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Puig-Perez S, Villada C, Pulopulos MM, Hidalgo V, Salvador A. How are neuroticism and depression related to the psychophysiological stress response to acute stress in healthy older people? Physiol Behav 2016; 156:128-36. [PMID: 26780150 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroticism and depressive symptomatology have been related to a heightened and diminished physiological stress response, which may partly explain their negative relationship with health and wellbeing. Identifying factors that may increase disease vulnerability is especially relevant in older people, whose physiological systems decline. With this in mind, we investigated the influence of neuroticism and depression on the psychophysiological stress response in healthy older people (from 55 to 76years old). A total of 36 volunteers were exposed to a stressful task (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST), while 35 volunteers performed a control non-stressful task. The physiological stress response was assessed through measures of cortisol, alpha-amylase, heart rate (HR). Our results showed that, neuroticism was not related to physiological stress response. However, depression was related to higher cortisol response and lower HR reactivity in the stress condition. In summary, emotional states such as depressive mood seem to amplify the cortisol stress response and reduce the cardiovascular response, whereas more stable dispositions such as neuroticism did not affect stress response in older people. These findings confirm, in healthy older people, the adverse effects of depression, acting on different subsystems of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puig-Perez
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carolina Villada
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Matias M Pulopulos
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Salvador
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Avd. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Richter M, Gendolla G, Wright R. Three Decades of Research on Motivational Intensity Theory. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Panju S, Brian J, Dupuis A, Anagnostou E, Kushki A. Atypical sympathetic arousal in children with autism spectrum disorder and its association with anxiety symptomatology. Mol Autism 2015; 6:64. [PMID: 26693000 PMCID: PMC4676885 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with autonomic atypicalities, although the nature of these differences remains largely unknown. Moreover, existing literature suggests large variability in autonomic function in ASD, motivating the need to examine the existence of subgroups that exhibit more homogeneous autonomic features. Methods Electrodermal activity (EDA), a non-invasive physiological indicator of autonomic activity, was measured in typically developing children (n = 33) and those with ASD (n = 38) as participants performed tasks that elicit anxiety, attention, response inhibition, and social cognition processes. The ASD group was divided into low- (n = 18) and high-anxiety (n = 20) participants, and the groups were compared to mean EDA level and electrodermal reactions frequency (EDR). Results The ASD group had a significantly blunted mean EDA response to the anxiety tasks (p < 0.004). The EDR response to all tasks, except response inhibition, was also blunted in the ASD group (p < 0.04). For this group, EDR frequency during the anxiety and social cognition tasks was negatively correlated with behavioral scores in the domains that were probed by each task (p < 0.002). The high-anxiety ASD group showed significantly decreased mean EDA compared to both the low-anxiety ASD group (p = 0.02) and the typically developing control group (p = 0.04). The high-anxiety ASD group also had significantly more severe symptoms than the low-anxiety ASD group on domains related to anxiety, attention, rule breaking, aggression, obsessions and compulsions, and depression. Conclusions Our results suggest atypical autonomic function in children with ASD, specifically with respect to sympathetic activity. Moreover, anxiety symptomatology defined subgroups with distinct physiological and behavioral profiles. Overall, the results add to the body of literature supporting autonomic dysfunction in ASD and highlight the role of anxiety and autonomic features in explaining the variability in the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeena Panju
- Division of Engineering Science, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, M5S 1A4 Toronto, Canada ; Bloorview Research Institute, 150 Kilgour Road, M4G 1R8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Jessica Brian
- Bloorview Research Institute, 150 Kilgour Road, M4G 1R8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Annie Dupuis
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8 Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Azadeh Kushki
- Bloorview Research Institute, 150 Kilgour Road, M4G 1R8 Toronto, Canada ; The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, M5S 3G9 Toronto, Canada
