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Cao J, Chen M, Xu R, Guo M. Therapeutic Mechanisms of Berberine to Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function via Modulating Gut Microbiota, TLR4/NF-κ B/MTORC Pathway and Autophagy in Cats. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961885. [PMID: 35935245 PMCID: PMC9354406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disease that seriously harms human and animal health, has attracted many researchers’ attention because of its complexity and difficulty in treatment. Most research has involved rats and dogs, and very little was cats. We should know that gut microbiota varies significantly from animal to animal. Traditional Chinese Medicine and its monomer component have many advantages compared with antibiotics used in pet clinics. Numerous studies have shown berberine (berberine hydrochloride) therapeutic value for IBD. However, the specific mechanism remains to consider. Results We assessed gut pathology and analyzed fecal bacterial composition using Histological staining and 16S rRNA sequence. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) administration destroyed intestinal mucosal structure and changed the diversity of intestinal flora relative to control. RT-PCR and western blot confirmed specific molecular mechanisms that trigger acute inflammation and intestinal mucosal barrier function disruption after DSS treatment. And autophagy inhibition is typical pathogenesis of IBD. Interestingly, berberine ameliorates inflammation during the development of the intestinal by modulating the toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway and activating autophagy. Berberine significantly reduces tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β expression in cats’ serum. Enhancing the antioxidant effect of IBD cats is one of the protective mechanisms of berberine. We demonstrated that berberine repairs intestinal barrier function by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex (MTORC), which inhibits autophagy. Conclusion Berberine can restore intestinal microbiota homeostasis and regulate the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, thereby controlling inflammatory responses. We propose a novel mechanism of berberine therapy for IBD, namely, berberine therapy can simultaneously activate MTORC and autophagy to restore intestinal mucosal barrier function in cats, which should be further studied to shed light on berberine to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingWen Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - MiaoYu Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - MengYao Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: MengYao Guo,
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Renal Protective Mechanisms of Shenyuan Particle in Db/Db Mice: A Study Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9579179. [PMID: 35747379 PMCID: PMC9213133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9579179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim The renal protective mechanisms of Shenyuan particle (SYP) in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) were investigated, focusing on the main targets and pathways. Materials and Methods In this study, the potential targets of compounds identified in SYP were predicted by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), and a “herb-compound-target” network was constructed via Cytoscape. Next, the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses were dissected using R language. A protein-protein interaction network was fabricated using STRING to obtain the main target information. In addition, db/db mice were used as the DKD models to explore the renal protective effects of SYP. Transmission electron microscopy, western blot, pathological staining, TUNEL staining, and biochemical methods were used to identify the apoptotic pathways and establish the primary mechanism of SYP. Results Network pharmacology analysis revealed 67 potential targets based on the analysis of different databases. The targets of SYP were primarily associated with apoptosis. The network hub genes included caspase 3, caspase 7, caspase 8, caspase 9, Bax, and Bcl-2. In vivo, SYP materially improved renal function and inhibited apoptosis in the db/db mouse kidneys by improving the mitochondrial health. In addition, our results showed that SYP significantly decreased the expression of Bax, caspase 3, and Cyto-c and increased the expression of Bcl-2. Conclusions Network pharmacology analysis and experimental results suggest that SYP ameliorates DKD mediated via multiple components, targets, and pathways. Our study further demonstrates that SYP inhibits apoptosis in the kidneys of db/db mice by improving the mitochondrial health and thereby alleviating renal damage.
