induced immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
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Sanei F, Wilkinson T. Influenza vaccination for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: understanding immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2016; 10:349-67. [PMID: 27193567 DOI: 10.1177/1753465816646050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection is an important cause of global mortality and morbidity with the greatest impact on older people and those with chronic disease. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are particularly vulnerable to influenza, with evidence for increased incidence and severity of infection. In this patient group influenza is associated with exacerbations and pneumonia which result in a significant healthcare burden and premature mortality. Influenza vaccination and in particular the use of the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) is recommended for patients with COPD. The evidence base for its effects in this population is, however, limited. Available data suggest that immunogenicity is variable in COPD but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The contribution of age, disease severity, comorbidity and treatments to vaccine responses has only been investigated in a limited manner. Existing data suggest that key immune mechanisms governing T- and B-cell responses are adversely affected by these factors. The efficacy of TIV has been studied in a number of small clinical trials which form the basis of a Cochrane review. Here evidence for effect is conflicting depending on individual trial design and inclusions. Overall, TIV offers protection against influenza infection in the trial setting but further studies are required to stratify patients and enable prediction of inadequate responses. Larger-scale clinical studies have largely been observational and have often been conducted in consort with pneumonia vaccination. Overall the mortality benefit of TIV in COPD is suggested by a number studies but the impact on exacerbation prevention is less clear. Influenza vaccination currently plays an important role in disease prevention in COPD. However, we postulate that a more in-depth understanding of mechanisms of response in the context of a highly heterogeneous disease will lead to a more informed approach to vaccination and greater benefit for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sanei
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Mailpoint 810, Level F, South Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Pileggi C, Mascaro V, Bianco A, Nobile CGA, Pavia M. Immunogenicity and Safety of Intradermal Influenza Vaccine in the Elderly: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Drugs Aging 2016; 32:857-69. [PMID: 26442860 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunosenescence makes the elderly more susceptible to influenza complications and less responsive to vaccination. An intradermal formulation (IDflu) is one of several strategies being investigated to increase the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. OBJECTIVE The overall goal of the study was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of IDflu compared with the intramuscular route (IMflu) in the elderly. METHODS A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. Included articles met the following criteria: RCTs; primary studies, not re-analyses or reviews; enrolment of elderly people; comparing the immunogenicity and/or safety of IDflu with IMflu; measuring seroprotection and/or seroconversion rate to assess immunogenicity; measuring local reactions and/or general symptoms and/or other mild local reactions that could affect acceptability of vaccine as safety indicators, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) criteria; published through January 2015. RESULTS The results of our meta-analysis on seroprotection showed that IDflu is comparable to IMflu for each strain (A/H1N1: risk ratio [RR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-1.07; A/H3N2: RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99-1.04; B 1.02, 95% CI 0.98-1.08). The seroconversion rate achieved with IDflu was comparable to that of the control group (A/H1N1: RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.97-1.2; A/H3N2: RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.96-1.21; B: RR 1.21, 95% CI 1-1.45). Systemic reactogenicity appeared similar in the two groups, while local reactions were significantly more frequent in the IDflu group. CONCLUSIONS The novel IDflu appears to have the adequate balance between immunogenicity and safety in the elderly compared with IMflu, and its utilization may be considered among the possible strategies to enhance the control of seasonal influenza outbreaks according to the existing policy recommendations in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pileggi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Via Tommaso Campanella, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Valentina Mascaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Via Tommaso Campanella, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Aida Bianco
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Via Tommaso Campanella, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Carmelo G A Nobile
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Via Tommaso Campanella, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Maria Pavia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Via Tommaso Campanella, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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The generation of memory B cells is maintained, but the antibody response is not, in the elderly after repeated influenza immunizations. Vaccine 2016; 34:2834-40. [PMID: 27108193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The success of a vaccine in inducing a protective antibody response depends on the longevity of both long-lived plasma cells (PC) and memory B cells. We have previously shown that the in vivo antibody response to a new influenza vaccine, the ex vivo plasmablast response, the in vitro B cell function, measured by AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase), and the transcription factor E47, are significantly associated and decreased in elderly individuals. We hypothesized that because AID is decreased in the elderly, the ability to generate memory B cells would also be decreased, but our findings here show that memory B cells are maintained in the elderly probably due to further amplification in response to repeated vaccination. We recruited young and elderly individuals immunized in at least two consecutive influenza vaccine seasons in which the influenza A viral strains H1N1 and H3N2 in the vaccine were the same as in the previous year. PBMC were cultured with CpG/IL2 to measure the frequency of IgG vaccine-specific memory B cells. Serum antibody response was measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Blood plasmablasts were measured by flow cytometry. Surprisingly, the frequencies of influenza vaccine-specific memory B cells and plasmablasts were similar in young and elderly individuals, but the fold-increase in serum titers after vaccination was lower in the elderly although most of the elderly were seroprotected. We then measured the transcription factor Blimp-1, considered the master regulator of PC differentiation, and found it significantly reduced in cultures of B cells from elderly versus young individuals, as well as E47/AID and IgG secretion. Taken together, these results suggest an impaired memory B cell to PC differentiation in the elderly.
