51
|
Simpson HV, Umair S, Hoang VC, Savoian MS. Histochemical study of the effects on abomasal mucins of Haemonchus contortus or Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:210-21. [PMID: 27387375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, chemical analysis of gastric fundic mucin showed that infection of sheep with Haemonchus contortus or Teladorsagia circumcincta changed the proportions of monosaccharides and decreased terminal mucin fucosylation and sialylation. To identify the effects of these parasites on the two mucin-secreting cell lineages, fundic and antral tissues were collected for histochemistry from 69 lambs aged from 3-4 to 9-10 months-of-age which had received a single infection of either H. contortus or T. circumcincta and euthanased at Day 21 or 28 post- infection respectively. All fundic tissues were stained separately with: (1) with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) for all mucins; (2) Alcian Blue (AB) pH 2.5 for acidic mucins (sialylated and sulphated); (3) AB pH 1 for sulphated mucins and (4) High Iron Diamine (HID) for sulphated mucins. Antral and fundic tissues from 24 lambs were also stained for acidic and neutral mucins or with specific lectins for α-1-linked fucose and for α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acids. Only mucin sulphation appeared to differ visually in uninfected lambs over this age range: there was weak staining with HID in tissues from lambs 3-6 months-of-age, but was generally more intense in those over 7 months-of-age. Sulphomucins were not apparent in surface mucous cells (SMC) or generally in the upper pits. Sialylomucins were located predominantly in the pits and glands, with small amounts of sialylated mucins in SMC and on the luminal surface, mainly in younger animals up to 6 months-of-age and less in the older animals. Parasitism markedly reduced the predominantly neutral surface mucin5AC of the SMC and pit cells, despite pit elongation in both antrum and fundus, whereas the acidic Muc6 secreted by mucus neck cells (MNC) increased along with MNC hyperplasia. Sulphated mucins were present mainly from the mid-pits downward and heavy staining was more common in older animals. In these sheep, the markedly reduced neutral mucin in the SMC and pit cells in both antrum and fundus contrasts with reported hypersecretion of mucus in the intestine, which is believed to aid in parasite expulsion. It has been proposed that intestinal goblet cell hypersecretion occurs only in resistant animals, therefore reduced mucins in the abomasum may be indicative of susceptibility to abomasal parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H V Simpson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - S Umair
- The Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - V C Hoang
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M S Savoian
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Guyot N, Labas V, Harichaux G, Chessé M, Poirier JC, Nys Y, Réhault-Godbert S. Proteomic analysis of egg white heparin-binding proteins: towards the identification of natural antibacterial molecules. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27974. [PMID: 27294500 PMCID: PMC4904793 DOI: 10.1038/srep27974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken egg resists most environmental microbes suggesting that it potentially contains efficient antimicrobial molecules. Considering that some heparin-binding proteins in mammals are antibacterial, we investigated the presence and the antimicrobial activity of heparin-binding proteins from chicken egg white. Mass spectrometry analysis of the proteins recovered after heparin-affinity chromatography, revealed 20 proteins, including known antimicrobial proteins (avidin, lysozyme, TENP, ovalbumin-related protein X and avian bêta-defensin 11). The antibacterial activity of three new egg candidates (vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1, beta-microseminoprotein-like (LOC101750704) and pleiotrophin) was demonstrated against Listeria monocytogenes and/or Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. We showed that all these molecules share the property to inhibit bacterial growth through their heparin-binding domains. However, vitelline membrane outer layer 1 has additional specific structural features that can contribute to its antimicrobial potential. Moreover, we identified potential supplementary effectors of innate immunity including mucin 5B, E-selectin ligand 1, whey acidic protein 3, peptidyl prolyl isomerase B and retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2. These data support the concept of using heparin affinity combined to mass spectrometry to obtain an overview of the various effectors of innate immunity composing biological milieus, and to identify novel antimicrobial candidates of interest in the race for alternatives to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guyot
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l’Oeuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements-CNRS UMR 7247-Université François Rabelais-Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Plate-forme d’Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules (PAIB), Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégoire Harichaux
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements-CNRS UMR 7247-Université François Rabelais-Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Plate-forme d’Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules (PAIB), Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Magali Chessé
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l’Oeuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Claude Poirier
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l’Oeuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Nys