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Tomaszewska E, Donaldson J, Jachimowicz K. The Role of Nutritional Factors in the Modulation of the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in People with Autoimmune Diabetes. Nutrients 2022; 14:2498. [PMID: 35745227 PMCID: PMC9227140 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a disease marked by oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and the presence of autoantibodies. The gut microbiota has been shown to be involved in the alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as strengthening immunity, thus its' possible involvement in the pathogenesis of T1DM has been highlighted. The goal of the present study is to analyze information on the relationship between the structure of the intestinal microbiome and the occurrence of T1DM. The modification of the intestinal microbiota can increase the proportion of SCFA-producing bacteria, which could in turn be effective in the prevention and/or treatment of T1DM. The increased daily intake of soluble and non-soluble fibers, as well as the inclusion of pro-biotics, prebiotics, herbs, spices, and teas that are sources of phytobiotics, in the diet, could be important in improving the composition and activity of the microbiota and thus in the prevention of metabolic disorders. Understanding how the microbiota interacts with immune cells to create immune tolerance could enable the development of new therapeutic strategies for T1DM and improve the quality of life of people with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Nutrition Physiology, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janine Donaldson
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Karolina Jachimowicz
- Department of Bromatology and Nutrition Physiology, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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Overall Structural Alteration of Gut Microbiota and Relationships with Risk Factors in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Treated with Inulin Alone and with Other Agents: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2078520. [PMID: 35633654 PMCID: PMC9136633 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2078520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The relative contribution of some products with prebiotic effects, such as inulin, together with medications specific to the human gut microbiome has not been comprehensively studied. The present study determined the potential for manipulating populations in the gut microbiome using inulin alone and combined with other agents in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The study also assessed whether there is relationship variability in multiple clinical parameters in response to intervention with the changes in the gut milieu. Participants/Methods. This single-centre, single-blinded, randomised community-based pilot trial randomly assigned 60 patients (mean age, 46.3 y and male, 43%) with MetS to receive either inulin, inulin+traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), or inulin+metformin for 6 months. Lipid profiles, blood glucose, and uric acid (UA) levels were analysed in venous blood samples collected after overnight fast of 8 h at baseline and at the end of the follow-up period. Microbiota from stool samples were taxonomically analysed using 16S RNA amplicon sequencing, and an integrative analysis was conducted on microbiome and responsiveness data at 6 months. Results The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that inulin resulted in a higher proportion of Bacteroides at the endpoint compared with inulin+TCM and inulin+metformin (p = 0.024). More Romboutsia (p = 0.043), Streptococcus (p < 0.001), and Holdemanella (p = 0.011) were found in inulin+TCM and inulin+metformin samples. We further identified gut microbiota relationships with lipids, UA, and glucose that impact the development of MetS. Conclusion Among the groups, inulin alone or combined with metformin or TCM altered specific gut microbiota taxa but not the general diversity. Accordingly, we analysed metabolites associated with microbiota that might provide more information about intrinsic differences. Consequently, a reliable method could be developed for treating metabolic syndrome in the future.
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Determining the protective effects of Ma-Mu-Ran Antidiarrheal Capsules against acute DSS-induced enteritis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fecal metabolomics. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:364-377. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Su W, Du Y, Lian F, Wu H, Zhang X, Yang W, Duan Y, Pan Y, Liu W, Wu A, Zhao B, Wu C, Wu S. Standards for Collection, Preservation, and Transportation of Fecal Samples in TCM Clinical Trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:783682. [PMID: 35521221 PMCID: PMC9065286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.783682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike chemical drugs with a single or a few kinds of active compounds, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)uses herbal formulas composed of numerous kinds of chemical constituents. Therefore, TCM clinical trials require unique and stricter standards for collecting, preserving, and transporting fecal samples than those used for chemical drugs. Unfortunately, there are no special standards for processing fecal samples in TCM clinical trials. Methods We invited interdisciplinary experts within TCM clinical trials and gut microbiome research to help formulate this standard. After more than a year's in-depth discussion and amendments, we achieved a standard via expert interviews, literature research, questionnaire surveys, and public opinion solicitation. This standard has been reviewed and approved by the Standards Office of China of the Association of Chinese medicine. Results We established a sample information processing method prior to TCM clinical sample collection, which is adapted to the unique features of TCM. The method formulates detailed processing requirements for TCM information in addition to the factors that may disturb the gut microbiome. We also constructed a set of methods for collecting, preserving, and transporting fecal samples that meet the characteristics of TCM. These methods formulate detailed operating specifications on the collection approaches, storage conditions, transportation requirements, and management of fecal samples. Conclusions This standard guides the information processing prior to sample collection and the standard operating procedures for the collection, preservation, and transportation of fecal samples in TCM clinical trials, which also can be used as a reference by clinicians and researchers in modern medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Su
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Fangshan Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Yang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Duan
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Pan
- The 7th Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weijng Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Zhao
- Beijing QuantiHealth Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chongming Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengxian Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Traditional Chinese Medicine Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis via Modulating Gut Microbiota. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8075344. [PMID: 35310028 PMCID: PMC8926525 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8075344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by relapsing and remitting inflammation of the bowel. In recent decades, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the therapy of UC. However, its underlying mechanisms have not been sufficiently elucidated. Accumulating studies indicate that the gut microbial dysbiosis is closely related to UC. It has been demonstrated that TCM could alter the composition of intestinal microbiota by enriching beneficial and SCFA-producing bacteria and reducing pathogenic bacteria. In this review, we discussed recent evidence regarding the TCM and its role in modulating gut microbiota for the treatment of UC.