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65
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Devarajan P, Bautista B, Vong AM, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM, Swain SL. New Insights into the Generation of CD4 Memory May Shape Future Vaccine Strategies for Influenza. Front Immunol 2016; 7:136. [PMID: 27148257 PMCID: PMC4827017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viral evolution presents a formidable challenge to vaccination due to the virus' ability to rapidly mutate to evade immune responses. Live influenza infections generate large and diverse CD4 effector T cell responses that yield highly protective, long-lasting CD4 T cell memory that can target conserved viral epitopes. We review advances in our understanding of mechanisms involved in generating CD4 T cell responses against the influenza A virus (IAV), focusing on specialized follicular helper (TFH) and CD4 cytotoxic (ThCTL) effector subsets and on CD4 T cell memory. We also discuss two recent findings in context of enhancing vaccine responses. First, helper T cells require priming with APC secreting high levels of IL-6. Second, the transition of IAV-generated effectors to memory depends on IL-2, costimulation and antigen signals, just before effectors reach peak numbers, defined as the "memory checkpoint." The need for these signals during the checkpoint could explain why many current influenza vaccines are poorly effective and elicit poor cellular immunity. We suggest that CD4 memory generation can be enhanced by re-vaccinating at this time. Our best hope lies in a universal vaccine that will not need to be formulated yearly against seasonal antigenically novel influenza strains and will also be protective against a pandemic strain. We suggest a vaccine approach that elicits a powerful T cell response, by initially inducing high levels of APC activation and later providing antigen at the memory checkpoint, may take us a step closer to such a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Bautista
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Allen M Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Karl Kai McKinstry
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Tara M Strutt
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
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García M, Misplon JA, Price GE, Lo CY, Epstein SL. Age Dependence of Immunity Induced by a Candidate Universal Influenza Vaccine in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153195. [PMID: 27055234 PMCID: PMC4824498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza has a major impact on the elderly due to increased susceptibility to infection with age and poor response to current vaccines. We have studied universal influenza vaccine candidates based on influenza A nucleoprotein and matrix 2 (A/NP+M2). Long-lasting protection against influenza virus strains of divergent subtypes is induced, especially with mucosal immunization. Here, we tested universal vaccination in BALB/c mice of different ages. Vaccination used intramuscular DNA priming to A/NP+M2 followed by intranasal (i.n.) boosting with recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) expressing the same antigens, or only A/NP+M2-rAd given i.n. Antigen-specific systemic antibody responses were induced in young, middle-aged, and elderly mice (2, 11-17, and 20 months old, respectively), but decreased with age. Antibody responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were detected only in young mice. Antigen-specific T cell responses were seen in young and middle-aged but not elderly mice. A/NP+M2 vaccination by the two regimens above protected against stringent challenge in young and middle-aged mice, but not in elderly mice. However, mice vaccinated with A/NP-rAd or A/M2-rAd during their youth were partially protected against challenge 16 months later when they were elderly. In addition, a regimen of two doses of A/NP+M2-rAd given i.n. one month apart beginning in old age protected elderly mice against stringent challenge. This study highlights the potential benefit of cross-protective vaccines through middle age, and suggests that their performance might be enhanced in elderly individuals who had been exposed to influenza antigens early in life, as most humans have been, or by a two-dose rAd regimen given later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra García
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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McElhaney J, Gavazzi G, Flamaing J, Petermans J. The role of vaccination in successful independent ageing. Eur Geriatr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Trombetta CM, Montomoli E. Influenza immunology evaluation and correlates of protection: a focus on vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:967-76. [PMID: 26954563 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1164046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method of controlling seasonal influenza infections and preventing possible pandemic events. Although influenza vaccines have been licensed and used for decades, the potential correlates of protection induced by these vaccines are still a matter of discussion. Currently, inactivated vaccines are the most common and the haemagglutination inhibition antibody titer is regarded as an immunological correlate of protection and the best available parameter for predicting protection from influenza infection. However, the assay shows some limitations, such as its low sensitivity to B and avian strains and inter-laboratory variability. Additional assays and next-generation vaccines have been evaluated to overcome the limitations of the traditional serological techniques and to elicit broad immune responses, underlining the need to revise the current correlates of protection. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current scenario regarding the immunological evaluation and correlates of protection of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy.,b VisMederi srl , Enterprise of services in Life Sciences , Siena , Italy
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69
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Ross K, Adams J, Loyd H, Ahmed S, Sambol A, Broderick S, Rajan K, Kohut M, Bronich T, Wannemuehler MJ, Carpenter S, Mallapragada S, Narasimhan B. Combination Nanovaccine Demonstrates Synergistic Enhancement in Efficacy against Influenza. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:368-374. [PMID: 33429541 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
H5N1 influenza virus has the potential to become a significant global health threat, and next generation vaccine technologies are needed. In this work, the combined efficacy of two nanoadjuvant platforms (polyanhydride nanoparticles and pentablock copolymer-based hydrogels) to induce protective immunity against H5N1 influenza virus was examined. Mice received two subcutaneous vaccinations (day 0 and 21) containing 10 μg of H5 hemagglutinin trimer alone or in combination with the nanovaccine platforms. Nanovaccine immunization induced high neutralizing antibody titers that were sustained through 70 days postimmunization. Finally, mice were intranasally challenged with A/H5N1 VNH5N1-PR8CDC-RG virus and monitored for 14 days. Animals receiving the combination nanovaccine had lower viral loads in the lung and weight loss after challenge in comparison to animals vaccinated with each platform alone. These data demonstrate the synergy between polyanhydride nanoparticles and pentablock copolymer-based hydrogels as adjuvants in the design of a more efficacious influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Broderick
- Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Krishna Rajan
- Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Response to the influenza vaccine based on estradiol use in menopausal women. Vaccine 2016; 34:1358-62. [PMID: 26851841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of 17β-estradiol in modulating the response to the influenza vaccine in postmenopausal women. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted with 46 healthy postmenopausal women aged 41-62 years without previous vaccination against the influenza virus. Evaluation of serum antibodies using hemagglutination inhibition and single radial hemolysis was performed at the Virology Laboratory of the Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil, using serum samples collected at two time points: immediately before and one month after vaccination. RESULTS In non-estradiol users (n=25), the median number of hemagglutination-inhibiting units (Log2) increased from 5.32 to 6.82 (p=0.003). In estradiol users (n=21), the median number of hemagglutination-inhibiting units (Log2) increased from 5.32 to 5.82 (p=0.149). The median hemolytic areas produced with the single radial hemolysis assay before and after the vaccine were 11 mm in both groups. CONCLUSION In postmenopausal women, estrogen therapy did not have a positive influence on the production of antibodies against the influenza virus after vaccination, at least based on the formulation, time period, and methods used for quantifying these antibodies in the present study.
