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Liu Y, Ai K, Ji X, Askhatova D, Du R, Lu L, Shi J. Comprehensive Insights into the Multi-Antioxidative Mechanisms of Melanin Nanoparticles and Their Application To Protect Brain from Injury in Ischemic Stroke. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:856-862. [PMID: 27997170 PMCID: PMC5752099 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-mediated antioxidative therapy is emerging as a novel strategy for treating a myriad of important diseases through scavenging excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), a mechanism critical in disease development and progression. However, similar to antioxidative enzymes, currently studied nanoantioxidants have demonstrated scavenging activity to specific RONS, and sufficient antioxidative effects against multiple RONS generated in diseases remain elusive. Here we propose to develop bioinspired melanin nanoparticles (MeNPs) for more potent and safer antioxidative therapy. While melanin is known to function as a potential radical scavenger, its antioxidative mechanisms are far from clear, and its applications for the treatment of RONS-associated diseases have yet to be well-explored. In this study, we provide for the first time exhaustive characterization of the activities of MeNPs against multiple RONS including O2•-, H2O2, •OH, •NO, and ONOO-, the main toxic RONS generated in diseases. The potential of MeNPs for antioxidative therapy has also been evaluated in vitro and in a rat model of ischemic stroke. In addition to the broad defense against these RONS, MeNPs can also attenuate the RONS-triggered inflammatory responses through suppressing the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. In vivo results further demonstrate that these unique multi-antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and biocompatible features of MeNPs contribute to their effective protection of ischemic brains with negligible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kelong Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana Askhatova
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lehui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Park JH, Jeong H, Hong J, Chang M, Kim M, Chuck RS, Lee JK, Park CY. The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37762. [PMID: 27876873 PMCID: PMC5120337 DOI: 10.1038/srep37762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is an interesting field in current research. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are promising drug carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. However, little is known about the toxicity of SiNPs on ocular surface cells such as human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity induced by 50, 100 and 150 nm sizes of SiNPs on cultured HCECs for up to 48 hours. SiNPs were up-taken by HCECs inside cytoplasmic vacuoles. Cellular reactive oxygen species generation was mildly elevated, dose dependently, with SiNPs, but no significant decrease of cellular viability was observed up to concentrations of 100 μg/ml for three different sized SiNPs. Western blot assays revealed that both cellular autophagy and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were activated with the addition of SiNPs. Our findings suggested that 50, 100 and 150 nm sized SiNPs did not induce significant cytotoxicity in cultured HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyejoong Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minwook Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Martha Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Roy S Chuck
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jimmy K Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Choul-Yong Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
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Vidimar V, Gius D, Chakravarti D, Bulun SE, Wei JJ, Kim JJ. Dysfunctional MnSOD leads to redox dysregulation and activation of prosurvival AKT signaling in uterine leiomyomas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601132. [PMID: 27847869 PMCID: PMC5099990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AKT signaling promotes cell growth and survival and is often dysregulated via multiple mechanisms in different types of cancer, including uterine leiomyomas (ULMs). ULMs are highly prevalent fibrotic tumors that arise from the smooth muscular layer of the uterus, the myometrium (MM). ULMs pose a major public health issue because they can cause severe morbidity and poor pregnancy outcomes. We investigate the mechanisms driving ULM growth and survival via aberrant activation of AKT. We demonstrate that an acetylation-mediated impairment of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity is prevalent in ULM cells compared to the normal-matched MM from the same patients. This impairment increases the levels of superoxide and oxidative stress, which activate AKT via oxidative inactivation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Redox activation of AKT promotes ULM cell survival under conditions of moderate but persistent oxidative stress that are compatible with ULM's prooxidative microenvironment. Moreover, because of impaired MnSOD activity, ULM cells are sensitive to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide-generating compounds, resulting in decreased ULM cell viability. On the contrary, MM cells with functional MnSOD are more resistant to high levels of oxidants. This study demonstrates a causative role of acetylation-mediated MnSOD dysfunction in activating prosurvival AKT signaling in ULMs. The specific AKT and redox states of ULM cells provide a potential novel therapeutic rationale to selectively target ULM cells because of their defective ROS-scavenging system..
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Vidimar
- Division of Reproductive Science and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Debabrata Chakravarti
- Division of Reproductive Science and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Serdar E. Bulun
- Division of Reproductive Science and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Division of Reproductive Science and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - J. Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Breast cancer is a unique disease characterized by heterogeneous cell populations causing roadblocks in therapeutic medicine, owing to its complex etiology and primeval understanding of the biology behind its genesis, progression, and sustenance. Globocan statistics indicate over 1.7 million new breast cancer diagnoses in 2012, accounting for 25% of all cancer morbidities. RECENT ADVANCES Despite these dismal statistics, the introduction of molecular gene signature platforms, progressive therapeutic approaches in diagnosis, and management of breast cancer has led to more effective treatment strategies and control measures concurrent with an equally reassuring decline in the mortality rate. CRITICAL ISSUES However, an enormous body of research in this area is requisite as high mortality associated with metastatic and/or drug refractory tumors continues to present a therapeutic challenge. Despite advances in systemic chemotherapy, the median survival of patients harboring metastatic breast cancers continues to be below 2 years. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Hence, a massive effort to scrutinize and evaluate chemotherapeutics on the basis of the molecular classification of these cancers is undertaken with the objective to devise more attractive and feasible approaches to treat breast cancers and improve patients' quality of life. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the biology of breast cancer as well as challenges faced in combating breast cancer, with special emphasis on the current battery of treatment strategies. We will also try and gain perspective from recent encounters on novel findings responsible for the progression and metastatic transformation of breast cancer cells in an endeavor to develop more targeted treatment options. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 337-370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Raman
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Han Jonathan Foo
- 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie-Veronique Clement
- 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 National University Cancer Institute , NUHS, Singapore, Singapore .,5 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia
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Immunohistochemical assessment of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in colorectal premalignant and malignant lesions. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2016; 11:239-246. [PMID: 28053678 PMCID: PMC5209461 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2016.57943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is generally accepted that mitochondria are a primary source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under physiological circumstances they are permanently formed as by-products of aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria. To counter the harmful effect of ROS, cells possess an antioxidant defence system to detoxify ROS and avert them from accumulation at high concentrations. Mitochondria-located manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, SOD2) successfully converts superoxide to the less reactive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). To the best of our knowledge, there are no available data regarding immunohistochemical expression of MnSOD in colorectal neoplastic tissues. AIM To investigate the immunohistochemical expression status of MnSOD in colorectal premalignant and malignant lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was performed on resected specimens obtained from 126 patients who had undergone surgical resection for primary sporadic colorectal cancer, and from 114 patients who had undergone colonoscopy at the Municipal Hospital in Jaworzno (Poland). Paraffin-embedded, 4-µm-thick tissue sections were stained for rabbit polyclonal anti SOD2 antibody obtained from GeneTex (clone TF9-10-H10 from America Diagnostica). RESULTS Results of our study demonstrated that the development of colorectal cancer is connected with increased expression of MnSOD both in adenoma and adenocarcinoma stages. Samples of adenocarcinoma with G2 and G3 grade showed significantly higher levels of immunohistochemical expression of this antioxidant enzyme. Moreover, patients with the presence of lymphovascular invasion and higher degree of regional lymph node status have been also characterised by higher levels of MnSOD expression. The samples of adenoma have been characterised by higher levels of MnSOD expression in comparison to normal mucosa as well. Interestingly, there was no significant correlation between expression and histological type of adenoma. CONCLUSIONS Development of colorectal cancer is connected with increased expression of MnSOD both in adenoma and adenocarcinoma stages.
