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Chabot S, Alvarez F, Amrani A, Djilali-Saiah I. Novel model of double transgenic mouse results in autoimmune diabetes in males. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:397-404. [PMID: 27683954 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1203907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the type of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells that initiate autoimmune diabetes (AID) is a critical step in designing appropriate strategies for the early detection of beta cell-directed autoimmunity and its progression to diabetes. We generated a novel double transgenic (Tg) mouse model on the naturally diabetes resistant C57Bl/6 background, co-expressing two transgenes including a specific TCR anti-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein (LCMV-NP) carried by CD8+ T cells and LCMV-NP (as neo-self antigen) expressed by pancreatic beta cells. The resulting double Tg mouse showed partial thymic deletion of the NP-specific CD8+ T cells. The escaping autoreactive NP-specific CD8+ T cells joining the periphery were activated and gained effector functions. Both male and female mice mounted anti-NP antibodies, but only one-fourth adult males spontaneously developed AID. Significant upregulation of the CD44 and CD122 markers as compared to healthy male and female mice characterized the phenotype of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells in diabetic male mice. We also show that only 10% of these CD8+ T cells expressed programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1). Together, these results suggest that in our double Tg mouse model, Ag-specific effector CD44+CD122+PD-1-CD8+ T cell subpopulation is associated with the pathogenesis of AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Chabot
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology , Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Department of Microbiology , Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , University of Montreal , Montreal , QC , Canada , and
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- d Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , QC , Canada
| | - Idriss Djilali-Saiah
- a Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , QC , Canada
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52
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Niepiekło-Miniewska W, Baran W, Szepietowski JC, Nowakowska B, Kuśnierczyk P. Lack of detectable fetal microchimerism in psoriasis vulgaris lesions and in non-affected skin in spite of its presence in peripheral blood CD34-positive and CD34-negative cells. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:114-118. [PMID: 27520846 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microchimerism is defined as a stable presence of low numbers of cells derived from a different individual due to cell transfer between twins or between mother and fetus during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE Fetal cells in the organism of the mother (FMc) are postulated to play a role in autoimmune diseases. Psoriasis is a disease which has an autoimmune component, but no study on microchimerism in this disease has been reported. METHODS The easiest way to detect microchimerism is to look for male cells in blood or other tissues of a woman who previously delivered a son. Here, we looked for the presence of male cells in mononuclear cell subpopulations from peripheral blood and in skin samples of women with psoriasis and of healthy women. RESULTS We detected FMc in similar proportions of patients and controls in CD4+, CD8+ and CD34+ cells, whereas in CD34- cells they were present in higher fraction of controls, and similar but non-significant difference was observed in CD19+ cells. No microchimeric cells were detected in patients' skin samples, both from affected and non-affected skin, or in skin tissue from healthy control individuals. CONCLUSION Our result does not prove the involvement of microchimerism in the aetiology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Niepiekło-Miniewska
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - W Baran
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - J C Szepietowski
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - B Nowakowska
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - P Kuśnierczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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53
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Shamriz O, Mizrahi H, Werbner M, Shoenfeld Y, Avni O, Koren O. Microbiota at the crossroads of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:859-69. [PMID: 27392501 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases have a multifactorial etiology including genetic and environmental factors. Recently, there has been increased appreciation of the critical involvement of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, although in many cases, the cause and the consequence are not easy to distinguish. Here, we suggest that many of the known cues affecting the function of the immune system, such as genetics, gender, pregnancy and diet, which are consequently involved in autoimmunity, exert their effects by influencing, at least in part, the microbiota composition and activity. This, in turn, modulates the immune response in a way that increases the risk for autoimmunity in predisposed individuals. We further discuss current microbiota-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Shamriz
- Pediatric Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, POB 12000 Kiryat Hadassah, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Mizrahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Michal Werbner
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orly Avni
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel.
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 1311502, Israel.
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54
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van der Heiden M, van Zelm MC, Bartol SJW, de Rond LGH, Berbers GAM, Boots AMH, Buisman AM. Differential effects of Cytomegalovirus carriage on the immune phenotype of middle-aged males and females. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26892. [PMID: 27243552 PMCID: PMC4886678 DOI: 10.1038/srep26892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population is more susceptible to infections as a result of an altered immune response, commonly referred to as immunosenescence. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infection associated changes in blood lymphocytes are known to impact this process, but the interaction with gender remains unclear. Therefore, we analysed the effects and interaction of gender and CMV on the absolute numbers of a comprehensive set of naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets in people between 50 and 65 years of age. Enumeration and characterisation of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry was performed on fresh whole blood samples from 255 middle-aged persons. CMV-IgG serostatus was determined by ELISA. Gender was a major factor affecting immune cell numbers. CMV infection was mainly associated with an expansion of late-differentiated T-cell subsets. CMV+ males carried lower numbers of total CD4+, CD4+ central memory (CM) and follicular helper T-cells than females and CMV- males. Moreover, CMV+ males had significantly lower numbers of regulatory T (Treg)-cells and memory B-cells than CMV+ females. We here demonstrate an interaction between the effects of CMV infection and gender on T- and B-cells in middle-aged individuals. These differential effects on adaptive immunity between males and females may have implications for vaccination strategies at middle-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Heiden
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Lia G. H. de Rond
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A. M. Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M. H. Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
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55
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Pigrau M, Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Casado-Bedmar M, Lobo B, Vicario M, Santos J, Alonso-Cotoner C. The joint power of sex and stress to modulate brain-gut-microbiota axis and intestinal barrier homeostasis: implications for irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:463-86. [PMID: 26556786 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal homeostasis is a dynamic process that takes place at the interface between the lumen and the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, where a constant scrutiny for antigens and toxins derived from food and microorganisms is carried out by the vast gut-associated immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is preserved by the ability of the mucus layer and the mucosal barrier to keep the passage of small-sized and antigenic molecules across the epithelium highly selective. When combined and preserved, immune surveillance and barrier's selective permeability, the host capacity of preventing the development of intestinal inflammation is optimized, and viceversa. In addition, the brain-gut-microbiome axis, a multidirectional communication system that integrates distant and local regulatory networks through neural, immunological, metabolic, and hormonal signaling pathways, also regulates intestinal function. Dysfunction of the brain-gut-microbiome axis may induce the loss of gut mucosal homeostasis, leading to uncontrolled permeation of toxins and immunogenic particles, increasing the risk of appearance of intestinal inflammation, mucosal damage, and gut disorders. Irritable bowel syndrome is prevalent stress-sensitive gastrointestinal disorder that shows a female predominance. Interestingly, the role of stress, sex and gonadal hormones in the regulation of intestinal mucosal and the brain-gut-microbiome axis functioning is being increasingly recognized. PURPOSE We aim to critically review the evidence linking sex, and stress to intestinal barrier and brain-gut-microbiome axis dysfunction and the implications for irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pigrau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Casado-Bedmar
