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Zhu M, Liu S, Zhao C, Shi J, Li C, Ling S, Cheng J, Dong W, Xu J. Alterations in the gut microbiota of AIDS patients with pneumocystis pneumonia and correlations with the lung microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1033427. [PMID: 36339339 PMCID: PMC9634167 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the inability to be cultured in vitro, the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Pneumocystis jirovecii remain unclear. Intestinal microflora disorder is related to the occurrence and development of various pulmonary diseases. This work explores the pathogenesis of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients from a microbiome perspective, to provide better strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PCP. METHODS Subjects were divided into three groups: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients combined with PCP, HIV-infected patients without PCP, and HIV-negative. Stool and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected, total DNA was extracted, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was performed using an Illumina MiSeq platform. PICRUSt and BugBase were used to predict microflora functions, and correlation analysis of intestinal and lung bacterial flora was conducted. RESULTS Compared with the HIV- group, prevotella and another 21 genera in the intestinal microbiome were statistically different in the HIV+ group; 25 genera including Escherichia-Shigella from HIV+PCP+ group were statistically different from HIV+PCP- group. The abundance of Genera such as Porphyromonas was positively or negatively correlated with CD16/CD56+ (μL). Compared with the HIV- group, identification efficiency based on area under the curve (AUC) >0.7 for the HIV+ group identified seven genera in the gut microbiota, including Enterococcus (total AUC = 0.9519). Compared with the HIV+PCP- group, there were no bacteria with AUC >0.7 in the lung or intestine of the HIV+PCP+ group. The number of shared bacteria between BALF and fecal samples was eight species in the HIV- group, 109 species in PCP- patients, and 228 species in PCP+ patients, according to Venn diagram analysis. Changes in various clinical indicators and blood parameters were also closely related to the increase or decrease in the abundance of intestinal and pulmonary bacteria, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection and PCP significantly altered the species composition of lung and intestinal microbiomes, HIV infection also significantly affected intestinal microbiome gene functions, and PCP exacerbated the changes. The classification model can be used to distinguish HIV+ from HIV- patients, but the efficiency of bacterial classification was poor between PCP+ and PCP- groups. The microbiomes in the lung and gut were correlated to some extent, providing evidence for the existence of a lung-gut axis, revealing a potential therapeutic target in patients with HIV and PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Microbiology, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sai Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenfei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinchuan Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaodan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shisheng Ling
- Research and Development Department, Assure Tech Institute of Medical Device, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianghao Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenkun Dong
- Research and Development Department, Assure Tech Institute of Medical Device, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenkun Dong, ; Jiru Xu,
| | - Jiru Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenkun Dong, ; Jiru Xu,
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Ding K, Chen J, Zhan W, Zhang S, Chen Y, Long S, Lei M. Microbiome Links Cigarette Smoke-Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Dietary Fiber via the Gut-Lung Axis: A Narrative Review. COPD 2021; 19:10-17. [PMID: 34963421 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2021.2019208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Existing comprehensive management strategies for COPD effectively relieve the symptoms of patients, delay the deterioration of lung function, and prevent the progression of COPD through various means and multidisciplinary interventions. However, there has been limited progress in therapies that address the underlying causes of COPD pathogenesis. Recent studies have identified specific changes in the gut and pulmonary microbiota in response to exposure to smoke that can cause or exacerbate CS-COPD by regulating the inflammatory immune response in the lungs through the gut-lung axis. As a convenient and controllable intervention, modifying the diet to include more dietary fiber can effectively improve the prognosis of CS-COPD. Gut microbiota ferment dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids, which connect the microbial communities in the lung and gut mucosa across the gut-lung axis, playing an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive role in the lungs. Given that the effect of dietary fiber on gut microbiota was highly similar to that of quitting smoking on gut microbiota, we assume that microbiota might be a potential therapeutic target for dietary fiber to alleviate and prevent CS-COPD. This study examines the similarities between pulmonary and gut microbiota changes in the presence of smoking and dietary fiber. It also highlights the mechanism by which SCFAs link pulmonary and gut microbiota in CS-COPD and analyzes the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of short-chain fatty acids on CS-COPD via the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieling Chen
- Department of Respiration, Shehong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shehong, China
| | - Wenling Zhan
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sipei Long
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Mathieu E, Marquant Q, Descamps D, Riffault S, Saint-Criq V, Thomas M. Le poumon est sensible aux effets locaux et à distance des microbiotes. NUTR CLIN METAB 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wassenaar TM, Juncos VA, Zimmermann K. Interactions between the Gut Microbiome, Lung Conditions, and Coronary Heart Disease and How Probiotics Affect These. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189700. [PMID: 34575864 PMCID: PMC8472021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of a healthy microbiome cannot be overemphasized. Disturbances in its composition can lead to a variety of symptoms that can extend to other organs. Likewise, acute or chronic conditions in other organs can affect the composition and physiology of the gut microbiome. Here, we discuss interorgan communication along the gut–lung axis, as well as interactions between lung and coronary heart diseases and between cardiovascular disease and the gut microbiome. This triangle of organs, which also affects the clinical outcome of COVID-19 infections, is connected by means of numerous receptors and effectors, including immune cells and immune-modulating factors such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and trimethlamine–N–oxide (TMAO). The gut microbiome plays an important role in each of these, thus affecting the health of the lungs and the heart, and this interplay occurs in both directions. The gut microbiome can be influenced by the oral uptake of probiotics. With an improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for interorgan communication, we can start to define what requirements an ‘ideal’ probiotic should have and its role in this triangle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy M. Wassenaar