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Bakalova R, Georgieva E, Ivanova D, Zhelev Z, Aoki I, Saga T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Metabolic Activity, Accompanied by Overproduction of Superoxide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1922-9. [PMID: 26367059 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that a mitochondria-penetrating nitroxide probe (mito-TEMPO) allows detection of superoxide and visualization of mitochondrial dysfunction in living cells due to the effect of T1 shortening in MRI. Mitochondrial dysfunction was induced by treatment of cells with rotenone and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME/Rot). The MRI measurements were performed on 7T MRI. The 2-ME/Rot-treated cells were characterized by overproduction of superoxide, which was confirmed by a conventional dihydroethidium test. In the presence of mito-TEMPO, the intensity of MRI signal in 2-ME/Rot-treated cells was ∼30-40% higher, in comparison with that in untreated cells or culture media. In model (cell-free) systems, we observed that superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, increased the intensity of T1-weighted MRI signal of mito-TEMPO. Moreover, the superoxide restores the T1-weighted MRI contrast of mito-TEMPOH, a noncontrast (diamagnetic) analogue of mito-TEMPO. This was also confirmed by using EPR spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that superoxide radical is involved in the enhancement of T1-weighted MRI contrast in living cells, in the absence and presence of mito-TEMPO. This report gives a direction for discovering new opportunities for functional MRI, for detection of metabolic activity, accompanied by overproduction of superoxide, as well as by disturbance of the balance between superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, a very important approach to clarify the fine molecular mechanisms in the regulation of many pathologies. The visualization of mitochondrial activity in real-time can be crucial to clarify the molecular mechanism of the functional MRI in its commonly accepted definition, as a method for detection of neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Bakalova
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ekaterina Georgieva
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Donika Ivanova
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics & Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Sofia 1114, Bulgaria
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Ashraf A, Pervaiz S. Hippo circuitry and the redox modulation of hippo components in cancer cell fate decisions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:20-8. [PMID: 26456518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Meticulous and precise control of organ size is undoubtedly one of the most pivotal processes in mammalian development and regeneration along with cell differentiation, morphogenesis and programmed cell death. These processes are strictly regulated by complex and highly coordinated mechanisms to maintain a steady growth state. There are a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors that dictate the total number and/or size of cells by influencing growth, proliferation, differentiation and cell death. Multiple pathways, such as those involved in promoting organ size and others that restrict disproportionate tissue growth act simultaneously to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis. Aberrations at any level in these organ size-regulating processes can lead to various pathological states with cancers being the most formidable one (Yin and Zhang, 2011). Extensive research in the realm of growth control has led to the identification of the Hippo-signaling pathway as a critical network in modulating tissue growth via its effect on multiple signaling pathways and through intricate crosstalk with proteins that regulate cell polarity, adhesion and cell-cell interactions (Zhao et al., 2011b). The Hippo pathway controls cell number and organ size by transducing signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus to regulate the expression of genes involved in cell fate determination (Shi et al., 2015). In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries concerning Hippo pathway, its diversiform regulation in mammals as well as its implications in cancers, and highlight the possible role of oxidative stress in Hippo pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ashraf
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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58
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Visweswaran M, Pohl S, Arfuso F, Newsholme P, Dilley R, Pervaiz S, Dharmarajan A. Multi-lineage differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells - To Wnt, or not Wnt. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:139-47. [PMID: 26410622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent precursor cells originating from several adult connective tissues. MSCs possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into several lineages, and are recognized by the expression of unique cell surface markers. Several lines of evidence suggest that various signal transduction pathways and their interplay regulate MSC differentiation. To that end, a critical player in regulating MSC differentiation is a group of proteins encoded by the Wnt gene family, which was previously known for influencing various stages of embryonic development and cell fate determination. As MSCs have gained significant clinical attention for their potential applications in regenerative medicine, it is imperative to unravel the mechanisms by which molecular regulators control differentiation of MSCs for designing cell-based therapeutics. It is rather coincidental that the functional outcome(s) of Wnt-induced signals share similarities with cellular redox-mediated networks from the standpoint of MSC biology. Furthermore, there is evidence for a crosstalk between Wnt and redox signalling, which begs the question whether Wnt-mediated differentiation signals involve the intermediary role of reactive oxygen species. In this review, we summarize the impact of Wnt signalling on multi-lineage differentiation of MSCs, and attempt to unravel the intricate interplay between Wnt and redox signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Visweswaran
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Sebastian Pohl
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Rodney Dilley
- Ear Sciences Centre, University of Western Australia and Ear Science Institute Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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Liu T, Niu X, Shi L, Zhu X, Zhao H, Lana M. Electrocatalytic analysis of superoxide anion radical using nitrogen-doped graphene supported Prussian Blue as a biomimetic superoxide dismutase. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Miar A, Hevia D, Muñoz-Cimadevilla H, Astudillo A, Velasco J, Sainz RM, Mayo JC. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2/MnSOD)/catalase and SOD2/GPx1 ratios as biomarkers for tumor progression and metastasis in prostate, colon, and lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:45-55. [PMID: 25866291 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD2/MnSOD) during tumor progression has been studied for several decades with controversial results. While SOD2 downregulation was initially associated with tumor initiation and was proposed as a tumor suppressor gene, recent studies have reported that SOD2 might favor tumor progression and dissemination. To our knowledge this is the first time that changes in SOD2 expression in three different types of tumors, i.e., prostate, lung, and colon cancer, are studied by analyzing both SOD2 mRNA and protein levels in a total of 246 patients' samples. In prostate samples, SOD2 protein levels were also increased, especially in middle stage tumors. In the case of colon and lung tumors both mRNA and protein SOD2 levels were increased in malignant tissues compared to those in nontumor samples. More importantly, all metastases analyzed showed increased levels of SOD2 when compared to those of normal primary tissue and healthy adjacent tissue. Together, these results suggest that a common redox imbalance in these three types of tumor occurs at intermediate stages which then might favor migration and invasion, leading to a more aggressive cancer type. Consequently, the ratios SOD2/catalase and SOD2/Gpx1 could be considered as potential markers during progression from tumor growth to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miar
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Hevia
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Henar Muñoz-Cimadevilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio Velasco