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vicario
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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56
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Zhang E, Li M, Zhao J, Dong Y, Yang X, Huang J. Traditional Chinese medicine Yisui Tongjing relieved neural severity in experimental autoimmune neuritis rat model. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2481-2487. [PMID: 27729792 PMCID: PMC5047740 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of Yisui Tongjing (YSTJ) prescription on motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and microstructure of the sciatic nerve in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) rats, the Guillain-Barré syndrome classic animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we established an EAN model in Lewis rats by immunization. We evaluated the potential clinical application of a traditional Chinese medicine YSTJ by intragastric administration and compared its effect with immunoglobulin. The sciatic MNCV was measured by electrophysiology experiment. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscope analysis were used to determine the pathologically morphological changes before and after YSTJ application. RESULTS We found that application of YSTJ could significantly alleviate the clinical signs in EAN rats. The treatment also increased MNCV in the sciatic nerve compared to that in the untreated nerve. Demyelination in the sciatic nerve in EAN rats was significantly ameliorated, and newly generated myelinated nerve fibers were observed with treatment of high dose of YSTJ. CONCLUSION This study showed that the traditional Chinese medicine YSTJ was likely to serve as a therapeutic medicine in autoimmune neuropathies, providing an effective and economic means to the treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erli Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Mingquan Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Encephalopathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Jingbo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University
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57
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Jochmanová I, Lazúrová Z, Rudnay M, Bačová I, Mareková M, Lazúrová I. Environmental estrogen bisphenol A and autoimmunity. Lupus 2015; 24:392-9. [PMID: 25801882 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314560205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been evidence of the increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases consist of many complex disorders of unknown etiology resulting in immune responses to self-antigens. The immune system, and its function, is under complex and integrated control and its disruption can be triggered by multiple factors. Autoimmunity development is influenced by multiple factors and is thought to be a result of interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Here, we review the role of a specific environmental factor, bisphenol A (BPA), in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. BPA belongs to the group of environmental estrogens that have been identified as risk factors involved in the development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jochmanová
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Z Lazúrová
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Rudnay
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - I Bačová
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Mareková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry and LABMED, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - I Lazúrová
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
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58
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Wang SH, Chen PJ, Yeh SH. Gender disparity in chronic hepatitis B: Mechanisms of sex hormones. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1237-45. [PMID: 25708186 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common human pathogen transmitted worldwide, and its chronic infection is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The sex disparity of HBV-related liver diseases has been noticed for a long time, which could be attributed to sex hormone effects, other than gender behaviors or environmental impact. This difference is experimentally confirmed in HBV transgenic mice, as well as in immunocompetent mice receiving hydrodynamic delivery of HBV. Androgen and estrogen pathways were identified to play opposite regulations of HBV transcription by targeting viral enhancer I at molecular level. In addition to the direct effects on HBV life cycle, sex hormones may be also involved in the immune response to HBV infection and the progression of associated liver diseases, although the detailed mechanisms are still unclear. Besides, several unaddressed issues such as HBV entry, microRNA profiles, viral integration, and adaptability in which androgen and estrogen axes might be involved are warranted to be delineated. The comprehensive understanding of the sex disparity in HBV virology and pathogenesis will be helpful to provide newly biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and develop novel drugs to manage HBV-related HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Han Wang
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,NTU Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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59
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Tan IJ, Peeva E, Zandman-Goddard G. Hormonal modulation of the immune system — A spotlight on the role of progestogens. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:536-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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60
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Sex-specific prediction of interferon beta therapy response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:986-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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61
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Lorenz M, Koschate J, Kaufmann K, Kreye C, Mertens M, Kuebler WM, Baumann G, Gossing G, Marki A, Zakrzewicz A, Miéville C, Benn A, Horbelt D, Wratil PR, Stangl K, Stangl V. Does cellular sex matter? Dimorphic transcriptional differences between female and male endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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62
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Di Benedetto S, Derhovanessian E, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Goldeck D, Müller L, Pawelec G. Impact of age, sex and CMV-infection on peripheral T cell phenotypes: results from the Berlin BASE-II Study. Biogerontology 2015; 16:631-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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63
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Esteban E, Bujaldon E, Esparza M, Jordan I, Esteban ME. Sex differences in children with severe health conditions: Causes of admission and mortality in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 27:613-9. [PMID: 25733055 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on the existing sex differences in mortality rates in children, we would like to explore whether girls and boys respond differently under severe health conditions, in terms of mortality and cause of admission. METHODS We analyzed demographic characteristics (age and sex), causes of admission, clinical parameters, and mortality in a sample of 2,609 patients from a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in a children's hospital in Barcelona, Spain. RESULTS PICU admittance was significantly higher in boys (57.5% vs. 42.5%) whereas PICU mortality was significantly higher in girls (4.9% vs. 3.3%). Female sex was a risk factor for PICU in-hospital mortality (OR = 1.55, P = 0.033), while increasing age had a protective effect (OR = 0.808, P = 0.021). In cases of PICU mortality, girls died from a broader range of causes and boys were more affected by respiratory and polytraumatic injuries. Boys were affected by polytraumatic injuries throughout the year, less frequently in winter, while girls showed a higher occurrence in holiday months. CONCLUSIONS Although more boys were admitted to the PICU, a significantly higher number of girls died. Younger age and higher occurrence of nosocomial infection among girls could explain this finding. More frequent polytraumatic injuries in boys could reflect an increased exposure to risky activities and/or more careless behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Esteban