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Wang MY, Chiu CH, Lee HC, Su CT, Tsai PS. Cardiovascular Reactivity in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder With High- or Low-Level Depressive Symptoms. Biol Res Nurs 2015; 18:221-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800415596227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression increases the risk of adverse cardiac events. Cardiovascular reactivity is defined as the pattern of cardiovascular responses to mental stress. An altered pattern of cardiovascular reactivity is an indicator of subsequent cardiovascular disease. Because depression and adverse cardiac events may have a dose-dependent association, this study examined the differences in cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with high depression levels and those with low depression levels. Moreover, autonomic nervous system regulation is a highly plausible biological mechanism for the pattern of cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress. The association between cardiovascular reactivity and parameters of heart rate variability (HRV), an index for quantifying autonomic nervous system activity modulation, was thus examined. This study included 88 patients with MDD. HRV was measured before stress induction. The Stroop Color and Word Test and mirror star-tracing task were used to induce mental stress. We observed no significant association between depressive symptom level and any of the cardiovascular reactivity parameters. Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress was comparable between patients with MDD with high-level depressive symptoms and those with low-level depressive symptoms. After adjusting for confounding variables, the high-frequency domain of HRV was found to be an independent predictor of the magnitude of heart rate reactivity (β = −.33, p = .002). In conclusion, the magnitude of cardiovascular reactivity may be independent of depression severity in patients with MDD. The autonomic regulation of cardiovascular responses to mental stress primarily influences heart rate reactivity in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yeh Wang
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Huan Chiu
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Sleep Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tien Su
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Tsai
- Graduate Institutes of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Science Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ginty AT, Brindle RC, Carroll D. Cardiac stress reactions and perseverance: Diminished reactivity is associated with study non-completion. Biol Psychol 2015; 109:200-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Depression is associated with increased vagal withdrawal during unpleasant emotional imagery after cardiac surgery. Auton Neurosci 2015; 189:75-82. [PMID: 25736970 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the influence of depression on heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) during emotional imagery in patients after cardiac surgery. METHODS Based on the scores of the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression (CES-D) scale, 28 patients after cardiac surgery were assigned either to the group with depression (CES-D scores ≥ 16; N = 14) or the one without depression (CES-D scores<16; N = 14). Each patient completed a rest period and an emotional imagery including pleasant, neutral and unpleasant scripts. Inter-beat intervals (IBIs) and HRV were measured during the entire protocol. RESULTS Compared to nondepressed patients, those with depression had greater reductions in high frequency expressed in normalized units (HF n.u.) during the imaging of the unpleasant script (p = .003, Cohen's d = 1.34). Moreover, HF n.u. were lower during the imaging of the unpleasant script than the pleasant one in depressed patients only (p = .020, Cohen's d = 0.55). CES-D scores were also inversely correlated with residualized changes in IBIs (r = -.38, p = .045) and HF n.u. (r = -.49, p = .008) from rest to the imaging of the unpleasant script. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between depression and increased vagal withdrawal during unpleasant emotional imagery extends to patients after cardiac surgery. The present study suggests that increased vagal withdrawal to negative emotions in patients after cardiac surgery may mediate the conferral of cardiac risk by depression.
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Liang CS, Lee JF, Chen CC, Chang YC. Reactive heart rate variability in male patients with first-episode major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:52-7. [PMID: 25149628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between cardiovascular reactivity and major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine this association via reactive heart rate variability (HRV) in a well-diagnosed first-episode MDD group and a control group. METHODS A total of 160 physically healthy, drug-naive patients presenting with their first-episode MDD and 50 healthy controls were recruited. All participants underwent a 5-min electrocardiography at rest and during a mental arithmetic task. Depression severity was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). RESULTS HRV measures that showed between-group differences at rest did not reached significance during mental stress. In contrast, HRV measures that revealed between-group differences during stress did not reach significance at rest. In response to mental stress, HRV measures did not significantly change in both group. However, LF and HF in response to stress were different between groups. Patients with MDD revealed an increasing trend in HF and a decreasing trend in LF; conversely, healthy controls had a decreasing trend in HF and an increasing trend in LF. BDI scores correlated with changes in heart rate in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The fundamental change to reactive HRV in patients with first-episode MDD appears qualitative, not quantitative. A distinctly reverse trend in reactive HRV measures were evident between these two groups. Moreover, patients with MDD showed entirely distinct changes in reactive HRV from those in resting HRV. We suggest that in patients with MDD, autonomic system shifts to sympathetic dominance at rest but toward parasympathetic dominance in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sung Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Fu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Chi Chen