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de San Agustin, Aviles, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Juan C Mayo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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Kaliyaperumal K, Sharma AK, McDonald DG, Dhindsa JS, Yount C, Singh AK, Won JS, Singh I. S-Nitrosoglutathione-mediated STAT3 regulation in efficacy of radiotherapy and cisplatin therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Redox Biol 2015; 6:41-50. [PMID: 26177470 PMCID: PMC4511642 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous nitric oxide (NO) carrier that plays a critical role in redox based NO signaling. Recent studies have reported that GSNO regulates the activities of STAT3 and NF-κB via S-nitrosylation dependent mechanisms. Since STAT3 and NF-κB are key transcription factors involved in tumor progression, chemoresistance, and metastasis of head and neck cancer, we investigated the effect of GSNO in cell culture and mouse xenograft models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For the cell culture studies, three HNSCC cell lines were tested (SCC1, SCC14a and SCC22a). All three cell lines had constitutively activated (phosphorylated) STAT3 (Tyr705). GSNO treatment of these cell lines reversibly decreased the STAT3 phosphorylation in a concentration dependent manner. GSNO treatment also decreased the basal and cytokine-stimulated activation of NF-κB in SCC14a cells and reduced the basal low degree of nitrotyrosine by inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. The reduced STAT3/NF-κB activity by GSNO treatment was correlated with the decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis of HNSCC cells. In HNSCC mouse xenograft model, the tumor growth was reduced by systemic treatment with GSNO and was further reduced when the treatment was combined with radiation and cisplatin. Accordingly, GSNO treatment also resulted in decreased levels of phosphorylated STAT3. In summary, these studies demonstrate that GSNO treatment blocks the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways which are responsible for cell survival, proliferation and that GSNO mediated mechanisms complement cispaltin and radiation therapy, and thus could potentiate the therapeutic effect in HNSCC. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) inhibits activations of STAT3 and NF-κB in HNSCC cells. GSNO induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HNSCC cells. GSNO decreases iNOS and VEGF production in HNSCC cells. GSNO enhances efficacy of chemoradiation therapy in HNSCC mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anand K Sharma
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel G McDonald
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jasdeep S Dhindsa
- Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Caroline Yount
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Je-Seong Won
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Ladan Moghadam AR. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant ActivityCuminum cyminumL. Essential Oils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1038355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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63
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Gonçalves AC, Cortesão E, Oliveiros B, Alves V, Espadana AI, Rito L, Magalhães E, Lobão MJ, Pereira A, Nascimento Costa JM, Mota-Vieira L, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a role in myelodysplastic syndrome development, diagnosis, and prognosis: A pilot study. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1081-94. [PMID: 25968944 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1035268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and their elimination by antioxidants leads to oxidative stress. Depending on their concentration, ROS can trigger apoptosis or stimulate cell proliferation. We hypothesized that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may participate not only in apoptosis detected in some myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients, but also in increasing proliferation in other patients. We investigated the involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in MDS pathogenesis, as well as assessed their diagnostic and prognostic values. Intracellular peroxides, superoxide, superoxide/peroxides ratio, reduced glutathione (GSH), and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(mit)) levels were analyzed in bone marrow cells from 27 MDS patients and 12 controls, by flow cytometry. We observed that all bone marrow cell types from MDS patients had increased intracellular peroxide levels and decreased GSH content, compared with control cells. Moreover, oxidative stress levels were MDS subtype- and risk group-dependent. Low-risk patients had the highest ROS levels, which can be related with their high apoptosis; and intermediate-2-risk patients had high Δψ(mit) that may be associated with their proliferative potential. GSH levels were negatively correlated with transfusion dependency, and peroxide levels were positively correlated with serum ferritin level. GSH content proved to be an accurate parameter to discriminate patients from controls. Finally, patients with high ROS or low GSH levels, as well as high superoxide/peroxides ratio had lower overall survival. Our results suggest that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in MDS development, and that oxidative stress parameters may constitute novel diagnosis and/or prognosis biomarkers for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology, FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
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64
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Wang P, Zhao L, Hou H, Zhang H, Huang Y, Wang Y, Li H, Gao F, Yan S, Li L. Epigenetic Changes are Associated with Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heat Stress in Seedling Leaves of Zea mays. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:965-76. [PMID: 25670712 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Histone modification plays a crucial role in regulation of chromatin architecture and function, responding to adverse external stimuli. However, little is known about a possible relationship between epigenetic modification and programmed cell death (PCD) in response to environmental stress. Here, we found that heat stress induced PCD in maize seedling leaves which was characterized by chromatin DNA laddering and DNA strand breaks detected by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) test. The activities of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were progressively increased over time in the heat-treated seedlings. However, the concentration of H2O2 remained at relatively lower levels, while the concentration of superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) was increased, accompanied by the occurrence of higher ion leakage rates after heat treatment. The total acetylation levels of histones H3K9, H4K5 and H3 were significantly increased, whereas the di-methylation level of histone H3K4 was unchanged and the di-methylation level of histone H3K9 was decreased in the seedling leaves exposed to heat stress compared with the control seedlings, accompanied by increased nucleolus size indicative of chromatin decondensation. Furthermore, treatment of seedlings with trichostatin A (TSA), which always results in genomic histone hyperacetylation, caused an increase in the [Formula: see text] level within the cells. The results suggested that heat stress persistently induced [Formula: see text], leading to PCD in association with histone modification changes in the maize leaves.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation/drug effects
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant
- Heat-Shock Response/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Ions
- Methylation/drug effects
- Models, Biological
- Plant Leaves/cytology
- Plant Leaves/drug effects
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Seedlings/cytology
- Seedlings/drug effects
- Seedlings/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Zea mays/drug effects
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haoli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shihan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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65
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Chen W, Zhou S, Zheng X. A new function of Chinese bayberry extract: Protection against oxidative DNA damage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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66