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l’Oeuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sophie Réhault-Godbert
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l’Oeuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Benavides MV, Sonstegard TS, Van Tassell C. Genomic Regions Associated with Sheep Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:470-480. [PMID: 27183838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic markers for sheep resistance to gastrointestinal parasites have long been sought by the livestock industry as a way to select more resistant individuals and to help farmers reduce parasite transmission by identifying and removing high egg shedders from the flock. Polymorphisms related to the major histocompatibility complex and interferon (IFN)-γ genes have been the most frequently reported markers associated with infection. Recently, a new picture is emerging from genome-wide studies, showing that not only immune mechanisms are important determinants of host resistance but that gastrointestinal mucus production and hemostasis pathways may also play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Curtis Van Tassell
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Hecht ES, McCord JP, Muddiman DC. A Quantitative Glycomics and Proteomics Combined Purification Strategy. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27023253 PMCID: PMC4828233 DOI: 10.3791/53735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing desire in the biological and clinical sciences to integrate and correlate multiple classes of biomolecules to unravel biology, define pathways, improve treatment, understand disease, and aid biomarker discovery. N-linked glycosylation is one of the most important and robust post-translational modifications on proteins and regulates critical cell functions such as signaling, adhesion, and enzymatic function. Analytical techniques to purify and analyze N-glycans have remained relatively static over the last decade. While accurate and effective, they commonly require significant expertise and resources. Though some high-throughput purification schemes have been developed, they have yet to find widespread adoption and often rely on the enrichment of glycopeptides. One promising method, developed by Thomas-Oates et al., filter aided N-glycan separation (FANGS), was qualitatively demonstrated on tissues. Herein, we adapted FANGS to plasma and coupled it to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags strategy in order to achieve accurate relative quantification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and enhanced electrospray ionization. Furthermore, we designed new functionality to the protocol by achieving tandem, shotgun proteomics and glycosylation site analysis on hen plasma. We showed that N-glycans purified on filter and derivatized by hydrophobic hydrazide tags were comparable in terms of abundance and class to those by solid phase extraction (SPE); the latter is considered a gold standard in the field. Importantly, the variability in the two protocols was not statistically different. Proteomic data that was collected in-line with glycomic data had the same depth compared to a standard trypsin digest. Peptide deamidation is minimized in the protocol, limiting non-specific deamidation detected at glycosylation motifs. This allowed for direct glycosylation site analysis, though the protocol can accommodate (18)O site labeling as well. Overall, we demonstrated a new in-line high-throughput, unbiased, filter based protocol for quantitative glycomics and proteomics analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James P McCord
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
New Role of Nod Proteins in Regulation of Intestinal Goblet Cell Response in the Context of Innate Host Defense in an Enteric Parasite Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 84:275-85. [PMID: 26527214 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01187-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins secreted by intestinal goblet cells are considered an important component of innate defense in a number of enteric infections, including many parasitic infections, but also likely provide protection against the gut microbiota. Nod proteins are intracellular receptors that play key roles in innate immune response and inflammation. Here, we investigated the role of Nod proteins in regulation of intestinal goblet cell response in naive mice and mice infected with the enteric parasite Trichuris muris. We observed significantly fewer periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained intestinal goblet cells and less mucin (Muc2) in Nod1 and Nod2 double-knockout (Nod DKO) mice after T. muris infection than in wild-type (WT) mice. Expulsion of parasites from the intestine was significantly delayed in Nod DKO mice. Treatment of naive WT mice with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists simultaneously increased numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2-expressing cells, whereas treatment with Nod1 or Nod2 separately had no significant effect. Stimulation of mucin-secreting LS174T cells with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists upregulated core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT; an important enzyme in mucin synthesis) and MUC2. We also observed lower numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and less Muc2 in germfree mice. Treatment with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists enhanced the production of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2 in germfree mice. These data provide novel information on the role of Nod proteins in goblet cell response and Muc2 production in relation to intestinal innate defense.
