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Żmigrodzka M, Guzera M, Miśkiewicz A, Jagielski D, Winnicka A. The biology of extracellular vesicles with focus on platelet microparticles and their role in cancer development and progression. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14391-14401. [PMID: 27629289 PMCID: PMC5126185 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of structures which can be classified into smaller in size and relatively homogenous exosomes (EXSMs)—spherical fragments of lipid bilayers from inner cell compartments—and bigger in size ectosomes (ECSMs)—a direct consequence of cell-membrane blebbing. EVs can be found in body fluids of healthy individuals. Their number increases in cancer and other pathological conditions. EVs can originate from various cell types, including leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and neoplastic cells. Platelet microparticles (PMPs) are the most abundant population of EVs in blood. It is well documented that PMPs, being a crucial element of EVs signaling, are involved in tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis and may participate in the development of multidrug resistance by tumor cells. The aim of this review is to present the role of PMPs in carcinogenesis. The biology and functions of PMPs with a particular emphasis on the most recent scientific reports on EV properties are also characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Żmigrodzka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Guzera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Miśkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - D Jagielski
- Veterinary Clinic BIALOBRZESKA, Częstochowska 20, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Winnicka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw, Poland
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Badimon L, Suades R, Fuentes E, Palomo I, Padró T. Role of Platelet-Derived Microvesicles As Crosstalk Mediators in Atherothrombosis and Future Pharmacology Targets: A Link between Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Thrombosis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:293. [PMID: 27630570 PMCID: PMC5005978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports in the last decade have suggested that the role of platelets in atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications may be mediated, in part, by local secretion of platelet-derived microvesicles (pMVs), small cell blebs released during the platelet activation process. MVs are the most abundant cell-derived microvesicle subtype in the circulation. High concentrations of circulating MVs have been reported in patients with atherosclerosis, acute vascular syndromes, and/or diabetes mellitus, suggesting a potential correlation between the quantity of microvesicles and the clinical severity of the atherosclerotic disease. pMVs are considered to be biomarkers of disease but new information indicates that pMVs are also involved in signaling functions. pMVs evoke or promote haemostatic and inflammatory responses, neovascularization, cell survival, and apoptosis, processes involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. This review is focused on the complex cross-talk between platelet-derived microvesicles, inflammatory cells and vascular elements and their relevance in the development of the atherosclerotic disease and its clinical outcomes, providing an updated state-of-the art of pMV involvement in atherothrombosis and pMV potential use as therapeutic agent influencing cardiovascular biomedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant PauBarcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Suades
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados, Conicyt-RegionalGore-Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados, Conicyt-RegionalGore-Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain
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Maurer-Spurej E, Larsen R, Labrie A, Heaton A, Chipperfield K. Microparticle content of platelet concentrates is predicted by donor microparticles and is altered by production methods and stress. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 55:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sun C, Zhao WB, Chen Y, Hu HY. Higher Plasma Concentrations of Platelet Microparticles in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:1325.e1-1325.e10. [PMID: 27177836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet microparticles (PMP), shedding on platelet activation, have been proposed as key components in the procoagulant and proinflammatory process. The aim of this study was to clarify the correlation between plasma PMP concentration and the presence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS We searched for potential relevant studies in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases before December 2015. After screening for eligibility, 11 observational studies that tested the plasma concentration of PMP in patients with ACS were retrieved for comprehensive review, quality assessment, and data extraction. RESULTS Seven studies (64%) provided explicit information between healthy controls and patients with ACS. Five studies (45%) addressed the plasma levels of PMP between patients with ACS and patients with stable angina. Moreover, 5 studies (45%) compared changes in PMP concentration before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ACS. The results showed a significant difference in plasma PMP levels between the patients with ACS and healthy controls, with the pooled standardized mean difference of 1.95 (95% confidence intervals, 0.87-3.02; P < 0.0001). And the plasma concentration of PMP in patients with ACS was higher before PCI than after PCI (standardized mean difference, -0.97; 95% confidence interval, -1.91 to -0.03; P = 0.043). Four of the five studies described that patients with ACS had higher plasma PMP concentration than patients with stable angina, but there was no significant difference between these 2 patient cohorts. CONCLUSIONS PMP is a promising biomarker for the development of ACS. Moreover, PCI, the most common treatment for ACS, could effectively decrease the plasma concentration of PMP, indicating PMP as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Bo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hou-Yuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Ettelaie C, Collier ME, Featherby S, Benelhaj NE, Greenman J, Maraveyas A. Analysis of the potential of cancer cell lines to release tissue factor-containing microvesicles: correlation with tissue factor and PAR2 expression. Thromb J 2016; 14:2. [PMID: 26793031 PMCID: PMC4719208 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-016-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the association of cancer-derived circulating tissue factor (TF)-containing microvesicles and hypercoagulable state, correlations with the incidence of thrombosis remain unclear. METHODS In this study the upregulation of TF release upon activation of various cancer cell lines, and the correlation with TF and PAR2 expression and/or activity was examined. Microvesicle release was induced by PAR2 activation in seventeen cell lines and released microvesicle density, microvesicle-associated TF activity, and phoshpatidylserine-mediated activity were measured. The time-course for TF release was monitored over 90 min in each cell line. In addition, TF mRNA expression, cellular TF protein and cell-surface TF activities were quantified. Moreover, the relative expression of PAR2 mRNA and cellular protein were analysed. Any correlations between the above parameters were examined by determining the Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS TF release as microvesicles peaked between 30-60 min post-activation in the majority of cell lines tested. The magnitude of the maximal TF release positively correlated with TF mRNA (c = 0.717; p < 0.001) and PAR2 mRNA (c = 0.770; p < 0.001) expressions while the percentage increase correlated with PAR2 mRNA (c = 0.601; p = 0.011) and protein (c = 0.714; p < 0.001). There was only a weak correlation between resting TF release, and microvesicle release. However, TF release in resting cells did not significantly correlate with any of the parameters examined. Furthermore, TF mRNA expression correlated with PAR2 mRNA expression (c = 0.745; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data suggest that TF and PAR2 mRNA, and PAR2 protein are better indicators of the ability of cancer cells to release TF and may constitute more accurate predictors of risk of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ettelaie
- Biomedical Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Mary Ew Collier
- Biomedical Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK ; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP UK
| | - Sophie Featherby
- Biomedical Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Naima E Benelhaj
- Biomedical Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK ; Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - John Greenman
- Biomedical Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
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Dynamic microvesicle release and clearance within the cardiovascular system: triggers and mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:915-31. [PMID: 26359252 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cell-derived microvesicles (or microparticles) within cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics is rapidly growing. Microvesicles are often measured in the circulation at a single time point. However, it is becoming clear that microvesicle levels both increase and decrease rapidly in response to certain stimuli such as hypoxia, acute cardiac stress, shear stress, hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation. Consequently, the levels of circulating microvesicles will reflect the balance between dynamic mechanisms for release and clearance. The present review describes the range of triggers currently known to lead to microvesicle release from different cellular origins into the circulation. Specifically, the published data are used to summarize the dynamic impact of these triggers on the degree and rate of microvesicle release. Secondly, a summary of the current understanding of microvesicle clearance via different cellular systems, including the endothelial cell and macrophage, is presented, based on reported studies of clearance in experimental models and clinical scenarios, such as transfusion or cardiac stress. Together, this information can be used to provide insights into potential underlying biological mechanisms that might explain the increases or decreases in circulating microvesicle levels that have been reported and help to design future clinical studies.