- Department of Nursing, Kang-Ning Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue-Cune Chang
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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58
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Parental Depression Risk and Reduced Physiological Responses During a Valence Identification Task. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Silvia PJ, Nusbaum EC, Eddington KM, Beaty RE, Kwapil TR. Effort Deficits and Depression: The Influence of Anhedonic Depressive Symptoms on Cardiac Autonomic Activity During a Mental Challenge. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2014; 38:779-789. [PMID: 25431505 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-014-9443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motivational approaches to depression emphasize the role of dysfunctional motivational dynamics, particularly diminished reward and incentive processes associated with anhedonia. A study examined how anhedonic depressive symptoms, measured continuously across a wide range of severity, influenced the physiological mobilization of effort during a cognitive task. Using motivational intensity theory as a guide, we expected that the diminished incentive value associated with anhedonic depressive symptoms would reduce effort during a "do your best" challenge (also known as an unfixed or self-paced challenge), in which effort is a function of the value of achieving the task's goal. Using impedance cardiography, two cardiac autonomic responses were assessed: pre-ejection period (PEP), a measure of sympathetic activity and our primary measure of interest, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a measure of parasympathetic activity. As expected, PEP slowed from baseline to task as anhedonic depressive symptoms increased (as measured with the DASS Depression scale), indicating diminished effort-related sympathetic activity. No significant effects appeared for RSA. The findings support motivational intensity theory as a translational model of effort processes in depression and clarify some inconsistent effects of depressive symptoms on effort-related physiology found in past work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Emily C Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Kari M Eddington
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Roger E Beaty
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Schwerdtfeger AR, Schienle A, Leutgeb V, Rathner EM. Does cardiac reactivity in the laboratory predict ambulatory heart rate? Baseline counts. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:565-72. [PMID: 24697648 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress might predict cardiovascular load in everyday life. However, previous research throws doubt on this hypothesis. This study examined associations between heart rate (HR) to a public speaking task and ambulatory HR throughout a day. Electrocardiogram, bodily movement, and psychosocial variables (affect, context) were recorded in 111 individuals. Ambulatory HR was positively associated with both positive and negative affect. Baseline HR in the laboratory significantly predicted ambulatory HR, but HR reactivity did not. The interaction of momentary negative affect and cardiac reactivity in the laboratory was also not significant. However, a significant interaction of baseline HR and reactivity indicated that, when baseline was high, there was a positive relation between HR reactivity and ambulatory HR. Findings suggest that baseline has to be considered when aiming to predict cardiovascular load in everyday life.
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The 5-HTTLPR genotype modulates heart rate variability and its adjustment by pharmacological panic challenge in healthy men. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:51-8. [PMID: 24342768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal serotonin transporter (5-HTT) function and autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation has been proposed in panic disorder. However, in contrast to hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) functioning, ANS reactivity during panic response has yet not been investigated in humans with respect to the 5-HTT genotype. The present study assessed the influence of challenging by cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) on heart rate variability (HRV) measures, to monitor autonomic reactivity and its relationship to 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotypes. We hypothesized substantial effects of the 5-HTTLPR genotype on autonomic reactivity. We studied 30 healthy young men, 15 of each with the long/long (l/l) or short/short (s/s) genotype for the 5-HTTLPR. All participants received an intravenous application of 50 μg CCK-4. HRV measures were assessed in both groups at baseline and immediately after CCK-4 application. Our results indicated lower parasympathetic activity in s/s carriers during baseline, time and frequency domain measures. CCK-4 application significantly enhanced the sympathetic tone in both groups, leading to diminished group differences. A significant treatment by genotype effect indicated reduced autonomic reactivity to CCK-4 challenge in the s/s compared to l/l carriers. Our findings show enhanced sympathetic and/or diminished cardiac vagal activity under basal conditions and blunted autonomic reactivity in s/s vs. l/l carriers. Our study provides novel data supporting claims that the s/s genotype represents a genetic vulnerability factor associated with inadequate hyporeactivity to stress and extends current knowledge on the impact of the central serotonergic activity on the sympathoadrenal pathway.