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71
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. B Cell-Specific Biomarkers for Optimal Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination and Molecular Pathways That Reduce B Cell Function with Aging. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:523-537. [PMID: 28845758 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent findings on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses, with major emphasis on T and B cells, which are significantly impaired by aging. We discuss changes in T cell production and thymic output; T cell subsets; and TCR repertoire, function, and response to latent persistent infection. We also discuss changes in B cell subsets, repertoire, and function, and how function is impaired by increased intrinsic B cell inflammation and reduced signal transduction. This review presents age-related effects on antigen-presenting cells, summarizes recent studies, including our own, aimed at the identification of biomarkers of protective vaccine responses, and provides examples of recent technical advances and insights into human vaccine responses that are helping to define the features associated with successful vaccination and that may enable a more predictive vaccinology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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72
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Najarro K, Nguyen H, Chen G, Xu M, Alcorta S, Yao X, Zukley L, Metter EJ, Truong T, Lin Y, Li H, Oelke M, Xu X, Ling SM, Longo DL, Schneck J, Leng S, Ferrucci L, Weng NP. Telomere Length as an Indicator of the Robustness of B- and T-Cell Response to Influenza in Older Adults. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1261-9. [PMID: 25828247 PMCID: PMC4577042 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres provide a key mechanism for protecting the integrity of chromosomes and their attrition after cell division and during aging are evident in lymphocytes. However, the significance of telomere shortening in age-associated decline of immune function is unknown. METHODS We selected 22 HLA-A2-positive healthy older adults who have relatively short or long telomere lengths to compare their antibody response against the influenza vaccine, and their CD8(+) T-cell response against an influenza antigen. RESULTS B cells from individuals with a robust antibody response to the influenza vaccine had significantly longer telomeres than those with a poor antibody response. Monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells of both short and long telomere groups induced similar expansions of influenza M1-specific CD8(+) T cells. Vaccination did not increase M1-specific CD8(+) T cells in blood, but M1-specific CD8(+) T cells from the long telomere group exhibited significantly greater expansion in vitro than those from the short telomere group. Finally, M1-specific CD8(+) T cells that underwent more expansions had significantly longer telomeres than cells with fewer divisions. CONCLUSIONS Telomere length is positively associated with a robust lymphocyte response, and telomere attrition may contribute to the age-associated decline of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology
| | | | - Mai Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | - Thai Truong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology
| | - Yun Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology
| | | | - Mathias Oelke
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Dan L. Longo
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Schneck
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Robertson CA, Talbot HK, Landolfi V, Greenberg DP. Efficacy and immunogenicity of high-dose influenza vaccine in older adults by age, comorbidities, and frailty. Vaccine 2015; 33:4565-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pera A, Campos C, López N, Hassouneh F, Alonso C, Tarazona R, Solana R. Immunosenescence: Implications for response to infection and vaccination in older people. Maturitas 2015; 82:50-5. [PMID: 26044074 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
People aged 60 and older represent over 11% of the world population and it is expected to rise 22% by 2050. Population aging is associated to an increased frequency of age-related diseases including higher susceptibility to infections, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Immunosenescence refers to the decline of the immune system associated to aging. It affects both, innate and adaptive immunity limiting the response to pathogens and to vaccines. The analyses of the immune system in elderly individuals determined several immune signatures constituting an immune risk phenotype that predicts mortality. An inverse CD4/CD8 ratio, loss of naïve T cells, increased numbers of terminally-differentiated T cells and oligoclonal expansions of virus-specific T cells constitute hallmarks of immunosenescence. Natural killer (NK) cells are also found severely altered in the elderly. The contribution of latent cytomegalovirus infection to immunosenescence of T and NK cells has been shown. Considering the worldwide ageing of the population in the next decades, the impact of infections will be a real health problem for older individuals requiring preventive strategies. Thus, further studies are required to analyse the bases of immunosenescence and to establish protocols to overcome the age-associated alterations of the immune response in order to define effective vaccines against those pathogens, such as influenza, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Pera
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, REIPI, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Campos
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, REIPI, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Nelson López
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, REIPI, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fakhri Hassouneh
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, REIPI, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Corona Alonso
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, REIPI, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Solana
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, REIPI, Cordoba, Spain.
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75
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The impact of immunosenescence on humoral immune response variation after influenza A/H1N1 vaccination in older subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122282. [PMID: 25816015 PMCID: PMC4376784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly, the factors underlying the reduced vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy in this age group are not completely understood. Age and immunosenescence factors, and their impact on humoral immunity after influenza vaccination, are of growing interest for the development of better vaccines for the elderly. Methods We assessed associations between age and immunosenescence markers (T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles – TREC content, peripheral white blood cell telomerase – TERT expression and CD28 expression on T cells) and influenza A/H1N1 vaccine-induced measures of humoral immunity in 106 older subjects at baseline and three timepoints post-vaccination. Results TERT activity (TERT mRNA expression) was significantly positively correlated with the observed increase in the influenza-specific memory B cell ELISPOT response at Day 28 compared to baseline (p-value=0.025). TREC levels were positively correlated with the baseline and early (Day 3) influenza A/H1N1-specific memory B cell ELISPOT response (p-value=0.042 and p-value=0.035, respectively). The expression and/or expression change of CD28 on CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells at baseline and Day 3 was positively correlated with the influenza A/H1N1-specific memory B cell ELISPOT response at baseline, Day 28 and Day 75 post-vaccination. In a multivariable analysis, the peak antibody response (HAI and/or VNA at Day 28) was negatively associated with age, the percentage of CD8+CD28low T cells, IgD+CD27- naïve B cells, and percentage overall CD20- B cells and plasmablasts, measured at Day 3 post-vaccination. The early change in influenza-specific memory B cell ELISPOT response was positively correlated with the observed increase in influenza A/H1N1-specific HAI antibodies at Day 28 and Day 75 relative to baseline (p-value=0.007 and p-value=0.005, respectively). Conclusion Our data suggest that influenza-specific humoral immunity is significantly influenced by age, and that specific markers of immunosenescence (e.g., the baseline/early expression of CD28 on CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells and T cell immune abnormalities) are correlated with different humoral immune response outcomes observed after vaccination in older individuals, and thus can be potentially used to predict vaccine immunogenicity.
