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Structural and functional characterization of endothelial microparticles released by cigarette smoke. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31596. [PMID: 27530098 PMCID: PMC4987682 DOI: 10.1038/srep31596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are emerging as biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in individuals exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), but their mechanism of release and function remain unknown. We assessed biochemical and functional characteristics of EMPs and circulating microparticles (cMPs) released by CS. CS exposure was sufficient to increase microparticle levels in plasma of humans and mice, and in supernatants of primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells. CS-released EMPs contained predominantly exosomes that were significantly enriched in let-7d, miR-191; miR-126; and miR125a, microRNAs that reciprocally decreased intracellular in CS-exposed endothelium. CS-released EMPs and cMPs were ceramide-rich and required the ceramide-synthesis enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) for their release, an enzyme which was found to exhibit significantly higher activity in plasma of COPD patients or of CS-exposed mice. The ex vivo or in vivo engulfment of EMPs or cMPs by peripheral blood monocytes-derived macrophages was associated with significant inhibition of efferocytosis. Our results indicate that CS, via aSMase, releases circulating EMPs with distinct microRNA cargo and that EMPs affect the clearance of apoptotic cells by specialized macrophages. These targetable effects may be important in the pathogenesis of diseases linked to endothelial injury and inflammation in smokers.
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52
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Zheng B, Mao JH, Li XQ, Qian L, Zhu H, Gu DH, Pan XD. Over-expression of DNA-PKcs in renal cell carcinoma regulates mTORC2 activation, HIF-2α expression and cell proliferation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29415. [PMID: 27412013 PMCID: PMC4944168 DOI: 10.1038/srep29415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrated that DNA-PKcs is over-expressed in multiple human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues and in primary/established human RCCs. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of DNA-PKcs suppressed proliferation of RCC cells. DNA-PKcs was in the complex of mTOR and SIN1, mediating mTORC2 activation and HIF-2α expression in RCC cells. Inhibiting or silencing DNA-PKcs suppressed AKT Ser-473 phosphorylation and HIF-2α expression. In vivo, DNA-PKcs knockdown or oral administration of the DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU-7441 inhibited AKT Ser-473 phosphorylation, HIF-2α expression and 786-0 RCC xenograft growth in nude mice. We showed that miRNA-101 level was decreased in RCC tissues/cells, which could be responsible for DNA-PKcs overexpression and DNA-PKcs mediated oncogenic actions in RCC cells. We show that DNA-PKcs over-expression regulates mTORC2-AKT activation, HIF-2α expression and RCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jia-Hui Mao
- Department of pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Department of pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Qian
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Dong-Hua Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Pan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
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Cui Y, Zhao J, Yi L, Jiang Y. microRNA-153 Targets mTORC2 Component Rictor to Inhibit Glioma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156915. [PMID: 27295037 PMCID: PMC4905671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rictor upregulation and mTORC complex 2 (mTORC2) over-activation participate in glioma cell progression, yet the underling mechanisms are not known. We here identified microRNA-153 (miR-153) as a potential anti-Rictor miRNA, which was downregulated in multiple human glioma tissues and glioma cell lines (U87MG, T98G, U373MG and U251MG). miR-153 downregulation was correlated with Rictor (mRNA and protein) upregulation and p-Akt Ser473 (the mTORC2 indicator) over-activation in the glioma tissues and cells. Our in vitro evidences suggested that Rictor could be one primary target of miR-153 in glioma cells. Exogenous overexpression of miR-153 downregulated Rictor (mRNA and protein) and decreased p-Akt Ser473 in U87MG cells, leading to significant growth inhibition and apoptosis activation. Notably, U87MG cells with Rictor shRNA knockdown showed similar phenotypes of cells with miR-153 overexpression. More importantly, in Rictor-silenced U87MG cells, miR-153 expression failed to further affect cell growth nor apoptosis. In vivo, we showed that miR-153 overexpression dramatically inhibited U87MG tumor growth in nude mice. Together, these results suggest that miR-153 downregulation could be one important reason of Rictor upregulation and mTORC2 over-activation in glioma cells. Further, miR-153-induced anti-glioma cell activity is possibly via downregulating Rictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Chang Sha, 410011,China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Chang Sha, 410011,China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Chang Sha, 410011,China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Chang Sha, 410011,China
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Wang K, Fan Y, Chen G, Wang Z, Kong D, Zhang P. MEK-ERK inhibition potentiates WAY-600-induced anti-cancer efficiency in preclinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:330-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma, one of the most common solid tumors worldwide, is poorly responsive to available chemotherapeutic approaches. While systemic chemotherapy is of limited benefit, intra-arterial delivery of doxorubicin to the tumor frequently produces tumor shrinkage. Its utility is limited, in part, by the frequent emergence of doxorubicin resistance. The mechanisms of this resistance include increased expression of multidrug resistance efflux pumps, alterations of the drug target, topoisomerase, and modulation of programmed cell death pathways. Many of these effects result from changes in miRNA expression and are particularly prominent in tumor cells with a stem cell phenotype. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms of doxorubicin resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma and the potential for approaches toward therapeutic chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Cox