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Valentini F, Rocchi G, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Carotti S. The Origins of NAFLD: The Potential Implication of Intrauterine Life and Early Postnatal Period. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030562. [PMID: 35159371 PMCID: PMC8834011 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal life and the first few months after birth represent a plastic age, defined as a “window of opportunity”, as the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental pressures and has to adapt to environmental conditions. Several perturbations in pregnancy, such as excessive weight gain, obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus and an inadequate or high-fat diet, have been associated with long-term metabolic consequences in offspring, even without affecting birth weight. Moreover, great interest has also been focused on the relationship between the gut microbiome of early infants and health status in later life. Consistently, in various epidemiological studies, a condition of dysbiosis has been associated with an increased inflammatory response and metabolic alterations in the host, with important consequences on the intestinal and systemic health of the unborn child. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the origins of NAFLD, with particular attention to the potential implications of intrauterine life and the early postnatal period. Due to the well-known association between gut microbiota and the risk of NAFLD, a specific focus will be devoted to factors affecting early microbiota formation/composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Valentini
- Pediatric Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Umberto Vespasiani-Gentilucci
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Carotti
- Unit of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
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Guo C, Liu X, Xu Y, Han X, Xie R, Meng X, Li Y, Chen T, Cheng Z, Fu X. Exploring the Mechanism of Action of Canmei Formula Against Colorectal Adenoma Through Multi-Omics Technique. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:778826. [PMID: 34926462 PMCID: PMC8672438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.778826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canmei formula (CMF) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound with definite effect on the prevention and treatment of colorectal adenoma (CRA). CMF can prevent the transformation of intestinal inflammation to cancer. This study explored the mechanism of action of CMF in anti-CRA using multi-omics techniques. Method: The mice were randomly divided into four groups: blank group (Control), high-fat diet (HFD) + AOM/DSS colorectal adenoma model (ADH) groups, Canmei formula treatment group (ADH-CMF) and sulfasalazine treatment group (Sul). Except for the blank group, ADH model was established in the other three groups by intraperitoneal injection with AOM reagent, and then mice were given 2.5% DSS in free drinking water and high-fat diet. The mice in the blank group and ADH groups were intragastrically perfused with normal saline, and the mice in the other two groups were treated with corresponding drugs for 20 weeks. During this period, the changes of physical signs of mice in each group were observed. The differentially expressed genes and proteins in the Control group, ADH group and ADH-CMF group were detected by RNA-seq transcriptome sequencing and Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) quantitative proteomics. After the combined analysis and verification, the key targets were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Moreover, the changes of intestinal flora in mice of the three groups were examined. Results: A total of 2,548 differential genes were obtained by transcriptomics analysis, and 45 differential proteins were obtained by proteomics analysis. The results of proteomics data and experimental verification showed that CMF mainly affected the Phospholysine Phosphohistidine Inorganic Pyrophosphate Phosphatase (LHPP) target. GO analysis showed that the targets of CMF were involved in the biological processes such as cellular process, metabolic process and biological regulation. KEGG analysis showed that those genes were involved in oxidative phosphorylation, cell senescence, and metabolic pathways. Studies have shown that LHPP overexpression impeded colorectal cancer cell growth and proliferation in vitro, and was associated with a change in PI3K/AKT activity. The results of 16S DNA high-throughput sequencing showed that CMF could effectively regulate the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Candidatus_Saccharimonas and Erysipelatoclostridium in the intestinal flora at the genus level. Conclusion: CMF regulates LHPP via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. CMF affects the abundance of specific intestinal flora and can regulate the disorder of intestinal flora to achieve the role of prevention and treatment of CRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Guo
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Liaoning University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pain, Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Xu
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Han
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runnan Xie
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Miaohang Town Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangxue Meng
