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Zhang H, Lu J, Wu S. Sp4 controls constitutive expression of neuronal serine racemase and NF-E2-related factor-2 mediates its induction by valproic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194597. [PMID: 32603878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serine racemase (SR) synthesizes l-type serine to its enantimor, d-serine which participates in physiological processes and in pathological conditions. In the central nervous system, SR is highly expressed in neurons and astrocytes but expressed at relatively lower amount in microglia. However, the mechanism by which SR is highly expessed in neurons is hitherto unknown. We report that the SR mRNA and protein levels in Neuro-2a were increased by valproic acid (VPA), a neuron differentiation stimulator as well as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. SR proximal promoter contained nine putative Sp-binding elements and in the exon 1, three putative anti-oxidant elements (AREs) were conservative among human, rat, and mouse genome. The promoter constructs including 5'-, 3'-fragment, and full length fragment from mouse were individually cloned into a luciferase reporter. Using dual-luciferase assay, the promoter harboring 3'-fragment contained much lower activity than the construct containing 5'-fragment which was though resistant to VPA induction, relative to 3'-fragment. Overexpression of Sp4 or Nrf2 increased whereas knockdown of either decreased Srr mRNA and SR protein. Using site-directed mutagenesis, mutation of Sp-binding elements or AREs in the constructs significantly decreased luciferase activity of the corresponding promoter construct. With chromatin immunoprecipitation, Sp4 was demonstrated to interact directly with the Sp-binding elements whereas Nrf2 bound AREs in Srr mRNA promoter. Altogether, our study highlights that Sp4 controls constitutive expression of SR in neuron and VPA mediates SR expression in N2A cells which is associated with its effect on neuron differentiation, that is, the effect is mediated via Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Jinfang Lu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China.
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d-glutamate and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082676. [PMID: 32290475 PMCID: PMC7215955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An increasing number of studies have shown that the brain–gut–microbiota axis may significantly contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Moreover, impaired memory and learning involve the dysfunction neurotransmission of glutamate, the agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current cutting-edge research on the gut microbiota and glutamate alterations associated with dementia. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, and Cochrane Systematic Reviews were reviewed for all studies on glutamate and gut microbiota in dementia published up until Feb 2020. Results: Several pilot studies have reported alterations of gut microbiota and metabolites in AD patients and other forms of dementia. Gut microbiota including Bacteroides vulgatus and Campylobacter jejuni affect glutamate metabolism and decrease the glutamate metabolite 2-keto-glutaramic acid. Meanwhile, gut bacteria with glutamate racemase including Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, and Brevibacterium avium can convert l-glutamate to d-glutamate. N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-enhancing agents have been found to potentially improve cognition in AD or Parkinson’s disease patients. These findings suggest that d-glutamate (d-form glutamate) metabolized by the gut bacteria may influence the glutamate NMDAR and cognitive function in dementia patients. Conclusions: Gut microbiota and glutamate are potential novel interventions to be developed for dementia. Exploring comprehensive cognitive functions in animal and human trials with glutamate-related NMDAR enhancers are warranted to examine d-glutamate signaling efficacy in gut microbiota in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative dementias.
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Lin CH, Yang HT, Chen PK, Wang SH, Lane HY. Precision Medicine of Sodium Benzoate for the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:509-518. [PMID: 32110025 PMCID: PMC7039065 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s234371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are associated with poorer prognosis of dementia. A 24-week study demonstrated that sodium benzoate, a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitor, surpassed placebo in improving cognitive function in early-phase Alzheimer's disease; however, benzoate did not excel placebo in another 6-week study on BPSD. The current study examined whether the precision medicine approach was able to identify specific individuals with BPSD who could benefit from benzoate treatment. METHODS In the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial, 97 patients with BPSD were allocated to receive 250-1500 mg/day of sodium benzoate or placebo. Cognitive function was measured by the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and behavioral and psychological symptoms were mainly measured by Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD). DAAO level, amino acids (L-serine, D-serine, L-alanine, and D-alanine, glycine), and two antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase) were assayed in peripheral blood. RESULTS After benzoate treatment, DAAO inhibition was correlated with ADAS-cog decrease (p = 0.034), while baseline DAAO level was correlated with baseline BEHAVE-AD score. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that cognitive improvement after benzoate treatment was correlated with DAAO decrease, female gender, younger age, BMI, baseline BPSD severity, and antipsychotic use. CONCLUSION The finding suggests that sodium benzoate may have potential to benefit cognitive function in a fraction of BPSD patients after 6 weeks of treatment. Of note, the precision medicine approach may be helpful for identifying individuals who could respond to benzoate. More studies are warranted to confirm the preliminary findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered online (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02103673).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Kun Chen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Heng Wang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Marcinkowska M, Śniecikowska J, Fajkis N, Paśko P, Franczyk W, Kołaczkowski M. Management of Dementia-Related Psychosis, Agitation and Aggression: A Review of the Pharmacology and Clinical Effects of Potential Drug Candidates. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:243-268. [PMID: 32052375 PMCID: PMC7048860 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Along with cognitive decline, 90% of patients with dementia experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, such as psychosis, aggression, agitation, and depression. Atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed off-label to manage certain symptoms, despite warnings from the regulatory agencies regarding the increased risk of mortality associated with their use in elderly patients. Moreover, these compounds display a limited clinical efficacy, mostly owing to the fact that they were developed to treat schizophrenia, a disease characterized by neurobiological deficits. Thus, to improve clinical efficacy, it has been suggested that patients with dementia should be treated with exclusively designed and developed drugs that interact with pharmacologically relevant targets. Within this context, numerous studies have suggested druggable targets that might achieve therapeutically acceptable pharmacological profiles. Based on this, several different drug candidates have been proposed that are being investigated in clinical trials for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. We highlight the recent advances toward the development of therapeutic agents for dementia-related psychosis and agitation/aggression and discuss the relationship between the relevant biological targets and their etiology. In addition, we review the compounds that are in the early stage of development (discovery or preclinical phase) and those that are currently being investigated in clinical trials for dementia-related psychosis and agitation/aggression. We also discuss the mechanism of action of these compounds and their pharmacological utility in patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688, Poland.
