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Gilon P, Chae HY, Rutter GA, Ravier MA. Calcium signaling in pancreatic β-cells in health and in Type 2 diabetes. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:340-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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52
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Hroudová J, Fišar Z. Control mechanisms in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:363-75. [PMID: 25206677 PMCID: PMC4107533 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Distribution and activity of mitochondria are key factors in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity and axogenesis. The majority of energy sources, necessary for cellular functions, originate from oxidative phosphorylation located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The adenosine-5’- triphosphate production is regulated by many control mechanism–firstly by oxygen, substrate level, adenosine-5’-diphosphate level, mitochondrial membrane potential, and rate of coupling and proton leak. Recently, these mechanisms have been implemented by “second control mechanisms,” such as reversible phosphorylation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and electron transport chain complexes, allosteric inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase, thyroid hormones, effects of fatty acids and uncoupling proteins. Impaired function of mitochondria is implicated in many diseases ranging from mitochondrial myopathies to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are usually related to the ability of mitochondria to generate adenosine-5’-triphosphate in response to energy demands. Large amounts of reactive oxygen species are released by defective mitochondria, similarly, decline of antioxidative enzyme activities (e.g. in the elderly) enhances reactive oxygen species production. We reviewed data concerning neuroplasticity, physiology, and control of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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53
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Bravo A, Treulen F, Uribe P, Boguen R, Felmer R, Villegas JV. Effect of mitochondrial calcium uniporter blocking on human spermatozoa. Andrologia 2014; 47:662-8. [PMID: 25059641 DOI: 10.1111/and.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+) ) regulates a number of essential processes in spermatozoa. Ca(2+) is taken up by mitochondria via the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mCU). Oxygen-bridged dinuclear ruthenium amine complex (Ru360) has been used to study mCU because it is a potent and specific inhibitor of this channel. In bovine spermatozoa, it has been demonstrated that mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibition adversely affects the capacitation process. It has been demonstrated in human spermatozoa that mCU blocking, through Ru360, prevents apoptosis; however, the contribution of the mCU to normal human sperm function has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mCU blocking on human sperm function. Spermatozoa obtained from apparently healthy donors were incubated with 5 and 10 μm Ru360 for 4 h at 37 °C. Viability was assessed using propidium iodide staining; motility was determined by computer-aided sperm analysis, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels using a luminescence-based method, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) using JC-1 staining and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using dihydroethidium dye. Our results show that mCU blocking significantly reduced total sperm motility and ATP levels without affecting sperm viability, ΔΨm and ROS production. In conclusion, mCU contributes to the maintenance of sperm motility and ATP levels in human spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bravo
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus-Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (BIOREN-CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - F Treulen
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus-Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (BIOREN-CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - P Uribe
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus-Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (BIOREN-CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - R Boguen
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus-Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (BIOREN-CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - R Felmer
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus-Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (BIOREN-CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Agronomic Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - J V Villegas
- Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus-Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (BIOREN-CEBIOR), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Burjanadze G, Kuchukashvili Z, Chachua M, Menabde K, Dachanidze N, Koshoridze N. Changes in activity of hippocampus creatine kinase under circadian rhythm disorders. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2014.888172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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55
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Nguyen HT, Chen M. High-energy compounds mobilize intracellular Ca2+ and activate calpain in cultured cells: is calpain an energy-dependent protease? Brain Res Bull 2014; 102:9-14. [PMID: 24508187 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in energy metabolisms is perhaps the earliest modifiable defect in brain aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Several high-energy compounds (HECs) such as ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphocreatine and acetyl coenzyme A have been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects. To understand their mechanism of actions, we tested the effects of these HECs on intracellular Ca(2+), a central regulator in brain function. Our data showed that the HECs robustly and dose-dependently mobilized intracellular Ca(2+) in cultured SH-SY5Y cells, and the actions were sensitive to intracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM or energy metabolism blocker rotenone. The Ca(2+) influx triggered by the HECs was from both extracellular medium and intracellular stores and the HECs also induced repetitive Ca(2+) oscillations. As these actions were similar to those of classical Ca(2+) agonists, the HECs may be viewed as a new group of physiological Ca(2+) agonists. We also found that the HECs promoted the intracellular activity of calpain, a Ca(2+)-dependent protease, and the enzyme activity fluctuated in concert with cellular energy levels, suggesting that calpain activity may also be energy-driven or energy-dependent. These findings may add to current knowledge for the regulatory mechanisms of Ca(2+) and calpain. Since Ca(2+) and calpain undergo critical dysfunction in brain aging but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, our work may provide a new perspective for clarifying some controversies. More importantly, the HECs, as key intermediates in glucose catabolism, the primary source of energy supply in the brain, may be used as potential drugs for rational prevention of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey T Nguyen