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76
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Abstract
The age-associated increased susceptibility to infectious disease would suggest that vaccination should be a route to promote healthy aging and keep our seniors autonomous and independent. While vaccination represents a cost-effective and efficient strategy at community level, the ability of the immune system to mount a protective immune response is still unpredictable at the level of the individual. Thus, at a similar age, some individuals, including the elderly, might still be 'good' responders while some other, even younger, would definitely fail to mount a protective response. In this review, the current burden of vaccine-preventable diseases in the aging and aged population will be detailed with the aim to identify the ideal vaccine candidates over the age of 50 years. This article will conclude with potential strategies to reduce, as best as possible, this burden and the imperative need to overcome barriers in extending current vaccine coverage towards to a lifelong vaccine schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Lang
- Translational Medicine Research group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, England,
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77
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Koutsonanos DG, Esser ES, McMaster SR, Kalluri P, Lee JW, Prausnitz MR, Skountzou I, Denning TL, Kohlmeier JE, Compans RW. Enhanced immune responses by skin vaccination with influenza subunit vaccine in young hosts. Vaccine 2015; 33:4675-82. [PMID: 25744228 PMCID: PMC5757502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin has gained substantial attention as a vaccine target organ due to its immunological properties, which include a high density of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this vaccination route not only in animal models but also in adults. Young children represent a population group that is at high risk from influenza infection. As a result, this group could benefit significantly from influenza vaccine delivery approaches through the skin and the improved immune response it can induce. In this study, we compared the immune responses in young BALB/c mice upon skin delivery of influenza vaccine with vaccination by the conventional intramuscular route. Young mice that received 5 μg of H1N1 A/Ca/07/09 influenza subunit vaccine using MN demonstrated an improved serum antibody response (IgG1 and IgG2a) when compared to the young IM group, accompanied by higher numbers of influenza-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in the bone marrow. In addition, we observed increased activation of follicular helper T cells and formation of germinal centers in the regional lymph nodes in the MN immunized group, rapid clearance of the virus from their lungs as well as complete survival, compared with partial protection observed in the IM-vaccinated group. Our results support the hypothesis that influenza vaccine delivery through the skin would be beneficial for protecting the high-risk young population from influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Koutsonanos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - E Stein Esser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Priya Kalluri
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Fest Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Jeong-Woo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Fest Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Fest Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Camilloni B, Basileo M, Valente S, Nunzi E, Iorio AM. Immunogenicity of intramuscular MF59-adjuvanted and intradermal administered influenza enhanced vaccines in subjects aged over 60: A literature review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:553-63. [PMID: 25714138 PMCID: PMC4514405 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the age-related immune system decline, 2 potentiated influenza vaccines were specifically licensed for the elderly: Fluad(®), an MF59-adjuvanted vaccine administered intramuscularly (IM-MF59), and Intanza 15 mcg(®), a non adjuvanted vaccine administered intradermally (ID). The objective of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of studies that evaluated antibody responses in the elderly following immunization with IM-MF59 or ID vaccines. The two potentiated vaccines induced immune responses satisfying, in most instances, the European Medicine Agency immunogenicity criteria, both against vaccine antigens and heterovariant drifted strains. Considering pooled data reported in the articles analyzed and papers directly comparing the 2 vaccines, the antibody responses elicited by IM-MF59 and ID were found to be generally comparable. The use of IM-MF59 and ID vaccines can be proposed as an appropriate strategy for elderly seasonal influenza vaccination although further studies are required for a more complete characterization of the 2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Camilloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Michela Basileo
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Iorio
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
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Ross KA, Loyd H, Wu W, Huntimer L, Ahmed S, Sambol A, Broderick S, Flickinger Z, Rajan K, Bronich T, Mallapragada S, Wannemuehler MJ, Carpenter S, Narasimhan B. Hemagglutinin-based polyanhydride nanovaccines against H5N1 influenza elicit protective virus neutralizing titers and cell-mediated immunity. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 10:229-43. [PMID: 25565816 PMCID: PMC4284014 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s72264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
H5N1 avian influenza is a significant global concern with the potential to become the next pandemic threat. Recombinant subunit vaccines are an attractive alternative for pandemic vaccines compared to traditional vaccine technologies. In particular, polyanhydride nanoparticles encapsulating subunit proteins have been shown to enhance humoral and cell-mediated immunity and provide protection upon lethal challenge. In this work, a recombinant H5 hemagglutinin trimer (H5₃) was produced and encapsulated into polyanhydride nanoparticles. The studies performed indicated that the recombinant H5₃ antigen was a robust immunogen. Immunizing mice with H5₃ encapsulated into polyanhydride nanoparticles induced high neutralizing antibody titers and enhanced CD4(+) T cell recall responses in mice. Finally, the H5₃-based polyanhydride nanovaccine induced protective immunity against a low-pathogenic H5N1 viral challenge. Informatics analyses indicated that mice receiving the nanovaccine formulations and subsequently challenged with virus were similar to naïve mice that were not challenged. The current studies provide a basis to further exploit the advantages of polyanhydride nanovaccines in pandemic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Ross
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Hyelee Loyd
- Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Wuwei Wu
- Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lucas Huntimer
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shaheen Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anthony Sambol
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Scott Broderick
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Krishna Rajan
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tatiana Bronich
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surya Mallapragada
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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80
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Rivera-Hernandez T, Carnathan DG, Moyle PM, Toth I, West NP, Young PR, Silvestri G, Walker MJ. The contribution of non-human primate models to the development of human vaccines. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2014; 18:313-22. [PMID: 25549702 PMCID: PMC4465840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The non-human primates (NHPs) model in biomedical research has contributed to the study of human infectious, autoimmune, oncogenic, and neurological diseases. This review focuses on the importance of NHP models in vaccine development for tuberculosis, pertussis, Dengue, group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) infection, HIV infection, and certain diseases in the elderly (influenza, for example). From understanding disease pathogenesis and mechanisms of protection, to assessing vaccine safety and efficacy, we discuss selected cases where the importance of the use of NHP models is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, and School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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81
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Ron-Harel N, Sharpe AH, Haigis MC. Mitochondrial metabolism in T cell activation and senescence: a mini-review. Gerontology 2014; 61:131-8. [PMID: 25402204 DOI: 10.1159/000362502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging immune system is unable to optimally respond to pathogens and generate long-term immunological memory against encountered antigens. Amongst the immune components most affected by aging are T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes are cells of the cell-mediated immune system, which can recognize microbial antigens and either directly kill infected cells or support the maturation and activation of other immune cells. When activated, T cells undergo a metabolic switch to accommodate their changing needs at every stage of the immune response. Here we review the different aspects of metabolic regulation of T cell activation, focusing on the emerging role of mitochondrial metabolism, and discuss changes that may contribute to age-related decline in T cell potency. Better understanding of the role of mitochondrial metabolism in immune cell function could provide insights into mechanisms of immune senescence with the potential for developing novel therapeutic approaches to improve immune responses in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Ron-Harel
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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82
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. B cell function and influenza vaccine responses in healthy aging and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:112-8. [PMID: 24934648 PMCID: PMC4331104 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccination is less effective in elderly as compared to young individuals. Several studies have addressed the identification of immune biomarkers able to monitor or predict a protective humoral immune response to the vaccine. In this review, we summarize these data, with emphasis on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine-specific B cell responses in healthy individuals and patients with Type-2 Diabetes, HIV and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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83
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Haq K, McElhaney JE. Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Our laboratory has contributed to the areas of B cell receptor (BCR) and pre-BCR gene identification and transcription and has focused on the problem of the aged immune system in mice and humans for the last 15 years. We have found biomarkers for the decrease in B cell function in aged mice and humans. These include decreases in immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch (e.g., IgM to IgG), decreases in the enzyme AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) and decreases in the transcription factor E47. The E47 mRNA stability is decreased in old B cells due to decreased phospho-MAPKinase and phospho-TTP (tristetraprolin). Inflammation, e.g., TNF-α, which increases with age, impacts B cells directly by increasing their TNF-α and NF-κB and leads to the above decreased pathway. Both class switch and affinity maturation are decreased in elderly responses to the influenza vaccine and biomarkers we have found (numbers and percentages of switched memory B cells and AID in stimulated B cells in culture) can predict a beneficial or decreased immune response to the vaccine. Current and future avenues to improve the humoral immune response in the elderly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB #3146A, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA,
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85
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Couch RB, Bayas JM, Caso C, Mbawuike IN, López CN, Claeys C, El Idrissi M, Hervé C, Laupèze B, Oostvogels L, Moris P. Superior antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell response with AS03-adjuvantation of a trivalent influenza vaccine in a randomised trial of adults aged 65 and older. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:425. [PMID: 25078387 PMCID: PMC4138369 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccines may be reduced in older versus younger adults because of age-related immunosenescence. The use of an adjuvant in such a vaccine is one strategy that may combat immunosenescence, potentially by bolstering T-cell mediated responses. Methods This observer-blind study, conducted in the United States (US) and Spain during the 2008–2009 influenza season, evaluated the effect of Adjuvant System AS03 on specific T-cell responses to a seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) in ≥65 year-old adults. Medically-stable adults aged ≥65 years were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of AS03-adjuvanted TIV (TIV/AS03) or TIV. Healthy adults aged 18–40 years received only TIV. Blood samples were collected on Day 0, Day 21, Day 42 and Day 180. Influenza-specific CD4+ T cells, defined by the induction of the immune markers CD40L, IL-2, IFN-γ, or TNF-α, were measured in ex vivo cultures of antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results A total of 192 adults were vaccinated: sixty nine and seventy three ≥65 year olds received TIV/AS03 and TIV, respectively; and fifty 18 - 40 year olds received TIV. In the ≥65 year-old group on Day 21, the frequency of CD4+ T cells specific to the three vaccine strains was superior in the TIV/AS03 recipients to the frequency in TIV (p < 0.001). On Days 42 and 180, the adjusted-geometric mean specific CD4+ T-cell frequencies were also higher in the TIV/AS03 recipients than in the TIV recipients (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the adjusted-geometric mean specific CD4+ T-cell frequencies were higher in the ≥65 year-old recipients of TIV/AS03 than in the18 - 40 year old recipients of TIV on Days 21 (p = 0.006) and 42 (p = 0.011). Conclusion This positive effect of AS03 Adjuvant System on the CD4+ T-cell response to influenza vaccine strains in older adults could confer benefit in protection against clinical influenza disease in this population. Trial registration (Clinicaltrials.gov.). NCT00765076. