1
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Tybrandt K. A gentle nerve wrapper. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01903-2. [PMID: 38760517 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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2
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Hultman L, Mazur S, Ankarcrona C, Palmqvist A, Abrahamsson M, Antti ML, Baltzar M, Bergström L, de Laval P, Edman L, Erhart P, Kloo L, Lundberg MW, Mikkelsen A, Moons E, Persson C, Rensmo H, Rosén J, Rudén C, Selleby M, Sundgren JE, Dick Thelander K, Tybrandt K, Weihed P, Zou X, Åstrand M, Björkman CP, Schneider JM, Eriksson O, Berggren M. Advanced materials provide solutions towards a sustainable world. Nat Mater 2024; 23:160-161. [PMID: 38307974 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hultman
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Mazur
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ankarcrona
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmqvist
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta-Lena Antti
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Malin Baltzar
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- H2 Green Steel, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pontus de Laval
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Kloo
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats W Lundberg
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Sandvik AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- NanoLund Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen Moons
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Materials Science Research, Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rosén
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Materials Design Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christina Rudén
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Selleby
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Eric Sundgren
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Swedish Association of Engineering Industries, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimberly Dick Thelander
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Pär Weihed
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Åstrand
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Northvolt AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Platzer Björkman
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schneider
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, .
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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3
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Duan Y, Rahmanudin A, Chen S, Kim N, Mohammadi M, Tybrandt K, Jonsson MP. Tuneable Anisotropic Plasmonics with Shape-Symmetric Conducting Polymer Nanoantennas. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2303949. [PMID: 37528506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of nanophotonic applications rely on polarization-dependent plasmonic resonances, which usually requires metallic nanostructures that have anisotropic shape. This work demonstrates polarization-dependent plasmonic resonances instead by breaking symmetry via material permittivity. The study shows that molecular alignment of a conducting polymer can lead to a material with polarization-dependent plasma frequency and corresponding in-plane hyperbolic permittivity region. This result is not expected based only on anisotropic charge mobility but implies that also the effective mass of the charge carriers becomes anisotropic upon polymer alignment. This unique feature is used to demonstrate circularly symmetric nanoantennas that provide different plasmonic resonances parallel and perpendicular to the alignment direction. The nanoantennas are further tuneable via the redox state of the polymer. Importantly, polymer alignment could blueshift the plasma wavelength and resonances by several hundreds of nanometers, forming a novel approach toward reaching the ultimate goal of redox-tunable conducting polymer nanoantennas for visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Duan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Nara Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
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4
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Cherian D, Roy A, Bersellini Farinotti A, Abrahamsson T, Arbring Sjöström T, Tybrandt K, Nilsson D, Berggren M, Svensson CI, Poxson DJ, Simon DT. Flexible Organic Electronic Ion Pump Fabricated Using Inkjet Printing and Microfabrication for Precision In Vitro Delivery of Bupivacaine. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300550. [PMID: 37069480 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) is an on-demand electrophoretic drug delivery device, that via electronic to ionic signal conversion enables drug delivery without additional pressure or volume changes. The fundamental component of OEIPs is their polyelectrolyte membranes which are shaped into ionic channels that conduct and deliver ionic drugs, with high spatiotemporal resolution. The patterning of these membranes is essential in OEIP devices and is typically achieved using laborious microprocessing techniques. Here, the development of an inkjet printable formulation of polyelectrolyte is reported, based on a custom anionically functionalized hyperbranched polyglycerol (i-AHPG). This polyelectrolyte ink greatly simplifies the fabrication process and is used in the production of free-standing OEIPs on flexible polyimide (PI) substrates. Both i-AHPG and the OEIP devices are characterized, exhibiting favorable iontronic characteristics of charge selectivity and the ability to transport aromatic compounds. Further, the applicability of these technologies is demonstrated by the transport and delivery of the pharmaceutical compound bupivacaine to dorsal root ganglion cells with high spatial precision and effective nerve blocking, highlighting the applicability of these technologies for biomedical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cherian
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Arghyamalya Roy
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | | | - Tobias Abrahamsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - David Nilsson
- Unit of Printed Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, 60221, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - David J Poxson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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5
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Vural M, Mohammadi M, Seufert L, Han S, Crispin X, Fridberger A, Berggren M, Tybrandt K. Soft Electromagnetic Vibrotactile Actuators with Integrated Vibration Amplitude Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37327497 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soft vibrotactile devices have the potential to expand the functionality of emerging electronic skin technologies. However, those devices often lack the necessary overall performance, sensing-actuation feedback and control, and mechanical compliance for seamless integration on the skin. Here, we present soft haptic electromagnetic actuators that consist of intrinsically stretchable conductors, pressure-sensitive conductive foams, and soft magnetic composites. To minimize joule heating, high-performance stretchable composite conductors are developed based on in situ-grown silver nanoparticles formed within the silver flake framework. The conductors are laser-patterned to form soft and densely packed coils to further minimize heating. Soft pressure-sensitive conducting polymer-cellulose foams are developed and integrated to tune the resonance frequency and to provide internal resonator amplitude sensing in the resonators. The above components together with a soft magnet are assembled into soft vibrotactile devices providing high-performance actuation combined with amplitude sensing. We believe that soft haptic devices will be an essential component in future developments of multifunctional electronic skin for future human-computer and human-robotic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Vural
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Laura Seufert
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Shaobo Han
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Fridberger
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
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6