| | - Joanna Śniecikowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland ,Adamed Pharma S.A., Czosnow, Poland
| | - Nikola Fajkis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Weronika Franczyk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, Kraków, 30-688 Poland ,Adamed Pharma S.A., Czosnow, Poland
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Lin CH, Chiu CC, Huang CH, Yang HT, Lane HY. pLG72 levels increase in early phase of Alzheimer's disease but decrease in late phase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13221. [PMID: 31520071 PMCID: PMC6744481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
pLG72, named as D-amino acid oxidase activator (although it is not an activator of D-amino acid oxidase demonstrated by later studies), in mitochondria has been regarded as an important modulator of D-amino acid oxidase that can regulate the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Both oxidative stress in mitochondria and NMDAR neurotransmission play essential roles in the process of neurodegenerative dementia. The aim of the study was to investigate whether pLG72 levels changed with the severity of neurodegenerative dementia. We enrolled 376 individuals as the overall cohort, consisting of five groups: healthy elderly, amnestic mild cognitive impairment [MCI], mild Alzheimer's disease [AD], moderate AD, and severe AD. pLG72 levels in plasma were measured using Western blotting. The severity of cognitive deficit was principally evaluated by Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. A gender- and age- matched cohort was selected to elucidate the effects of gender and age. pLG72 levels increased in the MCI and mild AD groups when compared to the healthy group. However, pLG72 levels in the moderate and severe AD groups were lower than those in the mild AD group. D-serine level and D- to total serine ratio were significantly different among the five groups. L-serine levels were correlated with the pLG72 levels. The results in the gender- and age- matched cohort were similar to those of the overall cohort. The finding supports the hypothesis of NMDAR hypofunction in early-phase dementia and NMDAR hyperfunction in late-phase dementia. Further studies are warranted to test whether pLG72 could reflect the function of NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hsien Huang
- Department of Medicine Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Lin CH, Chen PK, Wang SH, Lane HY. Sodium benzoate for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1030-1033. [PMID: 31113277 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119849815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium benzoate, a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitor, improved cognitive function of early-phase Alzheimer's disease (AD) after 24-week treatment. This study examined benzoate treatment for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). METHODS In a double-blind, 6-week trial, 97 patients with BPSD were randomized to receive placebo or benzoate (mean dose: 622.0 mg/day). The primary outcomes were ADAS-cog and BEHAVE-AD. RESULTS Two treatments showed similar safety and primary and secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Compared to antecedent 24-week, higher-dose treatment for early-phase AD, benzoate appeared ineffective in this 6-week trial. Longer-duration, higher-dose trials are warranted to clarify its efficacy for BPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Lin
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,2 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,3 School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - P-K Chen
- 4 School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,5 Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S-H Wang
- 6 Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - H-Y Lane
- 2 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,7 Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,8 Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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57
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Dual role of D-amino acid oxidase in experimental pain models. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wegner SA, Hu B, De Oliveira Sergio T, Darevsky D, Kwok CCY, Lei K, Hopf FW. A novel NMDA receptor-based intervention to suppress compulsion-like alcohol drinking. Neuropharmacology 2019; 157:107681. [PMID: 31251994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Compulsive drives for alcohol, where intake persists despite adverse consequences, are substantial obstacles to treating Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). However, there are limited treatment options and thus considerable interest in identifying new, potent and safe pharmacotherapies. We found that non-canonical N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), active at hyperpolarized potentials, drive compulsion-like alcohol drinking in rats without affecting regular, alcohol-only intake. Congruent human studies suggest that NMDAR inhibition reduces alcohol drinking in treatment-seekers but not non-treatment-seekers and suppresses craving. These cross-species studies of consumption under conflict indicate that inhibiting non-canonical NMDARs could be of clinical value for AUD. d-serine activates NMDARs overall, but actually inhibits non-canonical NMDARs. Also, d-serine has been widely tested in humans as a moderate NMDAR modulator, but some nephrotoxicity concerns remain, and thus any strategy that reduces d-serine exposure could be of broad utility. Here, co-administration of sodium benzoate (NaBenz), which reduces d-serine breakdown, allowed subthreshold d-serine levels to suppress compulsion-like alcohol drinking without altering normal alcohol-only consumption, providing a novel intervention for AUD and underscoring the importance of non-canonical NMDARs for compulsion-like intake. Low NaBenz doses alone had no average effect on intake. NaBenz/d-serine reduced compulsion-like intake in nearly all animals, while higher d-serine alone decreased compulsion-like intake with less of an effect in lower-drinking subjects. Thus, combining subthreshold NaBenz and d-serine suppressed compulsion-like intake, helping both to alleviate some d-serine concerns, and, importantly, to reduce consequence-resistant consumption across nearly all individuals. Therefore, NaBenz/d-serine likely represents an FDA-approved and immediately-accessible pharmacotherapy to help counteract compulsion-like drives and treat AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Andrew Wegner
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bing Hu
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thatiane De Oliveira Sergio
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Darevsky
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudina Choi-Yan Kwok
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Lei
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederic Woodward Hopf
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Wheeler Center for the Study of Addiction, University of California at San Francisco, USA.
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Kueper JK, Speechley M, Montero-Odasso M. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog): Modifications and Responsiveness in Pre-Dementia Populations. A Narrative Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:423-444. [PMID: 29660938 PMCID: PMC5929311 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) was developed in the 1980s to assess the level of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Advancements in the research field have shifted focus toward pre-dementia populations, and use of the ADAS-Cog has extended into these pre-dementia studies despite concerns about its ability to detect important changes at these milder stages of disease progression. If the ADAS-Cog cannot detect important changes, our understanding of pre-dementia disease progression may be compromised and trials may incorrectly conclude that a novel treatment approach is not beneficial. The purpose of this review was to assess the performance of the ADAS-Cog in pre-dementia populations, and to review all modifications that have been made to the ADAS-Cog to improve its measurement performance in dementia or pre-dementia populations. The contents of this review are based on bibliographic searches of electronic databases to locate all studies using the ADAS-Cog in pre-dementia samples or subsamples, and to locate all modified versions. Citations from relevant articles were also consulted. Overall, our results suggest the original ADAS-Cog is not an optimal outcome measure for pre-dementia studies; however, given the prominence of the ADAS-Cog, care must be taken when considering the use of alternative outcome measures. Thirty-one modified versions of the ADAS-Cog were found. Modification approaches that appear most beneficial include altering scoring methodology or adding tests of memory, executive function, and/or daily functioning. Although modifications improve the performance of the ADAS-Cog, this is at the cost of introducing heterogeneity that may limit between-study comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Kueper
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Speechley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Schulich Interfaculty Program in Public Health, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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Lin CH, Lane HY. The Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Neurotransmission and Precision Medicine in Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31191302 PMCID: PMC6539199 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the world’s population is aging, the prevalence of dementia and the associated behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) rises rapidly. BPSD are associated with worsening of cognitive function and poorer prognosis. No pharmacological treatment has been approved to be beneficial for BPSD to date. Dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-related neurotransmission leads to cognitive impairment and behavioral changes, both of which are core symptoms of BPSD. Memantine, an NMDAR partial antagonist, is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD). On the other hand, a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor improved early-phase AD. Whether to enhance or to attenuate the NMDAR may depend on the phases of dementia. It will be valuable to develop biomarkers indicating the activity of NMDAR, particularly in BPSD. In addition, recent reports suggest that gender difference exists in the treatment of dementia. Selecting subpopulations of patients with BPSD who are prone to improvement with treatment would be important. We reviewed literatures regarding the treatment of BPSD, focusing on the NMDAR-related modulation and precision medicine. Future studies examining the NMDAR modulators with the aid of potential biomarkers to tailor the treatment for individualized patients with BPSD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Mothet J, Billard J, Pollegioni L, Coyle JT, Sweedler JV. Investigating brain d-serine: Advocacy for good practices. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13257. [PMID: 30650253 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed remarkable advance in our understanding the role of d-amino acids in the mammalian nervous system: from the unknown, to known molecules with unknown functions, to potential central players in health and disease. d-Amino acids have emerged as an important class of signaling molecules. In particular, the exploration of the roles of d-serine in brain physiopathology is a vibrant field that is growing at an accelerating pace. However, disentangling the functions of a chiral molecule in a complex chemical matrice as the brain requires specific measurement and detection methods but is also a challenging task as many molecular tools and models investigators are using can lead to confounded observations. Thus, study of d-amino acids demands accurate methodologies and specific controls, and these have often been lacking. Here we outline best practices for d-amino acid research, with a special emphasis on d-serine. We hope these concepts help move the field to greater rigor and reproducibility, allowing the field to advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Pierre Mothet
- Team Gliotransmission & Synaptopathies, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille UMR7286 CNRS Aix Marseille University Marseille France
| | | | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