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-425) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Innocent Nnadi Mbawuike
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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86
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Vasudev A, Ying CTT, Ayyadhury S, Puan KJ, Andiappan AK, Nyunt MSZ, Shadan NB, Mustafa S, Low I, Rotzschke O, Fulop T, Ng TP, Larbi A. γ/δ T cell subsets in human aging using the classical α/β T cell model. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:647-55. [PMID: 25001861 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a1213-650rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to infections and diseases. It has also been associated with reduced functionality and altered distribution of immune cells, especially T cells. Whereas classical α/β T cells, especially CD8(+) T cells, were shown to be highly susceptible to aging, the effects of viral persistent stimulations on the fate of γ/δ T cells are much less documented. Healthy, elderly individuals of Chinese ethnical background were recruited under the aegis of SLAS-II. In this observational study, γ/δ T cell populations were characterized by flow cytometry and compared with the α/β CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in elderly and young controls. In our study, we identified a reduced frequency of γ/δ T cells but not α/β T cells with aging. The classical markers of α/β T cell aging, including CD28, CD27, and CD57, did not prove significant for γ/δ T cells. The extreme range of expression of these markers in γ/δ T cells was responsible for the lack of relationship between γ/δ T cell subsets, CD4/CD8 ratio, and anti-CMV titers that was significant for α/β T cells and, especially, CD8(+) T cells. Although markers of aging for γ/δ T cells are not clearly identified, our data collectively suggest that the presence of CD27 γ/δ T cells is associated with markers of α/β T cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Vasudev
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Crystal Tan Tze Ying
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shamini Ayyadhury
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Kia Joo Puan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt
- Gerontological Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
| | - Nurhidaya Binte Shadan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Seri Mustafa
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ivy Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine, Québec, Canada
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontological Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore;
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87
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Haq K, McElhaney JE. Ageing and respiratory infections: the airway of ageing. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:323-8. [PMID: 24973652 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease burden worldwide especially among the elderly. Furthermore, a direct relationship between ageing and susceptibility to infections has been reported, which may be caused by impaired immune function, frailty and degree of exposure to infectious diseases. Many complex changes, including structural and age-associated decline in immunity are associated with increased pulmonary diseases worldwide and result in a high age-related disease burden. The common respiratory infections that present serious risks for the elderly include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and a number of bacterial pathogens including pneumococcus and tuberculosis. Vaccines are available for a limited number of these pathogens including influenza, pneumococcal and pertussis vaccines. This mini review article examines the age-related changes in immune function that predispose the elderly population to respiratory infections and potential loss of vaccine efficacy with a focus on ageing and influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada P3E 5J1
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada P3E 5J1.
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88
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Effect of age on the CD4⁺ T-cell impairment in HIV-infected persons without and with cART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66:7-15. [PMID: 24378723 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about HIV infection in older persons is becoming increasingly important. CD4⁺ T cells are essential for protective immunity, but little is known about the effect of age on the CD4⁺ T-cell impairment in HIV infection. METHODS Treatment-naive patients aged older than 50 or younger than 40 years were studied for absolute and relative frequencies of CD31⁺ naive and CD31⁻ naive CD4⁺ T cells, central memory, effector memory, and terminally differentiated CD4⁺ T cells, and compared with age-matched controls. In addition, cellular proliferation and cytokine secretion properties were determined. CD4⁺ T-cell reconstitution was analyzed in older and younger patients with <350 or ≥ 350 CD4⁺ T cells per microliter at initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). RESULTS CD4⁺ T cells of older but not younger HIV-infected patients showed age-inappropriate low levels of CD31⁻ naive cells, increased levels of effector memory cells, and enhanced interferonγ and interleukin-17 secretion. Impaired CD4⁺ T-cell composition persisted in patients who initiated cART at <350 CD4⁺ T cells per microliter. In patients with CD4⁺ T cells ≥ 350 per microliter, alterations were less pronounced and were reversible with cART. Compared with age-matched controls, total CD4⁺ T-cell counts did not differ between treated younger and older HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that aging enhances the CD4⁺ T-cell impairment in HIV-infected persons mainly by a loss of CD31⁻ naive cells, accumulation of effector memory cells, and increased pro-inflammatory effector functions. Age-related changes in CD4⁺ T-cell composition can be prevented by an early initiation of cART.