- Aging Research Laboratory, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Aging Research Laboratory, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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56
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Bird MJ, Thorburn DR, Frazier AE. Modelling biochemical features of mitochondrial neuropathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1380-92. [PMID: 24161927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropathology of mitochondrial disease is well characterised. However, pathophysiological mechanisms at the level of biochemistry and cell biology are less clear. Progress in this area has been hampered by the limited accessibility of neurologically relevant material for analysis. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we discuss the recent development of a variety of model systems that have greatly extended our capacity to understand the biochemical features associated with mitochondrial neuropathology. These include animal and cell based models, with mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA encoded genes, which aim to recapitulate the neuropathology and cellular biochemistry of mitochondrial diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Analysis of neurological tissue and cells from these models suggests that although there is no unifying mode of pathogenesis, dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system is often central. This can be associated with altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and inadequate ATP synthesis. Thus, other cellular processes such as calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis, cellular signaling and mitochondrial morphology could be altered, ultimately compromising viability of neuronal cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in mitochondrial disease are only just beginning to be characterised, are system dependent and complex, and not merely driven by energy deficiency. The diversity of pathogenic mechanisms emphasises the need for characterisation in a wide range of models, as different therapeutic strategies are likely to be needed for different diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bird
- The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R Thorburn
- The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ann E Frazier
- The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Manko BO, Manko VV. Mechanisms of respiration intensification of rat pancreatic acini upon carbachol-induced Ca(2+) release. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:387-99. [PMID: 23692873 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Acetylcholine as one of the main secretagogues modulates mitochondrial functions in acinar pancreacytes, presumably due to increase in ATP hydrolysis or Ca(2+) transport into mitochondria. The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms of carbachol (CCh) action on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated pancreatic acini. METHODS Respiration of intact or permeabilized rat pancreatic acini was studied at 37 °C using a Clark oxygen electrode. RESULTS Respiration rate of isolated acini in rest was 0.27 ± 0.01 nmol O2 s(-1) 10(-6) cells. Addition of 10 μM CCh into respiration chamber evoked biphasic stimulation of respiration. Rapid increase of respiration by 20.1% lasted for approx. 1 min, followed by decrease to level by 11.5% higher than control. Addition of 1 μm CCh caused monophasic increase by 11.5%. Preincubation (5 min) with 1 or 10 μm CCh elevated respiration rate by 12.5 or 11.2% respectively. FCCP prevented the effect of CCh. Preincubation with 1 (but not 10) μm CCh increased FCCP-uncoupled respiration rate. Thapsigargin slightly elevated respiration, but ryanodine did not. Application of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate or ruthenium red prevented the effects of CCh on respiration, while oligomycin abolished them. Preincubation with 1 μm CCh prior to cell permeabilization increased respiration rate at pyruvate+malate oxidation, but not at succinate oxidation. In contrast, preincubation with 10 μm CCh decreased pyruvate+malate oxidation. CONCLUSION Medium CCh dose (1 μm) intensifies respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of acinar pancreacytes by feedforward mechanism via Ca(2+) transport into mitochondria and activation of Ca(2+) /ADP-sensitive mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Prolonged action of high CCh dose (10 μm) might impair mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. O. Manko
- Biology faculty; Department of Human and Animal Physiology Hrushevsky; Ivan Franko National university of Lviv; Lviv; Ukraine
| | - V. V. Manko
- Biology faculty; Department of Human and Animal Physiology Hrushevsky; Ivan Franko National university of Lviv; Lviv; Ukraine
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58
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García-Sancho J. The coupling of plasma membrane calcium entry to calcium uptake by endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. J Physiol 2013; 592:261-8. [PMID: 23798493 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.255661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between organelles and plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels is essential for modulation of the cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]C) signals, but such modulation may differ among cells. In chromaffin cells Ca(2+) entry through voltage-operated channels induces calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that amplifies the signal. [Ca(2+)]C microdomains as high as 20-50 μm are sensed by subplasmalemmal mitochondria, which accumulate large amounts of Ca(2+) through the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU). Mitochondria confine the high-Ca(2+) microdomains (HCMDs) to beneath the plasma membrane, where exocytosis of secretory vesicles happens. Cell core [Ca(2+)]C is much smaller (1-2 μm). By acting as a Ca(2+) sink, mitochondria stabilise the HCMD in space and time. In non-excitable HEK293 cells, activation of store-operated Ca(2+) entry, triggered by ER Ca(2+) emptying, also generated subplasmalemmal HCMDs, but, in this case, most of the Ca(2+) was taken up by the ER rather than by mitochondria. The smaller size of the [Ca(2+)]C peak in this case (about 2 μm) may contribute to this outcome, as the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase has much higher Ca(2+) affinity than MCU. It is also possible that the relative positioning of organelles, channels and effectors, as well as cytoskeleton and accessory proteins plays an important role.