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MicroRNAs associated with the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in biliary tract cancer cell lines. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20134-57. [PMID: 25380521 PMCID: PMC4264160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a palliative treatment option for unresectable hilar biliary tract cancer (BTC) showing a considerable benefit for survival and quality of life with few side effects. Currently, factors determining the cellular response of BTC cells towards PDT are unknown. Due to their multifaceted nature, microRNAs (miRs) are a promising analyte to investigate the cellular mechanisms following PDT. For two photosensitizers, Photofrin® and Foscan®, the phototoxicity was investigated in eight BTC cell lines. Each cell line (untreated) was profiled for expression of n=754 miRs using TaqMan® Array Human MicroRNA Cards. Statistical analysis and bioinformatic tools were used to identify miRs associated with PDT efficiency and their putative targets, respectively. Twenty miRs correlated significantly with either high or low PDT efficiency. PDT was particularly effective in cells with high levels of clustered miRs 25-93*-106b and (in case of miR-106b) a phenotype characterized by high expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin and high proliferation (cyclinD1 and Ki67 expression). Insensitivity towards PDT was associated with high miR-200 family expression and (for miR-cluster 200a/b-429) expression of differentiation markers Ck19 and Ck8/18. Predicted and validated downstream targets indicate plausible involvement of miRs 20a*, 25, 93*, 130a, 141, 200a, 200c and 203 in response mechanisms to PDT, suggesting that targeting these miRs could improve susceptibility to PDT in insensitive cell lines. Taken together, the miRNome pattern may provide a novel tool for predicting the efficiency of PDT and-following appropriate functional verification-may subsequently allow for optimization of the PDT protocol.
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67
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Hispidin derived from Phellinus linteus affords protection against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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68
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Mitochondrial ROS and involvement of Bcl-2 as a mitochondrial ROS regulator. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt A:39-48. [PMID: 24954615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While excessive mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) production induces cell injury and death, there is accumulating evidence that non-toxic low levels of mitoROS could serve as important signaling molecules. Therefore, maintenance of mitoROS at physiological levels is crucial for cell homeostasis as well as for survival and proliferation. This review describes the various mechanisms that keep mitoROS in check, with particular focus on the role of the onco-protein Bcl-2 in redox regulation. In addition to its canonical anti-apoptotic activity, Bcl-2 has been implicated in mitoROS regulation by its effect on mitochondrial complex IV activity, facilitating the mitochondrial incorporation of GSH and interaction with the small GTPase-Rac1 at the mitochondria. We also discuss some of the plausible mechanism(s) which allows Bcl-2 to sense and respond to the fluctuations in mitoROS.
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69
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Kumar AP, Loo SY, Shin SW, Tan TZ, Eng CB, Singh R, Putti TC, Ong CW, Salto-Tellez M, Goh BC, Park JI, Thiery JP, Pervaiz S, Clement MV. Manganese superoxide dismutase is a promising target for enhancing chemosensitivity of basal-like breast carcinoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2326-46. [PMID: 23964924 PMCID: PMC4005493 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although earlier reports highlighted a tumor suppressor role for manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), recent evidence indicates increased expression in a variety of human cancers including aggressive breast carcinoma. In the present article, we hypothesized that MnSOD expression is significantly amplified in the aggressive breast carcinoma basal subtype, and targeting MnSOD could be an attractive strategy for enhancing chemosensitivity of this highly aggressive breast cancer subtype. RESULTS Using MDA-MB-231 and BT549 as a model of basal breast cancer cell lines, we show that knockdown of MnSOD decreased the colony-forming ability and sensitized the cells to drug-induced cell death, while drug resistance was associated with increased MnSOD expression. In an attempt to develop a clinically relevant approach to down-regulate MnSOD expression in patients with basal breast carcinoma, we employed activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to repress MnSOD expression; PPARγ activation significantly reduced MnSOD expression, increased chemosensitivity, and inhibited tumor growth. Moreover, as a proof of concept for the clinical use of PPARγ agonists to decrease MnSOD expression, biopsies derived from breast cancer patients who had received synthetic PPARγ ligands as anti-diabetic therapy had significantly reduced MnSOD expression. Finally, we provide evidence to implicate peroxynitrite as the mechanism involved in the increased sensitivity to chemotherapy induced by MnSOD repression. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION These data provide evidence to link increased MnSOD expression with the aggressive basal breast cancer, and underscore the judicious use of PPARγ ligands for specifically down-regulating MnSOD to increase the chemosensitivity of this subtype of breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Prem Kumar
- 1 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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70
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Sun L, Luo C, Liu J. Hydroxytyrosol induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through ROS generation. Food Funct 2014; 5:1909-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are usually under higher levels of oxidative stress compared to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sun
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences
- Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Cheng Luo
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049, China
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71
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Silva CTD, Jasiulionis MG. Relação entre estresse oxidativo, alterações epigenéticas e câncer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.21800/s0009-67252014000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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72
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Koh LWH, Koh GRH, Ng FSL, Toh TB, Sandanaraj E, Chong YK, Phong M, Tucker-Kellogg G, Kon OL, Ng WH, Ng IHB, Clement MV, Pervaiz S, Ang BT, Tang CSL. A distinct reactive oxygen species profile confers chemoresistance in glioma-propagating cells and associates with patient survival outcome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2261-79. [PMID: 23477542 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We explore the role of an elevated O2(-):H2O2 ratio as a prosurvival signal in glioma-propagating cells (GPCs). We hypothesize that depleting this ratio sensitizes GPCs to apoptotic triggers. RESULTS We observed that an elevated O2(-):H2O2 ratio conferred enhanced resistance in GPCs, and depletion of this ratio by pharmacological and genetic methods sensitized cells to apoptotic triggers. We established the reactive oxygen species (ROS) Index as a quantitative measure of a normalized O2(-):H2O2 ratio and determined its utility in predicting chemosensitivity. Importantly, mice implanted with GPCs of a reduced ROS Index demonstrated extended survival. Analysis of tumor sections revealed effective targeting of complementarity determinant 133 (CD133)- and nestin-expressing neural precursors. Further, we established the Connectivity Map to interrogate a gene signature derived from a varied ROS Index for the patterns of association with individual patient gene expression in four clinical databases. We showed that patients with a reduced ROS Index demonstrate better survival. These data provide clinical evidence for the viability of our O2(-):H2O2-mediated chemosensitivity profiles. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Gliomas are notoriously recurrent and highly infiltrative, and have been shown to arise from stem-like cells. We implicate an elevated O2(-):H2O2 ratio as a prosurvival signal in GPC self-renewal and proliferation. The ROS Index provides quantification of O2(-):H2O2-mediated chemosensitivity, an advancement in a previously qualitative field. Intriguingly, glioma patients with a reduced ROS Index correlate with longer survival and the Proneural molecular classification, a feature frequently associated with tumors of better prognosis. These data emphasize the feasibility of manipulating the O2(-):H2O2 ratio as a therapeutic strategy.