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Liaoning University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Chen
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Cheng
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Second Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shi X, Huang H, Zhou M, Liu Y, Wu H, Dai M. Paeonol Attenuated Vascular Fibrosis Through Regulating Treg/Th17 Balance in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:765482. [PMID: 34880759 PMCID: PMC8646048 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.765482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Paeonol (Pae) is a natural phenolic compound isolated from Cortex Moutan, which exhibits anti-atherosclerosis (AS) effects. Our previous work demonstrated that gut microbiota plays an important role during AS treatment as it affects the efficacy of Pae. However, the mechanism of Pae in protecting against vascular fibrosis as related to gut microbiota has yet to be elucidated. Objective: To investigate the antifibrosis effect of Pae on AS mice and demonstrate the underlying gut microbiota-dependent mechanism. Methods: ApoE-/- mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) to replicate the AS model. H&E and Masson staining were used to observe the plaque formation and collagen deposition. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was analyzed through LC-MS/MS. The frequency of immune cells in spleen was phenotyped by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of aortic inflammatory cytokines was detected by qRT-PCR. The protein expression of LOX and fibrosis-related indicators were examined by western blot. Results: Pae restricted the development of AS and collagen deposition. Notably, the antifibrosis effect of Pae was achieved by regulating the gut microbiota. LC-MS/MS data indicated that the level of SCFAs was increased in caecum contents. Additionally, Pae administration selectively upregulated the frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells as well as downregulated the ratio of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in the spleen of AS mice, improving the Treg/Th17 balance. In addition, as expected, Pae intervention can significantly downregulate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17 in the aorta, and upregulate the levels of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, a marker of Treg cells. Finally, Pae's intervention in the gut microbiota resulted in the restoration of the balance of Treg/Th17, which indirectly downregulated the protein expression level of LOX and fibrosis-related indicators (MMP-2/9 and collagen I/III). Conclusion: Pae attenuated vascular fibrosis in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. The underlying protective mechanism was associated with the improved Treg/Th17 balance in spleen mediated through the increased microbiota-derived SCFA production. Collectively, our results demonstrated the role of Pae as a potential gut microbiota modulator to prevent and treat AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hanwen Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yarong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hongfei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Min Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Anaeigoudari A, Safari H, Khazdair MR. Effects of Nigella sativa, Camellia sinensis, and Allium sativum as Food Additives on Metabolic Disorders, a Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762182. [PMID: 34867384 PMCID: PMC8637837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Metabolic disorders (MD) can disturb intracellular metabolic processes. A metabolic disorder can be resulted from enzyme deficits or disturbances in function of various organs including the liver, kidneys, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and endocrine system. Some herbs were used traditionally for spices, food additives, dietary, and medicinal purposes. Medicinal plants possess biological active compounds that enhance human health. We aimed to provide evidence about therapeutic effects of some medicinal herbs on MD. Data Sources: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were explored for publications linked to MD until February 2021. The most literature reports that were published in the last 10 years were used. All types of studies such as animal studies, clinical trials, and in vitro studies were included. The keywords included “Metabolic disorders,” “Nigella sativa L.,” “Thymoquinone,” “White tea”OR “Camellia sinensis L.” “catechin,” and “Allium sativum L.” OR “garlic” were searched. Results: Based on the results of scientific studies, the considered medicinal plants and their active components in this review have been able to exert the beneficial therapeutic effects on obesity, diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions: These effects are obvious by inhibition of lipid peroxidation, suppression of inflammatory reactions, adjustment of lipid profile, reduction of adipogenesis and regulation of blood glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Science, Jiroft, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Li Y, Sun T, Hong Y, Qiao T, Wang Y, Li W, Tang S, Yang X, Li J, Li X, Zhou Z, Xiao Y. Mixture of Five Fermented Herbs ( Zhihuasi Tk) Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Promotes the Growth Performance in Piglets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:725196. [PMID: 34764942 PMCID: PMC8576326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.725196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the feasibility of using fermented Chinese herbal mixture Zhihuasi Tk (Z. Tk) supplementation to increase the swine production, the protective effect of dietary supplementation with Z. Tk on the intestinal oxidative stress model and the regulation of both growth performance and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets were investigated in vitro. Our results showed that the addition of Z. Tk increased the cell viability, prevented the decrease of glutathione peroxidase, and significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity and reduced the damage caused by H2O2 to the tight junction proteins of the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Furthermore, weaned piglets supplemented with either 2 kg/ton zinc oxide (ZnO) or 4 kg/ton of Z. Tk in the diet increased body weight as well as average daily feed intake and daily gain, while the feed conversion rate and diarrhea rate decreased within 0–35 days. Results of the taxonomic structure of the intestinal microbiota showed that, in 21 days after weaning, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in experimental group was increased, while the abundance of beneficial bacteria such, as Lactobacillus, was increased by Z. Tk, showing inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria such as members of Proteobacteria. In summary, dietary supplementation with Z. Tk maintained the intestinal microbiota in a favorable state for the host to effectively reduce the abnormal changes in the intestinal microbial structure and improved growth performance of weaned piglets. Therefore, Z. Tk may potentially function as a substitute for ZnO in feed additives for weaned piglets in modern husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- COFCO Feed Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tiehu Sun
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Qiao
- Hubei Huada Real Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- COFCO Feed Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shi Tang
- COFCO Feed Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Hubei Huada Real Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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63
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Zhao J, Miao J, Wei X, Guo L, Li P, Lei J, Wang J, Zhu B, Wang L, Jia J. Traditional Chinese Medicine Ganshuang Granules Attenuate CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis by Modulating Gut Microbiota. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100520. [PMID: 34585845 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis contributes to hepatic fibrosis. Emerging evidence revealed the major role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in gut microbiota homeostasis. Here, we aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic activity and underlying mechanism of ganshuang granules (GS), particularly regarding gut microbiota homeostasis. CCl4 -induced hepatic fibrosis models were allocated into 4 groups receiving normal saline (model), 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 g/kg GS for 5 weeks. As result, GS treatment alleviated liver injury in CCl4 -induced hepatic fibrosis, presenting as decreases of the liver index, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase. Histological staining and expression revealed that the enhanced oxidative stress, inflammatory and hepatic fibrosis in CCl4 -induced models were attenuated by GS. Immunohistochemical staining showed that tight junction-associated proteins in intestinal mucosa were up-regulated by GS. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that GS rebalanced the gut dysbiosis manifested as improving alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota, reducing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, and regulating the relative abundance of various bacteria. In summary, GS decreased the intestinal permeability and rebalanced the gut microbiota to reduce the oxidative stress and inflammation, eventually attenuating CCl4 -induced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyanghu Road, Town West Area, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Liying Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jinyan Lei
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No. 7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jianwei Jia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, No.7, Sudi Nan Road, Naikai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
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64
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Chen Z, Lv Y, Xu H, Deng L. Herbal Medicine, Gut Microbiota, and COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646560. [PMID: 34305582 PMCID: PMC8293616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has grown to a worldwide pandemic with substantial mortality. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild flu-like symptoms, including cough and fever, to life threatening complications. There are still quite a number of patients with COVID-19 showed enteric symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The gastrointestinal tract may be one of the target organs of SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is significantly expressed in intestinal cells. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Intestinal flora imbalance and endotoxemia may accelerate the progression of COVID-19. Many herbs have demonstrated properties relevant to the treatment of COVID-19, by supporting organs and systems of the body affected by the virus. Herbs can restore the structure of the intestinal flora, which may further modulate the immune function after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regulation of intestinal flora by herbal medicine may be helpful for the treatment and recovery of the disease. Understanding the role of herbs that regulate intestinal flora in fighting respiratory virus infections and maintaining intestinal flora balance can provide new ideas for preventing and treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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65