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Picard M, Shirihai OS, Gentil BJ, Burelle Y. Mitochondrial morphology transitions and functions: implications for retrograde signaling? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R393-406. [PMID: 23364527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00584.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to cellular and environmental stresses, mitochondria undergo morphology transitions regulated by dynamic processes of membrane fusion and fission. These events of mitochondrial dynamics are central regulators of cellular activity, but the mechanisms linking mitochondrial shape to cell function remain unclear. One possibility evaluated in this review is that mitochondrial morphological transitions (from elongated to fragmented, and vice-versa) directly modify canonical aspects of the organelle's function, including susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition, respiratory properties of the electron transport chain, and reactive oxygen species production. Because outputs derived from mitochondrial metabolism are linked to defined cellular signaling pathways, fusion/fission morphology transitions could regulate mitochondrial function and retrograde signaling. This is hypothesized to provide a dynamic interface between the cell, its genome, and the fluctuating metabolic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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60
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Dedkova EN, Blatter LA. Calcium signaling in cardiac mitochondria. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 58:125-33. [PMID: 23306007 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca signaling contributes to the regulation of cellular energy metabolism, and mitochondria participate in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) through their ability to store Ca, shape the cytosolic Ca signals and generate ATP required for contraction. The mitochondrial inner membrane is equipped with an elaborate system of channels and transporters for Ca uptake and extrusion that allows for the decoding of cytosolic Ca signals, and the storage of Ca in the mitochondrial matrix compartment. Controversy, however remains whether the fast cytosolic Ca transients underlying ECC in the beating heart are transmitted rapidly into the matrix compartment or slowly integrated by the mitochondrial Ca transport machinery. This review summarizes established and novel findings on cardiac mitochondrial Ca transport and buffering, and discusses the evidence either supporting or arguing against the idea that Ca can be taken up rapidly by mitochondria during ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Dedkova
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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61
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Yoon MJ, Kim EH, Kwon TK, Park SA, Choi KS. Simultaneous mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and proteasomal inhibition are responsible for the induction of paraptosis in malignant breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 324:197-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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62
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Waldeck-Weiermair M, Alam MR, Khan MJ, Deak AT, Vishnu N, Karsten F, Imamura H, Graier WF, Malli R. Spatiotemporal correlations between cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) signals using a novel red-shifted mitochondrial targeted cameleon. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45917. [PMID: 23029314 PMCID: PMC3448721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of Ca2+ from the cytosol into the lumen of mitochondria is a crucial process that impacts cell signaling in multiple ways. Cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyto) can be excellently quantified with the ratiometric Ca2+ probe fura-2, while genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based fluorescent Ca2+ sensors, the cameleons, are efficiently used to specifically measure Ca2+ within organelles. However, because of a significant overlap of the fura-2 emission with the spectra of the cyan and yellow fluorescent protein of most of the existing cameleons, the measurement of fura-2 and cameleons within one given cell is a complex task. In this study, we introduce a novel approach to simultaneously assess [Ca2+]cyto and mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]mito) signals at the single cell level. In order to eliminate the spectral overlap we developed a novel red-shifted cameleon, D1GO-Cam, in which the green and orange fluorescent proteins were used as the FRET pair. This ratiometric Ca2+ probe could be successfully targeted to mitochondria and was suitable to be used simultaneously with fura-2 to correlate [Ca2+]cyto and [Ca2+]mito within same individual cells. Our data indicate that depending on the kinetics of [Ca2+]cyto rises there is a significant lag between onset of [Ca2+]cyto and [Ca2+]mito signals, pointing to a certain threshold of [Ca2+]cyto necessary to activate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. The temporal correlation between [Ca2+]mito and [Ca2+]cyto as well as the efficiency of the transfer of Ca2+ from the cytosol into mitochondria varies between different cell types. Moreover, slow mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion and a desensitization of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake cause a clear difference in patterns of mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations of pancreatic beta-cells in response to D-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Alam
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Muhammad Jadoon Khan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andras T. Deak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Neelanjan Vishnu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Karsten
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Katika MR, Hendriksen PJ, de Ruijter NC, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg A. Immunocytological and biochemical analysis of the mode of action of bis (tri-n-butyltin) tri-oxide (TBTO) in Jurkat cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:126-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
The stromal interaction molecules STIM1 and STIM2 are Ca2+ sensors, mostly located in the endoplasmic reticulum, that detect changes in the intraluminal Ca2+ concentration and communicate this information to plasma membrane store-operated channels, including members of the Orai family, thus mediating store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Orai and STIM proteins are almost ubiquitously expressed in human cells, where SOCE has been reported to play a relevant functional role. The phenotype of patients bearing mutations in STIM and Orai proteins, together with models of STIM or Orai deficiency in mice, as well as other organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, have provided compelling evidence on the relevant role of these proteins in cellular physiology and pathology. Orai1-deficient patients suffer from severe immunodeficiency, congenital myopathy, chronic pulmonary disease, anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia and defective dental enamel calcification. STIM1-deficient patients showed similar abnormalities, as well as autoimmune disorders. This review summarizes the current evidence that identifies and explains diseases induced by disturbances in SOCE due to deficiencies or mutations in Orai and STIM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berna-Erro