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73
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Steinbeck MJ, Chernets N, Zhang J, Kurpad DS, Fridman G, Fridman A, Freeman TA. Skeletal cell differentiation is enhanced by atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82143. [PMID: 24349203 PMCID: PMC3861356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation is of paramount importance in providing effective regenerative therapies and improving the rate of fracture healing. This study investigated the potential of non-thermal atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma (NT-plasma) to enhance chondrocyte and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Although the exact mechanism by which NT-plasma interacts with cells is undefined, it is known that during treatment the atmosphere is ionized generating extracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and an electric field. Appropriate NT-plasma conditions were determined using lactate-dehydrogenase release, flow cytometric live/dead assay, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, and Western blots to evaluate DNA damage and mitochondrial integrity. We observed that specific NT-plasma conditions were required to prevent cell death, and that loss of pre-osteoblastic cell viability was dependent on intracellular ROS and RNS production. To further investigate the involvement of intracellular ROS, fluorescent intracellular dyes Mitosox (superoxide) and dihydrorhodamine (peroxide) were used to assess onset and duration after NT-plasma treatment. Both intracellular superoxide and peroxide were found to increase immediately post NT-plasma treatment. These increases were sustained for one hour but returned to control levels by 24 hr. Using the same treatment conditions, osteogenic differentiation by NT-plasma was assessed and compared to peroxide or osteogenic media containing β-glycerolphosphate. Although both NT-plasma and peroxide induced differentiation-specific gene expression, neither was as effective as the osteogenic media. However, treatment of cells with NT-plasma after 24 hr in osteogenic or chondrogenic media significantly enhanced differentiation as compared to differentiation media alone. The results of this study show that NT-plasma can selectively initiate and amplify ROS signaling to enhance differentiation, and suggest this technology could be used to enhance bone fusion and improve healing after skeletal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla J. Steinbeck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natalie Chernets
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deepa S. Kurpad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory Fridman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander Fridman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theresa A. Freeman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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74
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Ishaq M, Evans MM, Ostrikov KK. Effect of atmospheric gas plasmas on cancer cell signaling. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1517-28. [PMID: 23754175 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases with many forms still regarded as incurable. The conventional cancer treatments have unwanted side effects such as the death of normal cells. A therapy that can accurately target and effectively kill tumor cells could address the inadequacies of the available therapies. Atmospheric gas plasmas (AGP) that are able to specifically kill cancerous cells offer a promising alternative approach compared to conventional therapies. AGP have been shown to exploit tumor-specific genetic defects and a recent trial in mice has confirmed its antitumor effects. The mechanism by which the AGP act on tumor cells but not normal cells is not fully understood. A review of the current literature suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by AGP induce death of cancer cells by impairing the function of intracellular regulatory factors. The majority of cancer cells are defective in tumor suppressors that interfere normal cell growth pathways. It appears that pro-oncogene or tumor suppressor-dependent regulation of antioxidant/or ROS signaling pathways may be involved in AGP-induced cancer cell death. The toxic effects of ROS are mitigated by normal cells by adjustment of their metabolic pathways. On the other hand, tumor cells are mostly defective in several regulatory signaling pathways which lead to the loss of metabolic balance within the cells and consequently, the regulation of cell growth. This review article evaluates the impact of AGP on the activation of cellular signaling and its importance for exploring mechanisms for safe and efficient anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarat Ishaq
- Plasma Nanomedicine CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, North Ryde, PO Box 52, NSW 1670, Australia; Plasma Nanoscience, CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, PO Box 218, Lindfield 2070, NSW, Australia
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Mittra B, Andrews NW. IRONy OF FATE: role of iron-mediated ROS in Leishmania differentiation. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:489-96. [PMID: 23948431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania experiences extreme environmental changes as it alternates between insect and mammalian hosts. In some species, differentiation of insect promastigotes into mammalian-infective amastigotes is induced by elevated temperature and low pH, conditions found within macrophage parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). However, the signaling events controlling amastigote differentiation remain poorly understood. Recent studies revealed a novel role for iron uptake in orchestrating the differentiation of amastigotes, through a mechanism that involves production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is independent from pH and temperature changes. ROS are generally thought to be deleterious for pathogens, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that they can also function as signaling molecules regulating Leishmania differentiation, in a process that is tightly controlled by iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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76
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Bellot GL, Liu D, Pervaiz S. ROS, autophagy, mitochondria and cancer: Ras, the hidden master? Mitochondrion 2013; 13:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients. Anoikis resistance is one critical malefactor of metastatic cancer cells to resist current clinical chemotherapeutic treatments. Although endoperoxide-containing compounds have long been suggested as anticancer drugs, few have been clinically employed due to their instability, complex synthesis procedure or low tumor cell selectivity. Herein, we describe a one-pot strategy to synthesize novel amino endoperoxides and their derivatives with good yields and stabilities. In vitro cell-based assays revealed that 4 out of the 14 amino endoperoxides selectively induce metastatic breast carcinoma cells but not normal breast cells to undergo apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that the most potent amino endoperoxide, 4-Me, is selective for cancer cells expressing a high level of Nox4. The anticancer effects are further shown to be associated with reduced O2−:H2O2 ratio and increased ·OH level in the cancerous cells. Animal study showed that 4-Me impairs orthotopic breast tumor growth as well as tumor cell metastasis to lymph nodes. Altogether, our study suggests that anticancer strategies that focus on redox-based apoptosis induction in tumors are clinically viable.