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Chang CH, Lane HY, Tseng PT, Chen SJ, Liu CY, Lin CH. Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-enhancing agents on cognition in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:436-448. [PMID: 30730250 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118822157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-enhancing agents have demonstrated promising effects for cognition in schizophrenia. However, the results of studies have been conflicting. This updated meta-analysis explored the effect of NMDA-receptor-enhancing agents on cognitive function. METHODS We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials and Cochrane Systematic Reviews for studies on the effect of NMDA-receptor-enhancing agents on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia up to September 2018. Double-blind randomised placebo trials with cognition rating scales were included. We pooled studies by using a random-effect model for comparisons with add-on NMDA-receptor-enhancing agents. Cognitive function scores were compared between baseline and subsequent levels, and NMDA-receptor-positive modulators were assessed using the standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We evaluated statistical heterogeneity through visual inspection of funnel plots and by using the I2 statistic. RESULTS We identified 25 trials with 1951 participants meeting the inclusion criteria. NMDA-receptor-enhancing agents had a small but nonsignificant effect compared with the placebo on overall cognitive function (SMD = 0.068, CI = -0.056 to 0.193, P = 0.283). We identified trials enrolling patients aged between 30 and 39 years old, which reported significant positive effects (SMD: 0.163, 95% CI: 0.016-0.310, P = 0.030). Men were associated with a smaller effect of NMDA-receptor-positive modulators on overall cognitive function. Moreover, subgroup meta-analysis of cognitive domains revealed that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) had a significant effect on working memory ( P-value for interaction = 0.038; SMD = 0.679, CI = 0.397-0.961, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis revealed no significant effect of NMDA-enhancing agents on overall cognition. However, subgroup analysis suggested that NMDAR-enhancing agents may benefit young patients with schizophrenia, and NAC may have an effect on working memory. Additional trials with larger samples are suggested to evaluate these cognitive domains and ascertain the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chang
- 1 Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,2 Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- 1 Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,2 Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,3 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,4 Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,6 WinShine Clinics in Specialty of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Ji Chen
- 7 Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital Taitung Branch, Taitung, Taiwan.,8 Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Liu
- 9 Biostatistical Consulting Lab, Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- 1 Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,3 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,10 Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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63
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Popiolek M, Tierney B, Steyn SJ, DeVivo M. Lack of Effect of Sodium Benzoate at Reported Clinical Therapeutic Concentration on d-Alanine Metabolism in Dogs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2832-2837. [PMID: 29893546 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline and psychosis have been hypothesized to be mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction. Consistent with this hypothesis, chronic treatment with d-alanine, a coagonist at the glycine site of the NMDAR, leads to an improvement of positive and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenic patients. d-alanine is oxidized by d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO); thus, an inhibitor of DAAO would be expected to enhance d-alanine levels and likewise lead to desirable clinical outcomes. Sodium benzoate, on the basis of d-amino acid inhibition, was observed to display beneficial clinical effects in schizophrenic and Alzheimer's patients. However, in the clinical pilot studies using sodium benzoate, d-amino acids were not quantified to verify that sodium benzoate's efficacy was mediated through DAAO inhibition. In this study, d-alanine content was monitored in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of dogs treated with daily injections of d-alanine (30 mg/kg) alone and in combination with sodium benzoate (30 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. We reasoned that the cerebral spinal fluid d-alanine quantity is reflective of the brain d-alanine levels and it would increase as a consequence of DAAO inhibition with sodium benzoate. We found that d-alanine treatment lead to maximal concentration of 7.51 μM CSF d-alanine level; however, coadministration of sodium benzoate and d-alanine did not change CSF d-alanine level beyond that of d-alanine treatment alone. As a consequence, we conclude that clinical efficacy associated with chronic administration of sodium benzoate in schizophrenic and Alzheimer's patients is likely not mediated through inhibition of DAAO.
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Zhao ZX, Fu J, Ma SR, Peng R, Yu JB, Cong L, Pan LB, Zhang ZG, Tian H, Che CT, Wang Y, Jiang JD. Gut-brain axis metabolic pathway regulates antidepressant efficacy of albiflorin. Theranostics 2018; 8:5945-5959. [PMID: 30613273 PMCID: PMC6299426 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to influence brain function through the gut-brain axis. Albiflorin, an antidepressant natural drug in China with a good safety profile, is difficult to absorb and cannot be detected in the brain after oral administration. Accordingly, the antidepressant mechanism of albiflorin in vivo has not been elucidated clearly. Methods: We identified benzoic acid as the characteristic metabolite of albiflorin in vivo and in vitro, then discovered the roles of gut microbiota in the conversion of albiflorin by carboxylesterase. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies were performed for the antidepressant activities of albiflorin in animals, and the efficacy of benzoic acid in inhibiting D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) in brain was further investigated. Results: We validated that gut microbiota transformed albiflorin to benzoic acid, a key metabolite in the intestine that could cross the blood-brain barrier and, as an inhibitor of DAAO in the brain, improved brain function and exerted antidepressant activity in vivo. Intestinal carboxylesterase was the crucial enzyme that generated benzoic acid from albiflorin. Additionally, the regulatory effect of albiflorin on the gut microbiota composition was beneficial to alleviate depression. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a novel gut-brain dialogue through intestinal benzoic acid for the treatment of depression and reveal that the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the pathogenesis and treatment of the central nervous system disease.
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65
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Rao CV, Farooqui M, Zhang Y, Asch AS, Yamada HY. Spontaneous development of Alzheimer's disease-associated brain pathology in a Shugoshin-1 mouse cohesinopathy model. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12797. [PMID: 29943428 PMCID: PMC6052391 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) accounts for more than 95% of all human AD. As mice do not normally develop AD and as understanding on molecular processes leading to spontaneous LOAD has been insufficient to successfully model LOAD in mouse, no mouse model for LOAD has been available. Existing mouse AD models are all early-onset AD (EOAD) models that rely on forcible expression of AD-associated protein(s), which may not recapitulate prerequisites for spontaneous LOAD. This limitation in AD modeling may contribute to the high failure rate of AD drugs in clinical trials. In this study, we hypothesized that genomic instability facilitates development of LOAD and tested two genomic instability mice models in the brain pathology at the old age. Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1) haploinsufficient (∓) mice, a model of chromosome instability (CIN) with chromosomal and centrosomal cohesinopathy, spontaneously exhibited a major feature of AD pathology; amyloid beta accumulation that colocalized with phosphorylated Tau, beta-secretase 1 (BACE), and mitotic marker phospho-Histone H3 (p-H3) in the brain. Another CIN model, spindle checkpoint-defective BubR1-/+ haploinsufficient mice, did not exhibit the pathology at the same age, suggesting the prolonged mitosis-origin of the AD pathology. RNA-seq identified ten differentially expressed genes, among which seven genes have indicated association with AD pathology or neuronal functions (e.g., ARC, EBF3). Thus, the model represents a novel model that recapitulates spontaneous LOAD pathology in mouse. The Sgo1-/+ mouse may serve as a novel tool for investigating mechanisms of spontaneous progression of LOAD pathology, for early diagnosis markers, and for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Mudassir Farooqui
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Adam S. Asch
- Stephenson Cancer CenterDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Hiroshi Y. Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
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66
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Subramanian K, Góra A, Spruijt R, Mitusińska K, Suarez-Diez M, Martins dos Santos V, Schaap PJ. Modulating D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) substrate specificity through facilitated solvent access. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198990. [PMID: 29906280 PMCID: PMC6003678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) degrades D-amino acids to produce α-ketoacids, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. DAAO has often been investigated and engineered for industrial and clinical applications. We combined information from literature with a detailed analysis of the structure to engineer mammalian DAAOs. The structural analysis was complemented with molecular dynamics simulations to characterize solvent accessibility and product release mechanisms. We identified non-obvious residues located on the loops on the border between the active site and the secondary binding pocket essential for pig and human DAAO substrate specificity and activity. We engineered DAAOs by mutating such critical residues and characterised the biochemical activity of the resulting variants. The results highlight the importance of the selected residues in modulating substrate specificity, product egress and enzyme activity, suggesting further steps of DAAO re-engineering towards desired clinical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanasundaram Subramanian
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Góra
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ruud Spruijt
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Mitusińska
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego, Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, ks. Marcina Strzody, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor Martins dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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67
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Gaur H, Purushothaman S, Pullaguri N, Bhargava Y, Bhargava A. Sodium benzoate induced developmental defects, oxidative stress and anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish larva. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:364-369. [PMID: 29842881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB) is a common food preservative. Its FDA described safety limit is 1000 ppm. Lately, increased use of SB has prompted investigations regarding its effects on biological systems. Data regarding toxicity of SB is divergent and controversial with studies reporting both harmful and beneficial effects. Therefore, we did a systematic dose dependent toxicity study of SB using zebrafish vertebrate animal model. We also investigated oxidative stress and anxiety-like behaviour in zebrafish larva treated with SB. Our results indicate that SB induced developmental (delayed hatching), morphological (pericardial edema, yolk sac edema and tail bending), biochemical (oxidative stress) and behavioural (anxiety-like behaviour) abnormalities in developing zebrafish larva. LC50 of SB induced toxicity was approximately 400 ppm after 48 h of SB exposure. Our study strongly supports its harmful effects on vertebrates at increasing doses. Thus, we suggest caution in the excessive use of this preservative in processed and convenience foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gaur
- Ion Channel Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Srinithi Purushothaman
- Ion Channel Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Narasimha Pullaguri
- Ion Channel Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Yogesh Bhargava
- Molecular Engineering and Imaging Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Anamika Bhargava
- Ion Channel Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India.