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Service, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Bujaldon
- Unit of Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Esparza
- Unit of Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iolanda Jordan
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Service, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Esther Esteban
- Unit of Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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64
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Fijak M, Damm LJ, Wenzel JP, Aslani F, Walecki M, Wahle E, Eisel F, Bhushan S, Hackstein H, Baal N, Schuler G, Konrad L, Rafiq A, O'Hara L, Smith LB, Meinhardt A. Influence of Testosterone on Inflammatory Response in Testicular Cells and Expression of Transcription Factor Foxp3 in T Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:12-25. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fijak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Lara-Jil Damm
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Jan-Per Wenzel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Ferial Aslani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Magdalena Walecki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Eva Wahle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Florian Eisel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Clinic for Obstetrics; Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Lutz Konrad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Amir Rafiq
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Laura O'Hara
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Lee B. Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
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65
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Gooren LJ, Kreukels B, Lapauw B, Giltay EJ. (Patho)physiology of cross-sex hormone administration to transsexual people: the potential impact of male-female genetic differences. Andrologia 2014; 47:5-19. [PMID: 25495275 DOI: 10.1111/and.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a limited body of knowledge of desired and undesired effects of cross-sex hormones in transsexual people. Little attention has been given to the fact that chromosomal configurations, 46,XY in male-to-female transsexuals subjects (MtoF) and 46,XX in female-to-male transsexual subjects (FtoM), obviously, remain unchanged. These differences in their genomes cause sex differences in the functions of cells. This study reviews sex differences in metabolism/cardiovascular pathology, immune mechanisms, bone (patho)physiology and brain functions and examines whether they are, maybe partially, determined by genetic mechanisms rather than by (cross-sex) hormones. There do not appear to be major genetic impacts on the changes in bone physiology. Also immune functions are rather unaffected and the evidence for an increase of autoimmune disease in MtoF is preliminary. Brain functions of transsexuals may have differed from controls before cross-sex hormones; they do undergo shifts upon cross-sex hormone treatment, but there is no evidence for changes in sex-specific brain disease. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is higher in MtoF receiving oestrogens than in FtoM receiving androgens. While type of oestrogen and route of administration might be significant, it is reasonable to speculate that nonhormonal/genetic factors play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Gooren
- Emeritus VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Androconsult, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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66
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Aromatase controls Sjögren syndrome-like lesions through monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in target organ and adipose tissue-associated macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:151-61. [PMID: 25447050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several autoimmune diseases are known to develop in postmenopausal women. However, the mechanism by which estrogen deficiency influences autoimmunity is unknown. Aromatase is an enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens. Herein, we used female aromatase gene knockout (ArKO) mice as a model of estrogen deficiency to investigate the molecular mechanism that underlies the onset and development of autoimmunity. Histological analyses showed that inflammatory lesions in the lacrimal and salivary glands of ArKO mice increased with age. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells or bone marrow cells from ArKO mice into recombination activating gene 2 knockout mice failed to induce the autoimmune lesions. Expression of mRNA encoding proinflammatory cytokines and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 increased in white adipose tissue of ArKO mice and was significantly higher than that in wild-type mice. Moreover, an increased number of inflammatory M1 macrophages was observed in white adipose tissue of ArKO mice. A significantly increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mRNA expression of the salivary gland tissue in ArKO was found together with adiposity. Furthermore, the autoimmune lesions in a murine model of Sjögren syndrome were exacerbated by administration of an aromatase inhibitor. These results suggest that aromatase may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Sjögren syndrome-like lesions by controlling the target organ and adipose tissue-associated macrophage.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases have become a major medical problem of recent years. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease model. The aim of our study was to follow the changes in the clinical autoimmunity picture of the celiac disease from recent years. The study of autoimmunity in celiac disease has focused on associated diseases with the aforementioned disease: type 1 diabetes mellitus, thyroid autoimmunity disease, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, spondyloarthritis, hyperprolactinemia, Turner syndrome, Addison's disease, sensory neuronopathies. Immune reactivity to tissue transglutaminase targeted autoantibodies and other autoantigens, including transglutaminase 3, actin, ganglioside, collagen, calreticulin or zonulin which have been reported in the celiac disease. New research directions given by celiac disease autoimmunity, interleukin 1, interleukin 2, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22, CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, infection with Necator americanus and definitive identification of pathogenic T cell epitopes, seem to provide a solution in celiac disease treatment.
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68
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Estrus cycle status defined by vaginal cytology does not correspond to fluctuations of circulating estrogens in female mice. Shock 2014; 41:145-53. [PMID: 24434417 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gender-oriented studies in shock, trauma, and/or sepsis require accurate monitoring of hormonal fluctuations as estrogens may influence various end points. Yet, monitoring is challenging in small laboratory animals: e.g., despite its subjectivity, vaginal smears are the major method for determination of estrus cycle phases in mice. Using female mice of different age, we aimed to (a) characterize general age-related changes in systemic estrogens and (b) examine the utility of determination of the estrus cycle by vaginal smears and/or impedance simultaneously comparing them with oscillation of systemic estrogens. In this study, 3-, 15-, and 20-month-old mice underwent vaginal smear and impedance examination each morning for 22 days. Ten hours after each morning checkup, feces were collected, and a second vaginal smear performed. Blood was collected on days 15 and 22. In 3-month-old females, estrus (by smears) was three times more frequent than in older mice, but mean concentrations of plasma and fecal estrogens never decreased with age. Collectively (not individually) plotted fecal estrogens values increased in the proestrus/estrus interphase (by smears) in 3-month-old mice only. Impedance typically peaked (4.5 Ω in 3-month-old mice) in the estrus phase, and only the prediction of estrus (highest area under the curve = 0.87 in 3-month-old) but not of other phases was possible. Regardless of age, individual cycle phase (by smears) never correlated with corresponding fecal estrogens, and estrus could not be predicted. In conclusion, while the fecal estrogens oscillation and frequency of estrus phase were affected by age, the systemic hormone release persisted. In mice, vaginal cytology did not reflect changes of systemic (fecal) estrogens, whereas impedance accurately identified estrus. The flaws and advantages of the examined monitoring methods should be considered in the design of future shock studies.