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Einfinger K, Badrnya S, Furtmüller M, Handschuh D, Lindner H, Geiger M. Phospholipid Binding Protein C Inhibitor (PCI) Is Present on Microparticles Generated In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143137. [PMID: 26580551 PMCID: PMC4651509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein C inhibitor is a secreted, non-specific serine protease inhibitor with broad protease reactivity. It binds glycosaminoglycans and anionic phospholipids, which can modulate its activity. Anionic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine are normally localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, but are exposed on activated and apoptotic cells and on plasma membrane-derived microparticles. In this report we show by flow cytometry that microparticles derived from cultured cells and activated platelets incorporated protein C inhibitor during membrane blebbing. Moreover, protein C inhibitor is present in/on microparticles circulating in normal human plasma as judged from Western blots, ELISAs, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry. These plasma microparticles are mainly derived from megakaryocytes. They seem to be saturated with protein C inhibitor, since they do not bind added fluorescence-labeled protein C inhibitor. Heparin partially removed microparticle-bound protein C inhibitor, supporting our assumption that protein C inhibitor is bound via phospholipids. To assess the biological role of microparticle-bound protein C inhibitor we performed protease inhibition assays and co-precipitated putative binding partners on microparticles with anti-protein C inhibitor IgG. As judged from amidolytic assays microparticle-bound protein C inhibitor did not inhibit activated protein C or thrombin, nor did microparticles modulate the activity of exogenous protein C inhibitor. Among the proteins co-precipitating with protein C inhibitor, complement factors, especially complement factor 3, were most striking. Taken together, our data do not support a major role of microparticle-associated protein C inhibitor in coagulation, but rather suggest an interaction with proteins of the complement system present on these phospholipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Einfinger
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrun Badrnya
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margareta Furtmüller
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Handschuh
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margarethe Geiger
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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58
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Moghaddam F, Oodi A, Nikougoftar Zarif M, Amani M, Amirizadeh N. Expression of CXCR4 in cord blood-derived CD133+ cells treated with platelet micro-particles. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1702-7. [PMID: 26466742 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1089251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Platelet micro-particles (MPs) contain CXCR4 markers and are able to transfer them into hematopoietic stem cells. Therefore, effect of platelet MPs (PMPs) on the expression levels of CXCR4 and CD34 markers in these cells was examined. Isolated CD 133+ cells cultivated for 5 d in the stem span medium and PMPs. Fold increase of CD34+ cells in the presence of 5 and 10 g/ml of PMPs was increased significantly. CXCR4+ cell percent in the presence of 10 g/ml PMPs compared with control cells (63.8 ± 6.4) was increased (P < 0.05). PMPs were no affect on clonogenicity of hematopoietic progenitor cells. BACKGROUND Cord blood CD133+ cells are able to maintain long-term hematopoiesis and to differentiate to hematopoietic lineages. CXCR4 over expression is involved in homing and successful transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow. PMPs contain CXCR4 markers and are able to transfer them into hematopoietic stem cells. Therefore, considering the importance of CD133+ cells as primitive HSCs, the effect of PMPs on the expression levels of CXCR4 and CD34 markers in these cells was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cord blood CD133+ cells were isolated by MACS. Isolated cells were divided into three groups: (i) control cells, (ii) cells treated with 5 μg/ml PMPs, (iii) cells treated with 10 μg/ml PMPs. Cells were cultivated for 5 d in the stem span medium. Expression of CD 133, CD34, and CXCR4 surface marker was analyzed by flow cytometry. Total cell numbers were counted by hemocytometer and clonogenicity were measured by colony assay. RESULTS PMPs were no effect on CD133+ cells proliferation, but fold increase of CD34+ cells in the presence of 5 and 10 g/ml of PMPs was increased significantly. CXCR4+ cell percent in the presence of 10 g/ml PMPs compared with control cells (63.8 ± 6.4) was increased (P < 0.05). PMPs were no affect on clonogenicity of hematopoietic progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of CD133+ cells isolated from cord blood to PMPs with 10 μg/ml concentration increased the expression of CXCR4 surface marker significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Moghaddam
- a Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran , The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Arezoo Oodi
- a Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran , The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahin Nikougoftar Zarif
- a Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran , The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Maryam Amani
- a Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran , The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Naser Amirizadeh
- a Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine , Tehran , The Islamic Republic of Iran
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Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Damien P, Chabert A, Pozzetto B, Cognasse F, Garraud O. Platelets and infections - complex interactions with bacteria. Front Immunol 2015; 6:82. [PMID: 25767472 PMCID: PMC4341565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets can be considered sentinels of vascular system due to their high number in the circulation and to the range of functional immunoreceptors they express. Platelets express a wide range of potential bacterial receptors, including complement receptors, FcγRII, Toll-like receptors but also integrins conventionally described in the hemostatic response, such as GPIIb–IIIa or GPIb. Bacteria bind these receptors either directly, or indirectly via fibrinogen, fibronectin, the first complement C1q, the von Willebrand Factor, etc. The fate of platelet-bound bacteria is questioned. Several studies reported the ability of activated platelets to internalize bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Porphyromonas gingivalis, though there is no clue on what happens thereafter. Are they sheltered from the immune system in the cytoplasm of platelets or are they lysed? Indeed, while the presence of phagolysosome has not been demonstrated in platelets, they contain antimicrobial peptides that were shown to be efficient on S. aureus. Besides, the fact that bacteria can bind to platelets via receptors involved in hemostasis suggests that they may induce aggregation; this has indeed been described for Streptococcus sanguinis, S. epidermidis, or C. pneumoniae. On the other hand, platelets are able to display an inflammatory response to an infectious triggering. We, and others, have shown that platelet release soluble immunomodulatory factors upon stimulation by bacterial components. Moreover, interactions between bacteria and platelets are not limited to only these two partners. Indeed, platelets are also essential for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils, resulting in bacterial clearance by trapping bacteria and concentrating antibacterial factors but in enhancing thrombosis. In conclusion, the platelet–bacteria interplay is a complex game; its fine analysis is complicated by the fact that the inflammatory component adds to the aggregation response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Damien
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Adrien Chabert
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Loire , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine , Paris , France