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Petsagkourakis I, Riera-Galindo S, Ruoko TP, Strakosas X, Pavlopoulou E, Liu X, Braun S, Kroon R, Kim N, Lienemann S, Gueskine V, Hadziioannou G, Berggren M, Fahlman M, Fabiano S, Tybrandt K, Crispin X. Improved Performance of Organic Thermoelectric Generators Through Interfacial Energetics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2206954. [PMID: 37132565 PMCID: PMC10369274 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial energetics are known to play a crucial role in organic diodes, transistors, and sensors. Designing the metal-organic interface has been a tool to optimize the performance of organic (opto)electronic devices, but this is not reported for organic thermoelectrics. In this work, it is demonstrated that the electrical power of organic thermoelectric generators (OTEGs) is also strongly dependent on the metal-organic interfacial energetics. Without changing the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of polythiophene-based conducting polymers, the generated power of an OTEG can vary by three orders of magnitude simply by tuning the work function of the metal contact to reach above 1000 µW cm-2 . The effective Seebeck coefficient (Seff ) of a metal/polymer/metal single leg OTEG includes an interfacial contribution (Vinter /ΔT) in addition to the intrinsic bulk Seebeck coefficient of the polythiophenes, such that Seff = S + Vinter /ΔT varies from 22.7 µV K-1 [9.4 µV K-1 ] with Al to 50.5 µV K-1 [26.3 µV K-1 ] with Pt for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):p-toluenesulfonate [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate)]. Spectroscopic techniques are used to reveal a redox interfacial reaction affecting locally the doping level of the polymer at the vicinity of the metal-organic interface and conclude that the energetics at the metal-polymer interface provides a new strategy to enhance the performance of OTEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Riera-Galindo
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - T-P Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - E Pavlopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - X Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Braun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - R Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - N Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - V Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - G Hadziioannou
- Bordeaux INP, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LCPO, F-33600, UMR 5629, Pessac, France
| | - M Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 23, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - M Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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7
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Bernacka-Wojcik I, Talide L, Abdel Aziz I, Simura J, Oikonomou VK, Rossi S, Mohammadi M, Dar AM, Seitanidou M, Berggren M, Simon DT, Tybrandt K, Jonsson MP, Ljung K, Niittylä T, Stavrinidou E. Flexible Organic Electronic Ion Pump for Flow-Free Phytohormone Delivery into Vasculature of Intact Plants. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206409. [PMID: 36935365 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vasculature transports molecules that play a crucial role in plant signaling including systemic responses and acclimation to diverse environmental conditions. Targeted controlled delivery of molecules to the vascular tissue can be a biomimetic way to induce long distance responses, providing a new tool for the fundamental studies and engineering of stress-tolerant plants. Here, a flexible organic electronic ion pump, an electrophoretic delivery device, for controlled delivery of phytohormones directly in plant vascular tissue is developed. The c-OEIP is based on polyimide-coated glass capillaries that significantly enhance the mechanical robustness of these microscale devices while being minimally disruptive for the plant. The polyelectrolyte channel is based on low-cost and commercially available precursors that can be photocured with blue light, establishing much cheaper and safer system than the state-of-the-art. To trigger OEIP-induced plant response, the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the petiole of intact Arabidopsis plants is delivered. ABA is one of the main phytohormones involved in plant stress responses and induces stomata closure under drought conditions to reduce water loss and prevent wilting. The OEIP-mediated ABA delivery triggered fast and long-lasting stomata closure far away from the delivery point demonstrating systemic vascular transport of the delivered ABA, verified delivering deuterium-labeled ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bernacka-Wojcik
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Loïc Talide
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Abdel Aziz
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Jan Simura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Vasileios K Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Abdul Manan Dar
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
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8
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Boda U, Strandberg J, Eriksson J, Liu X, Beni V, Tybrandt K. Screen-Printed Corrosion-Resistant and Long-Term Stable Stretchable Electronics Based on AgAu Microflake Conductors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:12372-12382. [PMID: 36820827 PMCID: PMC9999352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput production methods such as screen printing can bring stretchable electronics out of the lab into the market. Most stretchable conductor inks for screen printing are based on silver nanoparticles or flakes due to their favorable performance-to-cost ratio, but silver is prone to tarnishing and corrosion, thereby limiting the stability of such conductors. Here, we report on a cost-efficient and scalable approach to resolve this issue by developing screen printable inks based on silver flakes chemically coated by a thin layer of gold. The printed stretchable AgAu conductors reach a conductivity of 8500 S cm-1, remain conductive up to 250% strain, show excellent corrosion and tarnishing stability, and are used to demonstrate wearable LED and NFC circuits. The reported approach is attractive for smart clothing, as the long-term functionality of such devices is expected in a variety of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Boda
- Bio
and Organic Electronics Unit, Department of Smart Hardware, Digital
Systems Division, RISE Research Institutes
of Sweden AB, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Strandberg
- Bio
and Organic Electronics Unit, Department of Smart Hardware, Digital
Systems Division, RISE Research Institutes
of Sweden AB, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jens Eriksson
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Valerio Beni
- Bio
and Organic Electronics Unit, Department of Smart Hardware, Digital
Systems Division, RISE Research Institutes
of Sweden AB, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
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9
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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10
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Abstract
![]()
The nervous system
poses a grand challenge for integration with
modern electronics and the subsequent advances in neurobiology, neuroprosthetics,
and therapy which would become possible upon such integration. Due
to its extreme complexity, multifaceted signaling pathways, and ∼1
kHz operating frequency, modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) based electronics appear to be the only technology platform
at hand for such integration. However, conventional CMOS-based electronics
rely exclusively on electronic signaling and therefore require an
additional technology platform to translate electronic signals into
the language of neurobiology. Organic electronics are just such a
technology platform, capable of converting electronic addressing into
a variety of signals matching the endogenous signaling of the nervous
system while simultaneously possessing favorable material similarities
with nervous tissue. In this review, we introduce a variety of organic
material platforms and signaling modalities specifically designed
for this role as “translator”, focusing especially on
recent implementation in in vivo neuromodulation.