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89
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Faragher R, Frasca D, Remarque E, Pawelec G. Better immunity in later life: a position paper. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9619. [PMID: 24532368 PMCID: PMC4082593 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is the greatest challenge that health-care systems will have to deal with this century. This is because a wide spectrum of pathological impairments emerge in the later part of the human life course which sharply increase mortality and reduce quality of life. Dysfunction of the immune system with advancing age is of crucial importance to the development of disability in later life and finally death. Understanding immune ageing, immunosenescence, has long been recognised as an essential prerequisite for the delivery of effective interventions which will improve late life health. Ten years ago, the ImAginE consortium undertook a broad ranging series of projects which added significantly to our understanding of how fundamental ageing mechanisms drove immune decline. In the decade which followed, abundant evidence has accumulated from nonhuman model systems that ageing results from the progressive operation of a relatively few common processes which act across the major organ systems. These advances in fundamental understanding both allow better clarification of the potential cross-system dysregulation that occurs in ageing and open new avenues for intervention. Over the course of a 2-day workshop, the original ImAginE participants have considered these issues and present some suggestions for current priority areas in immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Faragher
- />School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton, UK
| | - Daniela Frasca
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Room 3146A, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building, Miami, FL USA
| | - Edmond Remarque
- />Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Graham Pawelec
- />Tübingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group (TATI) Section for Transplantation Immunology and Immunohaematology ZMF, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
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90
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Lee WJ, Chen LK, Tang GJ, Lan TY. The Impact of Influenza Vaccination on Hospitalizations and Mortality Among Frail Older People. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15:256-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gill HS, Kang SM, Quan FS, Compans RW. Cutaneous immunization: an evolving paradigm in influenza vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:615-27. [PMID: 24521050 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.885947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection using a hypodermic needle and syringe. Some limitations of this procedure include reluctance to be immunized because of fear of needlesticks, and concerns associated with the safe disposal of needles after their use. Skin delivery is an alternate route of vaccination that has potential to be painless and could even lead to dose reduction of vaccines. Recently, microneedles have emerged as a novel painless approach for delivery of influenza vaccines via the skin. AREAS COVERED In this review, we briefly summarize the approaches and devices used for skin vaccination, and then focus on studies of skin immunization with influenza vaccines using microneedles. We discuss both the functional immune response and the nature of this immune response following vaccination with microneedles. EXPERT OPINION The cutaneous administration of influenza vaccines using microneedles offers several advantages: it is painless, elicits stronger immune responses in preclinical studies and could improve responses in high-risk populations. These dry formulations of vaccines provide enhanced stability, a property of high importance in enabling their rapid global distribution in response to possible outbreaks of pandemic influenza and newly emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder S Gill
- Texas Tech University, Department of Chemical Engineering , Lubbock, TX , USA
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92
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Landin AM, Blomberg BB. High TNF-α levels in resting B cells negatively correlate with their response. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:116-22. [PMID: 24440385 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging significantly decreases the influenza vaccine-specific response as we and others have previously shown. Based on our previous data in aged mice, we hypothesize that the inflammatory status of the individual and of B cells themselves would impact B cell function. We here show that the ability to generate a vaccine-specific antibody response is negatively correlated with levels of serum TNF-α. Moreover, human unstimulated B cells from elderly make higher levels of TNF-α than those from young individuals, and these positively correlate with serum TNF-α levels. These all negatively correlate with B cell function, measured by activation-induced cytidine deaminase, the enzyme of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Only memory B cells (either IgM or switched), but not naïve B cells, make appreciable levels of TNF-α and more in elderly as compared to young individuals. Finally, an anti-TNF-α antibody can increase the response in cultured B cells from the elderly, suggesting that TNF-α secreted by memory B cells affects IgM memory B cells and naïve B cells in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner. Our results show an additional mechanism for reduced B cell function in the elderly and propose B cell-derived TNF-α as another predictive biomarker of in vivo and in vitro B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | - Alain Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; School of Advanced Studies, Doctorate in Medical-Surgical, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Maria Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Ana Marie Landin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Gonzalez OA, Novak MJ, Kirakodu S, Orraca L, Chen KC, Stromberg A, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Ebersole JL. Comparative analysis of gingival tissue antigen presentation pathways in ageing and periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:327-39. [PMID: 24304139 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gingival tissues of periodontitis lesions contribute to local elevations in mediators, including both specific T cell and antibody immune responses to oral bacterial antigens. Thus, antigen processing and presentation activities must exist in these tissues to link antigen-presenting cells with adaptive immunity. We hypothesized that alterations in the transcriptome of antigen processing and presentation genes occur in ageing gingival tissues and that periodontitis enhances these differences reflecting tissues less capable of immune resistance to oral pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rhesus monkeys (n = 34) from 3 to 23 years of age were examined. A buccal gingival sample from healthy or periodontitis sites was obtained, total RNA isolated, and microarray analysis was used to describe the transcriptome. RESULTS The results demonstrated increased transcription of genes related to the MHC class II and negative regulation of NK cells with ageing in healthy gingival tissues. In contrast, both adult and ageing periodontitis tissues showed decreased transcription of genes for MHC class II antigens, coincident with up-regulation of MHC class I-associated genes. CONCLUSION These transcriptional changes suggest a response of healthy ageing tissues through the class II pathway (i.e. endocytosed antigens) and altered responses in periodontitis that could reflect host-associated self-antigens or targeting cytosolic intracellular microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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94
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van Els C, Mjaaland S, Næss L, Sarkadi J, Gonczol E, Smith Korsholm K, Hansen J, de Jonge J, Kersten G, Warner J, Semper A, Kruiswijk C, Oftung F. Fast vaccine design and development based on correlates of protection (COPs). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1935-48. [PMID: 25424803 PMCID: PMC4186026 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New and reemerging infectious diseases call for innovative and efficient control strategies of which fast vaccine design and development represent an important element. In emergency situations, when time is limited, identification and use of correlates of protection (COPs) may play a key role as a strategic tool for accelerated vaccine design, testing, and licensure. We propose that general rules for COP-based vaccine design can be extracted from the existing knowledge of protective immune responses against a large spectrum of relevant viral and bacterial pathogens. Herein, we focus on the applicability of this approach by reviewing the established and up-coming COPs for influenza in the context of traditional and a wide array of new vaccine concepts. The lessons learnt from this field may be applied more generally to COP-based accelerated vaccine design for emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile van Els