Collapse
|
56
|
Fasciola hepatica mucin-encoding gene: expression, variability and its potential relevance in host-parasite relationship. Parasitology 2015; 142:1673-81. [PMID: 26440911 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a zoonosis with significant impact both in human and animal health. Understanding the basic processes of parasite biology, especially those related to interactions with its host, will contribute to control F. hepatica infections and hence liver pathology. Mucins have been described as important mediators for parasite establishment within its host, due to their key roles in immune evasion. In F. hepatica, mucin expression is upregulated in the mammalian invasive newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) stage in comparison with the adult stage. Here, we performed sequencing of mucin cDNAs prepared from NEJ RNA, resulting in six different cDNAs clusters. The differences are due to the presence of a tandem repeated sequence of 66 bp encoded by different exons. Two groups of apomucins one with three and the other with four repeats, with 459 and 393 bp respectively, were identified. These cDNAs have open reading frames encoding Ser-Thr enriched proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide, characteristic of apomucin backbone. We cloned a 4470 bp gene comprising eight exons and seven introns that encodes all the cDNA variants identified in NEJs. By real time polymerase chain reaction and high-resolution melting approaches of individual flukes we infer that fhemuc-1 is a single-copy gene, with at least two different alleles. Our data suggest that both gene polymorphism and alternative splicing might account for apomucin variability in the fhemuc-1 gene that is upregulated in NEJ invasive stage. The relevance of this variation in host-parasite interplay is discussed.
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body and comprises cells from non-hemopoietic (epithelia, Paneth cells, goblet cells) and hemopoietic (macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells) origin, and is also a dwelling for trillions of microbes collectively known as the microbiota. The homeostasis of this large microbial biomass is prerequisite to maintain host health by maximizing beneficial symbiotic relationships and minimizing the risks of living in such close proximity. Both microbiota and host immune system communicate with each other to mutually maintain homeostasis in what could be called a "love-hate relationship." Further, the host innate and adaptive immune arms of the immune system cooperate and compensate each other to maintain the equilibrium of a highly complex gut ecosystem in a stable and stringent fashion. Any imbalance due to innate or adaptive immune deficiency or aberrant immune response may lead to dysbiosis and low-grade to robust gut inflammation, finally resulting in metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
|
59
|
Castillo JC, Creasy T, Kumari P, Shetty A, Shokal U, Tallon LJ, Eleftherianos I. Drosophila anti-nematode and antibacterial immune regulators revealed by RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:519. [PMID: 26162375 PMCID: PMC4499211 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drosophila melanogaster activates a variety of immune responses against microbial infections. However, information on the Drosophila immune response to entomopathogenic nematode infections is currently limited. The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is an insect parasite that forms a mutualistic relationship with the gram-negative bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens. Following infection, the nematodes release the bacteria that quickly multiply within the insect and produce several toxins that eventually kill the host. Although we currently know that the insect immune system interacts with Photorhabdus, information on interaction with the nematode vector is scarce. Results Here we have used next generation RNA-sequencing to analyze the transcriptional profile of wild-type adult flies infected by axenic Heterorhabditis nematodes (lacking Photorhabdus bacteria), symbiotic Heterorhabditis nematodes (carrying Photorhabdus bacteria), and Photorhabdus bacteria alone. We have obtained approximately 54 million reads from the different infection treatments. Bioinformatic analysis shows that infection with Photorhabdus alters the transcription of a large number of Drosophila genes involved in translational repression as well in response to stress. However, Heterorhabditis infection alters the transcription of several genes that participate in lipidhomeostasis and metabolism, stress responses, DNA/protein sythesis and neuronal functions. We have also identified genes in the fly with potential roles in nematode recognition, anti-nematode activity and nociception. Conclusions These findings provide fundamental information on the molecular events that take place in Drosophila upon infection with the two pathogens, either separately or together. Such large-scale transcriptomic analyses set the stage for future functional studies aimed at identifying the exact role of key factors in the Drosophila immune response against nematode-bacteria complexes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1690-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Castillo
- Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA. .,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Todd Creasy
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Priti Kumari
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Amol Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Upasana Shokal
- Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Luke J Tallon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Insect Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hussein OA, Elgamal DA, Elgayar SAM. Structure of the secretory cells of male and female adult guinea pigs Harderian gland. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:323-35. [PMID: 25960413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the structure of the Harderian gland (HG) in male and female guinea pigs. A total number of sixteen animals of 4 months age were divided according to sex into two groups; eight animals each. Unfixed glands were weighed and their length and width were measured. Specimens from fixed glands were processed and examined using light, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry for the detection of the presence of chromogranin A (CgA). The gland consisted of a well-developed duct system which included both intra and extra parenchymal ducts and secretory end pieces lined by many types of cells of variable morphological features and modes of secretion. However, the holocrine mode of secretion was rare as mitotic figures were occasionally present. The interstitial cells included fibroblasts and immune cells (mast cells, lymphocyte, plasma cells and macrophages). The secretion produced by the gland included lipid, protein, neutral mucin and CgA which may be a newly identified constituent of biologically potent proteins stored in the cells of the guinea pig HG. Neutral mucin and CgA may function in photoprotection. The gland revealed sexual dimorphism in mast cells and blood capillaries number and chromogranin secretory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola A Hussein
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Elgamal
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A M Elgayar
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Bosi G, Sayyaf Dezfuli B. Responses of Squalius cephalus intestinal mucous cells to Pomphorhynchus laevis. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
62
|
Tsubokawa D, Ishiwata K, Goso Y, Yokoyama T, Kanuka H, Ishihara K, Nakamura T, Tsuji N. Induction of Sd(a)-sialomucin and sulfated H-sulfomucin in mouse small intestinal mucosa by infection with parasitic helminth. Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:165-73. [PMID: 25819298 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucin is a major component of mucus on gastrointestinal mucosa. Mucin alteration in the host is considered to be the principal event for expulsion of intestinal helminths. However, it is unclear what mucin alterations are induced by various helminth infections. In this study, the alterations of mouse small intestinal mucin after infection with two nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus, which parasitize the jejunal epithelium, and a cestode, Vampirolepis nana, which parasitizes the ileal epithelium, were examined biochemically and histologically using two anti-mucin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), HCM31 and PGM34, which recognize Sd(a) antigen, NeuAcα2-3(GalNAcβ1-4)Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ-, and sulphated H type 2 antigen, Fucα1-2Galβ1-4GlcNAc(6SO₃H)β-, respectively. The goblet cell mucins that reacted with HCM31 increased conspicuously on the jejunal mucosa concurrently with expulsion of N. brasiliensis. Increased levels of HCM31-reactive mucins were observed in the jejunal mucosa after H. polygyrus infection, despite the ongoing parasitism. Goblet cell mucins that reacted with PGM34 increased on the ileal mucosa during V. nana parasitism. Small intestinal goblet cells reacting with the two mAbs were not observed in non-infected mice, although sialomucins and sulfomucins were abundantly present. Additionally, the number of ileal goblet cells that reacted with the two mAbs was increased at the time of expulsion of heterophyid trematode. These results indicate that the type of specific acidic mucins expressed after infection varies among species of intestinal helminth, and, furthermore, that the relationship with worm expulsion is also different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Tsubokawa
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishiwata
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Goso
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Kitasato Junior College of Health and Hygienic Sciences, 500 Kurotsuchishinden Minamiuonuma, Niigata 949-7241, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Brugman S, Perdijk O, van Neerven RJJ, Savelkoul HFJ. Mucosal Immune Development in Early Life: Setting the Stage. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:251-68. [PMID: 25666708 PMCID: PMC4499104 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our environment poses a constant threat to our health. To survive, all organisms must be able to discriminate between good (food ingredients and microbes that help digest our food) and bad (pathogenic microbes, viruses and toxins). In vertebrates, discrimination between beneficial and harmful antigens mainly occurs at the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tract. Here, an extensive network of cells and organs form the basis of what we have come to know as the mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system is composed of a single epithelial cell layer protected by a mucus layer. Different immune cells monitor the baso-lateral side of the epithelial cells and dispersed secondary lymphoid organs, such as Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles are equipped with immune cells able to mount appropriate and specific responses. This review will focus on the current knowledge on host, dietary and bacterial-derived factors that shape the mucosal immune system before and after birth. We will discuss current knowledge on fetal immunity (both responsiveness and lymphoid organ development) as well as the impact of diet and microbial colonization on neonatal immunity and disease susceptibility. Lastly, inflammatory bowel disease will be discussed as an example of how the composition of the microbiota might predispose to disease later in life. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in mucosal immune development and tolerance will aid nutritional intervention strategies to improve health in neonatal and adult life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Brugman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, de Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Almeida AM, Bassols A, Bendixen E, Bhide M, Ceciliani F, Cristobal S, Eckersall PD, Hollung K, Lisacek F, Mazzucchelli G, McLaughlin M, Miller I, Nally JE, Plowman J, Renaut J, Rodrigues P, Roncada P, Staric J, Turk R. Animal board invited review: advances in proteomics for animal and food sciences. Animal 2015; 9:1-17. [PMID: 25359324 PMCID: PMC4301196 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal production and health (APH) is an important sector in the world economy, representing a large proportion of the budget of all member states in the European Union and in other continents. APH is a highly competitive sector with a strong emphasis on innovation and, albeit with country to country variations, on scientific research. Proteomics (the study of all proteins present in a given tissue or fluid - i.e. the proteome) has an enormous potential when applied to APH. Nevertheless, for a variety of reasons and in contrast to disciplines such as plant sciences or human biomedicine, such potential is only now being tapped. To counter such limited usage, 6 years ago we created a consortium dedicated to the applications of Proteomics to APH, specifically in the form of a Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, termed FA1002--Proteomics in Farm Animals: www.cost-faproteomics.org. In 4 years, the consortium quickly enlarged to a total of 31 countries in Europe, as well as Israel, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. This article has a triple purpose. First, we aim to provide clear examples on the applications and benefits of the use of proteomics in all aspects related to APH. Second, we provide insights and possibilities on the new trends and objectives for APH proteomics applications and technologies for the years to come. Finally, we provide an overview and balance of the major activities and accomplishments of the COST Action on Farm Animal Proteomics. These include activities such as the organization of seminars, workshops and major scientific conferences, organization of summer schools, financing Short-Term Scientific Missions (STSMs) and the generation of scientific literature. Overall, the Action has attained all of the proposed objectives and has made considerable difference by putting proteomics on the global map for animal and veterinary researchers in general and by contributing significantly to reduce the East-West and North-South gaps existing in the European farm animal research. Future activities of significance in the field of scientific research, involving members of the action, as well as others, will likely be established in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, CVZ – Centro de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Av. Univ. Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- ITQB – Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da UNL, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- IBET – Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - A. Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - E. Bendixen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M. Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho-73 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - F. Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - S. Cristobal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Basque Country,48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - P. D. Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - K. Hollung
- Nofima AS, PO Box 210, NO-1431 Aas, Norway
| | - F. Lisacek
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU – Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - G. Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA-Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M. McLaughlin
- Division of Veterinary Bioscience, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - I. Miller
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. E. Nally
- National Animal Disease Center, Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - J. Plowman
- Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - J. Renaut
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - P. Rodrigues
- CCMAR – Centre of Marine Sciences of Algarve, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - P. Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano L. Spallanzani Milano, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J. Staric
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - R. Turk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
|
66
|
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is characterized by chronic or recurrent relapsing gastrointestinal inflammation, includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD).The precise etiology of IBD remains unclear. In recent years, intestinal mucosal injury is considered the leading cause of IBD, and a large body of evidence suggests that mucins are an important component of the intestinal mucosa barrier and participate in the occurrence and development of IBD. Understanding the relationship between mucins and IBD can provide new avenues for the development of new treatments for this disease.