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Guo Q, Tang Y, Li Y, Xu Z, Zhang D, Liu J, Wang X, Xia W, Xu S. Perinatal High-Salt Diet Induces Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Bile Acid Homeostasis Disbalance, and NAFLD in Weanling Mice Offspring. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072135. [PMID: 34206629 PMCID: PMC8308454 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A perinatal high-salt (HS) diet was reported to elevate plasma triglycerides. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that a perinatal HS diet predisposed offspring to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic manifestation of abnormal lipid metabolism, and the possible mechanism. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet (0.5% NaCl) or HS diet (4% NaCl) during pregnancy and lactation and their offspring were sacrificed at weaning. The perinatal HS diet induced greater variation in fecal microbial beta-diversity (β-diversity) and increased bacteria abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides. The gut microbiota dysbiosis promoted bile acid homeostasis disbalance, characterized by the accumulation of lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) in feces. These alterations disturbed gut barrier by increasing the expression of tight junction protein (Tjp) and occludin (Ocln), and increased systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and hepatic inflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α and IL-6) in the liver. The perinatal HS diet also inhibited hepatic expression of hepatic FXR signaling (CYP7A1 and FXR), thus triggering increased hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and hepatic lipid metabolism-associated genes (SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC), leading to unique characteristics of NAFLD. In conclusion, a perinatal HS diet induced NAFLD in weanling mice offspring; the possible mechanism was related to increased bacteria abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides, increased levels of LCA and DCA in feces, and increased expressions of hepatic FXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-83693417
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66
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Yu Y, Cao Y, Huang W, Liu Y, Lu Y, Zhao J. β-Sitosterol Ameliorates Endometrium Receptivity in PCOS-Like Mice: The Mediation of Gut Microbiota. Front Nutr 2021; 8:667130. [PMID: 34179058 PMCID: PMC8224531 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.667130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common endocrine diseases in women of childbearing age, has been found to be accompanied by changes in the gut microbiota. The Bu Shen Yang Xue formula (BSYXF) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for the treatment of PCOS. This study aimed to investigate whether the protective effects of β-sitosterol, the main active ingredient of BSYXF, on PCOS was mediated by regulating gut microbiota. Methods: The presence of β-sitosterol in BSYXF was detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The PCOS-like mouse model was induced by dehydroepiandrosterone. The fecal supernatant of β-sitosterol-treated mice was prepared for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Body weight and wet weight of the uterus and ovary of the mice were recorded for organ index calculation. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used to assess the endometrial morphology and microenvironment changes. Expression of endometrial receptivity markers cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Integrin ανβ3, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and homeobox A10 (HOXA10) in the endometrium were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to detect the expression of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) in the serum. The diversity of gut microbiota was examined by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Results: With the treatment of β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-FMT, the uterine index of PCOS-like mice increased, the ovarian index decreased, levels of COX-2, LH and T decreased, and levels of Integrin ανβ3, LIF, HOXA10, FSH, and P increased. Under β-sitosterol treatment, the structure of the gut microbiota in PCOS-like mice was also changed. Conclusion: β-sitosterol regulates the endometrial receptivity of PCOS and harmonizes the sex hormone balance, which may be related to the changes in the structure and composition of gut microbiota, thus affecting the pathological process of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Wenling Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Gynecology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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