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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65
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COLAÇO R, MORENO N, FEIJÓ J. On the fast lane: mitochondria structure, dynamics and function in growing pollen tubes. J Microsc 2012; 247:106-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2012.03628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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66
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Calì T, Ottolini D, Brini M. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) and neurodegeneration. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:73-85. [PMID: 22608276 PMCID: PMC3396847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for ensuring numerous fundamental physiological processes such as cellular energy, redox balance, modulation of Ca2+ signaling and important biosynthetic pathways. They also govern the cell fate by participating in the apoptosis pathway. The mitochondrial shape, volume, number and distribution within the cells are strictly controlled. The regulation of these parameters has an impact on mitochondrial function, especially in the central nervous system, where trafficking of mitochondria is critical to their strategic intracellular distribution, presumably according to local energy demands. Thus, the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population is essential to avoid the impairment of the processes they regulate: for this purpose, cells have developed mechanisms involving a complex system of quality control to remove damaged mitochondria, or to renew them. Defects of these processes impair mitochondrial function and lead to disordered cell function, i.e., to a disease condition. Given the standard role of mitochondria in all cells, it might be expected that their dysfunction would give rise to similar defects in all tissues. However, damaged mitochondrial function has pleiotropic effects in multicellular organisms, resulting in diverse pathological conditions, ranging from cardiac and brain ischemia, to skeletal muscle myopathies to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between mitochondrial (and cellular) derangements and Ca2+ dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the evidence obtained in genetic models. Common patterns, that recognize the derangement of Ca2+ and energy control as a causative factor, have been identified: advances in the understanding of the molecular regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, and on the ways in which it could become perturbed in neurological disorders, may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies that modulate neuronal Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Calì
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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67
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Szanda G, Rajki A, Spät A. Control mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake - feed-forward modulation of aldosterone secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 353:101-8. [PMID: 21924321 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca(2+) signal activates metabolism by boosting pyridine nucleotide reduction and ATP synthesis or, if Ca(2+) sequestration is supraphysiological, may even lead to apoptosis. Although the molecular background of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake has recently been elucidated, the regulation of Ca(2+) handling is still not properly clarified. In human adrenocortical H295R cells we found a regulatory mechanism involving p38 MAPK and novel-type PKC isoforms. Upon stimulation with angiotensin II (AII) these kinases are activated typically prior to the release of Ca(2+) and - most probably by reducing the Ca(2+) permeation through the outer mitochondrial membrane - attenuate mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in a feed-forward manner. The biologic significance of the kinase-mediated reduction of mitochondrial Ca(2+) signal is also reflected by the attenuation of AII-mediated aldosterone secretion. As another feed-forward mechanism, we found in HEK-293T and H295R cells that Ca(2+) signal evoked either by IP(3) or by voltage-gated influx is accompanied by a concomitant cytosolic Mg(2+) signal. In permeabilized HEK-293T cells Mg(2+) was found to be a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in the physiologic [Mg(2+)] and [Ca(2+)] range. Thus, these inhibitory mechanisms may serve not only as protection against mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and subsequent apoptosis but also have the potential to substantially alter physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergö Szanda
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, POB 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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68
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Poburko D, Demaurex N. Regulation of the mitochondrial proton gradient by cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:19-26. [PMID: 22526460 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria convert the energy stored in carbohydrate and fat into ATP molecules that power enzymatic reactions within cells, and this process influences cellular calcium signals in several ways. By providing ATP to calcium pumps at the plasma and intracellular membranes, mitochondria power the calcium gradients that drive the release of Ca²⁺ from stores and the entry of Ca²⁺ across plasma membrane channels. By taking up and subsequently releasing calcium ions, mitochondria determine the spatiotemporal profile of cellular Ca²⁺ signals and the activity of Ca²⁺-regulated proteins, including Ca²⁺ entry channels that are themselves part of the Ca²⁺ circuitry. Ca²⁺ elevations in the mitochondrial matrix, in turn, activate Ca²⁺-dependent enzymes that boost the respiratory chain, increasing the ability of mitochondria to buffer calcium ions. Mitochondria are able to encode and decode Ca²⁺ signals because the respiratory chain generates an electrochemical gradient for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton motive force (Δp) drives the activity of the ATP synthase and has both an electrical component, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)), and a chemical component, the mitochondrial proton gradient (ΔpH(m)). ΔΨ(m) contributes about 190 mV to Δp and drives the entry of Ca²⁺ across a recently identified Ca²⁺-selective channel known as the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter. ΔpH(m) contributes ~30 mV to Δp and is usually ignored or considered a minor component of mitochondria respiratory state. However, the mitochondrial proton gradient is an essential component of the chemiosmotic theory formulated by Peter Mitchell in 1961 as ΔpH(m) sustains the entry of substrates and metabolites required for the activity of the respiratory chain and drives the activity of electroneutral ion exchangers that allow mitochondria to maintain their osmolarity and volume. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that regulate the mitochondrial proton gradient and discuss how thermodynamic concepts derived from measurements in purified mitochondria can be reconciled with our recent findings that mitochondria have high proton permeability in situ and that ΔpH(m) decreases during mitochondrial Ca²⁺ elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Poburko