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69
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Liu L, Yue Y, Xiong S. NK-derived IFN-γ/IL-4 triggers the sexually disparate polarization of macrophages in CVB3-induced myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:15-25. [PMID: 25123338 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common etiology of myocarditis with an increased morbidity and mortality in males. We previously reported that differential polarization of macrophages contributed to sexually dimorphic susceptibility of mice to CVB3-induced myocarditis. However, the underlying kinetics, impetus as well as the molecular mechanism remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that myocardial macrophages started to polarize at as early as day 5 post CVB3 infection in both genders of BALB/c mice, with M1 phenotype detected in males and M2a phenotype in females, and this trend was further amplified at day 7 when myocarditis reached peak. In addition, we identified that prevailed IFN-γ in males and dominant IL-4 in females were critical myocardial cytokines for the disparate macrophage polarization, which respectively activated JAK1-STAT1 and JAK3-STAT6 pathways. Strikingly, we found that the main source of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines in both genders were myocardial infiltrating NK cells, which differentially secreted cytokines in various microenvironments manifested synergistically by sex hormones and CVB3 infection. Consistently, depletion of NK cells significantly impeded the myocardial macrophage polarization in both genders of CVB3-infected mice. Collectively, these data indicated that myocardial NK-derived IFN-γ/IL-4 was critical for the differential polarization of macrophages in CVB3-induced myocarditis via activating JAK1-STAT1 and JAK3-STAT6 pathways respectively. Our study may help understand the mechanism of sexually differential polarization of macrophages and provide clues for the gender bias in CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Braun CMJ, Roberge C. Gender-related protection from or vulnerability to severe CNS diseases: gonado-structural and/or gonado-activational? A meta-analysis of relevant epidemiological studies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:36-51. [PMID: 25109841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A vast scientific literature has dealt with gender-specific risk for brain disorder. That field is evolving toward a consensus to the effect that the estrogen hormone family is outstandingly and uniquely neuroprotective. However, the epidemiology relevant to this general outlook remains piecemeal. METHOD The present investigation strategically formats the relevant epidemiological findings around the world in order to quantitatively meta-analyze gender ratio of risk for a variety of relevant severe central nervous system (CNS) diseases at all three gonadal stages of the life cycle, pre pubertal, post adolescent/pre menopausal, and post menopausal. RESULTS The data quantitatively establish that (1) no single epidemiological study should be cited as evidence of gender-specific neuroprotection against the most common severe CNS diseases because the gender-specific risk ratios are contradictory from one study to the other; (2) risk for severe CNS disease is indeed significantly gender-specific, but either gender can be protected: it depends on the disease, not at all on the age bracket. CONCLUSION Our assay of gender-specific risk for severe brain disease around the world has not been able to support the idea according to which any one gender-prevalent gonadal steroid hormone dominates as a neuroprotective agent at natural concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude M J Braun
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
| | - Carl Roberge
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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Müller L, Pawelec G. Aging and immunity - impact of behavioral intervention. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:8-22. [PMID: 24315935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to pathogens to which they were not previously exposed are commonly less effective in elderly people than in young adults, whereas those to agents previously encountered and overcome in earlier life may be amplified. This is reflected in the robust finding in many studies that the proportions and numbers of naïve B and T cells are lower and memory cells higher in the elderly. In addition to the "extrinsic" effects of pathogen exposure, "intrinsic" events such as age-associated differences in haematopoeitic stem cells and their niches in the bone marrow associated with differences in cell maturation and output to the periphery are also observed. In the case of T cells, the "intrinsic" process of thymic involution, beginning before puberty, further contributes to reducing the production of naïve T cells. Like memory T cell populations, innate immune cells may be increased in number but decreased in efficacy on a per-cell basis. Thus, superimposed on chronological age alone, remodelling of immunity as a result of interactions with the environment over the life course is instrumental in shaping immune status in later life. In addition to interactions with pathogens, host microbiome and nutrition, exercise and stress, and many other extrinsic factors are crucial modulators of this "immunosenescence" process. In this review, we briefly outline the observed immune differences between younger and older people, and discuss the possible impacts of behavioral variations thereon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
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Berrih-Aknin S. Myasthenia Gravis: paradox versus paradigm in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 52:1-28. [PMID: 24934596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a paradigm of organ-specific autoimmune disease (AID). It is mediated by antibodies that target the neuromuscular junction. The purpose of this review is to place MG in the general context of autoimmunity, to summarize the common mechanisms between MG and other AIDs, and to describe the specific mechanisms of MG. We have chosen the most common organ-specific AIDs to compare with MG: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), multiple sclerosis (MS), some systemic AIDs (systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS)), as well as inflammatory diseases of the gut and liver (celiac disease (CeD), Crohn's disease (CD), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)). Several features are similar between all AIDs, suggesting that common pathogenic mechanisms lead to their development. In this review, we address the predisposing factors (genetic, epigenetic, hormones, vitamin D, microbiota), the triggering components (infections, drugs) and their interactions with the immune system [1,2]. The dysregulation of the immune system is detailed and includes the role of B cells, Treg cells, Th17 and cytokines. We particularly focused on the role of TNF-α and interferon type I whose role in MG is very analogous to that in several other AIDS. The implication of AIRE, a key factor in central tolerance is also discussed. Finally, if MG is a prototype of AIDS, it has a clear specificity compared to the other AIDS, by the fact that the target organ, the muscle, is not the site of immune infiltration and B cell expansion, but exclusively that of antibody-mediated pathogenic mechanisms. By contrast, the thymus in the early onset subtype frequently undergoes tissue remodeling, resulting in the development of ectopic germinal centers surrounded by high endothelial venules (HEV), as observed in the target organs of many other AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center UM76, F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM U974, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS FRE 3617, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Myology, F-75013 Paris, France.
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CD226 rs763361 is associated with the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and greater frequency of GAD65 autoantibody in a Brazilian cohort. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:694948. [PMID: 24891767 PMCID: PMC4033476 DOI: 10.1155/2014/694948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CD226 rs763361 variant increases susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Caucasians. There is no data about CD226 variants in the very heterogeneous Brazilian population bearing a wide degree of admixture. We investigated its association with T1D susceptibility, clinical phenotypes, and autoimmune manifestations (islet and extrapancreatic autoantibodies). Casuistry. 532 T1D patients and 594 controls in a case-control study. Initially, CD226 coding regions and boundaries were sequenced in a subset of 106 T1D patients and 102 controls. In a second step, two CD226 variants, rs763361 (exon 7) and rs727088 (3′ UTR region), involved with CD226 regulation, were genotyped in the entire cohort. C-peptide and autoantibody levels were determined. No new polymorphic variant was found. The variants rs763361 and rs727088 were in strong linkage disequilibrium. The TT genotype of rs763361 was associated with TID risk (OR = 1.503; 95% CI = 1.135–1.991; P = 0.0044), mainly in females (P = 0.0012), greater frequency of anti-GAD autoantibody (31.9% × 24.5%; OR = 1.57; CI = 1.136–2.194; P = 0.0081), and lower C-peptide levels when compared to those with TC + CC genotypes (0.41 ± 0.30 ng/dL versus 0.70 ± 0.53 ng/dL P = 0.0218). Conclusions. The rs763361 variant of CD226 gene (TT genotype) was associated with susceptibility to T1D and with the degree of aggressiveness of the disease in T1D patients from Brazil. Ancestry had no effect.