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El-Menshawy N, Eissa M, Farag R, Aboalyazed A. CD235a (Glycophorin-A) Is the Most Predictive Value Among Different Circulating Cellular Microparticles in Thrombocytopenic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J Clin Lab Anal 2015; 30:235-43. [PMID: 25716234 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to assess different cellular microparticles (MPs) in thrombocytopenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and their significance as disease activity markers. METHODS Thirty-five thrombocytopenic human immunodeficiency diseases and 25 healthy controls with matched age and sex were selected. Viral load was quantitated by COBAS real-time polymerase reaction (PCR) assessment of absolute T-cell subsets CD4, CD8 as a disease progress marker. Platelet MPs, platelet-derived monocyte MPs (CD42a, CD61), erythrocyte MP (CD235a), monocytic MP (CD14), and platelet activity MPs (CD62P, PAC-1) were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry FACSCalibur, while platelet functions were assessed by platelet function analyzer (PFA-100). CD42a, CD61, and platelet activity index represented by PAC-1 and CD62. RESULTS P-selectin in HIV-infected patient samples were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than among controls. There was a negative correlation between the proportion of PAC-1 and CD62 P-selectin-positive MPs and levels of CD4(+) T-cell counts (r = -0.403, P = 0.016; r = -0.438, P = 0.008), respectively. There was a negative correlation between collagen-ADP and levels of CD4(+) T-cell counts (r = -0.368, P = 0.03). There was a significant high expression level of CD14 monocyte MPs in patients than controls (P < 0.0001), overexpression of CD235a (P < 0.0001), and no correlation between CD14 and CD4, whereas there was a significant negative correlation with CD235a (r = -0.394, P = 0.019). A linear regression analysis of CD4 as a disease progression marker with other variable indicators in HIV patients showed that CD235a could be the most sensitive predictor similar to CD4. CONCLUSION Different cellular MPs and platelets activated in HIV patients could have a role in thrombotic events in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia El-Menshawy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Hematology Unit, Mansoura Medical School, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Eissa
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Pathology Department, Zagazig University, Egypt.,College of Medicine, Pathology Department, King Khaled University, Abha, KSA
| | - Raghada Farag
- Tropical Medical Department, Mansoura Medical School, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Aboalyazed
- Community Medicine Department, Mansoura Medical School, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Nomura S, Shimizu M. Clinical significance of procoagulant microparticles. J Intensive Care 2015; 3:2. [PMID: 25705427 PMCID: PMC4336124 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-014-0066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles that are released from many different cell types by exocytic budding of the plasma membrane in response to cellular activation or apoptosis. MPs may also be involved in clinical diseases because they express phospholipids, which function as procoagulants. Although flow cytometry is the most widely used method for studying MPs, some novel assays, such as tissue factor-dependent procoagulant assay or the ELISA method, have been reported. However, the use of quantification of MP as a clinical tool is still controversial. Elevated platelet-derived MP, endothelial cell-derived MP, and monocyte-derived MP concentrations are documented in almost all thrombotic diseases occurring in venous and arterial beds. However, the significance of MPs in various clinical conditions remains controversial. An example of this controversy is that it is unknown if MPs found in peripheral blood vessels cause thrombosis or whether they are the result of thrombosis. Numerous studies have shown that not only the quantity, but also the cellular origin and composition of circulating MPs, are dependent on the type of disease, the disease state, and medical treatment. Additionally, many different functions have been attributed to MPs. Therefore, the number and type of clinical disorders associated with elevated MPs are currently increasing. However, MPs were initially thought to be small particles with procoagulant activity. Taken together, our review suggests that MPs may be a useful biomarker to identify thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191 Japan
| | - Michiomi Shimizu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191 Japan
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Low level of procoagulant platelet microparticles is associated with impaired coagulation and transfusion requirements in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 77:692-700. [PMID: 25494419 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following activation, platelets release small vesicles called platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs). PMPs accelerate thrombin generation and thus clot formation at sites of injury by exposing the procoagulant membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS). The role of PMPs in coagulopathy and hemorrhage following trauma remains elusive. We hypothesized that low levels of PS-positive PMPs (PS + PMPs) would be associated with impaired clot formation. METHODS This is a prospective observational study of 210 trauma patients admitted directly to a Level 1 trauma center. Plasma levels of PS + PMPs were determined by flow cytometry. Coagulation status was assessed by rotational thrombelastometry, and impaired clot formation was defined by an α angle less than 63 degrees using the tissue factor-based EXTEM reagent. Transfusion requirement was assessed by number of units of red blood cells (RBCs) transfused within 24 hours of admission; platelet aggregation capacity was evaluated by the Multiplate assay; and injury severity was determined by the Injury Severity Score (ISS). RESULTS The median ISS was 17, and blood samples were obtained after a median of 65 minutes following injury. Significantly lower levels of PS + PMPs were found in patients with impaired clot formation (p < 0.001). A low level of PS + PMPs was associated with a higher number of RBCs transfused during the initial 24 hours after admission (p < 0.03) when corrected for risk factors, for example, platelet count, hemoglobin level, and ISS. Platelet aggregation and PS + PMPs did not correlate significantly. CONCLUSION Low levels of PMPs were associated with impaired clot formation in trauma patients at admission and also with the number of RBC transfusions. This suggests that PMPs may play an important and not previously investigated role in trauma-induced coagulopathy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, level III.
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Matijevic N, Wang YWW, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA, Schreiber MA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Del Junco DJ, Cardenas JC, Rahbar MH, Cohen MJ. Cellular microparticle and thrombogram phenotypes in the Prospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) study: correlation with coagulopathy. Thromb Res 2014; 134:652-8. [PMID: 25086657 PMCID: PMC4160305 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma-induced coagulopathy following severe injury is associated with increased bleeding and mortality. Injury may result in alteration of cellular phenotypes and release of cell-derived microparticles (MP). Circulating MPs are procoagulant and support thrombin generation (TG) and clotting. We evaluated MP and TG phenotypes in severely injured patients at admission, in relation to coagulopathy and bleeding. METHODS As part of the Prospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) study, research blood samples were obtained from 180 trauma patients requiring transfusions at 5 participating centers. Twenty five healthy controls and 40 minimally injured patients were analyzed for comparisons. Laboratory criteria for coagulopathy was activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ≥ 35 sec. Samples were analyzed by Calibrated Automated Thrombogram to assess TG, and by flow cytometry for MP phenotypes [platelet (PMP), erythrocyte (RMP), leukocyte (LMP), endothelial (EMP), tissue factor (TFMP), and Annexin V positive (AVMP)]. RESULTS 21.7% of patients were coagulopathic with the median (IQR) APTT of 44 sec (37, 53), and an Injury Severity Score of 26 (17, 35). Compared to controls, patients had elevated EMP, RMP, LMP, and TFMP (all p<0.001), and enhanced TG (p<0.0001). However, coagulopathic PROMMTT patients had significantly lower PMP, TFMP, and TG, higher substantial bleeding, and higher mortality compared to non-coagulopathic patients (all p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cellular activation and enhanced TG are predominant after trauma and independent of injury severity. Coagulopathy was associated with lower thrombin peak and rate compared to non-coagulopathic patients, while lower levels of TF-bearing PMPs were associated with substantial bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nena Matijevic
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yao-Wei W Wang
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Charles E Wade
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - John B Holcomb
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bryan A Cotton
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Martin A Schreiber
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Rd SW, Mail Code L-611, Portland, OR 97035, USA.