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78
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Lee DJ, Kang SW. Reactive oxygen species and tumor metastasis. Mol Cells 2013; 35:93-8. [PMID: 23456330 PMCID: PMC3887897 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration and invasion of cancer cells are the first steps in metastasis. Through a series of cellular responses, including cytoskeletal reorganization and degradation of the extracellular matrix, cancer cells are able to separate from the primary tumor and metastasize to distant locations in the body. In cancer cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the migration and invasion of cells. Stimulation of cell surface receptors with growth factors and integrin assembly generates ROS, which relay signals from the cell surface to important signaling proteins. ROS then act within cells to promote migration and invasion. In this review, we collect recent evidence pointing towards the involvement of ROS in tumor metastasis and discuss the roles of ROS at different stages during the process of cancer cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Jae Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
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79
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Shi Y, Mellier G, Huang S, White J, Pervaiz S, Tucker-Kellogg L. Computational modelling of LY303511 and TRAIL-induced apoptosis suggests dynamic regulation of cFLIP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 29:347-54. [PMID: 23239672 PMCID: PMC3562069 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION TRAIL has been widely studied for the ability to kill cancer cells selectively, but its clinical usefulness has been hindered by the development of resistance. Multiple compounds have been identified that sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The drug LY303511 (LY30), combined with TRAIL, caused synergistic (greater than additive) killing of multiple cancer cell lines. We used mathematical modelling and ordinary differential equations to represent how LY30 and TRAIL individually affect HeLa cells, and to predict how the combined treatment achieves synergy. RESULTS Model-based predictions were compared with in vitro experiments. The combination treatment model was successful at mimicking the synergistic levels of cell death caused by LY30 and TRAIL combined. However, there were significant failures of the model to mimic upstream activation at early time points, particularly the slope of caspase-8 activation. This flaw in the model led us to perform additional measurements of early caspase-8 activation. Surprisingly, caspase-8 exhibited a transient decrease in activity after LY30 treatment, prior to strong activation. cFLIP, an inhibitor of caspase-8 activation, was up-regulated briefly after 30 min of LY30 treatment, followed by a significant down-regulation over prolonged exposure. A further model suggested that LY30-induced fluctuation of cFLIP might result from tilting the ratio of two key species of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Computational modelling extracted novel biological implications from measured dynamics, identified time intervals with unexplained effects, and clarified the non-monotonic effects of the drug LY30 on cFLIP during cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore
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80
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, in Bayesian network modelling of HeLa cell response to LY303511. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1307-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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81
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Abstract
Targeting tumor cells is an important strategy to improve the selectivity of cancer therapies. With the advanced studies in cancer biology, we know that cancer cells are usually under increased oxidative stress. The high level of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells has been exploited for developing novel therapeutic strategies to preferentially kill cancer cells. Our group, amongst others, have used boronic acids/esters as triggers for developing ROS-activated anticancer prodrugs that target cancer cells. The selectivity was achieved by combining a specific reaction between boronates and H2O2, with the efficient masking of drug toxicity in the prodrug via boronates. Prodrugs activated via ferrocene-mediated oxidation have also been developed to improve the selectivity of anticancer drugs. We describe how the strategies of ROS-activation can be used for further development of new ROS-targeting prodrugs, eventually leading to novel approaches and/or combined technology for more efficient and selective treatment of cancers.
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82
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Tochhawng L, Deng S, Pervaiz S, Yap CT. Redox regulation of cancer cell migration and invasion. Mitochondrion 2012; 13:246-53. [PMID: 22960576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell migration and invasion are the initial steps in metastasis. Through a series of cellular events, including cytoskeletal remodeling resulting in phenotype changes and degradation of the extracellular matrix, cells are able to detach from the primary tumor and metastasize to distant sites. These changes occur in response to intracellular signaling mechanisms triggered via cell surface receptor stimulation or signal amplification within the cell. Amongst the active molecules that participate in relaying cellular signals are the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Initially identified to participate in defense mechanisms to ward off invading pathogens, ROS are now considered to have important roles in several other biological processes including cancer development. In this report, we review recent evidence pointing towards the involvement of ROS in tumor progression. We discuss the biology of ROS and their roles at different stages during the process of cancer cell migration and invasion.