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62
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Oldham MA, Ciraulo DA. Bright light therapy for depression: a review of its effects on chronobiology and the autonomic nervous system. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:305-19. [PMID: 24397276 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.833935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bright light therapy (BLT) is considered among the first-line treatments for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), yet a growing body of literature supports its use in other neuropsychiatric conditions including non-seasonal depression. Despite evidence of its antidepressant efficacy, clinical use of BLT remains highly variable internationally. In this article, we explore the autonomic effects of BLT and suggest that such effects may play a role in its antidepressant and chronotherapeutic properties. After providing a brief introduction on the clinical application of BLT, we review the chronobiological effects of BLT on depression and on the autonomic nervous system in depressed and non-depressed individuals with an emphasis on non-seasonal depression. Such a theory of autonomic modulation via BLT could serve to integrate aspects of recent work centered on alleviating allostatic load, the polyvagal theory, the neurovisceral integration model and emerging evidence on the roles of glutamate and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GABA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Oldham
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Medical Center , Boston, MA , USA
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63
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Ruiz-Robledillo N, Moya-Albiol L. Lower Electrodermal Activity to Acute Stress in Caregivers of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Adaptive Habituation to Stress. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 45:576-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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64
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Salomon K, Bylsma LM, White KE, Panaite V, Rottenberg J. Is blunted cardiovascular reactivity in depression mood-state dependent? A comparison of major depressive disorder remitted depression and healthy controls. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:50-7. [PMID: 23756147 PMCID: PMC4386598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior work has repeatedly demonstrated that people who have current major depression exhibit blunted cardiovascular reactivity to acute stressors (e.g., Salomon et al., 2009). A key question regards the psychobiological basis for these deficits, including whether such deficits are depressed mood-state dependent or whether these effects are trait-like and are observed outside of depression episodes in vulnerable individuals. To examine this issue, we assessed cardiovascular reactivity to a speech stressor task and a forehead cold pressor in 50 individuals with current major depressive disorder (MDD), 25 with remitted major depression (RMD), and 45 healthy controls. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure and impedance cardiography were assessed and analyses controlled for BMI and sex. Significant group effects were found for SBP, HR, and PEP for the speech preparation period and HR, CO, and PEP during the speech. For each of these parameters, only the MDD group exhibited attenuated reactivity as well as impaired SBP recovery. Reactivity and recovery in the RMD group more closely resembled the healthy controls. Speeches given by the MDD group were rated as less persuasive than the RMD or healthy controls' speeches. No significant differences were found for the cold pressor. Blunted cardiovascular reactivity and impaired recovery in current major depression may be mood-state dependent phenomena and may be more reflective of motivational deficits than deficits in the physiological integrity of the cardiovascular system.
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Brindle RC, Ginty AT, Conklin SM. Is the association between depression and blunted cardiovascular stress reactions mediated by perceptions of stress? Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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66
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Is the blunted blood pressure reactivity in dysphoric individuals related to attenuated behavioral approach? Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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67
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Ginty AT. Blunted responses to stress and reward: Reflections on biological disengagement? Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:90-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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68
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The other side of the coin: Blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity are associated with negative health outcomes. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kupper N, Pelle A, Denollet J. Association of Type D personality with the autonomic and hemodynamic response to the cold pressor test. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:1194-201. [PMID: 24016046 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms relating Type D personality to poor health are largely unknown, with autonomic nervous system function being a candidate. This study examined the physiologic response to cold stress. Undergraduates (N = 101, 84% female) underwent a cold pressor test. An electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, and blood pressure were recorded. Type D personality was assessed by self-report questionnaire. Type D was associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity. Exploratory analyses showed Type D men to respond with increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia (i.e., higher parasympathetic activity), and decreased pre-ejection period (i.e., larger sympathetic activity), while Type D women showed a reciprocal response pattern. In conclusion, Type D personality was associated with an exaggerated hemodynamic response to cold stress, which may contribute to an increased risk of hypertension in Type D individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kupper
- Department of Medical Psychology and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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70