| | - Peter Muskat
- Division of Trauma/Critical Care, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 222 Piedmont Ave., Suite 7000, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
| | - Erin E Fox
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Deborah J Del Junco
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jessica C Cardenas
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 5.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Mohammad H Rahbar
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Core,Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences and Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1100 Fannin St. UPB 1100.21, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Mitchell Jay Cohen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave. Room 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Hargett LA, Bauer NN. On the origin of microparticles: From "platelet dust" to mediators of intercellular communication. Pulm Circ 2014; 3:329-40. [PMID: 24015332 PMCID: PMC3757826 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles are submicron vesicles shed from a variety of cells. Peter Wolf first identified microparticles in the midst of ongoing blood coagulation research in 1967 as a product of platelets. He termed them platelet dust. Although initially thought to be useless cellular trash, decades of research focused on the tiny vesicles have defined their roles as participators in coagulation, cellular signaling, vascular injury, and homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the science leading up to the discovery of microparticles, feature discoveries made by key contributors to the field of microparticle research, and discuss their positive and negative impact on the pulmonary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Hargett
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology and College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Mezouar S, Mege D, Darbousset R, Farge D, Debourdeau P, Dignat-George F, Panicot-Dubois L, Dubois C. Involvement of Platelet-Derived Microparticles in Tumor Progression and Thrombosis. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:346-58. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Circulating levels of cell-derived microparticles are reduced by mild hypobaric hypoxia: data from a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1067-73. [PMID: 24514947 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia is known to induce the release of microparticles in vitro. However, few publications have addressed the role of hypoxia in vivo on circulating levels of microparticles. This randomised, controlled, crossover trial aimed to determine the effect of mild hypoxia on in vivo levels of circulating microparticles in healthy individuals. METHODS Blood was obtained from 51 healthy male volunteers (mean age of 26.9 years) at baseline altitude (490 m) and after 24 and 48 h at moderate altitude (2,590 m). The order of altitude exposure was randomised. Flow cytometry was used to assess platelet-poor plasma for levels of circulating microparticles derived from platelets, endothelial cells, leucocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells and procoagulant microparticles. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation) oxygen saturation was significantly lower on the first and second day after arrival at 2,590 m, 91.0 (2.0) and 92.0 (2.0) %, respectively, compared to 490 m, 96 (1.0) %, p < 0.001 for both comparisons. A significant decrease in the levels of procoagulant microparticles (annexin V+ -221/μl 95 % CI -370.8/-119.0, lactadherin+ -202/μl 95 % CI -372.2/-93.1), platelet-derived microparticles (-114/μl 95 % CI -189.9/-51.0) and red blood cell-derived microparticles (-81.4 μl 95 % CI -109.9/-57.7) after 48 h at moderate altitude was found. Microparticles derived from endothelial cells, granulocytes, monocytes and leucocytes were not significantly altered by exposure to moderate altitude. CONCLUSIONS In healthy male individuals, mild hypobaric hypoxia, induced by a short-term stay at moderate altitude, is associated with lower levels of procoagulant microparticles, platelet-derived microparticles and red blood cell-derived microparticles, suggesting a reduction in thrombotic potential.
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Augustine D, Ayers LV, Lima E, Newton L, Lewandowski AJ, Davis EF, Ferry B, Leeson P. Dynamic release and clearance of circulating microparticles during cardiac stress. Circ Res 2013; 114:109-13. [PMID: 24141170 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microparticles are cell-derived membrane vesicles, relevant to a range of biological responses and known to be elevated in cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate microparticle release during cardiac stress and how this response differs in those with vascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured a comprehensive panel of circulating cell-derived microparticles by a standardized flow cytometric protocol in 119 patients referred for stress echocardiography. Procoagulant, platelet, erythrocyte, and endothelial but not leukocyte, granulocyte, or monocyte-derived microparticles were elevated immediately after a standardized dobutamine stress echocardiogram and decreased after 1 hour. Twenty-five patients developed stress-induced wall motion abnormalities suggestive of myocardial ischemia. They had similar baseline microparticle levels to those who did not develop ischemia, but, interestingly, their microparticle levels did not change during stress. Furthermore, no stress-induced increase was observed in those without inducible ischemia but with a history of vascular disease. Fourteen patients subsequently underwent coronary angiography. A microparticle rise during stress echocardiography had occurred only in those with normal coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS Procoagulant, platelet, erythrocyte, and endothelial microparticles are released during cardiac stress and then clear from the circulation during the next hour. This stress-induced rise seems to be a normal physiological response that is diminished in those with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Augustine
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (D.A., E.L., L.N., A.J.L., E.F.D., P.L.); and Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom (L.V.A., B.F.)
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Brown GT, Narayanan P, Li W, Silverstein RL, McIntyre TM. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates platelets through an IL-1β autocrine loop. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5196-203. [PMID: 24081990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LPS activates platelets through TLR4, aiding productive sepsis, with stimulated splicing and translation of stored heteronuclear pro-IL-1β RNA. Although the IL-1R type 1 (IL-1R1) receptor for IL-1 shares downstream components with the TLR4 receptor, platelets are not known to express IL-1R1, nor are they known to respond to this cytokine. We show by flow cytometry and Western blotting that platelets express IL-1R1, and that IL-1β and IL-1α stimulate heteronuclear I-1β splicing and translation of the newly made mRNA in platelets. Platelets also respond to the IL-1β they make, which is exclusively associated with shed microparticles. Specific blockade of IL-1R1 with IL-1R antagonist suppressed platelet stimulation by IL-1, so IL-1β stimulates its own synthesis in an autocrine signaling loop. Strikingly, IL-1R antagonist inhibition, pharmacologic or genetic suppression of pro-IL-1β processing to active cytokine by caspase-1, or blockade of de novo protein synthesis also blocked LPS-induced IL-1β mRNA production. Robust stimulation of platelets by LPS therefore also required IL-1β amplification. Activated platelets made IL-1β in vivo as IL-1β rapidly accumulated in occluded murine carotid arteries by posttranscriptional RNA splicing unique to platelets. We conclude that IL-1β is a platelet agonist, that IL-1β acts through an autocrine stimulatory loop, that an IL-1β autocrine loop is required to amplify platelet activation by LPS, and that platelets immobilized in occlusive thrombi are activated over time to produce IL-1β. IL-1 is a new platelet agonist that promotes its own synthesis, connecting thrombosis with immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thomas Brown
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Cell Biology Graduate Training Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Padmini Narayanan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Cell Biology Graduate Training Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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The role of extracellular vesicles in phenotypic cancer transformation. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47:197-205. [PMID: 24133383 PMCID: PMC3794874 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer has traditionally been considered as a disease resulting from gene mutations. New findings in biology are challenging gene-centered explanations of cancer progression and redirecting them to the non-genetic origins of tumorigenicity. It has become clear that intercellular communication plays a crucial role in cancer progression. Among the most intriguing ways of intercellular communication is that via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane structures released from various types of cells. After separation from the mother membrane, EVs become mobile and may travel from the extracellular space to blood and other body fluids. Conclusions Recently it has been shown that tumour cells are particularly prone to vesiculation and that tumour-derived EVs can carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids causative of cancer progression. The uptake of tumour-derived EVs by noncancerous cells can change their normal phenotype to cancerous. The suppression of vesiculation could slow down tumour growth and the spread of metastases. The purpose of this review is to highlight examples of EV-mediated cancer phenotypic transformation in the light of possible therapeutic applications.