- Department of Biomedical Physiology & Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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69
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Zampese E, Pizzo P. Intracellular organelles in the saga of Ca2+ homeostasis: different molecules for different purposes? Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1077-104. [PMID: 21968921 PMCID: PMC11114864 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the concentration of cytosolic free Ca(2+) is a key component regulating different cellular processes ranging from egg fertilization, active secretion and movement, to cell differentiation and death. The multitude of phenomena modulated by Ca(2+), however, do not simply rely on increases/decreases in its concentration, but also on specific timing, shape and sub-cellular localization of its signals that, combined together, provide a huge versatility in Ca(2+) signaling. Intracellular organelles and their Ca(2+) handling machineries exert key roles in this complex and precise mechanism, and this review will try to depict a map of Ca(2+) routes inside cells, highlighting the uniqueness of the different Ca(2+) toolkit components and the complexity of the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Zampese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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70
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Spät A, Szanda G. Special features of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ signalling in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:43-50. [PMID: 22395411 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone, secreted by adrenal glomerulosa cells, allows the adaptation of the vertebrate organism to a wide range of physiological and pathological stimuli including acute haemodynamic challenges and long-term changes in dietary sodium and potassium intake. Most of the extracellular signals are mediated by cytosolic Ca²⁺ signal deriving from Ca²⁺ release, store-operated and/or voltage-gated Ca²⁺ influx. Mitochondria in glomerulosa cells play a fundamental role in generating and modulating the final biological response. These organelles not only house several enzymes of aldosterone biosynthesis but also-in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner-provide NADPH for the function of these enzymes. Moreover, mitochondria, constituting a high portion of cytoplasmic volume and displaying a uniquely low-threshold Ca²⁺ sequestering ability, shape and thus modulate the decoding of the complex cytosolic Ca²⁺ response. The unusual features of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ signalling that permit such an integrative function in adrenal glomerulosa cells are hereby described.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Spät
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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71
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Kann O, Taubenberger N, Huchzermeyer C, Papageorgiou IE, Benninger F, Heinemann U, Kovács R. Muscarinic receptor activation determines the effects of store-operated Ca2+-entry on excitability and energy metabolism in pyramidal neurons. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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72
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Bononi A, Missiroli S, Poletti F, Suski JM, Agnoletto C, Bonora M, De Marchi E, Giorgi C, Marchi S, Patergnani S, Rimessi A, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P. Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) as Hotspot Ca2+ Signaling Units. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:411-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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73
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Bogeski I, Kappl R, Kummerow C, Gulaboski R, Hoth M, Niemeyer BA. Redox regulation of calcium ion channels: Chemical and physiological aspects. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:407-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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74
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Shindo Y, Fujii T, Komatsu H, Citterio D, Hotta K, Suzuki K, Oka K. Newly developed Mg2+-selective fluorescent probe enables visualization of Mg2+ dynamics in mitochondria. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23684. [PMID: 21858208 PMCID: PMC3156752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mg(2+) plays important roles in numerous cellular functions. Mitochondria take part in intracellular Mg(2+) regulation and the Mg(2+) concentration in mitochondria affects the synthesis of ATP. However, there are few methods to observe Mg(2+) in mitochondria in intact cells. Here, we have developed a novel Mg(2+)-selective fluorescent probe, KMG-301, that is functional in mitochondria. This probe changes its fluorescence properties solely depending on the Mg(2+) concentration in mitochondria under physiologically normal conditions. Simultaneous measurements using this probe together with a probe for cytosolic Mg(2+), KMG-104, enabled us to compare the dynamics of Mg(2+) in the cytosol and in mitochondria. With this method, carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP)-induced Mg(2+) mobilization from mitochondria to the cytosol was visualized. Although a FCCP-induced decrease in the Mg(2+) concentration in mitochondria and an increase in the cytosol were observed both in differentiated PC12 cells and in hippocampal neurons, the time-courses of concentration changes varied with cell type. Moreover, the relationship between mitochondrial Mg(2+) and Parkinson's disease was analyzed in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease by using the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)). A gradual decrease in the Mg(2+) concentration in mitochondria was observed in response to MPP(+) in differentiated PC12 cells. These results indicate that KMG-301 is useful for investigating Mg(2+) dynamics in mitochondria. All animal procedures to obtain neurons from Wistar rats were approved by the ethical committee of Keio University (permit number is 09106-(1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shindo
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Fujii
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Komatsu
- Center for Science and Technology for Designing Functions, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Center for Science and Technology for Designing Functions, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Center for Science and Technology for Designing Functions, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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75