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Blood pressure hyperreactivity: an early cardiovascular risk in normotensive men exposed to low-to-moderate inorganic arsenic in drinking water. J Hypertens 2013. [PMID: 23203141 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835c175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential hypertension is associated with chronic exposure to high levels of inorganic arsenic in drinking water. However, early signs of risk for developing hypertension remain unclear in people exposed to chronic low-to-moderate inorganic arsenic. OBJECTIVE We evaluated cardiovascular stress reactivity and recovery in healthy, normotensive, middle-aged men living in an arsenic-endemic region of Romania. METHODS Unexposed (n = 16) and exposed (n = 19) participants were sampled from communities based on WHO limits for inorganic arsenic in drinking water (<10 μg/l). Water sources and urine samples were collected and analyzed for inorganic arsenic and its metabolites. Functional evaluation of blood pressure included clinical, anticipatory, cold pressor test, and recovery measurements. Blood pressure hyperreactivity was defined as a combined stress-induced change in SBP (> 20 mmHg) and DBP (>15 mmHg). RESULTS Drinking water inorganic arsenic averaged 40.2 ± 30.4 and 1.0 ± 0.2 μg/l for the exposed and unexposed groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Compared to the unexposed group, the exposed group expressed a greater probability of blood pressure hyperreactivity to both anticipatory stress (47.4 vs. 12.5%; P = 0.035) and cold stress (73.7 vs. 37.5%; P = 0.044). Moreover, the exposed group exhibited attenuated blood pressure recovery from stress and a greater probability of persistent hypertensive responses (47.4 vs. 12.5%; P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Inorganic arsenic exposure increased stress-induced blood pressure hyperreactivity and poor blood pressure recovery, including persistent hypertensive responses in otherwise healthy, clinically normotensive men. Drinking water containing even low-to-moderate inorganic arsenic may act as a sympathetic nervous system trigger for hypertension risk.
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71
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Ginty AT, Gianaros PJ, Derbyshire SWG, Phillips AC, Carroll D. Blunted cardiac stress reactivity relates to neural hypoactivation. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:219-29. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie T. Ginty
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; USA
| | | | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
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Bibbey A, Carroll D, Roseboom TJ, Phillips AC, de Rooij SR. Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 90:28-36. [PMID: 23147393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stable personality traits have long been presumed to have biological substrates, although the evidence relating personality to biological stress reactivity is inconclusive. The present study examined, in a large middle aged cohort (N=352), the relationship between key personality traits and both cortisol and cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity were measured at rest and in response to a psychological stress protocol comprising 5min each of a Stroop task, mirror tracing, and a speech task. Participants subsequently completed the Big Five Inventory to assess neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, extraversion, and conscientiousness. Those with higher neuroticism scores exhibited smaller cortisol and cardiovascular stress reactions, whereas participants who were less agreeable and less open had smaller cortisol and cardiac reactions to stress. These associations remained statistically significant following adjustment for a range of potential confounding variables. Thus, a negative personality disposition would appear to be linked to diminished stress reactivity. These findings further support a growing body of evidence which suggests that blunted stress reactivity may be maladaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bibbey
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Heitkemper MM, Cain KC, Deechakawan W, Poppe A, Jun SE, Burr RL, Jarrett ME. Anticipation of public speaking and sleep and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:626-31, e270-1. [PMID: 22471712 PMCID: PMC3732110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are hyper-responsive to a variety of laboratory stress conditions. METHODS This study compared sleep quality and night time plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum cortisol levels in response to anticipation of public speaking between 43 women with IBS and 24 healthy control women. In addition, comparisons were made between subgroups within the IBS sample based on predominant stool patterns, 22 IBS-constipation and 21 IBS-diarrhea. Subjects slept three nights in a sleep laboratory, and on the third night serial blood samples were drawn every 20 min from 08:00 PM until awakening. As the subjects had different sleep onsets, each subject's results were synchronized to the first onset of stage 2 sleep. KEY RESULTS Compared the healthy control group, women with IBS had significantly worse sleep efficiency, and higher cortisol but not ACTH levels over the night. However, there were no IBS bowel pattern subgroup differences. Among IBS subjects, cortisol levels early in the night were higher than found in our previous study with a similar protocol but without the threat of public speaking. These results suggest that a social stressor, such as public speaking prior to bedtime, increases cortisol but not ACTH levels suggesting HPA dysregulation in women with IBS. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This response to a social stressor contributes to our understanding of the relationship of stress to symptom expression in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Heitkemper
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kevin C Cain
- Dept. of Biostatistics and Office of Nursing Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wimon Deechakawan
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anne Poppe
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sang-Eun Jun
- Keimyung Unviersity College of Nursing, 1000 Sindang-dong, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, Korea 704-701
| | - Robert L Burr
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Monica E Jarrett
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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