Collapse
|
67
|
Fuell C, Kober OI, Hautefort I, Juge N. Mice deficient in intestinal γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes display an altered intestinal O-glycan profile compared with wild-type littermates. Glycobiology 2014; 25:42-54. [PMID: 25187161 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal γδ T-cell receptor-bearing intraepithelial lymphocytes (γδ IELs) play a multifaceted role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. In order to investigate the relationship between O-glycosylation and inflammation, we carried out an in-depth mass spectrometric comparison of the intestinal O-glycosylation profile of mice lacking γδ IELs (TCRδ(-/-)) and of their wild-type (WT) littermates. A total of 69 nonsulfated and 59 sulfated compositional types of O-glycans were identified in the small intestine and colon of TCRδ(-/-) and WT mice. Our results demonstrated structural differences in intestinal glycosylation in TCRδ(-/-) mice compared with WT littermates. TCRδ(-/-) colons contained a lower proportion of core-2 structures and an increased proportion of core-1 structures whereas TCRδ(-/-) small intestines had a decreased percentage of core-3 structures. The glycan antennae in TCRδ(-/-) colon and small intestine showed altered structural diversity compared with WT mice. There were significant differences in the sialylated species between the TCRδ(-/-) and WT mice with the sialylated Tn antigen found exclusively in the TCRδ(-/-)small intestine, whereas the sulfation pattern remained mostly unchanged. These findings provide novel molecular insights underpinning the role of γδ IELs in maintaining gut homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fuell
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Olivia I Kober
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Isabelle Hautefort
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Lee SH, Jung BK, Park JH, Shin EH, Chai JY. Increased intestinal epithelial cell turnover and intestinal motility in Gymnophalloides seoi-infected C57BL/6 mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:273-80. [PMID: 25031467 PMCID: PMC4096638 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The changing patterns of goblet cell hyperplasia, intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and intestinal motility were studied in ICR and C57BL/6 mice infected with Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae). Whereas ICR mice retained G. seoi worms until day 7 post-infection (PI), C57BL/6 mice showed a rapid worm expulsion within day 3 PI. Immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol significantly delayed the worm expulsion in C57BL/6 mice. Goblet cell counts were increased in both strains of mice, peaking at day 1 PI in C57BL/6 mice and slowly increasing until day 7 PI in ICR mice. In C57BL/6 mice infected with G. seoi, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells were remarkably increased in the crypt, and the increase was the highest at day 1 PI. However, in ICR mice, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells increased slowly from day 1 to day 7 PI. Intestinal motility was increased in G. seoi-infected mice, and its chronological pattern was highly correlated with the worm load in both strains of mice. Meanwhile, immunosuppression of C57BL/6 mice abrogated the goblet cell proliferation, reduced the epithelial cell proliferation, and suppressed the intestinal motility. Goblet cell hyperplasia, increased intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and increased intestinal motility should be important mucosal defense mechanisms in G. seoi-infected C57BL/6 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Patel S, McCormick BA. Mucosal Inflammatory Response to Salmonella typhimurium Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:311. [PMID: 25071772 PMCID: PMC4082011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a barrier against food antigens and the resident microbiota within the lumen. This delicately balanced organ functions in a highly sophisticated manner to uphold the fidelity of the intestinal epithelium and to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. On the luminal side, this barrier is fortified by a thick mucus layer, and on the serosal side exists the lamina propria containing a resident population of immune cells. Pathogens that are able to breach this barrier disrupt the healthy epithelial lining by interfering with the regulatory mechanisms that govern the normal balance of intestinal architecture and function. This disruption results in a coordinated innate immune response deployed to eliminate the intruder that includes the release of antimicrobial peptides, activation of pattern-recognition receptors, and recruitment of a variety of immune cells. In the case of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infection, induction of an inflammatory response has been linked to its virulence mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS secretes protein effectors that exploit the host’s cell biology to facilitate bacterial entry and intracellular survival, and to modulate the host immune response. As the role of the intestinal epithelium in initiating an immune response