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Camara AKS, Bienengraeber M, Stowe DF. Mitochondrial approaches to protect against cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. Front Physiol 2011; 2:13. [PMID: 21559063 PMCID: PMC3082167 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a vital component in cellular energy metabolism and intracellular signaling processes. Mitochondria are involved in a myriad of complex signaling cascades regulating cell death vs. survival. Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting oxidative and nitrosative stress are central in the pathogenesis of numerous human maladies including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and retinal diseases, many of which are related. This review will examine the emerging understanding of the role of mitochondria in the etiology and progression of cardiovascular diseases and will explore potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the organelle in attenuating the disease process. Indeed, recent advances in mitochondrial biology have led to selective targeting of drugs designed to modulate or manipulate mitochondrial function, to the use of light therapy directed to the mitochondrial function, and to modification of the mitochondrial genome for potential therapeutic benefit. The approach to rationally treat mitochondrial dysfunction could lead to more effective interventions in cardiovascular diseases that to date have remained elusive. The central premise of this review is that if mitochondrial abnormalities contribute to the etiology of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., ischemic heart disease), alleviating the mitochondrial dysfunction will contribute to mitigating the severity or progression of the disease. To this end, this review will provide an overview of our current understanding of mitochondria function in cardiovascular diseases as well as the potential role for targeting mitochondria with potential drugs or other interventions that lead to protection against cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
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76
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Decuypere JP, Monaco G, Missiaen L, De Smedt H, Parys JB, Bultynck G. IP(3) Receptors, Mitochondria, and Ca Signaling: Implications for Aging. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:920178. [PMID: 21423550 PMCID: PMC3056293 DOI: 10.4061/2011/920178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight interplay between endoplasmic-reticulum-(ER-) and mitochondria-mediated Ca(2+) signaling is a key determinant of cellular health and cellular fate through the control of apoptosis and autophagy. Proteins that prevent or promote apoptosis and autophagy can affect intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics and homeostasis through binding and modulation of the intracellular Ca(2+)-release and Ca(2+)-uptake mechanisms. During aging, oxidative stress becomes an additional factor that affects ER and mitochondrial function and thus their role in Ca(2+) signaling. Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction and sustained mitochondrial damage are likely to underlie part of the aging process. In this paper, we will discuss the different mechanisms that control intracellular Ca(2+) signaling with respect to apoptosis and autophagy and review how these processes are affected during aging through accumulation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Decuypere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, K.U.Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1, Herestraat 49, Bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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77
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Azarashvili TS, Odinokova IV, Krestinina OV, Baburina YL, Grachev DE, Teplova VV, Holmuhamedov EL. Role of phosphorylation of porin (VDAC) in regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane under normal conditions and alcohol intoxication. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747811010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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78
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Decuypere JP, Monaco G, Bultynck G, Missiaen L, De Smedt H, Parys JB. The IP(3) receptor-mitochondria connection in apoptosis and autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1003-13. [PMID: 21146562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amount of Ca(2+) taken up in the mitochondrial matrix is a crucial determinant of cell fate; it plays a decisive role in the choice of the cell between life and death. The Ca(2+) ions mainly originate from the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-sensitive Ca(2+) stores of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The uptake of these Ca(2+) ions in the mitochondria depends on the functional properties and the subcellular localization of the IP(3) receptor (IP(3)R) in discrete domains near the mitochondria. To allow for an efficient transfer of the Ca(2+) ions from the ER to the mitochondria, structural interactions between IP(3)Rs and mitochondria are needed. This review will focus on the key proteins involved in these interactions, how they are regulated, and what are their physiological roles in apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Decuypere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Dept. Molecular and Cellular, campus Gasthuisberg O/N1 K.U.Leuven, Bus 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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79
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Parpura V, Grubišić V, Verkhratsky A. Ca(2+) sources for the exocytotic release of glutamate from astrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:984-91. [PMID: 21118669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes can exocytotically release the gliotransmitter glutamate from vesicular compartments. Increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration is necessary and sufficient for this process. The predominant source of Ca(2+) for exocytosis in astrocytes resides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors of the ER provide a conduit for the release of Ca(2+) to the cytosol. The ER store is (re)filled by the store-specific Ca(2+)-ATPase. Ultimately, the depleted ER is replenished by Ca(2+) which enters from the extracellular space to the cytosol via store-operated Ca(2+) entry; the TRPC1 protein has been implicated in this part of the astrocytic exocytotic process. Voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and plasma membrane Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers are additional means for cytosolic Ca(2+) entry. Cytosolic Ca(2+) levels can be modulated by mitochondria, which can take up cytosolic Ca(2+) via the Ca(2+) uniporter and release Ca(2+) into cytosol via the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, as well as by the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The interplay between various Ca(2+) sources generates cytosolic Ca(2+) dynamics that can drive Ca(2+)-dependent exocytotic release of glutamate from astrocytes. An understanding of this process in vivo will reveal some of the astrocytic functions in health and disease of the brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Civitan International Research Center, Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-0021, USA.