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83
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Caputo F, Vegliante R, Ghibelli L. Redox modulation of the DNA damage response. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1292-306. [PMID: 22846600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lesions to DNA trigger the DNA-damage response (DDR), a complex, multi-branched cell-intrinsic process targeted to DNA repair, or elimination of the damaged cells by apoptosis. DDR aims at reducing permanence of mutated cells, decreasing the risk of tumor development: the more stringent the response, the lower the likelihood that sub-lethally damaged, unrepaired cells survive and proliferate. Accordingly, leakage often occurs in tumor cells with compromised DDR, accumulating mutations and accelerating tumor progression. Oxidations mediate DNA damage upon different insults such as UV, X and γ radiation, pollutants, poisons, or endogenous disequilibria, producing different types of lesions that trigger DDR, which can be alleviated by antioxidants. But reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the enzymes involved in their production or scavenging, also participate in DDR signaling, modulating the activity of key enzymes, and regulating the stringency of DDR. Accordingly, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase play intimate and complex roles in tumor development, exceeding the basal roles of preventing the initial DNA damage. Likewise, it is emerging that dietary antioxidants help controlling tumor onset and progression by preventing DNA damage and by acting on cell cycle checkpoints, opening a novel and promising frontier to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Caputo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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84
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Subramaniam K, Hirpara JL, Tucker-Kellogg L, Tucker-Kellogg G, Pervaiz S. FLIP: a flop for execution signals. Cancer Lett 2012; 332:151-5. [PMID: 22781394 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis is one of the established hallmarks of cancer cells. This is a function of an imbalance between the proteins that facilitate death execution and those that inhibit apoptosis or promote cell proliferation. The anti-apoptotic protein, FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP), first identified as a viral protein, is over-expressed in a variety of human pathologies. Initial observations linked FLIP expression to inhibition of death receptor induced apoptosis, due to its structural homology to the cysteine protease, caspase-8. FLIP impedes full processing of pro-caspase-8 to its active form and its release to the cytosol, and by doing so blocks apoptotic signaling downstream of the membrane death initiating signaling complex (DISC). Recent observations have highlighted the complex regulation of this protein and its cross talk with diverse signaling networks and metabolic processes. As FLIP expression is directly associated with chemotherapy resistance, a better understanding of its genomic organization, gene transcription, as well as post-transcriptional regulation could yield novel targets with potential therapeutic implications against drug refractory cancers. In this short review, we provide a brief overview of the structural and functional biology of this somewhat complex protein with direct relevance to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kothandharaman Subramaniam
- Apoptosis, ROS and Cancer Biology Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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85
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Maillet A, Pervaiz S. Redox regulation of p53, redox effectors regulated by p53: a subtle balance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1285-94. [PMID: 22117613 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by cells as side products of biological reactions, function as secondary messengers by impacting a host of cellular networks involved in maintaining normal homeostatic growth as well as pathological disease states. Redox-sensitive proteins, such as the tumor suppressor protein p53, are susceptible to ROS-dependent modifications, which could impact their activities and/or biological functions. RECENT ADVANCES p53 is a transcription factor that controls a wide variety of target genes and regulates numerous cellular functions in response to stresses that lead to genomic instability. Thus, redox modifications of p53 could impact cell fate signaling and could have profound effects on pathways fundamental to maintaining cell and tissue integrity. CRITICAL ISSUES Recent studies present evidence that ROS function upstream of p53 in some model systems, while in others ROS production could be a downstream effect of p53 activation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In this review, we describe how ROS production regulates p53 activity and how p53 can, in turn, influence cellular ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Maillet
- ROS, Apoptosis and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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86
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Wang Q, Na B, Ou JHJ, Pulliam L, Yen TSB. Hepatitis B virus alters the antioxidant system in transgenic mice and sensitizes hepatocytes to Fas signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36818. [PMID: 22606292 PMCID: PMC3350475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major etiological factor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the precise pathogenetic mechanisms linking HBV infection and HCC remain uncertain. It has been reported that decreased antioxidant enzyme activities are associated with severe liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis in mouse models. It is unclear if HBV can interfere with the activities of antioxidant enzymes. We established a HBV transgenic mouse line, which spontaneously developed HCC at 2 years of age. We studied the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in the liver of the HBV transgenic mice. Our results showed that the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase 2 were down-regulated in HBV transgenic mice and correlated with JNK activation. HBV enhanced the Fas-mediated activation of caspase 6, caspase 8 and JNK without enhancing the activation of caspase 3 and hepatocellular apoptosis. As a proper redox balance is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis, these effects of HBV on the host antioxidant system and Fas-signaling may play an important role in HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Pathology Service 113B, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Na
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Pathology Service 113B, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jing-hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - T. S. Benedict Yen
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Pathology Service 113B, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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87
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Mitochondria: redox metabolism and dysfunction. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:896751. [PMID: 22593827 PMCID: PMC3347708 DOI: 10.1155/2012/896751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main intracellular location for fuel generation; however, they are not just power plants but involved in a range of other intracellular functions including regulation of redox homeostasis and cell fate. Dysfunction of mitochondria will result in oxidative stress which is one of the underlying causal factors for a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In this paper, generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the mitochondria, redox regulatory roles of certain mitochondrial proteins, and the impact on cell fate will be discussed. The current state of our understanding in mitochondrial dysfunction in pathological states and how we could target them for therapeutic purpose will also be briefly reviewed.
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88
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Low ICC, Kang J, Pervaiz S. Bcl-2: a prime regulator of mitochondrial redox metabolism in cancer cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2975-87. [PMID: 21574773 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria play a critical role as death amplifiers during drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells by providing pro-apoptotic factors that are released from the mitochondrial inter-membranous space upon the induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. This intrinsic death signaling pathway is the preferred mechanism employed by most anticancer compounds, and as such, resistance to drug-induced apoptosis is invariably associated with inhibition of mitochondrial death signaling network. The latter is a function of a balance between the pro- and the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Bcl-2 is the prototype anti-apoptotic protein that localizes to the mitochondria and blocks the recruitment and activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, to the mitochondria. RECENT ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES Recent evidence has highlighted a novel mechanism of anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-2 in addition to its canonical activity in regulating mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. This novel activity is a function of cellular redox regulation, in particular, mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Here we review the current state of our understanding of the death inhibitory activity of Bcl-2 and provide insight into the novel functional biology of this remarkable protein, which could have implications for designing innovative strategies to overcome the problem of drug resistance in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cherh Chiet Low
- ROS, Apoptosis and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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89
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90