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Abstract
The initiation and perpetuation of autoimmunity recognize numerous checkpoints, from the genomic susceptibility to the breakdown of tolerance. This latter phenomenon includes the loss of B cell anergy and T regulatory cell failure, as well as the production of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells. These mechanisms ultimately lead to tissue injury via different mechanisms that span from the production of proinflammatory cytokines to the chemotaxis of immune cells to the target sites. The pathways to autoimmunity have been widely investigated over the past year and resulted in a number of articles in peer-reviewed journals that has increased by nearly 10 % compared to 2011. We herein follow on the attempt to provide a brief discussion of the majority of articles on autoimmune diseases that were published in the major immunology journals in the previous solar year. The selection is necessarily arbitrary and may thus not be seen as comprehensive but reflects current research trends. Indeed, 2012 articles were mostly dedicated to define new and old mechanisms with potential therapeutic implications in autoimmunity in general, though based on specific clinical conditions or animal models. As paradigmatic examples, the environmental influence on autoimmunity, Th17 changes modulating the autoimmune response, serum autoantibodies and B cell changes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets were major issues addressed by experimental articles in 2012. Further, a growing number of studies investigated the sex bias of autoimmunity and supported different working hypotheses to explain the female predominance, including sex chromosome changes and reproductive life factors. In conclusion, the resulting scenario illustrates that common factors may underlie different autoimmune diseases and this is well represented by the observed alterations in interferon-α and TGFβ or by the shared signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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Perricone C, Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, de Carolis C, Perricone R, Shoenfeld Y. Smell and autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 45:87-96. [PMID: 23233263 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sense of smell is an ancient sensory modality vital for sampling and perceiving the chemical composition of surrounding environments. Olfaction involves a pathway of biochemical and electrophysiological processes, which allows the conversion of molecular information into sensations. Disturbances in the olfactory function have been investigated mainly in neurological/neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases; impaired sense of smell has been associated with depressed mood. Only recently, smell capability was tested in other diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases. Shoenfeld and colleagues opened this chapter showing that patients affected with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have disturbances in their olfactory functions and revealed its association with neuropsychiatric manifestations of the disease. This evidence was confirmed in experimental models and replicated in other SLE populations. The connection between autoimmunity and the sense of smell was lately emphasized by studies on patients with Sjögren's syndrome and in patients with other autoimmune/immune-mediated diseases, such as polydermatomyositis, recurrent spontaneous abortion, and hereditary angioedema. Genetic susceptibility and hormonal and environmental factors may play a role in these conditions. Olfactory receptor gene clusters are located in proximity to key locus of susceptibility for autoimmune diseases such as the major histocompatibility complex, suggesting not only a physic linkage, but a functional association. Nonetheless, gender- and hormone-mediated effects are fundamental in the development of autoimmune diseases. The different connections between smell and autoimmunity, genes and hormones may suggest that this is another tessera of a mosaic which is waiting the answer of Oedipus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) serves as an animal model for human Gullain-Barre syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune disease causing demyelination and inflammation of peripheral nerves. Macrophages, which play a major role in this autoimmune inflammatory process, can be selectively targeted by high doses of bisphophonates. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the bisphosphonate, clodronate, on the severity of the EAN model. EAN was induced in female adult rats by immunization with bovine peripheral myelin. A number of treatment protocols with clodronate were used based on the common dosage regimen of 20 mg/kg in humans starting with the appearance of clinical signs on day 10 post-immunization. The clinical parameters measured included a clinical score, a motor performance test performed on a Rotarod and body weight. The expression of the matrix metaloprotease (MMP-9) in the sciatic nerves was measured as a marker of inflammatory macrophages. Treatment with clodronate, 20 mg/kg daily and 40 mg/kg every 2 days, significantly reduced the disease severity (a 75% decrease in severity, p < 0.01 by ANOVA) as measured by the clinical score compared to controls. Performance on the Rotarod test and body weight confirmed the clinical score findings. MMP-9 expression levels were significantly lower in the sciatic nerves of clodronate-treated rats. The present findings support the efficiency of clodronate in inflammatory diseases of the peripheral nervous system. The mechanism of action includes inhibition of inflammatory macrophages. The results suggest the use of bisphosphonates be considered in humans with GBS.
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Lactase persistence and augmented salivary alpha-amylase gene copy numbers might have been selected by the combined toxic effects of gluten and (food born) pathogens. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:326-34. [PMID: 24472865 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Various positively selected adaptations to new nutrients have been identified. Lactase persistence is among the best known, conferring the ability for drinking milk at post weaning age. An augmented number of amylase gene (AMY1) copies, giving rise to higher salivary amylase activity, has been implicated in the consumption of starch-rich foods. Higher AMY1 copy numbers have been demonstrated in populations with recent histories of starchy-rich diets. It is however questionable whether the resulting polymorphisms have exerted positive selection only by providing easily available sources of macro and micronutrients. Humans have explored new environments more than any other animal. Novel environments challenge the host, but especially its immune system with new climatic conditions, food and especially pathogens. With the advent of the agricultural revolution and the concurrent domestication of cattle came new pathogens. We contend that specific new food ingredients (e.g., gluten) and novel pathogens drove selection for lactase persistence and higher AMY gene copy numbers. Both adaptations provide ample glucose for activating the sodium glucose-dependent co-transporter 1 (SGLT1), which is the principal glucose, sodium and water transporter in the gastro-intestinal tract. Their rapid uptake confers protection against potentially lethal dehydration, hyponatremia and ultimately multiple organ failure. Oral rehydration therapy aims at SGLT1 activity and is the current treatment of choice for chronic diarrhoea and vomiting. We hypothesize that lifelong lactase activity and rapid starch digestion should be looked at as the evolutionary covalent of oral rehydration therapy.