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80
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McCarron JG, Chalmers S, MacMillan D, Olson ML. Agonist-evoked Ca(2+) wave progression requires Ca(2+) and IP(3). J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:334-44. [PMID: 20432430 PMCID: PMC3947531 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle responds to IP(3)-generating agonists by producing Ca(2+) waves. Here, the mechanism of wave progression has been investigated in voltage-clamped single smooth muscle cells using localized photolysis of caged IP(3) and the caged Ca(2+) buffer diazo-2. Waves, evoked by the IP(3)-generating agonist carbachol (CCh), initiated as a uniform rise in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)) over a single though substantial length (approximately 30 microm) of the cell. During regenerative propagation, the wave-front was about 1/3 the length (approximately 9 microm) of the initiation site. The wave-front progressed at a relatively constant velocity although amplitude varied through the cell; differences in sensitivity to IP(3) may explain the amplitude changes. Ca(2+) was required for IP(3)-mediated wave progression to occur. Increasing the Ca(2+) buffer capacity in a small (2 microm) region immediately in front of a CCh-evoked Ca(2+) wave halted progression at the site. However, the wave front does not progress by Ca(2+)-dependent positive feedback alone. In support, colliding [Ca(2+)](c) increases from locally released IP(3) did not annihilate but approximately doubled in amplitude. This result suggests that local IP(3)-evoked [Ca(2+)](c) increases diffused passively. Failure of local increases in IP(3) to evoke waves appears to arise from the restricted nature of the IP(3) increase. When IP(3) was elevated throughout the cell, a localized increase in Ca(2+) now propagated as a wave. Together, these results suggest that waves initiate over a surprisingly large length of the cell and that both IP(3) and Ca(2+) are required for active propagation of the wave front to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, John Arbuthnott Building, Glasgow, UK.
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81
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Szanda G, Halász E, Spät A. Protein kinases reduce mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake through an action on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Cell Calcium 2010; 48:168-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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82
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Monitoring mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] dynamics with rhod-2, ratiometric pericam and aequorin. Cell Calcium 2010; 48:61-9. [PMID: 20667591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](M)) plays a key role in a variety of cellular processes. The most important methods available to monitor [Ca(2+)](M) are fluorescent dyes such as rhod-2 and specifically targeted proteins such as aequorin and pericam. However, significant discrepancies, both quantitative and qualitative, exist in the literature between the results obtained with different methods. We have made here a systematic comparison of the response of several fluorescent dyes, rhod-2 and rhod-FF, and two Ca(2+)-sensitive proteins, aequorin and pericam. Our results show that measurements obtained with aequorin and pericam are consistent in terms of dynamic Ca(2+) changes. Instead, fluorescent dyes failed to follow Ca(2+) changes adequately, especially during repetitive stimulation. In particular, measures obtained with rhod-2 or rhod-FF evidenced the previously reported Ca(2+)-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake, but data obtained with aequorin or pericam under the same conditions did not. The reason for the loss of response of fluorescent dyes is unclear. Loading with these dyes produced changes in mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential, which were small and reversible at low concentrations (1-2 microM), but produced large and prolonged damage at higher concentrations. In addition, cells loaded with low concentrations of rhod-2 suffered large changes in mitochondrial morphology after light excitation. Our results suggest that [Ca(2+)](M) data obtained with these dyes should be taken with care.
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83
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Abstract
The ability of mitochondria to sequester and retain divalent cations in the form of precipitates consisting of organic and inorganic moieties has been known for decades. Of these cations, Ca(2+) has emerged as a major player in both signal transduction and cell death mechanisms, and, as a consequence, the importance of mitochondria in these processes was soon recognized. Early studies showed considerable effort in identifying the mechanisms of Ca(2+) sequestration, precipitation and release by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation; however, relatively little information was obtained, and these processes were eventually taken for granted. Here, we re-examine: (a) the thermodynamic aspects of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and release, (b) the insufficiently explained effect of uncouplers in inducing mitochondrial Ca(2+) release, (c) the thermodynamic effects of exogenously added adenine nucleotides on mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake capacity and precipitate formation, and (d) the elusive nature of the Ca(2+) -phosphate precipitates formed in the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Neurobiochemical Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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84
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Abstract
The past two decades revealed a plethora of Ca2+-responsive proteins and downstream targets in plants, of which several are unique to plants. More recent high-throughput 'omics' approaches and bioinformatics are exposing Ca2+-responsive cis-elements and the corresponding Ca2+-responsive genes. Here, we review the current knowledge on Ca2+-signaling pathways that regulate gene expression in plants, and we link these to mechanisms by which plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Galon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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85
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Heikal AA. Intracellular coenzymes as natural biomarkers for metabolic activities and mitochondrial anomalies. Biomark Med 2010; 4:241-63. [PMID: 20406068 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in energy metabolism, programmed cell death and oxidative stress. Mutated mitochondrial DNA in diseased cells compromises the structure of key enzyme complexes and, therefore, mitochondrial function, which leads to a myriad of health-related conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and aging. Early detection of mitochondrial and metabolic anomalies is an essential step towards effective diagnoses and therapeutic intervention. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) play important roles in a wide range of cellular oxidation-reduction reactions. Importantly, NADH and FAD are naturally fluorescent, which allows noninvasive imaging of metabolic activities of living cells and tissues. Furthermore, NADH and FAD autofluorescence, which can be excited using distinct wavelengths for complementary imaging methods and is sensitive to protein binding and local environment. This article highlights recent developments concerning intracellular NADH and FAD as potential biomarkers for metabolic and mitochondrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Heikal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2496, USA.