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Horstman LL, Jy W, Bidot CJ, Nordberg ML, Minagar A, Alexander JS, Kelley RE, Ahn YS. Potential roles of cell-derived microparticles in ischemic brain disease. Neurol Res 2013; 31:799-806. [DOI: 10.1179/016164109x12445505689526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Yong PJA, Koh CH, Shim WSN. Endothelial microparticles: missing link in endothelial dysfunction? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 20:496-512. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487312445001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Winston SN Shim
- SingHealth Research Facilities, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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73
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Monjushiro H, Tanahashi Y, Watarai H. Laser-photophoretic migration and fractionation of human blood cells. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 777:86-90. [PMID: 23622969 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Laser photophoretic migration behavior of human blood cells in saline solution was investigated under the irradiation of Nd:YAG laser beam (532 nm) in the absence and the presence of the flow in a fused silica capillary. Red blood cells (RBC) were migrated faster than white blood cells (WBC) and blood pellets to the direction of propagation of laser light. The observed photophoretic velocity of RBC was about 11 times faster than those of others. This was understood from the larger photophoretic efficiency of RBC than that of WBC, which was simulated based on the Mie scattering theory. Furthermore, it was found that, during the photophoretic migration, RBCs spontaneously orientated parallel to the migration direction so as to reduce the drag force. Finally, it was demonstrated that RBC and WBC were separated in a micro-channel flow system by the laser photophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Monjushiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Barteneva NS, Fasler-Kan E, Bernimoulin M, Stern JNH, Ponomarev ED, Duckett L, Vorobjev IA. Circulating microparticles: square the circle. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:23. [PMID: 23607880 PMCID: PMC3651414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present review summarizes current knowledge about microparticles (MPs) and provides a systematic overview of last 20 years of research on circulating MPs, with particular focus on their clinical relevance. Results MPs are a heterogeneous population of cell-derived vesicles, with sizes ranging between 50 and 1000 nm. MPs are capable of transferring peptides, proteins, lipid components, microRNA, mRNA, and DNA from one cell to another without direct cell-to-cell contact. Growing evidence suggests that MPs present in peripheral blood and body fluids contribute to the development and progression of cancer, and are of pathophysiological relevance for autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, cardiovascular, hematological, and other diseases. MPs have large diagnostic potential as biomarkers; however, due to current technological limitations in purification of MPs and an absence of standardized methods of MP detection, challenges remain in validating the potential of MPs as a non-invasive and early diagnostic platform. Conclusions Improvements in the effective deciphering of MP molecular signatures will be critical not only for diagnostics, but also for the evaluation of treatment regimens and predicting disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, D-249, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Alexandru N, Popov D, Dragan E, Andrei E, Georgescu A. Circulating endothelial progenitor cell and platelet microparticle impact on platelet activation in hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52058. [PMID: 23372649 PMCID: PMC3556069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this project was to evaluate the influence of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and platelet microparticles (PMPs) on blood platelet function in experimental hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia. Methods Golden Syrian hamsters were divided in six groups: (i) control, C; (ii) hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic, HH; (iii) ‘prevention’, HHin-EPCs, HH animals fed a HH diet and treated with EPCs; (iv) ‘regression’, HHfin-EPCs, HH treated with EPCs after HH feeding; (v) HH treated with PMPs, HH-PMPs, and (vi) HH treated with EPCs and PMPs, HH-EPCs-PMPs. Results Compared to HH group, the platelets from HHin-EPCs and HHfin-EPCs groups showed a reduction of: (i) activation, reflected by decreased integrin 3β, FAK, PI3K, src protein expression; (ii) secreted molecules as: SDF-1, MCP-1, RANTES, VEGF, PF4, PDGF and (iii) expression of pro-inflammatory molecules as: SDF-1, MCP-1, RANTES, IL-6, IL-1β; TFPI secretion was increased. Compared to HH group, platelets of HH-PMPs group showed increased activation, molecules release and proteins expression. Compared to HH-PMPs group the combination EPCs with PMPs treatment induced a decrease of all investigated platelet molecules, however not comparable with that recorded when EPC individual treatment was applied. Conclusion EPCs have the ability to reduce platelet activation and to modulate their pro-inflammatory and anti-thrombogenic properties in hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia. Although, PMPs have several beneficial effects in combination with EPCs, these did not improve the EPC effects. These findings reveal a new biological role of circulating EPCs in platelet function regulation, and may contribute to understand their cross talk, and the mechanisms of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Alexandru
- Petru Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail: (NA); adriana.georgescu@ icbp.ro (AG)
| | - Doina Popov
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuel Dragan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugen Andrei
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Petru Poni’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail: (NA); adriana.georgescu@ icbp.ro (AG)
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Abstract
Body fluids contain surprising numbers of cell-derived vesicles which are now thought to contribute to both physiology and pathology. Tools to improve the detection of vesicles are being developed and clinical applications using vesicles for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy are under investigation. The increased understanding why cells release vesicles, how vesicles play a role in intercellular communication, and how vesicles may concurrently contribute to cellular homeostasis and host defense, reveals a very complex and sophisticated contribution of vesicles to health and disease.
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Faille D, El-Assaad F, Mitchell AJ, Alessi MC, Chimini G, Fusai T, Grau GE, Combes V. Endocytosis and intracellular processing of platelet microparticles by brain endothelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1731-8. [PMID: 21883894 PMCID: PMC3822686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived microparticles (PMP) bind and modify the phenotype of many cell types including endothelial cells. Recently, we showed that PMP were internalized by human brain endothelial cells (HBEC). Here we intend to better characterize the internalization mechanisms of PMP and their intracellular fate. Confocal microscopy analysis of PKH67-labelled PMP distribution in HBEC showed PMP in early endosome antigen 1 positive endosomes and in LysoTracker-labelled lysosomes, confirming a role for endocytosis in PMP internalization. No fusion of calcein-loaded PMP with HBEC membranes was observed. Quantification of PMP endocytosis using flow cytometry revealed that it was partially inhibited by trypsin digestion of PMP surface proteins and by extracellular Ca2+ chelation by EDTA, suggesting a partial role for receptor-mediated endocytosis in PMP uptake. This endocytosis was independent of endothelial receptors such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and was not increased by tumour necrosis factor stimulation of HBEC. Platelet-derived microparticle internalization was dramatically increased in the presence of decomplemented serum, suggesting a role for PMP opsonin-dependent phagocytosis. Platelet-derived microparticle uptake was greatly diminished by treatment of HBEC with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of microfilament formation required for both phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, with methyl-β-cyclodextrin that depletes membrane cholesterol needed for macropinocytosis and with amiloride that inhibits the Na+/H+ exchanger involved in macropinocytosis. In conclusion, PMP are taken up by active endocytosis in HBEC, involving mechanisms consistent with both phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. These findings identify new processes by which PMP could modify endothelial cell phenotype and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Faille