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Prete M, Fatone MC, Favoino E, Perosa F. Raynaud's phenomenon: from molecular pathogenesis to therapy. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:655-67. [PMID: 24418302 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a well defined clinical syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of digital vasospasm triggered by exposure to physical/chemical or emotional stress. RP has been classified as primary or secondary, depending on whether it occurs as an isolated condition (pRP) or is associated to an underlying disease, mainly a connective tissue disease (CTD-RP). In both cases, it manifests with unique "triple" (pallor, cyanosis and erythema), or "double" color changes. pRP is usually a benign condition, while sRP can evolve and be complicated by acral digital ulcers and gangrene, which may require surgical treatment. The pathogenesis of RP has not yet been entirely clarified, nor is it known whether autoantibodies have a role in RP. Even so, recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology have highlighted novel potential therapeutic targets. The aim of this review is to discuss the etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, recently disclosed pathogenic mechanisms underlying RP and their correlation with the available therapeutic options, focusing primarily on pRP and CTD-RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Elvira Favoino
- Rheumatological and Autoimmune Systemic Diseases Units, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Rheumatological and Autoimmune Systemic Diseases Units, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
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Oxidative stress is predominant in female but not in male patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:720347. [PMID: 24688630 PMCID: PMC3941602 DOI: 10.1155/2014/720347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) has been reported, a fast and rapid test for the reliable measurement of OS and antioxidant capacities (AOCs) might be a useful tool in extending current diagnostic possibilities. The free oxygen radical test (FORT) and free oxygen radical defence (FORD) assay (Callegari, Italy) are easy to perform and reliable, with results available within 15 minutes. Thirty-seven AITP patients and 37 matched healthy individuals were included in this study. All participants responded to a standard questionnaire provided by these assays. Female patients with AITP were observed to demonstrate significantly higher OS in comparison to female controls (P = 0.0027) and male AITP patients (P = 0.0018). The AOCs were not reduced in patients with AITP (P = 0.7648). Correlation of OS with platelet count identified a weak positive correlation (P = 0.0327, Spearman R = 0.4672). The questionnaire revealed that ITP patients in comparison to healthy controls are more stressed, feel exhausted and fatigued, and eat a healthier diet. In conclusion, OS is predominant in female but not in male patients with AITP suggesting gender-specific differences in the pathomechanisms of AITP. Identification of patients with high levels of OS might be beneficial in the management of AITP.
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IVS1 -397T>C estrogen receptor α polymorphism is associated with low-grade systemic inflammatory response in type 1 diabetic girls. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:839585. [PMID: 24523574 PMCID: PMC3910071 DOI: 10.1155/2014/839585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate the influence of estrogen receptor α (ER-α) genotypes on inflammatory response and development of microvascular complications in girls with type 1 diabetes. METHODS 152 young regularly menstruating girls with diagnosed type 1 diabetes and 84 young, healthy menstruating girls were recruited. ER-α genotyping was carried out by PCR. Serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol, as well as IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, and IL-10, were measured. CD4(+)Foxp3(+) TH17 cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Type 1 diabetic girls carrying TT genotype were characterized by the lowest serum estradiol level and IL-10 and highest IL-6, TNF-α, and VEGF. The association between the level of certain cytokine and the genetic variant of estrogen receptor α polymorphism was analyzed. Frequencies of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) TH17 cells were also enhanced in TT bearing girls with type 1 diabetes and correlated with the level of analyzed cytokines. In addition, the correlation between serum estradiol level and cytokine concentrations was observed. CONCLUSIONS We propose that TT variant of estrogen receptor α polymorphism may be associated with enhanced inflammatory response, which in turn may lead to acceleration of diabetic retino- and nephropathy in girls with type 1 diabetes. This finding may help the physicians to predict the onset and progression of diabetic microvascular complications.
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Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) methods are increasingly being used by patients in the Western world to treat autoimmune or allergic diseases. Patients use these methodologies of their own accord, frequently against the advice of their physicians. Integrative medicine hopes to merge the benefits of both conventional Western medicine and CAM. More and more research is being conducted to decipher the secrets behind the thousands of years of experience that CAM offers. Are these treatments effective, and are they safe? Or do they act simply by the "placebo effect." This unique issue attempts to bring integrative medicine to greater awareness among Western physicians and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
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Angele MK, Pratschke S, Hubbard WJ, Chaudry IH. Gender differences in sepsis: cardiovascular and immunological aspects. Virulence 2013; 5:12-9. [PMID: 24193307 PMCID: PMC3916365 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During sepsis, a complex network of cytokine, immune, and endothelial cell interactions occur and disturbances in the microcirculation cause organ dysfunction or even failure leading to high mortality in those patients. In this respect, numerous experimental and clinical studies indicate sex-specific differences in infectious diseases and sepsis.
Female gender has been demonstrated to be protective under such conditions, whereas male gender may be deleterious due to a diminished cell-mediated immune response and cardiovascular functions. Male sex hormones, i.e., androgens, have been shown to be suppressive on cell-mediated immune responses. In contrast, female sex hormones exhibit protective effects which may contribute to the natural advantages of females under septic conditions. Thus, the hormonal status has to be considered when treating septic patients.
Therefore, potential therapies could be derived from this knowledge. In this respect, administration of female sex hormones (estrogens and their precursors) may exert beneficial effects. Alternatively, blockade of male sex hormone receptors could result in maintained immune responses under adverse circulatory conditions. Finally, administration of agents that influence enzymes synthesizing female sex hormones which attenuate the levels of pro-inflammatory agents might exert salutary effects in septic patients. Prospective patient studies are required for transferring those important experimental findings into the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Angele
- Department of Surgery; Klinikum Grosshadern; Munich, Germany
| | | | - William J Hubbard
- Center for Surgical Research; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Irshad H Chaudry
- Center for Surgical Research; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
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Clinical features and symptom recovery on a gluten-free diet in Canadian adults with celiac disease. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2013; 27:449-53. [PMID: 23936873 DOI: 10.1155/2013/741740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease can present with mild or nongastrointestinal symptoms, and may escape timely recognition. The treatment of celiac disease involves a gluten-free diet, which is complex and challenging. OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical features and symptom recovery on a gluten-free diet in a Canadian adult celiac population. METHODS All adult members (n=10,693) of the two national celiac support organizations, the Canadian Celiac Association and Fondation québécoise de la maladie coeliaque, were surveyed using a questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 5912 individuals (≥18 years of age) with biopsy-confirmed celiac disease and⁄or dermatitis herpetiformis completed the survey. The female to male ratio was 3:1, and mean (± SD) age at diagnosis was 45.2 ± 16.4 years. Mean time to diagnosis after onset of symptoms was 12.0 ± 14.4 years. Abdominal pain and bloating (84.9%), extreme weakness⁄tiredness (74.2%), diarrhea (71.7%) and anemia (67.8%) were the most commonly reported symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Many respondents continued to experience symptoms after being on a gluten-free diet for >5 years. Sex differences were reported in clinical features before diagnosis, recovery after being on gluten-free diet and perceived quality of life, with women experiencing more difficulties than men. CONCLUSIONS Delays in diagnosis of celiac disease in Canada remain unacceptably long despite wider availability of serological screening tests. Many patients report continuing symptoms despite adhering to a gluten-free diet for >5 years, with women experiencing more symptoms and a lower recovery rate than men. Awareness of celiac disease needs improvement, and follow-up with a physician and a dietitian is essential for all patients with celiac disease.