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69
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Bachurin SO, Gavrilova SI, Samsonova A, Barreto GE, Aliev G. Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease: Contemporary approaches to diagnostics and pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:216-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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70
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Guercio GD, Panizzutti R. Potential and Challenges for the Clinical Use of d-Serine As a Cognitive Enhancer. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:14. [PMID: 29459833 PMCID: PMC5807334 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After 25 years of its discovery in the rat brain, d-serine is a recognized modulator of synaptic plasticity and cognitive processes through its actions on the NMDA-glutamate receptor. Importantly, cognitive impairment is a core feature of conditions, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and aging, and is associated to disturbances in NMDA-glutamate receptors. The d-serine pathway has been associated with cognitive deficits and these conditions, and, for this reason, d-serine signaling is subject of intense research to probe its role in aiding diagnosis and therapy. Nevertheless, this has not resulted in new therapies being incorporated into clinical practice. Therefore, in this review we will address many questions that need to be solved by future studies, regarding d-serine pharmacokinetics, possible side effects, other strategies to modulate its levels, and combination with other therapies to increase its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson D. Guercio
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Panizzutti
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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71
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Hsu WY, Lane HY, Lin CH. Medications Used for Cognitive Enhancement in Patients With Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Alzheimer's Disease, and Parkinson's Disease. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:91. [PMID: 29670547 PMCID: PMC5893641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cognitive impairment, which frequently occurs in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, has a significant impact on the daily lives of both patients and their family. Furthermore, since the medications used for cognitive enhancement have limited efficacy, the issue of cognitive enhancement still remains a clinically unsolved challenge. SAMPLING AND METHODS We reviewed the clinical studies (published between 2007 and 2017) that focused on the efficacy of medications used for enhancing cognition in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. RESULTS Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the standard treatments for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Some studies have reported selective cognitive improvement in patients with schizophrenia following galantamine treatment. Newer antipsychotics, including paliperidone, lurasidone, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, and BL-1020, have also been reported to exert cognitive benefits in patients with schizophrenia. Dopaminergic medications were found to improve language function in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, no beneficial effects on cognitive function were observed with dopamine agonists in patients with schizophrenia. The efficacies of nicotine and its receptor modulators in cognitive improvement remain controversial, with the majority of studies showing that varenicline significantly improved the cognitive function in schizophrenic patients. Several studies have reported that N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) enhancers improved the cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia. NMDAR enhancers might also have cognitive benefits in patients with Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has also been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on attention, processing speed, and memory in female patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Clinical trials with larger sample sizes evaluating comprehensive cognitive domains are warranted to examine the efficacy of medications in cognitive enhancement in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Psychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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72
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Khoshnoud MJ, Siavashpour A, Bakhshizadeh M, Rashedinia M. Effects of sodium benzoate, a commonly used food preservative, on learning, memory, and oxidative stress in brain of mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 32. [PMID: 29243862 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB) is a widely used preservative and antimicrobial substance in many foods and soft drinks. However, this compound is generally recognized as safe food additives, but evidence has suggested that a high intake of SB may link to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children. Present study investigate the effects of oral administration of different concentrations of SB (0.56, 1.125, and 2.25 mg/mL) for 4 weeks, on the learning and memory performance tests, and also the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in the mouse brain. The results showed that SB significantly impaired memory and motor coordination. Moreover, SB decreased reduced GSH and increased the MDA level in the brain significantly (P < 0.001). However, nonsignificant alteration was observed in the AChE activity. These findings suggest that short-term consumption of SB can impair memory performance and increased brain oxidative stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Khoshnoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Siavashpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bakhshizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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73
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Lin CH, Yang HT, Chiu CC, Lane HY. Blood levels of D-amino acid oxidase vs. D-amino acids in reflecting cognitive aging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14849. [PMID: 29093468 PMCID: PMC5665939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feasible peripheral biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is lacking. Dysregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and amino acids can regulate the NMDA receptor function. This study aimed to examine whether peripheral DAO and amino acids levels are characteristic of age-related cognitive decline. We enrolled 397 individuals (including amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild AD, moderate to severe AD, and healthy elderly). DAO levels in the serum were measured using ELISA. Amino acids levels in serum were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Severity of the cognitive deficits in subjects was assessed using Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). The DAO levels increased with the severity of the cognitive deficits. DAO levels were significantly associated with D-glutamate and D-serine levels. The Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis of DAO levels for AD patients vs. healthy controls determined the optimal cutoff value, 30.10, with high sensitivity (0.842) and specificity (0.889) (area under curve = 0.928). This is the first study indicating that the peripheral DAO levels may increase with age-related cognitive decline. The finding supports the hypofunction of NMDA receptor hypothesis in AD. Whether DAO could serve as a potential surrogate biomarker needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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74
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Howley E, Bestwick M, Fradley R, Harrison H, Leveridge M, Okada K, Fieldhouse C, Farnaby W, Canning H, Sykes AP, Merchant K, Hazel K, Kerr C, Kinsella N, Walsh L, Livermore DG, Hoffman I, Ellery J, Mitchell P, Patel T, Carlton M, Barnes M, Miller DJ. Assessment of the Target Engagement and D-Serine Biomarker Profiles of the D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitors Sodium Benzoate and PGM030756. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3279-3288. [PMID: 28780732 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irregular N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function is one of the main hypotheses employed to facilitate understanding of the underlying disease state of schizophrenia. Although direct agonism of the NMDAR has not yielded promising therapeutics, advances have been made by modulating the NMDAR co-agonist site which is activated by glycine and D-serine. One approach to activate the co-agonist site is to increase synaptic D-serine levels through inhibition of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), the major catabolic clearance pathway for this and other D-amino acids. A number of DAO inhibitors have been developed but most have not entered clinical trials. One exception to this is sodium benzoate which has demonstrated efficacy in small trials of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Herein we provide data on the effect of sodium benzoate and an optimised Takeda compound, PGM030756 on ex vivo DAO enzyme occupancy and cerebellar D-serine levels in mice. Both compounds achieve high levels of enzyme occupancy; although lower doses of PGM030756 (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) were required to achieve this compared to sodium benzoate (300, 1000 mg/kg). Cerebellar D-serine levels were increased by both agents with a delay of approximately 6 h after dosing before the peak effect was achieved. Our data and methods may be useful in understanding the effects of sodium benzoate that have been seen in clinical trials of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease and to support the potential clinical assessment of other DAO inhibitors, such as PGM030756, which demonstrate good enzyme occupancy and D-serine increases following administration of low oral doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Howley
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Michael Bestwick
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Rosa Fradley
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK.