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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Sahler J, Woeller C, Spinelli S, Blumberg N, Phipps R. A novel method for overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in megakaryocyte and platelet microparticles achieves transcellular signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2563-72. [PMID: 23039852 PMCID: PMC3666584 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles are submicrometer vesicles that contain RNA and protein derived from their parent cells. Platelet and megakaryocyte microparticles represent 80% of circulating microparticles, and their numbers are elevated in diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. The ability of microparticles to transport protein, lipid and RNA to target cells, as a means of transcellular communication, remains poorly understood. Determining the influence that microparticles have on circulating cells is essential for understanding their role in health and in disease. OBJECTIVES To develop a novel approach to modify the composition of platelet microparticles, and understand how such changes impact their transcellular communication. METHODS This novel model utilizes a lentiviral technology to alter the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) content of megakaryoblastic cell lines and primary megakaryocytes, and also the protein composition of generated platelets and microparticles. The subsequent microparticles were isolated and added to target cells for assessment of uptake and resultant signaling events. RESULTS We successfully engineered microparticles to contain green fluorescent protein and elevated levels of PPARγ. We found that these altered microparticles could be internalized by the monocytic cell line THP-1 and primary human microvascular endothelial cells. Importantly, microparticle-delivered PPARγ was shown to increase the expression of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), which is a known PPARγ target gene in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept modification of megakaryocyte, platelet and microparticle composition and subsequent change in target cell physiology is an important new tool to address transcellular communication of microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Phang M, Lincz L, Seldon M, Garg ML. Acute supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid reduces platelet microparticle activity in healthy subjects. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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McVey M, Tabuchi A, Kuebler WM. Microparticles and acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L364-81. [PMID: 22728467 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00354.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is characterized by increased vascular and epithelial permeability, hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis, inflammation, and immune modulation. These detrimental changes are orchestrated by cross talk between a complex network of cells, mediators, and signaling pathways. A rapidly growing number of studies have reported the appearance of distinct populations of microparticles (MPs) in both the vascular and alveolar compartments in animal models of ALI/ARDS or respective patient populations, where they may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. MPs are small cytosolic vesicles with an intact lipid bilayer that can be released by a variety of vascular, parenchymal, or blood cells and that contain membrane and cytosolic proteins, organelles, lipids, and RNA supplied from and characteristic for their respective parental cells. Owing to this endowment, MPs can effectively interact with other cell types via fusion, receptor-mediated interaction, uptake, or mediator release, thereby acting as intrinsic stimulators, modulators, or even attenuators in a variety of disease processes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the formation and potential functional role of different MPs in inflammatory diseases with a specific focus on ALI/ARDS. ALI has been associated with the formation of MPs from such diverse cellular origins as platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, red blood cells, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Because of their considerable heterogeneity in terms of origin and functional properties, MPs may contribute via both harmful and beneficial effects to the characteristic pathological features of ALI/ARDS. A better understanding of the formation, function, and relevance of MPs may give rise to new promising therapeutic strategies to modulate coagulation, inflammation, endothelial function, and permeability either through removal or inhibition of "detrimental" MPs or through administration or stimulation of "favorable" MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark McVey
- The Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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81
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Chaichompoo P, Kumya P, Khowawisetsut L, Chiangjong W, Chaiyarit S, Pongsakul N, Sirithanaratanakul N, Fucharoen S, Thongboonkerd V, Pattanapanyasat K. Characterizations and proteome analysis of platelet-free plasma-derived microparticles in β-thalassemia/hemoglobin E patients. J Proteomics 2012; 76 Spec No.:239-50. [PMID: 22705320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatability and oxidative damage of red blood cells (RBCs), platelet activation and increased amount of blood cells-derived microparticles (MPs) are thought to be the etiologies for the thrombotic risk in thalassemia, but with unclear mechanisms. Here we report cellular origins and increases in number, oxidative stress status, and procoagulant activity, as well as altered proteome of MPs isolated from β-thal/HbE patients. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that β-thal/HbE patients had significantly higher levels of phosphatidylserine (PS)-bearing MPs in platelet-free plasma (PFP) as compared to normal subjects. The high levels of MPs correlated with not only the increased procoagulant activity but also the increased platelet counts. Additionally, these PS-bearing MPs were originated mostly from platelets and RBCs, both of which had increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Proteome analysis of MPs by 2-DE followed by Q-TOF MS and MS/MS analyses identified 29 proteins with significantly altered levels in MPs derived from β-thal/HbE patients (e.g. the increased levels of peroxiredoxin 6, apolipoprotein E, cyclophilin A and heat shock protein 90). These findings suggest that the oxidative damage in platelets and RBCs potentially induces production of MPs with altered proteome that may, in turn, facilitate thromboembolic complications, which are commonly found in thalassemic patients. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Integrated omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntip Chaichompoo
- Department of Immunology and Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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82
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Bucciarelli P, Martinelli I, Artoni A, Passamonti SM, Previtali E, Merati G, Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. Circulating microparticles and risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2012; 129:591-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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83
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Cellular biomarkers of endothelial health: microparticles, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:85-99. [PMID: 22321962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, the shift from a healthy endothelium to a damaged pro-coagulative, pro-inflammatory, and pro-vasoconstrictive phenotype, is an early event in many chronic diseases that frequently precedes cardiovascular complications. Functional assessment of the endothelium can identify endothelial damage and predict cardiovascular risk; however, this assessment provides little information as to the mechanisms underlying development of endothelial dysfunction. Changes in plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels, markers of lipid peroxidation, circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, indices of coagulation and cellular surrogates such as microparticles, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells may reflect alterations in endothelial status and as such have been defined as "biomarkers" of endothelial function. Biomarkers may be chemical or cellular. This review examines some markers of endothelial dysfunction, with a particular focus on cellular biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and their diagnostic potential.
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84
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Zafrani L, Gerotziafas G, Byrnes C, Hu X, Perez J, Lévi C, Placier S, Letavernier E, Leelahavanichkul A, Haymann JP, Elalamy I, Miller JL, Star RA, Yuen PST, Baud L. Calpastatin controls polymicrobial sepsis by limiting procoagulant microparticle release. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:744-55. [PMID: 22268136 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201109-1686oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sepsis, a leading cause of death worldwide, involves widespread activation of inflammation, massive activation of coagulation, and lymphocyte apoptosis. Calpains, calcium-activated cysteine proteases, have been shown to increase inflammatory reactions and lymphocyte apoptosis. Moreover, calpain plays an essential role in microparticle release. OBJECTIVES We investigated the contribution of calpain in eliciting tissue damage during sepsis. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we induced polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture in wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic mice expressing high levels of calpastatin, a calpain-specific inhibitor. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In WT mice, calpain activity increased transiently peaking at 6 hours after cecal ligation and puncture surgery. Calpastatin overexpression improved survival, organ dysfunction (including lung, kidney, and liver damage), and lymphocyte apoptosis. It decreased the sepsis-induced systemic proinflammatory response and disseminated intravascular coagulation, by reducing the number of procoagulant circulating microparticles and therefore delaying thrombin generation. The deleterious effect of microparticles in this model was confirmed by transferring microparticles from septic WT to septic transgenic mice, worsening their survival and coagulopathy. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate an important role of the calpain/calpastatin system in coagulation/inflammation pathways during sepsis, because calpain inhibition is associated with less severe disseminated intravascular coagulation and better overall outcomes in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Zafrani
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, UMR S 702, Paris, France.