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84
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Podda M, Selmi C, Lleo A, Moroni L, Invernizzi P. The limitations and hidden gems of the epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 2013; 46:81-7. [PMID: 23871640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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85
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Katzav A, Arango MT, Kivity S, Tanaka S, Givaty G, Agmon-Levin N, Honda M, Anaya JM, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y. Passive transfer of narcolepsy: Anti-TRIB2 autoantibody positive patient IgG causes hypothalamic orexin neuron loss and sleep attacks in mice. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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86
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Effect of stress on brain inflammation and multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:947-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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87
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Cavalcante P, Cufi P, Mantegazza R, Berrih-Aknin S, Bernasconi P, Le Panse R. Etiology of myasthenia gravis: Innate immunity signature in pathological thymus. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:863-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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88
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Mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of antibodies against muscle-specific kinase in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:912-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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89
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Blanco LP, Plegue M, Fung-Leung WP, Holoshitz J. Gender-biased regulation of human IL-17-producing cells in vitro by peptides corresponding to distinct HLA-DRB1 allele-coded sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:29-38. [PMID: 28748127 DOI: 10.4236/jibtva.2013.23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with HLA-DRB1 alleles coding a 5-amino acid sequence motif called the shared epitope (SE). To explore the potential mechanisms that lead to RA susceptibility, we analyze the in vitro effect of peptides bearing different HLA-DR4 sequences on human peripheral blood-derived cells. Three 15-mer peptides were used: 65-79*0401 (an HLA-DRB1*04:01-coded sequence carrying the SE motif, QKRAA); 65-79*0402 (an HLA-DRB1*04:02-coded sequence carrying a SE-negative motif, DERAA); 65-79*0403 (an HLA-DRB1*04:03-coded sequence carrying a SE-negative motif, QRRAE). We found that CD4 TH17 cells are regulated by peptide treatment with gender bias. In male-derived T cells, all peptide treatments significantly reduced TH17 cell differentiation in vitro when compared to no peptide treatment, and to female samples. TH17 differentiation in samples not treated with peptides, either in the presence or absence of TH17-polarizing cytokines, was higher in males than in females; however, in unfractionated PBMC after treatment with TH17 polarizing cytokines, IL-17A positive cells were more abundant in females than in males. In addition, SE-positive females showed a significantly higher percentage of IL-17A-positive cells compared to SE-negative females. In conclusion, donor's SE status and gender may both influence TH17 immune polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz P Blanco
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 5520 MSRB1, 1150 West Medical Center Drive SPC 5680, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5680
| | - Melissa Plegue
- Center for Statistical Consultation and Research (CSCAR), University of Michigan, 3550 Rackham, 915 E. Washington St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wai-Ping Fung-Leung
- Janssen Research & Development, Immunology, La Jolla, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Joseph Holoshitz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 5520 MSRB1, 1150 West Medical Center Drive SPC 5680, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5680
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90
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Tanpowpong P, Obuch JC, Jiang H, McCarty CE, Katz AJ, Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Weir DC, Leichtner AM, Camargo CA. Multicenter study on season of birth and celiac disease: evidence for a new theoretical model of pathogenesis. J Pediatr 2013; 162:501-4. [PMID: 23084709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether season of birth is associated with celiac disease (CD). STUDY DESIGN We performed a medical record review of 1964 patients with biopsy-proven CD at 3 teaching hospitals (2 pediatric centers and 1 adult center) between 2000 and 2010. The first positive small intestinal biopsy result defined age of diagnosis. The observed proportions of births in each season (spring [March-May], summer [June-August], fall [September-November], and winter [December-February]) were compared with the expected proportions using binomial probability tests. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis was 9.8 ± 5.0 years in the 2 pediatric centers and 43.6 ± 15.8 years in the adult center. The cohort was predominately female (69%). Overall, more patients were born in spring (27%) than in any other season: summer (25%), fall (25%), and winter (23%). In patients diagnosed before age 15 years, the spring birth excess was present in boys (33%; P = .0005), but not in girls (26%; P = .43). The sex difference in season of birth was less striking in patients with CD diagnosed at age ≥15 years. CONCLUSION Season of birth is an environmental risk factor for CD, particularly in boys diagnosed before age 15 years. The results are consistent with a new theoretical model that integrates potential environmental factors (eg, gluten introduction, ultraviolet-B exposure, vitamin D status) and acute viral gastrointestinal infections in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornthep Tanpowpong
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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91
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Nguyen TG, Ward CM, Morris JM. To B or not to B cells-mediate a healthy start to life. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:124-34. [PMID: 23286939 PMCID: PMC3573283 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune responses during pregnancy are critical in programming the future health of a newborn. The maternal immune system is required to accommodate fetal immune tolerance as well as to provide a protective defence against infections for the immunocompromised mother and her baby during gestation and lactation. Natural immunity and antibody production by maternal B cells play a significant role in providing such immunoprotection. However, aberrations in the B cell compartment as a consequence of maternal autoimmunity can pose serious risks to both the mother and her baby. Despite their potential implication in shaping pregnancy outcomes, the role of B cells in human pregnancy has been poorly studied. This review focuses on the role of B cells and the implications of B cell depletion therapy in pregnancy. It highlights the evidence of an association between aberrant B cell compartment and obstetric conditions. It also alludes to the potential mechanisms that amplify these B cell aberrances and thereby contribute to exacerbation of some maternal autoimmune conditions and poor neonatal outcomes. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests strongly that maternal autoantibodies contribute directly to the pathologies of obstetric and neonatal conditions that have significant implications for the lifelong health of a newborn. The evidence for clinical benefit and safety of B cell depletion therapies in pregnancy is reviewed, and an argument is mounted for further clinical evaluation of B cell-targeted therapies in high-risk pregnancy, with an emphasis on improving neonatal outcomes and prevention of neonatal conditions such as congenital heart block and fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Nguyen
- Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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92
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The phenotype of hormone-related allergic and autoimmune diseases in the skin: annular lesions that lateralize. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2012:604854. [PMID: 23316250 PMCID: PMC3534378 DOI: 10.1155/2012/604854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Sexual dimorphism with an increased prevalence in women has long been observed in various autoimmune, allergic, and skin diseases. Recent research has attempted to correlate this female predilection to physiologic changes seen in the menstrual cycle in order to more effectively diagnose and treat these diseases. Cases. We present five cases of cutaneous diseases in women with annular morphology and distributive features that favor one side over the other. In all cases, skin disease improved with ovarian suppression. Conclusion. Sexual dimorphism in the innate and adaptive immune systems has long been observed, with females demonstrating a more vigorous immune response compared to males. Female sex hormones promote T and B lymphocyte autoreactivity and favor the humoral arm of adaptive immunity. In addition to ovarian steroidogenesis and immunity, intricate pathways coexist in order to engage a single oocyte in each cycle, while simultaneously sustaining the ovarian reserve. Vigorous proinflammatory, vasoactive, and pigment-related cytokines emerge during the demise of the corpus luteum, influencing peripherical sex hormone metabolism of the level of the macrophage and fibroblast. We propose that annular and lateralizing lesions are important manifestations of hormone-related inflammation and recognition of this linkage can lead to improved immune and reproductive health.