| | - Helen Harrison
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Mathew Leveridge
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Kengo Okada
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Shonan Research Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 25108555, Japan
| | - Charlotte Fieldhouse
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Will Farnaby
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Hannah Canning
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Andy P Sykes
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Kevin Merchant
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Katherine Hazel
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Catrina Kerr
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Natasha Kinsella
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Louise Walsh
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - David G Livermore
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Isaac Hoffman
- Takeda California Inc., 10410 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jonathan Ellery
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Phillip Mitchell
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Toshal Patel
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Mark Carlton
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - Matt Barnes
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
| | - David J Miller
- Takeda Cambridge Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB4 0PA, UK
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Lin CY, Liang SY, Chang YC, Ting SY, Kao CL, Wu YH, Tsai GE, Lane HY. Adjunctive sarcosine plus benzoate improved cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia patients with constant clinical symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:357-368. [PMID: 26691576 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1117654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Hypofunction of NMDA receptor is implicated in the pathophysiology, particularly cognitive impairment, of schizophrenia. Sarcosine, a glycine transporter I (GlyT-1) inhibitor, and sodium benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitor, can both enhance NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. We proposed simultaneously inhibiting DAAO and GlyT-1 may be more effective than inhibition of either in improving the cognitive and global functioning of schizophrenia patients. Methods This study compared add-on sarcosine (2 g/day) plus benzoate (1 g/day) vs. sarcosine (2 g/day) for the clinical symptoms, as well as the cognitive and global functioning, of chronic schizophrenia patients in a 12-week, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale every 3 weeks. Seven cognitive domains, recommended by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Committee, were measured at weeks 0 and 12. Results Adjunctive sarcosine plus benzoate, but not sarcosine alone, improved the cognitive and global functioning of patients with schizophrenia, even when their clinical symptoms had not improved. Conclusions This finding suggests N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-enhancement therapy can improve the cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia, further indicating this pro-cognitive effect can be primary without improvement in clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Lin
- a Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,b Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Nantou , Taiwan.,c National Changhua University of Education , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Sun-Yuan Liang
- d Department of Psychiatry , Changhua Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cune Chang
- e Department of Mathematics , Tamkang University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Yen Ting
- d Department of Psychiatry , Changhua Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ling Kao
- b Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Nantou , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Wu
- c National Changhua University of Education , Changhua , Taiwan.,f Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Guochuan E Tsai
- g Department of Psychiatry , Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance , CA , USA
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- a Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,h Department of Psychiatry , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
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76
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Zu K, Pizzurro DM, Lewandowski TA, Goodman JE. Pharmacokinetic data reduce uncertainty in the acceptable daily intake for benzoic acid and its salts. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:83-94. [PMID: 28720346 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current acceptable daily intake (ADI) for benzoic acid and its salts as food additives is 0-5 mg/kg body weight. This accounts for a total uncertainty factor (UF) of 100, which includes a default factor of 10 for interspecies differences. Based on pharmacokinetic data in rodents and humans, we derived a chemical-specific adjustment factor (CSAF) of 2 for the pharmacokinetic component of the interspecies UF. Additional analyses indicate that this CSAF is conservative and interspecies differences between rats and humans are likely closer to unity. Human clinical studies indicate that the pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid and its salts are similar in children and adults, and that there is a lack of adverse events in humans at doses comparable to the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in rodents; this suggests that the pharmacokinetic UF for intraspecies variability, as well as the pharmacodynamic components of the UFs, may also be reduced, although we did not calculate to what degree. In conclusion, the total UF can be reduced to 50 (2 for interspecies differences in pharmacokinetics, 2.5 for interspecies differences in pharmacodynamics, and 10 for intraspecies variability), which would increase the ADI to 0-10 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zu
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - D M Pizzurro
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - T A Lewandowski
- Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - J E Goodman
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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77
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Piper JD, Piper PW. Benzoate and Sorbate Salts: A Systematic Review of the Potential Hazards of These Invaluable Preservatives and the Expanding Spectrum of Clinical Uses for Sodium Benzoate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:868-880. [PMID: 33371618 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate are extremely useful agents for food and beverage preservation, yet concerns remain over their complete safety. Benzoate can react with the ascorbic acid in drinks to produce the carcinogen benzene. A few children develop allergy to this additive while, as a competitive inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase, benzoate can also influence neurotransmission and cognitive functioning. Model organism and cell culture studies have raised some issues. Benzoate has been found to exert teratogenic and neurotoxic effects on zebrafish embryos. In addition, benzoate and sorbate are reported to cause chromosome aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes; also to be potently mutagenic toward the mitochondrial DNA in aerobic yeast cells. Whether the substantial human consumption of these compounds could significantly increase levels of such damages in man is still unclear. There is no firm evidence that it is a risk factor in type 2 diabetes. The clinical administration of sodium benzoate is of proven benefit for many patients with urea cycle disorders, while recent studies indicate it may also be advantageous in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, early-stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, exposure to high amounts of this agent should be approached with caution, especially since it has the potential to generate a shortage of glycine which, in turn, can negatively influence brain neurochemistry. We discuss here how a small fraction of the population might be rendered-either through their genes or a chronic medical condition-particularly susceptible to any adverse effects of sodium benzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Piper
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Inst., Queen Mary Univ. of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Piper
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Ryan A, Baker A, Dark F, Foley S, Gordon A, Hatherill S, Stathis S, Saha S, Bruxner G, Beckman M, Richardson D, Berk M, Dean O, McGrath J, Group CW, Scott J. The efficacy of sodium benzoate as an adjunctive treatment in early psychosis - CADENCE-BZ: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:165. [PMID: 28388932 PMCID: PMC5383965 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychotic disorders affect up to 3% of the population and are often chronic and disabling. Innovation in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis has remained stagnant in recent decades. In order to improve outcomes for those with psychotic disorders, we present a protocol for the trial of a common food preservative, sodium benzoate, as an adjunctive treatment in early psychosis. Methods Persons experiencing early psychosis (n = 160) will be recruited through hospitals and community mental health services in Queensland, Australia. Patients will be randomized to receive either 12-week treatment with 1000 mg (500 mg twice daily (BD)) sodium benzoate or placebo. Patients will undergo fortnightly outcome assessments, in addition to weekly ongoing capacity to consent, drug compliance and safety assessments. The primary outcome measure is the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score. Secondary outcomes are Global Assessment of Function (GAF), Assessment of Quality of Life Scale (AQOL), the Activity and Participation Questionnaire (APQ6), International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ), Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ), Physical Activity Questionnaire, Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Hamilton Depression rating Scale-17 items (HDRS), Opiate Treatment Index (OTI) and the Patients’ Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I). As a tertiary objective, changes from baseline to endpoint in to serum markers related to D-alanine, L-alanine, D-serine, L-serine, glycine and glutamate will be investigated. Discussion Consumers and clinicians are keen to help develop better treatments for those with psychosis. This study, part of the wider Cadence clinical trials platform will examine if a safe and accessible food preservative can help optimize outcomes in those with psychosis. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials registry (ANZCTR), ACTRN12615000187549. Registered on 26 February 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1908-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ryan