has been increasingly realized, this review will highlight recent research that details progress made in understanding mechanisms underlying the mucosal inflammatory response to Salmonella infection, and how such inflammatory responses impact pathogenic fitness of this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Prasopdee S, Sotillo J, Tesana S, Laha T, Kulsantiwong J, Nolan MJ, Loukas A, Cantacessi C. RNA-Seq reveals infection-induced gene expression changes in the snail intermediate host of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2765. [PMID: 24676090 PMCID: PMC3967946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos is the snail intermediate host of the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, the leading cause of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the Greater Mekong sub-region of Thailand. Despite the severe public health impact of Opisthorchis-induced CCA, knowledge of the molecular interactions occurring between the parasite and its snail intermediate host is scant. The examination of differences in gene expression profiling between uninfected and O. viverrini-infected B. siamensis goniomphalos could provide clues on fundamental pathways involved in the regulation of snail-parasite interplay. Methodology/Principal Findings Using high-throughput (Illumina) sequencing and extensive bioinformatic analyses, we characterized the transcriptomes of uninfected and O. viverrini-infected B. siamensis goniomphalos. Comparative analyses of gene expression profiling allowed the identification of 7,655 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), associated to 43 distinct biological pathways, including pathways associated with immune defense mechanisms against parasites. Amongst the DEGs with immune functions, transcripts encoding distinct proteases displayed the highest down-regulation in Bithynia specimens infected by O. viverrini; conversely, transcription of genes encoding heat-shock proteins and actins was significantly up-regulated in parasite-infected snails when compared to the uninfected counterparts. Conclusions/Significance The present study lays the foundation for functional studies of genes and gene products potentially involved in immune-molecular mechanisms implicated in the ability of the parasite to successfully colonize its snail intermediate host. The annotated dataset provided herein represents a ready-to-use molecular resource for the discovery of molecular pathways underlying susceptibility and resistance mechanisms of B. siamensis goniomphalos to O. viverrini and for comparative analyses with pulmonate snail intermediate hosts of other platyhelminths including schistosomes. Despite recent significant advances in knowledge of the fundamental biology of the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, little is known of the complement of molecular interactions occurring between this parasite and its prosobranch snail intermediate host, Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos. The determination of such interactions is a key, necessary component of the development of future integrated control strategies for liver fluke infection and associated bile duct cancer. Here, we use cutting-edge high-throughput sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatic analyses to characterize, for the first time, qualitative and quantitative differences in gene expression between uninfected and O. viverrini-infected B. siamensis goniomphalos collected from an endemic region of Northeast Thailand. The analyses led to the identification of a number of molecules putatively involved in immune defense pathways against invading O. viverrini, and of key biological mechanisms potentially implicated in the ability of the parasite to successfully colonize its snail intermediate host. We believe that this ready-to-use molecular resource will provide the scientific community with new tools for the development of strategies to control the spread of liver fluke infection and the resulting bile duct cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Food-borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Kulsantiwong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani, Thailand
| | - Matthew J. Nolan
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Chai JY, Park YJ, Park JH, Jung BK, Shin EH. Mucosal immune responses of mice experimentally infected with Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:27-33. [PMID: 24623878 PMCID: PMC3948990 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses against Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) infection were studied in ICR mice. Experimental groups consisted of group 1 (uninfected controls), group 2 (infection with 200 metacercariae), and group 3 (immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol and infection with 200 metacercariae). Worms were recovered in the small intestine at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-infection (PI). Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), mast cells, and goblet cells were counted in intestinal tissue sections stained with Giemsa, astra-blue, and periodic acid-Schiff, respectively. Mucosal IgA levels were measured by ELISA. Expulsion of P. summa from the mouse intestine began to occur from days 3-5 PI which sustained until day 7 PI. The worm expulsion was positively correlated with proliferation of IEL, mast cells, goblet cells, and increase of IgA, although in the case of mast cells significant increase was seen only at day 7 PI. Immunosuppression suppressed all these immune effectors and inhibited worm reduction in the intestine until day 7 PI. The results suggested that various immune effectors which include IEL, goblet cells, mast cells, and IgA play roles in regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity of ICR mice against P. summa infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Turner JE, Stockinger B, Helmby H. IL-22 mediates goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in intestinal helminth infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003698. [PMID: 24130494 PMCID: PMC3795034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are essential in protection against intestinal helminth infections. In this study we show that IL-22, a cytokine important in defence against bacterial infections in the intestinal tract, is also a critical mediator of anti-helminth immunity. After infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a rodent hookworm, IL-22-deficient mice showed impaired worm expulsion despite normal levels of type 2 cytokine production. The impaired worm expulsion correlated with reduced goblet cell hyperplasia and reduced expression of goblet cell markers. We further confirmed our findings in a second nematode model, the murine whipworm Trichuris muris. T.muris infected IL-22-deficient mice had a similar phenotype to that seen in N.brasiliensis infection, with impaired worm expulsion and reduced goblet cell hyperplasia. Ex vivo and in vitro analysis demonstrated that IL-22 is able to directly induce the expression of several goblet cell markers, including mucins. Taken together, our findings reveal that IL-22 plays an important role in goblet cell activation, and thus, a key role in anti-helminth immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Eric Turner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitta Stockinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Helmby
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Stable insulin-secreting ducts formed by reprogramming of cells in the liver using a three-gene cocktail and a PPAR agonist. Gene Ther 2013; 21:19-27. [PMID: 24089243 PMCID: PMC3880604 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the long-term aim of developing a new type of therapy for diabetes, we have investigated the reprogramming of liver cells in normal mice toward a pancreatic phenotype using the gene combination Pdx1, Ngn3, MafA. CD1 mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin and given a single dose of Ad-PNM, an adenoviral vector containing all three genes. Ad-PNM induced hepatocytes of the liver to produce insulin, and the blood glucose became normalized. But over several weeks, the insulin-positive cells were lost and the blood glucose rose back to diabetic levels. Simultaneous administration of a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor agonist, WY14643, caused remission of diabetes at a lower dose of Ad-PNM and also caused the appearance of a population of insulin-secreting ductal structures in the liver. The insulin-positive ducts were stable and were able to relieve diabetes in the long term. We show that the effect of WY14643 is associated with the promotion of cell division of the ductal cells, which may increase their susceptibility to being reprogrammed toward a beta cell fate.
Collapse
|
74
|
Kim JJ, Khan WI. Goblet cells and mucins: role in innate defense in enteric infections. Pathogens 2013; 2:55-70. [PMID: 25436881 PMCID: PMC4235714 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells reside throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are responsible for the production and preservation of a protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high molecular weight glycoproteins known as mucins. The concept of the mucus layer functioning as a dynamic protective barrier is suggested by studies showing changes in mucins in inflammatory conditions of the GI tract, by the altered goblet cell response in germ-free animals, and by the enhanced mucus secretion seen in response to infections. The mucin-containing mucus layer coating the GI epithelium is the front line of innate host defense. Mucins are likely to be the first molecules that invading pathogens interact with at the cell surface and thus, can limit binding to other glycoproteins and neutralize the pathogen. This review will focus on what is known about goblet cell response in various GI infections and the regulatory networks that mediate goblet cell function and mucin production in response to intestinal insults. In addition, we describe the current knowledge on the role of mucins in intestinal innate defense. It is the aim of this review to provide the readers with an update on goblet cell biology and current understanding on the role of mucins in host defense in enteric infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Kim
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|