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93
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Incorvaia E, Sicouri L, Petersen-Mahrt SK, Schmitz KM. Hormones and AID: Balancing immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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94
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Ojeda-Uribe M, Afif N, Dahan E, Sparsa L, Haby C, Sibilia J, Ternant D, Ardizzone M. Exposure to abatacept or rituximab in the first trimester of pregnancy in three women with autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:695-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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95
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Mavropoulos A, Orfanidou T, Liaskos C, Smyk DS, Billinis C, Blank M, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated autoimmunity: lessons to learn from ANCA vasculitis and pemphigus vulgaris. Autoimmun Rev 2012. [PMID: 23207287 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is beginning to accumulate that p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. The exact mechanisms and the degree by which the p38 MAPK pathway participates in the immune-mediated induction of diseases have started to emerge. This review discusses the recent advances in the molecular dissection of the p38 MAPK pathway and the findings generated by reports investigating its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune hepatitis. Application of newly-developed protocols based on sensitive flow cytometric detection has proven to be a useful tool in the investigation of the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK within different peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations and may help us to better understand the enigmatic role of this signaling cascade in the induction of autoimmunity as well as its role in immunosuppressive-induced remission. Special attention is paid to reported data proposing a specific role for autoantibody-induced activation of p38 MAPK-mediated immunopathology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering diseases and anti-neutrophilic antibody-mediated vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
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96
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Sex differences in coeliac disease risk: a Swedish sibling design study. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:909-13. [PMID: 22824835 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For unknown reasons girls are at an increased risk of coeliac disease compared to boys. However, the observed association might be confounded, since maternal coeliac disease is associated with both an increased risk of the disease in first-degree relatives as well as an increased ratio of girls to boys in offspring. AIMS We investigate the effect of sex on the risk of coeliac disease before the age of two years using sibling design. METHODS We identified all singleton children (n=792,401) born between 1987 and 1993 in Sweden using the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. Coeliac disease cases (2264) were identified using the Swedish National Inpatient Registry. We applied both conventional population-based Cox regression models and sibling designs modelling the association in sex discordant siblings. RESULTS We observed a conclusively increased risk of coeliac disease in girls compared to boys, using both sibling design (hazard ratio 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.44-1.93) and conventional Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% confidence interval 1.61-1.91) that could not be explained by perinatal factors previously associated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that female sex is causally associated with childhood coeliac disease, but the reasons remains unknown.
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97
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Li S, Yu M, Li H, Zhang H, Jiang Y. IL-17 and IL-22 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma are elevated in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:260473. [PMID: 23091305 PMCID: PMC3468147 DOI: 10.1155/2012/260473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease that causes rapidly progressing paralysis and occasionally respiratory failure. We hypothesized that interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 are elevated in GBS and participate in the autoimmune inflammatory response of GBS. We used sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the IL-17 and IL-22 levels in the CSF, and plasma from 22 GBS patients at the acute phase and 18 healthy controls (HC). The results show that CSF and plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-22 are elevated in GBS patients compared with HC. IL-17 and IL-22 levels in CSF, respectively, are correlated with GBS disability scale scores (GDSs). Meanwhile, IL-17 and IL-22 levels in CSF, IL-22 in CSF, and plasma of GBS patients have positive correlation, respectively. The increased levels of IL-17 and IL-22 in CSF may be explained by the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) local inflammation in GBS. Meanwhile, the elevated levels of these two cytokines in plasma suggest the activation of Th17 and Th22 cells in the systemic immune response of GBS. Our data provide preliminary evidence that GBS is associated with high levels of IL-17 and IL-22 in CSF and plasma. These cytokines display pathogenic potential and may serve as useful biomarkers for GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Part of the First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130032, China
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98
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Schopper M, Bäumler PI, Fleckenstein J, Irnich D. [Gender aspects in anesthesia : modified approach in research and treatment?]. Anaesthesist 2012; 61:288-98. [PMID: 22526740 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-012-2013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences can have a relevant influence on the perioperative outcome as male and female patients are affected differently by adverse events, e.g. side effects of drugs. Furthermore, differences relating to specific drug effects, comorbidities and outcome after anesthesia or intensive care have been demonstrated. There seems to be a gender bias in diagnosis and therapy. While the knowledge regarding this field is still growing certain aspects have already been integrated into clinical practice: prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), target controlled infusion (TCI) model and male only policy with production of blood products. There is a need to study the influence of gender, age and race in order to optimize treatment towards a more individualized therapy. This article highlights already identified differences and discusses potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schopper
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Innenstadt, München, Deutschland.
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100
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Emilsson L, Andersson B, Elfström P, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. Risk of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 29 000 patients with celiac disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e001594. [PMID: 23130142 PMCID: PMC3487325 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a rare disease of largely unknown origin. Previous studies have suggested an increased prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in patients with DCM. These studies, however, were based on a maximum of 5 patients with both CD and DCM. In the present large Swedish population-based cohort study, we examined the risk of idiopathic DCM in patients with CD determined by small-intestinal histopathology. Methods and Results From 2006 to 2008, we collected duodenal/jejunal biopsy data on CD (equal to villous atrophy, Marsh stage 3, n=29 071 unique individuals) from (all) 28 pathology departments in Sweden. These individuals were compared with 144 429 reference individuals matched for age, sex, calendar year, and county. Data on DCM were obtained through the National Patient Register and confirmed by patient charts and echocardiography data. During follow-up, 17 patients with CD and 52 reference individuals developed idiopathic DCM. Thus, patients with CD were at an increased risk of idiopathic DCM (hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 3.00), although the risk estimate failed to attain statistical significance (P=0.052). Conclusion This nationwide study found a moderately but not statistically significantly increased risk of idiopathic DCM in patients with biopsy-verified CD. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001594 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.001594.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Emilsson
- Vårdcentralen Värmlands Nysäter, Värmland County, and the Department of Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (L.E.)
| | - Bert Andersson
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.A.)
| | - Peter Elfström
- Department of Neonatology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital–Danderyd, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (P.E.)
| | - Peter H.R. Green
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (P.H.R.G.)
| | - Jonas F. Ludvigsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, and the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Sweden (J.F.L.)
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