- Molecular Microbiology and Genomics Consultants, Tannenstrasse 7, 55576 Zotzenheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina A. Juncos
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72209, USA;
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Salva S, Kolling Y, Ivir M, Gutiérrez F, Alvarez S. The Role of Immunobiotics and Postbiotics in the Recovery of Immune Cell Populations From Respiratory Mucosa of Malnourished Hosts: Effect on the Resistance Against Respiratory Infections. Front Nutr 2021; 8:704868. [PMID: 34458307 PMCID: PMC8387655 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.704868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is associated with a state of secondary immunodeficiency, which is characterized by a worsening of the immune response against infectious agents. Despite important advances in vaccines and antibiotic therapies, the respiratory infections are among the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. In this review, we examine the interactions between immunobiotics-postbiotics and the immune cell populations of the respiratory mucosa. In addition, we discuss how this cross talk affects the maintenance of a normal generation of immune cells, that is crucial for the establishment of protective innate and adaptive immune responses. Particular attention will be given to the alterations in the development of phagocytic cells, T and B lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen and thymus in immunosuppression state by protein deprivation. Furthermore, we describe our research that demonstrated that the effectiveness of immunobiotics nasal administration in accelerating the recovery of the respiratory immune response in malnourished hosts. Finally, we propose the peptidoglycan from the immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 as the key cellular component for the effects on mucosal immunity, which are unique and cannot be extrapolated to other L. rhamnosus or probiotic strains. In this way, we provide the scientific bases for its application as a mucosal adjuvant in health plans, mainly aimed to improve the immune response of immunocompromised hosts. The search for safe vaccine adjuvants that increase their effectiveness at the mucosal level is a problem of great scientific relevance today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Salva
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Yanina Kolling
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Ivir
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Florencia Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina.,Clinical Biochemistry I, Institute of Applied Biochemistry, National University of Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina
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Strauss M, Mičetić-Turk D, Pogačar MŠ, Fijan S. Probiotics for the Prevention of Acute Respiratory-Tract Infections in Older People: Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:690. [PMID: 34200435 PMCID: PMC8228160 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to present the indirect influence of probiotics on the incidence and duration of acute upper respiratory-tract infections in older people, by regulating the immune system. Eight randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, considering the threshold of older people being 60 years and over. Single strain probiotics were used in all studies, including three probiotic strains used in fermented foods: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and Lacticaseibacillusparacasei Shirota, and three probiotic strains used as food supplements: Loigolactobacillus coryniformis K8 CECT5711, Bacillus subtilis CU1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Current evidence showed that certain probiotic strains were better than a placebo in lowering the incidence or number of older people experiencing acute upper respiratory tract infections; however, not all probiotic strains were efficient, and not all studies reported statistically significant outcomes. More high quality large-scale properly controlled clinical studies focusing on older people are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Strauss
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
| | - Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Šikić Pogačar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Sabina Fijan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
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Gut Microbiota, in the Halfway between Nutrition and Lung Function. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051716. [PMID: 34069415 PMCID: PMC8159117 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a “forgotten organ” or “metabolic organ”, given its profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy diet is undoubtedly a major contributor for promoting a “good” microbial community that turns out to be crucial for a fine-tuned symbiotic relationship with the host. Both microbial-derived components and produced metabolites elicit the activation of downstream cascades capable to modulate both local and systemic immune responses. A balance between host and gut microbiota is crucial to keep a healthy intestinal barrier and an optimal immune homeostasis, thus contributing to prevent disease occurrence. How dietary habits can impact gut microbiota and, ultimately, host immunity in health and disease has been the subject of intense study, especially with regard to metabolic diseases. Only recently, these links have started to be explored in relation to lung diseases. The objective of this review is to address the current knowledge on how diet affects gut microbiota and how it acts on lung function. As the immune system seems to be the key player in the cross-talk between diet, gut microbiota and the lungs, involved immune interactions are discussed. There are key nutrients that, when present in our diet, help in gut homeostasis and lead to a healthier lifestyle, even ameliorating chronic diseases. Thus, with this review we hope to incite the scientific community interest to use diet as a valuable non-pharmacological addition to lung diseases management. First, we talk about the intestinal microbiota and interactions through the intestinal barrier for a better understanding of the following sections, which are the main focus of this article: the way diet impacts the intestinal microbiota and the immune interactions of the gut–lung axis that can explain the impact of diet, a key modifiable factor influencing the gut microbiota in several lung diseases.
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