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86
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87
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The dual role of calcium as messenger and stressor in cell damage, death, and survival. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010:546163. [PMID: 20300548 PMCID: PMC2838366 DOI: 10.1155/2010/546163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) is an important second messenger participating in many cellular activities; when physicochemical insults deregulate its delicate homeostasis, it acts as an intrinsic stressor, producing/increasing cell damage. Damage elicits both repair and death responses; intriguingly, in those responses Ca(2+) also participates as second messenger. This delineates a dual role for Ca(2+) in cell stress, making difficult to separate the different and multiple mechanisms required for Ca(2+)-mediated control of cell survival and apoptosis. Here we attempt to disentangle the two scenarios, examining on the one side, the events implicated in deregulated Ca(2+) toxicity and the mechanisms through which this elicits reparative or death pathways; on the other, reviewing the role of Ca(2+) as a messenger in the transduction of these same signaling events.
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88
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To MS, Aromataris EC, Castro J, Roberts ML, Barritt GJ, Rychkov GY. Mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP activates proton conductance but does not block store-operated Ca2+ current in liver cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 495:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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89
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Matsumoto T, Wang PY, Ma W, Sung HJ, Matoba S, Hwang PM. Polo-like kinases mediate cell survival in mitochondrial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:14542-6. [PMID: 19706541 PMCID: PMC2732832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904229106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often display defects in mitochondrial respiration, thus the identification of pathways that promote cell survival under this metabolic state may have therapeutic implications. Here, we report that the targeted ablation of mitochondrial respiration markedly increases expression of Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) and that it is required for the in vitro growth of these nonrespiring cells. Furthermore, we identify PLK2 as a kinase that phosphorylates Ser-137 of PLK1, which is sufficient to mediate this survival signal. In vivo, knockdown of PLK2 in an isogenic human cell line with a modest defect in mitochondrial respiration eliminates xenograft formation, indicating that PLK2 activity is necessary for growth of cells with compromised respiration. Our findings delineate a mitochondrial dysfunction responsive cell cycle pathway critical for determining cancer cell outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Matsumoto
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ping-yuan Wang
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ho Joong Sung
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Paul M. Hwang
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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90
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Chu CT. Tickled PINK1: mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in recessive Parkinsonism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:20-8. [PMID: 19595762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of mitochondrial structure and function has emerged as a central factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related parkinsonian disorders (PD). Toxic and environmental injuries and risk factors perturb mitochondrial complex I function, and gene products linked to familial PD often affect mitochondrial biology. Autosomal recessive mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) cause an L-DOPA responsive parkinsonian syndrome, stimulating extensive interest in the normal neuroprotective and mitoprotective functions of PINK1. Recent data from mammalian and invertebrate model systems converge upon interactions between PINK1 and parkin, as well as DJ-1, alpha-synuclein and leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). While all studies to date support a neuroprotective role for wild type, but not mutant PINK1, there is less agreement on subcellular compartmentalization of PINK1 kinase function and whether PINK1 promotes mitochondrial fission or fusion. These controversies are reviewed in the context of the dynamic mitochondrial lifecycle, in which mitochondrial structure and function are continuously modulated not only by the fission-fusion machinery, but also by regulation of biogenesis, axonal/dendritic transport and autophagy. A working model is proposed, in which PINK1 loss-of-function results in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), cristae/respiratory dysfunction and destabilization of calcium homeostasis, which trigger compensatory fission, autophagy and biosynthetic repair pathways that dramatically alter mitochondrial structure. Concurrent strategies to identify pathways that mediate normal PINK1 function and to identify factors that facilitate appropriate compensatory responses to its loss are both needed to halt the aging-related penetrance and incidence of familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology (Division of Neuropathology), Center for Neuroscience and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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91
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Petersen OH, Tepikin AV, Gerasimenko JV, Gerasimenko OV, Sutton R, Criddle DN. Fatty acids, alcohol and fatty acid ethyl esters: toxic Ca2+ signal generation and pancreatitis. Cell Calcium 2009; 45:634-42. [PMID: 19327825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis, a potentially fatal disease in which the pancreas digests itself as well as its surroundings, is a well recognized complication of hyperlipidemia. Fatty acids have toxic effects on pancreatic acinar cells and these are mediated by large sustained elevations of the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. An important component of the effect of fatty acids is due to inhibition of mitochondrial function and subsequent ATP depletion, which reduces the operation of Ca(2+)-activated ATPases in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. One of the main causes of pancreatitis is alcohol abuse. Whereas the effects of even high alcohol concentrations on isolated pancreatic acinar cells are variable and often small, fatty acid ethyl esters--synthesized by combination of alcohol and fatty acids--consistently evoke major Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, subsequently opening Ca(2+) entry channels in the plasma membrane. The crucial trigger for pancreatic autodigestion is intracellular trypsin activation. Although there is still uncertainty about the exact molecular mechanism by which this Ca(2+)-dependent process occurs, progress has been made in identifying a subcellular compartment--namely acid post-exocytotic endocytic vacuoles--in which this activation takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Petersen
- MRC Secretory Control Research Group, Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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