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Han ST, Peng H, Sun Q, Venkatesh S, Chung KS, Lau SC, Zhou Y, Roy VAL. An Overview of the Development of Flexible Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700375. [PMID: 28671711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors that efficiently detect various stimuli relevant to specific environmental or biological species have been extensively studied due to their great potential for the Internet of Things and wearable electronics applications. The application of flexible and stretchable electronics to device-engineering technologies has enabled the fabrication of slender, lightweight, stretchable, and foldable sensors. Here, recent studies on flexible sensors for biological analytes, ions, light, and pH are outlined. In addition, contemporary studies on device structure, materials, and fabrication methods for flexible sensors are discussed, and a market overview is provided. The conclusion presents challenges and perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qijun Sun
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shishir Venkatesh
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kam-Sing Chung
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Siu Chuen Lau
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - V A L Roy
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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An BW, Shin JH, Kim SY, Kim J, Ji S, Park J, Lee Y, Jang J, Park YG, Cho E, Jo S, Park JU. Smart Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronic Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E303. [PMID: 30970981 PMCID: PMC6418677 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable human interaction devices are technologies with various applications for improving human comfort, convenience and security and for monitoring health conditions. Healthcare monitoring includes caring for the welfare of every person, which includes early diagnosis of diseases, real-time monitoring of the effects of treatment, therapy, and the general monitoring of the conditions of people's health. As a result, wearable electronic devices are receiving greater attention because of their facile interaction with the human body, such as monitoring heart rate, wrist pulse, motion, blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and other health-related conditions. In this paper, various smart sensors and wireless systems are reviewed, the current state of research related to such systems is reported, and their detection mechanisms are compared. Our focus was limited to wearable and attachable sensors. Section 1 presents the various smart sensors. In Section 2, we describe multiplexed sensors that can monitor several physiological signals simultaneously. Section 3 provides a discussion about short-range wireless systems including bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), and resonance antenna systems for wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Wan An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Jung Hwal Shin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - So-Yun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Joohee Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Sangyoon Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Jihun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Youngjin Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Jiuk Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Young-Geun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Eunjin Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Subin Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
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Song M, Seo J, Kim H, Kim Y. Ultrasensitive Multi-Functional Flexible Sensors Based on Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Sensing Layers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2630. [PMID: 28572567 PMCID: PMC5453975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasensitive flexible sensors with multi-sensing functions are required for various applications in flexible electronics era. Here we demonstrate flexible polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)-integrated-organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) (PDLC-i-OFETs), which sensitively respond to various stimulations including weak gas (air) flow, direct physical touch, light, and heat. The flexible PDLC-i-OFETs were fabricated by spin-coating the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-dispersed 4,4'-pentyl-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) layers on the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) channel layers of OFETs with 200 μm-thick poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) substrates. The flexible PDLC-i-OFET devices could sense very weak nitrogen gas flow (0.3 sccm), which cannot be felt by human skins, and stably responded to direct physical touches (0.6~4.8 g load). In addition, the present devices showed very sensitive photoresponses to a visible light and exhibited excellent heat-sensing characteristics at a temperature of 25~70 °C. In particular, the present flexible PDLC-i-OFET devices could sense two different stimulations at the same time, indicative of promising multi-sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeonghun Song
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeok Seo
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajeong Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Priority Research Center, Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Mansouri Majd S, Salimi A, Astinchap B. Label-free attomolar detection of lactate based on radio frequency sputtered of nickel oxide thin film field effect transistor. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:733-740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pundir CS, Narwal V, Batra B. Determination of lactic acid with special emphasis on biosensing methods: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:777-790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Selective nitrate detection by an enzymatic sensor based on an extended-gate type organic field-effect transistor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Simon DT, Gabrielsson EO, Tybrandt K, Berggren M. Organic Bioelectronics: Bridging the Signaling Gap between Biology and Technology. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13009-13041. [PMID: 27367172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronics surrounding us in our daily lives rely almost exclusively on electrons as the dominant charge carrier. In stark contrast, biological systems rarely use electrons but rather use ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conducting and semiconducting organic polymers and small molecules, these materials have emerged in recent decades as excellent tools for translating signals between these two realms and, therefore, providing a means to effectively interface biology with conventional electronics-thus, the field of organic bioelectronics. Today, organic bioelectronics defines a generic platform with unprecedented biological recording and regulation tools and is maturing toward applications ranging from life sciences to the clinic. In this Review, we introduce the field, from its early breakthroughs to its current results and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Minami T, Minamiki T, Tokito S. Electric Detection of Phosphate Anions in Water by an Extended-gate-type Organic Field-effect Transistor Functionalized with a Zinc(II)–Dipicolylamine Derivative. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.151193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Minami
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Tsukuru Minamiki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
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Hernández-Ibáñez N, García-Cruz L, Montiel V, Foster CW, Banks CE, Iniesta J. Electrochemical lactate biosensor based upon chitosan/carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed graphite electrodes for the determination of lactate in embryonic cell cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 77:1168-74. [PMID: 26579934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
l-lactate is an essential metabolite present in embryonic cell culture. Changes of this important metabolite during the growth of human embryo reflect the quality and viability of the embryo. In this study, we report a sensitive, stable, and easily manufactured electrochemical biosensor for the detection of lactate within embryonic cell cultures media. Screen-printed disposable electrodes are used as electrochemical sensing platforms for the miniaturization of the lactate biosensor. Chitosan/multi walled carbon nanotubes composite have been employed for the enzymatic immobilization of the lactate oxidase enzyme. This novel electrochemical lactate biosensor analytical efficacy is explored towards the sensing of lactate in model (buffer) solutions and is found to exhibit a linear response towards lactate over the concentration range of 30.4 and 243.9 µM in phosphate buffer solution, with a corresponding limit of detection (based on 3-sigma) of 22.6 µM and exhibits a sensitivity of 3417 ± 131 µAM(-1) according to the reproducibility study. These novel electrochemical lactate biosensors exhibit a high reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.8% and an enzymatic response over 82% after 5 months stored at 4 °C. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography technique has been utilized to independently validate the electrochemical lactate biosensor for the determination of lactate in a commercial embryonic cell culture medium providing excellent agreement between the two analytical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Hernández-Ibáñez
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Leticia García-Cruz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Montiel
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Christopher W Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jesús Iniesta
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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