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Steven Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Thomas J, Ohtsuka M, Pichler M, Ling H. MicroRNAs: Clinical Relevance in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28063-76. [PMID: 26602923 PMCID: PMC4691027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancer diagnoses and causes of mortality worldwide. MicroRNAs are a class of small, non-coding regulatory RNAs that have shown strong associations with colorectal cancer. Through the repression of target messenger RNAs, microRNAs modulate many cellular pathways, such as those involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The utilization of microRNAs has shown significant promise in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer, owing to their unique expression profile associations with cancer types and malignancies. Moreover, microRNA therapeutics with mimics or antagonists show great promise in preclinical studies, which encourages further development of their clinical use for colorectal cancer patients. The unique ability of microRNAs to affect multiple downstream pathways represents a novel approach for cancer therapy. Although still early in its development, we believe that microRNAs can be used in the near future as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Thomas
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Masahisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Martin Pichler
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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57
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Shao Y, Li P, Zhu ST, Yue JP, Ji XJ, He Z, Ma D, Wang L, Wang YJ, Zong Y, Wu YD, Zhang ST. Cyclooxygenase-2, a Potential Therapeutic Target, Is Regulated by miR-101 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140642. [PMID: 26556718 PMCID: PMC4640815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is known to promote the carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). There are no reports on whether microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate COX-2 expression in ESCC. This study investigated the effect of miR-101 on ESCC through modulating COX-2 expression in ESCC. METHODS Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify miR-101 expression in ESCC clinical tissues and cell lines. The effects of miR-101 on ESCC progression were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), transwell migration and invasion assays, as well as by flow cytometry. The COX-2 and PEG2 levels were determined by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The luciferase reporter assay was used to verify COX-2 as a direct target of miR-101. The anti-tumor activity of miR-101 in vivo was investigated in a xenograft nude mouse model of ESCC. RESULTS Downregulation of miR-101 was confirmed through comparison of 30 pairs of ESCC tumor and adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001), as well as in 11 ESCC cell lines and a human immortalized esophageal cell line (P < 0.001). Transfection of miR-101 in ESCC cell lines significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion (all P < 0.001). The antitumor effect of miR-101 was verified in a xenograft model. Furthermore, COX-2 was shown to be a target of miR-101. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of miR-101 in ESCC inhibits proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, the miR-101/COX-2 pathway might be a therapeutic target in ESCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Induction/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/therapy
- Esophagus/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/biosynthesis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-tao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-ping Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-jun Ji
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-tian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Lysosomotropic agents selectively target chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells due to altered sphingolipid metabolism. Leukemia 2015; 30:1290-300. [PMID: 26859075 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) mediates cell death in a variety of cancer cells. However, little is known about lysosomes and LMP in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Owing to drug resistance and toxicity in CLL patients, better treatment strategies are required. Our results show that CLL cells were sensitive to the lysosomotropic agent siramesine. Furthermore, this drug was more effective in CLL cells, regardless of prognostic factors, compared with normal B cells. Siramesine caused LMP, lipid peroxidation and transcription factor EB nuclear translocation followed by mitochondrial membrane potential loss and reactive oxygen species release. Siramesine-induced cell death was blocked by lipid antioxidants, but not by soluble antioxidants or protease inhibitors. To determine whether CLL cells had altered lysosomes, we investigated sphingolipid metabolism as the lysosome is a hub for lipid metabolism. We found that CLL cells had more lysosomes, increased sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 (SPP1) expression, and increased levels of sphingosine compared with normal B cells. Raising sphingosine levels increased LMP and cell death in CLL cells, but not in normal B cells. Together, these results show that excess sphingosine in CLL cells could contribute to their sensitivity toward LMP. Thus, targeting the lysosome could be a novel therapeutic strategy in CLL.
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