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Chan SW, Nguyen PN, Ayele D, Chevalier S, Aprikian A, Chen JZ. Mitochondrial DNA damage is sensitive to exogenous H(2)O(2) but independent of cellular ROS production in prostate cancer cells. Mutat Res 2011; 716:40-50. [PMID: 21843533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic oxidative stress through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prostate and other cancers may contribute to cancer progression due to its stimulating effect on cancer growth. In this study, we investigate differential responses to exogenous oxidative stimuli between aggressive prostate cancer and normal cell lines and explore potential mechanisms through interactions between cytotoxicity, cellular ROS production and oxidative DNA damage. The circular, multi-copy mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is used as a sensitive surrogate to oxidative DNA damage. We demonstrate that exogenous H(2)O(2) induces preferential cytotoxicity in aggressive prostate cancer than normal cells; a cascade production of cellular ROS, composed mainly of superoxide (O(2)(-)), is shown to be a critical determinant of H(2)O(2)-induced selective toxicity in cancer cells. In contrast, mtDNA damage and copy number depletion, as measured by a novel two-phase strategy of the supercoiling-sensitive qPCR method, are very sensitive to exogenous H(2)O(2) exposure in both cancer and normal cell lines. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the sensitive mtDNA damage response to exogenous H(2)O(2) is independent of secondary cellular ROS production triggered by several ROS modulators regardless of cell phenotypes. These new findings suggest different mechanisms underpinning cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by oxidative stress and a susceptible phenotype to oxidative injury associated with aggressive prostate cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W Chan
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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91
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Lisanti MP, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lin Z, Pavlides S, Whitaker-Menezes D, Pestell RG, Howell A, Sotgia F. Hydrogen peroxide fuels aging, inflammation, cancer metabolism and metastasis: the seed and soil also needs "fertilizer". Cell Cycle 2011; 10:2440-9. [PMID: 21734470 PMCID: PMC3180186 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.15.16870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1889, Dr. Stephen Paget proposed the "seed and soil" hypothesis, which states that cancer cells (the seeds) need the proper microenvironment (the soil) for them to grow, spread and metastasize systemically. In this hypothesis, Dr. Paget rightfully recognized that the tumor microenvironment has an important role to play in cancer progression and metastasis. In this regard, a series of recent studies have elegantly shown that the production of hydrogen peroxide, by both cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, may provide the necessary "fertilizer," by driving accelerated aging, DNA damage, inflammation and cancer metabolism, in the tumor microenvironment. By secreting hydrogen peroxide, cancer cells and fibroblasts are mimicking the behavior of immune cells (macrophages/neutrophils), driving local and systemic inflammation, via the innate immune response (NFκB). Thus, we should consider using various therapeutic strategies (such as catalase and/or other anti-oxidants) to neutralize the production of cancer-associated hydrogen peroxide, thereby preventing tumor-stroma co-evolution and metastasis. The implications of these findings for overcoming chemo-resistance in cancer cells are also discussed in the context of hydrogen peroxide production and cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Lisanti
- The Jefferson Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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92
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Oxidative stress contributes to the induction and persistence of TGF-β1 induced pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1122-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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93
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Recent advances in apoptosis, mitochondria and drug resistance in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:735-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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94
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Zhu P, Tan MJ, Huang RL, Tan CK, Chong HC, Pal M, Lam CRI, Boukamp P, Pan JY, Tan SH, Kersten S, Li HY, Ding JL, Tan NS. Angiopoietin-like 4 protein elevates the prosurvival intracellular O2(-):H2O2 ratio and confers anoikis resistance to tumors. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:401-15. [PMID: 21397862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Tumor cells exploit various signaling pathways to promote their growth and metastasis. To our knowledge, the role of angiopoietin-like 4 protein (ANGPTL4) in cancer remains undefined. Here, we found that elevated ANGPTL4 expression is widespread in tumors, and its suppression impairs tumor growth associated with enhanced apoptosis. Tumor-derived ANGPTL4 interacts with integrins to stimulate NADPH oxidase-dependent production of O(2)(-). A high ratio of O(2)(-):H(2)O(2) oxidizes/activates Src, triggering the PI3K/PKBα and ERK prosurvival pathways to confer anoikis resistance, thus promoting tumor growth. ANGPTL4 deficiency results in diminished O(2)(-) production and a reduced O(2)(-):H(2)O(2) ratio, creating a cellular environment conducive to apoptosis. ANGPTL4 is an important redox player in cancer and a potential therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4
- Angiopoietins/genetics
- Angiopoietins/metabolism
- Animals
- Anoikis
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Integrins/metabolism
- Intracellular Space/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Binding
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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95
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Eilon T, Barash I. Forced activation of Stat5 subjects mammary epithelial cells to DNA damage and preferential induction of the cellular response mechanism during proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:616-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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96
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El Ouariachi EM, Tomi P, Bouyanzer A, Hammouti B, Desjobert JM, Costa J, Paolini J. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and solvent extracts of Ptychotis verticillata from Morocco. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:533-6. [PMID: 21093522 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil and extracts of Ptychotis verticillata. The antioxidative activities of this species were also evaluated to suggest it as a new potential source of natural antioxidants. Analysis of the chemical composition of P. verticillata essential oil from Morocco was carried out using GC and GC-MS. The oil was dominated by phenolic compounds (48.0%) with carvacrol (44.6%) and thymol (3.4%) as the main compounds. Plant phenolics constitute one of the major groups of components that act as primary antioxidant free radical terminators. The amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids in the solvent extracts (diethyl ether and ethyl acetate) were determined spectrometrically. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the essential oil and extracts were determined using a DPPH test system. The DPPH scavenging activity of extracts increased in the order ethyl acetate>ascorbic acid>diethyl ether>essential oil. Finally, a relationship was observed between the antioxidant activity potential and total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extract.
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97
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Li R, Chen WC, Wang WP, Tian WY, Zhang XG. Antioxidant activity of Astragalus polysaccharides and antitumour activity of the polysaccharides and siRNA. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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98
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Comparison of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. typica Schneider and C. pinnatifida Bunge fruits for antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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99
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Mannello F, Tonti GA, Pederzoli A, Simone P, Smaniotto A, Medda V. Detection of Superoxide Dismutase-1 in Nipple Aspirate Fluids: A Reactive Oxygen Species—Regulating Enzyme in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment. Clin Breast Cancer 2010; 10:238-245. [DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2010.n.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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100
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Liu SY, Wen CY, Lee YJ, Lee TC. XPC silencing sensitizes glioma cells to arsenic trioxide via increased oxidative damage. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:183-93. [PMID: 20403967 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic exerts its cytotoxicity via the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of DNA repair. How arsenic disturbs oxidative DNA damage repair is, however, unclear. We found that arsenic trioxide (ATO), like ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, induced the expression of xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) but not of xeroderma pigmentosum A in a human glioma cell line, U87. To explore the role of XPC in the toxic effects of ATO, small interfering RNA was used to silence XPC (siXPC) in U87 cells. siXPC cells were more susceptible to UV irradiation and ATO-induced cell death than control cells. Increased siXPC cell death induced by ATO was accompanied by increased senescence and autophagy. Because increased DNA strand breaks in siXPC cells were observed only when cells were concomitantly treated with ATO and DNA repair inhibitors, XPC silencing apparently did not interfere with repair of ATO-induced DNA damage. Although intracellular ROS levels were not significantly enhanced in siXPC cells, ATO treatment did result in increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and hyperoxidized peroxiredoxin. Enhanced superoxide production and autophagy by ATO in siXPC cells were suppressed by co-incubation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Furthermore, XPC silencing caused decreased glutathione levels and increased catalase and Mn-superoxide dismutase activities. Increased catalase activity in siXPC cells was suppressed by ATO treatment. XPC silencing also enhanced reporter activity of activator protein-1, whereas enhanced activity was suppressed by NAC. Taken together, our results indicate that XPC silencing causes increased ATO susceptibility by disturbing redox homeostasis rather than reducing DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Image and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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