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Nantakomol D, Imwong M, Mas-Oodi S, Plabplueng CD, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Prachayasittikul V, Nuchnoi P. Increase Membrane Vesiculation in Essential Hypertension. Lab Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1309/lm0aks1zxdr1uayw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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86
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Zahra S, Anderson J, Stirling D, Ludlam C. Plasma microparticles are not elevated in fresh plasma from patients with gynaecological malignancy — An observational study. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pap E, Pállinger É, Falus A. The role of membrane vesicles in tumorigenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 79:213-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Hoang TQ, Rampon C, Freyssinet JM, Vriz S, Kerbiriou-Nabias D. A method to assess the migration properties of cell-derived microparticles within a living tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:863-6. [PMID: 21609754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells undergoing activation or apoptosis exhibit plasma membrane changes, leading to the formation of shed vesicles (microparticles, MP). Although their effects on recipient cells in vitro, and their ability to support inflammatory or thrombotic events in the circulation have been studied, the spreading of such vesicles in tissues is still elusive. Our aim was to set up a method to examine the behavior of these vesicles in vivo. METHODS We examined the persistence of green-fluorescent microparticles (fMP), prepared after Ca2+ ionophore activation (iono-fMP) or apoptogenic treatment (eto-fMP) of human Jurkat T lymphoblastic or non-hematopoietic embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines, following injection in zebrafish embryos 2h after egg fertilization. RESULTS One hour post-injection, iono-fMP issued from both cell types formed a fluorescent dispersal in the intercellular space of embryos. In contrast, eto-fMP or MP deprived of sialic acid at their membrane, gathered together at the site of injection. CONCLUSIONS We propose a method characterizing the abilities of MP to spread in the intercellular space. We showed that MP produced by apoptosis of T cells and those deprived of sialic acid at their membrane do not diffuse within the living cells. On the contrary, MP shed upon calcium induced activation of T and HEK cells, diffuse at a distance and spread in the intercellular space. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The fate of injected MP relies on the type of induction rather than the cell species and results provide a model to test the ability of vesicles to interact locally or to spread outside of the site of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Q Hoang
- INSERM U770, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Ripoche J. Blood platelets and inflammation: their relationship with liver and digestive diseases. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:353-7. [PMID: 21482218 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An expansion of knowledge from basic and clinical research has highlighted the critical role of platelets in inflammation and tissue repair in addition to their established contribution to hemostasis. Activated platelets are a rich source of mediators participating to inflammation and tissue regeneration. Platelet-derived microparticles recapitulate essential platelet functions and their contribution to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases has been emphasized. Recent findings suggest that platelets are both friends and foes for the liver. Platelets are essential to liver regeneration, platelet-derived serotonin being critical. However platelets can also exacerbate liver damage, as in immune-mediated injury. The dual role of platelets has recently been exemplified in animal models of liver fibrosis. Platelets release profibrogenic mediators, such as CXC Chemokine Ligand 4, that is instrumental in the progression of liver fibrosis. On the other hand, thrombocytopenia aggravates liver fibrosis, an outcome linked to the downregulation of hepatic stellate cell collagen production by platelet derived hepatocyte growth factor. CD154, a key molecule in inflammation, is expressed by platelets and is a pathogenic mediator in inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we summarize some of the mechanisms linking platelets with inflammation and comment few recent articles indicating why platelets may prove to be important pathogenic mediators in liver and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ripoche
- Inserm U889, université Victor-Segalen-Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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90
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Macey MG, Enniks N, Bevan S. Flow cytometric analysis of microparticle phenotype and their role in thrombin generation. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 80:57-63. [PMID: 20632415 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles may be generated from a number of cell types and are known to play a role in haemostasis by a variety of mechanisms. We investigated the role of platelet, red cell, and leucocyte-derived microparticles in the measurement of thrombin generation. METHODS Four parameters of thrombin generation (the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), lag time, time to peak, peak height) and microparticle content was determined in 35 plasma samples from normal individuals pre and post filtration to remove microparticles. Immunofluorescent flow cytometry was used to identify and enumerate platelet, leucocyte, monocyte and red cell derived microparticles in plasma samples based on the expression of CD42b, CD45, CD15, and Glycophorin A respectively. Expression of phosphatidylserine and tissue factor by microparticles was determined by Annexin V and anti CD142 binding. The pre and post filtration results were compared. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in ETP and Peak Height, and an increase in the time to peak post filtration (P < 0.001). A significant decrease in the number of CD42+, CD45+, CD15+, CD142+, and Annexin V+ microparticles was also observed. The change in CD42b+ microparticles correlated highly with the change in Annexin V+ microparticles (r = 0.68). Whilst the change in ETP correlated best with the change in CD15+ microparticles (r = 0.45) and the change in time to peak correlated with the change in Annexin V binding (r = 0.52) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The presence of micropartcles in plasma significantly affects thrombin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Macey
- Department of Haematology, The Royal London Hospital, Barts and the London NHS Trust, Pathology and Pharmacy Building, Whitechapel, London E1 2ES.
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91
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Matijevic N, Wang YWW, Kostousov V, Wade CE, Vijayan KV, Holcomb JB. Decline in platelet microparticles contributes to reduced hemostatic potential of stored plasma. Thromb Res 2011; 128:35-41. [PMID: 21421259 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In an effort to administer life-saving transfusions quickly, some trauma centers maintain thawed plasma (TP). According to AABB, TP is approved for transfusion for up to five days when stored at 1-6° C. However, the alterations in microparticles (MP) contained in the plasma, which are an integral component of plasma's hemostatic capacity, are not well characterized. We report on MP changes in TP between its initial thaw (FFP-0) and five days (FFP-5) of storage. MATERIALS AND METHODS FFP units (n=30) were thawed at 37° C and kept refrigerated for five days. Phenotypes of residual cells, which include platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, monocytes, endothelial cells, and MP counterparts of each cell type, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Functional assays were used for MP procoagulant activity, plasma thrombin generation, and clotting properties (thromboelastography). RESULTS In FFP-0 the majority (94%) of residual cells were platelets, along with significant levels of platelet MPs (4408 × 10(3)/L). FFP-5 showed a decline in MP count by 50% (p<0.0001), and procoagulant activity by 29% (p<0.0001). FFP-5 exhibited only 54% (p<0.0001) of the potential for thrombin generation as FFP-0, while thromboelastography indicated a slower clotting response (p<0.0001) and a longer delay in reaching maximum clot (p<0.01). Removal of MP by filtration resulted in reduced thrombin generation, while the MP replacement restored it. CONCLUSIONS Decline in MP with storage contributes to FFP-5's reduced ability to provide the hemostatic potential exhibited by FFP-0, suggesting the presence of platelet MPs in freshly TP may be beneficial and protective in the initial treatment of hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nena Matijevic
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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92
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Platelet microparticles were identified more than 40 years ago and are the most abundant circulating microparticle subtype. Yet fundamental questions about their formation and role in human disease are just beginning to be understood at the cellular and molecular level. This review will address mechanisms of platelet microparticle generation and evaluate our current understanding of their clinical relevance. RECENT FINDINGS New evidence indicates that the majority of CD41 microparticles circulating in healthy individuals derive directly from megakaryocytes. CD41 microparticles also form from activated platelets upon loss of cytoskeleton-membrane adhesion, which occurs in a multitude of disease states characterized by elevated platelet microparticle levels. More recent studies have demonstrated that platelet microparticles function as a transport and delivery system for bioactive molecules, participating in hemostasis and thrombosis, inflammation, malignancy infection transfer, angiogenesis, and immunity. The mechanism of platelet microparticle participation in specific disease entities such as rheumatoid arthritis has been elucidated. SUMMARY Continued research into how platelet microparticles are generated and function as a transcellular delivery system will advance our basic understanding of microparticle physiology and may enable new strategies for treatment of select disease entities.