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea Baker
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Frances Dark
- Metro South Mental Health, 519 Kessels Road, MacGregor, QLD, 4109, Australia
| | - Sharon Foley
- Metro South Mental Health, 519 Kessels Road, MacGregor, QLD, 4109, Australia
| | - Anne Gordon
- Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Level 3 UQCCR, RBWH, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Sean Hatherill
- Logan Hospital, Armstrong Rd and Loganlea Rd, Meadowbrook, QLD, 4131, Australia
| | - Stephen Stathis
- Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Sukanta Saha
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - George Bruxner
- Metro North Mental Health, Caboolture and Redcliffe Hospitals, Caboolture, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin Beckman
- Specialist Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Evolve Therapeutic Services Logan, Child and Youth Mental Health Services Logan, Academic Clinical Unit Logan, Metro South Hospital and Health Services, Logan, QLD, Australia
| | - Drew Richardson
- Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Rode Rd, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Level 1 North, Main Block, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Olivia Dean
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Level 1 North, Main Block, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - John McGrath
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Cadence Working Group
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - James Scott
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia. .,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia. .,Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Level 3 UQCCR, RBWH, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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Dietary Metabolites and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040358. [PMID: 28375181 PMCID: PMC5409697 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary contents and their metabolites are closely related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Advanced glycated end products (AGEs) are a type of uremic toxin produced by glycation. AGE accumulation is not only the result of elevated glucose levels or reduced renal clearance capacity, but it also promotes CKD progression. Indoxyl sulfate, another uremic toxin derived from amino acid metabolism, accumulates as CKD progresses and induces tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis. Specific types of amino acids (d-serine) or fatty acids (palmitate) are reported to be closely associated with CKD progression. Promising therapeutic targets associated with nutrition include uremic toxin absorbents and inhibitors of AGEs or the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Probiotics and prebiotics maintain gut flora balance and also prevent CKD progression by enhancing gut barriers and reducing uremic toxin formation. Nrf2 signaling not only ameliorates oxidative stress but also reduces elevated AGE levels. Bardoxolone methyl, an Nrf2 activator and NF-κB suppressor, has been tested as a therapeutic agent, but the phase 3 clinical trial was terminated owing to the high rate of cardiovascular events. However, a phase 2 trial has been initiated in Japan, and the preliminary analysis reveals promising results without an increase in cardiovascular events.
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80
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Bachurin SO, Bovina EV, Ustyugov AA. Drugs in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's Disease: The Major Trends. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1186-1225. [PMID: 28084618 DOI: 10.1002/med.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative process resulting from the intracellular and extracellular accumulation of fibrillary proteins: beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated Tau. Overaccumulation of these aggregates leads to synaptic dysfunction and subsequent neuronal loss. The precise molecular mechanisms of AD are still not fully understood but it is clear that AD is a multifactorial disorder and that advanced age is the main risk factor. Over the last decade, more than 50 drug candidates have successfully passed phase II clinical trials, but none has passed phase III. Here, we summarize data on current "anti-Alzheimer's" agents currently in clinical trials based on findings available in the Thomson Reuters «Integrity» database, on the public website www.clinicaltrials.gov, and on database of the website Alzforum.org. As a result, it was possible to outline some major trends in AD drug discovery: (i) the development of compounds acting on the main stages of the pathogenesis of the disease (the so-called "disease-modifying agents") - these drugs could potentially slow the development of structural and functional abnormalities in the central nervous system providing sustainable improvements of cognitive functions, which persist even after drug withdrawal; (ii) focused design of multitargeted drugs acting on multiple molecular targets involved in the pathogenesis of the disease; (3) finally, the repositioning of old drugs for new (anti-Alzheimer's) application offers a very attractive approach to facilitate the completion of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Elena V Bovina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
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81
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Lin CH, Lin E, Lane HY. Genetic Biomarkers on Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 29209239 PMCID: PMC5702307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With ever-increasing elder populations, age-related cognitive decline, which is characterized as a gradual decline in cognitive capacity in the aging process, has turned out to be a mammoth public health concern. Since genetic information has become increasingly important to explore the biological mechanisms of cognitive decline, the search for genetic biomarkers of cognitive aging has received much attention. There is growing evidence that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ADAMTS9, BDNF, CASS4, COMT, CR1, DNMT3A, DTNBP1, REST, SRR, TOMM40, circadian clock, and Alzheimer's diseases-associated genes may contribute to susceptibility to cognitive aging. In this review, we first illustrated evidence of the genetic contribution to disease susceptibility to age-related cognitive decline in recent studies ranging from approaches of candidate genes to genome-wide association studies. We then surveyed a variety of association studies regarding age-related cognitive decline with consideration of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Finally, we highlighted their limitations and future directions. In light of advances in precision medicine and multi-omics technologies, future research in genomic medicine promises to lead to innovative ideas that are relevant to disease prevention and novel drugs for cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,TickleFish Systems Corporation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Arabsolghar R, Saberzadeh J, Khodaei F, Borojeni RA, Khorsand M, Rashedinia M. The protective effect of sodium benzoate on aluminum toxicity in PC12 cell line. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12:391-400. [PMID: 28974977 PMCID: PMC5615869 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.213984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB) is one of the food additives and preservatives that prevent the growth of fungi and bacteria. SB has been shown to improve the symptoms of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SB on the cell survival and cellular antioxidant indices after exposure to aluminum maltolate (Almal) in PC12 cell line as a model of neurotoxicity. The cells exposed to different concentrations of SB (0.125 to 3 mg/mL) in the presence of Almal (500 µM) and cell viability, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione content and catalase activity were measured. The results showed that low concentrations of SB caused an increase in the cell survival, but cell viability was reduced in high concentrations. SB could neither prevent the level of ROS production nor change glutathione content. SB (0.5 mg/mL) significantly increased the catalase enzyme activity as compared to the Almal. This study suggested that SB did not completely protect the cell to aluminum-induced free radicals toxicity. Possibly SB improves the symptoms of neurodegenerative disease by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Arabsolghar
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences & Technology Research Center, Paramedical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Jamileh Saberzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Forouzan Khodaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Rozhin Abbasi Borojeni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Marjan Khorsand
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
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83
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Schmidt RW, Thompson ML. Glycinergic signaling in the human nervous system: An overview of therapeutic drug targets and clinical effects. Ment Health Clin 2016; 6:266-276. [PMID: 29955481 PMCID: PMC6007534 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2016.11.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine and related endogenous compounds (d-serine, d-alanine, sarcosine) serve critical roles in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and are influenced by a multitude of enzymes and transporters, including glycine transporter 1 and 2 (GlyT1 and GlyT2), d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), serine racemase (SRR), alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1 (Asc-1), and kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT). MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsychINFO were searched for relevant human trials of compounds. Many studies utilizing exogenous administration of small molecule agonists of the glycineB site of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor have been studied as have a growing number of glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1) inhibitors. The clinical effects of these compounds are reviewed as are the potential effects of newer novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Schmidt