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lisbeth Næss
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Sarkadi
- National Center for Epidemiology (NCE); Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Gonczol
- National Center for Epidemiology (NCE); Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jon Hansen
- Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; University of Leiden; The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Corine Kruiswijk
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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95
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Lang PO. Why Influenza Viruses Continue to Pose a Significant Threat to Aging and Aged Populations Worldwide. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-013-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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96
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Reber A, Katz J. Immunological assessment of influenza vaccines and immune correlates of protection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:519-36. [PMID: 23659300 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the primary public health tool in reducing the ever-present burden of influenza and its complications. In seeking more immunogenic, more effective and more broadly cross-protective influenza vaccines, the landscape of influenza vaccines is rapidly expanding, both in near-term advances and next-generation vaccine design. Although the first influenza vaccines were licensed over 60 years ago, the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer is currently the only universally accepted immune correlate of protection against influenza. However, hemagglutination-inhibition titers appear to be less effective at predicting protection in populations at high risk for severe influenza disease; older adults, young children and those with certain medical conditions. The lack of knowledge and validated methods to measure alternate immune markers of protection against influenza remain a substantial barrier to the development of more immunogenic, broadly cross-reactive and effective influenza vaccines. Here, the authors review the knowledge of immune effectors of protection against influenza and discuss assessment methods for a broader range of immunological parameters that could be considered in the evaluation of traditional or new-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reber
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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97
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Vaccine-induced boosting of influenza virus-specific CD4 T cells in younger and aged humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77164. [PMID: 24155927 PMCID: PMC3796569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Current yearly influenza virus vaccines induce strain-specific neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses providing protective immunity to closely matched viruses. However, these vaccines are often poorly effective in high-risk groups such as the elderly and challenges exist in predicting yearly or emerging pandemic influenza virus strains to include in the vaccines. Thus, there has been considerable emphasis on understanding broadly protective immunological mechanisms for influenza virus. Recent studies have implicated memory CD4 T cells in heterotypic immunity in animal models and in human challenge studies. Here we examined how influenza virus vaccination boosted CD4 T cell responses in younger versus aged humans. Our results demonstrate that while the magnitude of the vaccine-induced CD4 T cell response and number of subjects responding on day 7 did not differ between younger and aged subjects, fewer aged subjects had peak responses on day 14. While CD4 T cell responses were inefficiently boosted against NA, both HA and especially nucleocaspid protein- and matrix-(NP+M) specific responses were robustly boosted. Pre-existing CD4 T cell responses were associated with more robust responses to influenza virus NP+M, but not H1 or H3. Finally pre-existing strain-specific NAb decreased the boosting of CD4 T cell responses. Thus, accumulation of pre-existing influenza virus-specific immunity in the form of NAb and cross-reactive T cells to conserved virus proteins (e.g. NP and M) over a lifetime of exposure to infection and vaccination may influence vaccine-induced CD4 T cell responses in the aged.
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98
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Salk HM, Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Goergen KM, Poland GA. Granzyme B ELISPOT assay to measure influenza-specific cellular immunity. J Immunol Methods 2013; 398-399:44-50. [PMID: 24055591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and efficacy of influenza vaccination are markedly lower in the elderly. Granzyme B (GrzB), quantified in fresh cell lysates, has been suggested to be a marker of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and a predictor of influenza illness among vaccinated older individuals. We have developed an influenza-specific GrzB ELISPOT assay using cryopreserved PBMCs. This method was tested on 106 healthy older subjects (ages 50-74) at baseline (Day 0) and three additional time points post-vaccination (Day 3, Day 28, Day 75) with influenza A/H1N1-containing vaccine. No significant difference was seen in GrzB response between any of the time points, although influenza-specific GrzB response appears to be elevated at all post-vaccination time points. There was no correlation between GrzB response and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers, indicating no relationship between the cytolytic activity and humoral antibody levels in this cohort. Additionally, a significant negative correlation between GrzB response and age was observed. These results reveal a reduction in influenza-specific GrzB response as one ages. In conclusion, we have developed and optimized an influenza-specific ELISPOT assay for use with frozen cells to quantify the CTL-specific serine protease GrzB, as a measure of cellular immunity after influenza vaccination.
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99
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Castañeda-Delgado J, Miranda-Castro N, González-Amaro R, González-Curiel I, Montoya-Rosales A, Rivas-Calderon B, Rivas-Santiago B. Production of antimicrobial peptides is preserved in aging. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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100
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Salinas-Rodríguez A, Manrique-Espinoza BS. Effect of the conditional cash transfer program Oportunidades on vaccination coverage in older Mexican people. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2013; 13:30. [PMID: 23835202 PMCID: PMC3711738 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Immunization is one of the most effective ways of preventing illness, disability and death from infectious diseases for older people. However, worldwide immunization rates are still low, particularly for the most vulnerable groups within the elderly population. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of the Oportunidades -an incentive-based poverty alleviation program- on vaccination coverage for poor and rural older people in Mexico. Methods Cross-sectional study, based on 2007 Oportunidades Evaluation Survey, conducted in low-income households from 741 rural communities (localities with <2,500 inhabitants) of 13 Mexican states. Vaccination coverage was defined according to three individual vaccines: tetanus, influenza and pneumococcal, and for complete vaccination schedule. Propensity score matching and linear probability model were used in order to estimate the Oportunidades effect. Results 12,146 older people were interviewed, and 7% presented cognitive impairment. Among remaining, 4,628 were matched. Low coverage rates were observed for the vaccines analyzed. For Oportunidades and non-Oportunidades populations were 46% and 41% for influenza, 52% and 45% for pneumococcal disease, and 79% and 71% for tetanus, respectively. Oportunidades effect was significant in increasing the proportion of older people vaccinated: for complete schedule 5.5% (CI95% 2.8-8.3), for influenza 6.9% (CI95% 3.8-9.6), for pneumococcal 7.2% (CI95% 4.3-10.2), and for tetanus 6.6% (CI95% 4.1-9.2). Conclusions The results of this study extend the evidence on the effect that conditional transfer programs exert on health indicators. In particular, Oportunidades increased vaccination rates in the population of older people. There is a need to continue raising vaccination rates, however, particularly for the most vulnerable older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Salinas-Rodríguez
- Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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