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93
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Zahra S, Anderson JAM, Stirling D, Ludlam CA. Microparticles, malignancy and thrombosis. Br J Haematol 2011; 152:688-700. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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94
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Xu Y, Nakane N, Maurer-Spurej E. Novel test for microparticles in platelet-rich plasma and platelet concentrates using dynamic light scattering. Transfusion 2010; 51:363-70. [PMID: 20723171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level and clinical importance of platelet (PLT)-derived microparticles (PMPs) in PLT-rich plasma (PRP) and PLT transfusions is largely unknown due to the lack of technology to routinely determine the number and size of PMP in PLT samples. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is ideally suited to measure particles of submicron size but has previously been limited to the analysis of PLT-free samples. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PMPs were enumerated in 81 PRP and 79 apheresis PLT concentrate (APC) samples from the same donors using ThromboLUX (LightIntegra Technology, Inc.), a new DLS PLT quality test. The ThromboLUX results were compared with flow cytometry. Phase contrast and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy were used to qualitatively determine PMP levels. RESULTS The relative counts of PMPs measured by flow cytometry strongly correlated with the relative light scattering intensities of the PMP determined by ThromboLUX in both PRP (R = 0.7596, p < 0.0001) and APC (R = 0.6572, p < 0.0001) samples. High or low PMP levels in PLT samples were confirmed by phase contrast and DIC microscopy. The mean PMP radius measured with ThromboLUX, an absolute sizing technology, was 117.1 ± 77.6 nm as determined from the distribution of PMP content in all PLT samples investigated in this study. CONCLUSIONS Correlation with flow cytometry and microscopy showed that ThromboLUX is well suited to measure PMP concentration and size distribution in PLT concentrate samples. In combination with noninvasive sampling, ThromboLUX could provide routine microparticle enumeration of PLT-containing samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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95
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Tantawy AAG, Matter RM, Hamed AA, Shams El Din El Telbany MA. Platelet microparticles in immune thrombocytopenic purpura in pediatrics. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010; 27:283-96. [PMID: 20426519 DOI: 10.3109/08880011003663390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is one of the most common hemorrhagic disorders in childhood. Platelet microparticles (PMPs) arise with platelet activation with procoagulant activity. Elevated PMP levels in adult ITP were reported to be thrombogenic in certain settings. However, their clinical significance in pediatric ITP was not studied. The aims of this study were to assess PMP levels in ITP in children and adolescents, and its correlation with clinical status and bleeding score. The study included 40 ITP patients (20 acute aged 9 +/- 2.19 years and 20 chronic aged 10.8 +/- 4.7 years) randomly selected from the Hematology Clinic, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, and 30 sex- and age-matched healthy controls aged 9 +/- 3.28 years. Patients were subjected to detailed history, assessment of bleeding score, complete hemogram, cytological bone marrow examination, and PMP quantification in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. Acute ITP patients had significant increase in PMPs, PMP/platelet count, and PMP percent compared to controls (P = .002, P < .0001, P < .0001, respectively) and compared to chronic ITP patients (P < .0001, P < .0001, P < .0001, respectively). PMPs were significantly decreased in chronic ITP patients compared to controls (P = .001), but PMP/platelet and PMP percent showed highly significant increase in chronic ITP (P < .0001). No correlation was evident between PMP levels and platelet count in either group (P > .05). Neither higher bleeding score nor thrombotic manifestations were observed in the studied ITP patients with high PMP levels. Elevated PMP levels may be protective against severe bleeding events in pediatric ITP. The role of PMP studies in deciding the management plan of childhood and adolescent ITP needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A G Tantawy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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96
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Isolated microvesicles from peripheral blood and body fluids as observed by scanning electron microscope. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 44:307-12. [PMID: 20199878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are sub-micron structures shed from the cell membrane in a final step of the budding process. After being released into the microenvironment they are free to move and carry signaling molecules to distant cells, thereby they represent a communication system within the body. Since all cells shed microvesicles, it can be expected that they will be found in different body fluids. The potential diagnostic value of microvesicles has been suggested, however, a standardized protocol for isolation has not yet been agreed upon. It is unclear what is the content of the isolates and whether the isolated microvesicles were present in vivo or-have they been created within the isolation procedure. To present evidence in this direction, in this work we focus on the visualization of the material obtained by the microvesicle isolation procedure. We present scanning electronic microscope images of microvesicles isolated from blood, ascites, pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, postoperative drainage fluid and chyloid fluid acquired from human and animal patients. Vesicular structures sized from 1microm downto 50nm are present in isolates of all considered body fluids, however, the populations differ in size and shape reflecting also the composition of the corresponding sediments. Isolates of microvesicles contain numerous cells which indicates that methods of isolation and determination of the number of microvesicles in the peripheral blood are to be elaborated and improved.
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Mobarrez F, Antovic J, Egberg N, Hansson M, Jörneskog G, Hultenby K, Wallén H. A multicolor flow cytometric assay for measurement of platelet-derived microparticles. Thromb Res 2010; 125:e110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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98
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Shcherbina A, Cooley J, Lutskiy MI, Benarafa C, Gilbert GE, Remold-O'Donnell E. WASP plays a novel role in regulating platelet responses dependent on alphaIIbbeta3 integrin outside-in signalling. Br J Haematol 2009; 148:416-27. [PMID: 19863535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The most consistent feature of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is profound thrombocytopenia with small platelets. The responsible gene encodes WAS protein (WASP), which functions in leucocytes as an actin filament nucleating agent -yet- actin filament nucleation proceeds normally in patient platelets regarding shape change, filopodia and lamellipodia generation. Because WASP localizes in the platelet membrane skeleton and is mobilized by alphaIIbbeta3 integrin outside-in signalling, we questioned whether its function might be linked to integrin. Agonist-induced alphaIIbbeta3 activation (PAC-1 binding) was normal for patient platelets, indicating normal integrin inside-out signalling. Inside-out signalling (fibrinogen, JON/A binding) was also normal for wasp-deficient murine platelets. However, adherence/spreading on immobilized fibrinogen was decreased for patient platelets and wasp-deficient murine platelets, indicating decreased integrin outside-in responses. Another integrin outside-in dependent response, fibrin clot retraction, involving contraction of the post-aggregation actin cytoskeleton, was also decreased for patient platelets and wasp-deficient murine platelets. Rebleeding from tail cuts was more frequent for wasp-deficient mice, suggesting decreased stabilisation of the primary platelet plug. In contrast, phosphatidylserine exposure, a pro-coagulant response, was enhanced for WASP-deficient patient and murine platelets. The collective results reveal a novel function for WASP in regulating pro-aggregatory and pro-coagulant responses downstream of integrin outside-in signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shcherbina
- Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Clinical evaluation of a new functional test for detection of plasma procoagulant phospholipids. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20:494-502. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32832c5e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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100
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