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Mental Health, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia,
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84
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Rojas C, Alt J, Ator NA, Wilmoth H, Rais R, Hin N, DeVivo M, Popiolek M, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS. Oral administration of D-alanine in monkeys robustly increases plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels but experimental D-amino acid oxidase inhibitors had minimal effect. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:887-95. [PMID: 27287825 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116652586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is thought to exacerbate psychosis in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Consistent with this hypothesis, D-alanine, a co-agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, was shown to improve positive and cognitive symptoms when used as add-on therapy for schizophrenia treatment. However, D-alanine had to be administered at high doses (~7 g) to observe clinical effects. One possible reason for the high dose is that D-alanine could be undergoing oxidation by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) before it reaches the brain. If this is the case, the dose could be reduced by co-administration of D-alanine with a DAAO inhibitor (DAAOi). Early studies with rodents showed that co-administration of D-alanine with 5-chloro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol (CBIO), a prototype DAAOi, significantly enhanced the levels of extracellular D-alanine in the frontal cortex compared with D-alanine alone. Further, the use of CBIO reduced the dose of D-alanine needed to attenuate prepulse inhibition deficits induced by dizocilpine. The objective of the work reported herein was to confirm the hypothesis that DAAO inhibition can enhance D-alanine exposure in a species closer to humans: non-human primates. We report that while oral D-alanine administration to baboons (10 mg/kg) enhanced D-alanine plasma and CSF levels over 20-fold versus endogenous levels, addition of experimental DAAOi to the regimen exhibited a 2.2-fold enhancement in plasma and no measurable effect on CSF levels. The results provide caution regarding the utility of DAAO inhibition to increase D-amino acid levels as treatment for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Rojas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Comparative Medicine and Molecular Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Ator
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Wilmoth
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Niyada Hin
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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85
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Galimberti D, Scarpini E. Old and new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1181-7. [PMID: 27459153 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1216972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEIs) for mild-to-moderate AD, and memantine for moderate-to-severe AD. AChEIs reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thus increasing the availability of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, enhancing cholinergic transmission. These drugs provide symptomatic short-term benefits, without clearly counteracting the progression of the disease. AREAS COVERED On the wake of successful clinical trials which lead to the marketing of AChEIs donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine, many compounds with AChEI properties have been developed and tested mainly in Phase I-II clinical trials in the last twenty years. Here, we review clinical trials initiated and interrupted, and those ongoing so far. EXPERT OPINION Despite many clinical trials with novel AChEIs have been carried out after the registration of those currently used to treat mild to moderate AD, none so far has been successful in a Phase III trial and marketed. Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial disorder, therefore therapy should likely address not only the cholinergic system but also additional neurotransmitters. Moreover, such treatments should be started in very mild phases of the disease, and preventive strategies addressed in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galimberti
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- a Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
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Barati M, Ebrahimi M. Identification of Genes Involved in the Early Stages of Alzheimer Disease Using a Neural Network Algorithm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/gct-38415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ultimate Translation: Developing Therapeutics Targeting on N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:257-309. [PMID: 27288080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are broadly distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), where they mediate excitatory signaling. NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission (NMDARMN) is the molecular engine of learning, memory and cognition, which are the basis for high cortical function. NMDARMN is also critically involved in the development and plasticity of CNS. Due to its essential and critical role, either over- or under-activation of NMDARMN can contribute substantially to the development of CNS disorders. The involvement of NMDARMN has been demonstrated in a variety of CNS disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Several targets to "correct" or "reset" the NMDARMN in these CNS disorders have been identified and confirmed. With analogy to aminergic treatments, these targets include the glycine/d-serine co-agonist site, channel ionophore, glycine transporter-1, and d-amino acid oxidase. It is still early days in terms of developing novel therapeutics targeting the NMDAR. However, agents modulating NMDARMN hold promise as the next generation of CNS therapeutics.
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88
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Brühl AB, Sahakian BJ. Drugs, games, and devices for enhancing cognition: implications for work and society. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1369:195-217. [PMID: 27043232 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As work environments change, the demands on working people change. Cognitive abilities in particular are becoming progressively more important for work performance and successful competition in a global environment. However, work-related stress, performance over long hours, lack of sleep, shift work, and jet lag affect cognitive functions. Therefore, an increasing number of healthy people are reported to use cognitive-enhancing drugs, as well as other interventions, such as noninvasive brain stimulation, to maintain or improve work performance. This review summarizes research on pharmacological and technical methods as well as cognitive training, including game apps for the brain, in healthy people. In neuropsychiatric disorders, impairments in cognitive functions can drastically reduce the chances of returning to work; therefore, this review also summarizes findings from pharmacological and cognitive-training studies in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette B Brühl
- Department of Psychiatry, and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Pritchett D, Taylor AM, Barkus C, Engle SJ, Brandon NJ, Sharp T, Foster RG, Harrison PJ, Peirson SN, Bannerman DM. Searching for cognitive enhancement in the Morris water maze: better and worse performance in D-amino acid oxidase knockout (Dao(-/-)) mice. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:979-89. [PMID: 26833794 PMCID: PMC4855640 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A common strategy when searching for cognitive‐enhancing drugs has been to target the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR), given its putative role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Evidence in favour of this approach has come primarily from studies with rodents using behavioural assays like the Morris water maze. D‐amino acid oxidase (DAO) degrades neutral D‐amino acids such as D‐serine, the primary endogenous co‐agonist acting at the glycine site of the synaptic NMDAR. Inhibiting DAO could therefore provide an effective and viable means of enhancing cognition, particularly in disorders like schizophrenia, in which NMDAR hypofunction is implicated. Indirect support for this notion comes from the enhanced hippocampal long‐term potentiation and facilitated water maze acquisition of ddY/Dao− mice, which lack DAO activity due to a point mutation in the gene. Here, in Dao knockout (Dao−/−) mice, we report both better and worse water maze performance, depending on the radial distance of the hidden platform from the side wall of the pool. Dao−/− mice displayed an increased innate preference for swimming in the periphery of the maze (possibly due to heightened anxiety), which facilitated the discovery of a peripherally located platform, but delayed the discovery of a centrally located platform. By contrast, Dao−/− mice exhibited normal performance in two alternative assays of long‐term spatial memory: the appetitive and aversive Y‐maze reference memory tasks. Taken together, these results question the proposed relationship between DAO inactivation and enhanced long‐term associative spatial memory. They also have generic implications for how Morris water maze studies are performed and interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pritchett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy M Taylor
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Trevor Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
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Transcriptional analysis reveals distinct subtypes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: implications for personalized therapy. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1335-59. [PMID: 26144267 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable disease, caused by the loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. The lack of therapeutic progress is mainly due to the insufficient understanding of complexity and heterogeneity underlying the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS. Recently, we analyzed whole-genome expression profiles of motor cortex of sporadic ALS patients, classifying them into two subgroups characterized by differentially expressed genes and pathways. Some of the deregulated genes encode proteins, which are primary targets of drugs currently in preclinical or clinical studies for several clinical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss in-depth the potential role of these candidate targets in ALS pathogenesis, highlighting their possible relevance for personalized ALS treatments.
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Modi KK, Roy A, Brahmachari S, Rangasamy SB, Pahan K. Cinnamon and Its Metabolite Sodium Benzoate Attenuate the Activation of p21rac and Protect Memory and Learning in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130398. [PMID: 26102198 PMCID: PMC4478015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study underlines the importance of cinnamon, a commonly used natural spice and flavoring material, and its metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) in attenuating oxidative stress and protecting memory and learning in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). NaB, but not sodium formate, was found to inhibit LPS-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse microglial cells. Similarly, NaB also inhibited fibrillar amyloid beta (Aβ)- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(+)-induced microglial production of ROS. Although NaB reduced the level of cholesterol in vivo in mice, reversal of the inhibitory effect of NaB on ROS production by mevalonate, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not cholesterol, suggests that depletion of intermediates, but not end products, of the mevalonate pathway is involved in the antioxidant effect of NaB. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an inhibitor of p21rac geranylgeranyl protein transferase suppressed the production of ROS and that NaB suppressed the activation of p21rac in microglia. As expected, marked activation of p21rac was observed in the hippocampus of subjects with AD and 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mouse model of AD. However, oral feeding of cinnamon (Cinnamonum verum) powder and NaB suppressed the activation of p21rac and attenuated oxidative stress in the hippocampus of Tg mice as evident by decreased dihydroethidium (DHE) and nitrotyrosine staining, reduced homocysteine level and increased level of reduced glutathione. This was accompanied by suppression of neuronal apoptosis, inhibition of glial activation, and reduction of Aβ burden in the hippocampus and protection of memory and learning in transgenic mice. Therefore, cinnamon powder may be a promising natural supplement in halting or delaying the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu K. Modi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Brahmachari
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States of America
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pritchett D, Hasan S, Tam SKE, Engle SJ, Brandon NJ, Sharp T, Foster RG, Harrison PJ, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. d-amino acid oxidase knockout (Dao(-/-) ) mice show enhanced short-term memory performance and heightened anxiety, but no sleep or circadian rhythm disruption. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1167-79. [PMID: 25816902 PMCID: PMC4744680 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
d-amino acid oxidase (DAO, DAAO) is an enzyme that degrades d-serine, the primary endogenous co-agonist of the synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Convergent evidence implicates DAO in the pathophysiology and potential treatment of schizophrenia. To better understand the functional role of DAO, we characterized the behaviour of the first genetically engineered Dao knockout (Dao(-/-) ) mouse. Our primary objective was to assess both spatial and non-spatial short-term memory performance. Relative to wildtype (Dao(+/+) ) littermate controls, Dao(-/-) mice demonstrated enhanced spatial recognition memory performance, improved odour recognition memory performance, and enhanced spontaneous alternation in the T-maze. In addition, Dao(-/-) mice displayed increased anxiety-like behaviour in five tests of approach/avoidance conflict: the open field test, elevated plus maze, successive alleys, light/dark box and novelty-suppressed feeding. Despite evidence of a reciprocal relationship between anxiety and sleep and circadian function in rodents, we found no evidence of sleep or circadian rhythm disruption in Dao(-/-) mice. Overall, our observations are consistent with, and extend, findings in the natural mutant ddY/Dao(-) line. These data add to a growing body of preclinical evidence linking the inhibition, inactivation or deletion of DAO with enhanced cognitive performance. Our results have implications for the development of DAO inhibitors as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pritchett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Levin R, Dor-Abarbanel AE, Edelman S, Durrant AR, Hashimoto K, Javitt DC, Heresco-Levy U. Behavioral and cognitive effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor co-agonist D-serine in healthy humans: initial findings. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 61:188-95. [PMID: 25554623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of compounds having agonistic activity at the glycine site associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is presently assessed in psychiatric disorders. In contrast to NMDAR antagonists, the neuropsychiatric effects of NMDAR agonists in the healthy human organism are not known. We studied neuropsychiatric and neurochemical effects of the NMDAR-glycine site obligatory co-agonist d-serine (DSR) in healthy subjects using a randomized, controlled crossover challenge design including a baseline assessment day and two DSR/placebo administration days. Thirty-five subjects aged 23-29 years participated in the study and received a 2.1 g orally administered DSR dose. The main outcome measures were the changes in scores of mood-related Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP), and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). DSR acute administration: (1) was well tolerated and resulted at 2 h in ≥ 200 times increase in DSR serum levels; (2) elicited reduced VAS-measured depression and anxiety feelings; (3) improved attention and vigilance as measured by CPT-IP D-prime score; (4) preferentially improved performance in RAVLT list 7 reflecting ability to retain information over interference; (5) had significant but nonspecific effects on Category Fluency and Benton Visual Retention tests; and (6) did not affect glycine and glutamate serum levels. These data indicate that in healthy subjects, DSR reduces subjective feelings of sadness and anxiety and has procognitive effects that are overall opposed to the known effects of NMDAR antagonists. The findings are relevant to translational research of NMDAR function and the development of NMDAR-glycine site treatments for specific psychiatric entities. ClinicalTrials.gov: Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Co-agonist D-serine in Healthy Humans; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02051426?term=NCT02051426&rank=1; NCT02051426.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Levin
- Research and Psychiatry Departments, Ezrath Nashim-Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Shany Edelman
- Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrea R Durrant
- Research and Psychiatry Departments, Ezrath Nashim-Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research and Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Uriel Heresco-Levy
- Research and Psychiatry Departments, Ezrath Nashim-Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
D-Serine (DSR) is an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics. DSR acts as obligatory coagonist at the glycine site associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDAR) and has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration. Since either over- or underfunction of NMDARs may be involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders; the pharmacological manipulation of DSR signaling represents a major drug development target. A first generation of proof-of-concept animal and clinical studies suggest beneficial DSR effects in treatment-refractory schizophrenia, movement, depression, and anxiety disorders and for the improvement of cognitive performance. A related developing pharmacological strategy is the indirect modification of DSR synaptic levels by use of compounds that alter the function of main enzymes responsible for DSR production and degradation. Accumulating data indicate that, during the next decade, we will witness important advances in the understanding of DSR role that will further contribute to elucidating the causes of neuropsychiatric disorders and will be instrumental in the development of innovative treatments.
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Canu N, Ciotti MT, Pollegioni L. Serine racemase: a key player in apoptosis and necrosis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:9. [PMID: 24795622 PMCID: PMC4000995 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A fine balance between cell survival and cell death is required to sculpt the nervous system during development. However, an excess of cell death can occur following trauma, exposure to neurotoxins or alcohol, and some developmental and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) support synaptic plasticity and survival of many neuronal populations whereas inappropriate activation may promote various forms of cell death, apoptosis, and necrosis representing the two extremes of a continuum of cell death processes both “in vitro” and “in vivo.” Hence, by identifying the switches controlling pro-survival vs. apoptosis and apoptosis vs. pro-excitotoxic outcome of NMDAR stimulation, NMDAR modulators could be developed that selectively block the cell death enhancing pro-survival signaling or synaptic plasticity mediated by NMDAR. Among these modulators, a role is emerging for the enzyme serine racemase (SR) that synthesizes D-serine, a key co-agonist with glutamate at NMDAR. This review summarizes the experimental evidence from “in vitro” neuronal cultures—with special emphasis on cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)—and “in vivo” models of neurodegeneration, where the dual role of the SR/D-serine pathway as a master regulator of apoptosis and the apoptosis-necrosis shift will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Canu
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Roma Roma, Italy ; Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Varese, Italy ; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Biotecnologie Proteiche "The Protein Factory," Politecnico di Milano, ICRM-CNR Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria Milano, Italy
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