We hope that this review serves both as an informational resource
and as an encouragement and challenge to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eric D Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.,Bioelectronics Materials and Devices, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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11
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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12
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Lienemann S, Zötterman J, Farnebo S, Tybrandt K. Stretchable gold nanowire-based cuff electrodes for low-voltage peripheral nerve stimulation. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33957608 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abfebb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can treat various diseases and disorders, including the healing process after nerve injury. A major challenge when designing electrodes for PNS stimulation is the mechanical mismatch between the nerve and the device, which can lead to non-conformal contact, tissue damage and inefficient stimulation due to current leakage. Soft and stretchable cuff electrodes promise to tackle these challenges but often have limited performance and rely on unconventional materials. The aim of this study is to develop a high performance soft and stretchable cuff electrode based on inert materials for low-voltage nerve stimulation.Approach. We developed 50µm thick stretchable cuff electrodes based on silicone rubber, gold nanowire conductors and platinum coated nanowire electrodes. The electrode performance was characterized under strain cycling to assess the durability of the electrodes. The stimulation capability of the cuff electrodes was evaluated in anin vivosciatic nerve rat model by measuring the electromyography response to various stimulation pulses.Main results. The stretchable cuff electrodes showed excellent stability for 50% strain cycling and one million stimulation pulses. Saturated homogeneous stimulation of the sciatic nerve was achieved at only 200 mV due to the excellent conformability of the electrodes, the low conductor resistance (0.3 Ohm sq-1), and the low electrode impedance.Significance. The developed stretchable cuff electrode combines favourable mechanical properties and good electrode performance with inert and stable materials, making it ideal for low power supply applications within bioelectronic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Zötterman
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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13
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Abrahamsson T, Vagin M, Seitanidou M, Roy A, Phopase J, Petsagkourakis I, Moro N, Tybrandt K, Crispin X, Berggren M, Simon DT. Investigating the role of polymer size on ionic conductivity in free-standing hyperbranched polyelectrolyte membranes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Llerena Zambrano B, Renz AF, Ruff T, Lienemann S, Tybrandt K, Vörös J, Lee J. Soft Electronics Based on Stretchable and Conductive Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001397. [PMID: 33205564 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on the field of implantable electronic devices that can be directly applied in the body with various functionalities is increasingly intensifying due to its great potential for various therapeutic applications. While conventional implantable electronics generally include rigid and hard conductive materials, their surrounding biological objects are soft and dynamic. The mechanical mismatch between implanted devices and biological environments induces damages in the body especially for long-term applications. Stretchable electronics with outstanding mechanical compliance with biological objects effectively improve such limitations of existing rigid implantable electronics. In this article, the recent progress of implantable soft electronics based on various conductive nanocomposites is systematically described. In particular, representative fabrication approaches of conductive and stretchable nanocomposites for implantable soft electronics and various in vivo applications of implantable soft electronics are focused on. To conclude, challenges and perspectives of current implantable soft electronics that should be considered for further advances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Llerena Zambrano
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics ETH Zurich Gloriastrasse 35 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Aline F. Renz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics ETH Zurich Gloriastrasse 35 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Tobias Ruff
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics ETH Zurich Gloriastrasse 35 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics ETH Zurich Gloriastrasse 35 Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Jaehong Lee
- Department of Robotics Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) 333 Techno jungan‐dareo Daegu 42988 South Korea
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15
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Strakosas X, Seitanidou M, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. An electronic proton-trapping ion pump for selective drug delivery. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/5/eabd8738. [PMID: 33514549 PMCID: PMC7846156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) delivers ions and charged drugs from a source electrolyte, through a charge-selective membrane, to a target electrolyte upon an electric bias. OEIPs have successfully delivered γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces neuronal excitations, in vitro, and in brain tissue to terminate induced epileptic seizures. However, during pumping, protons (H+), which exhibit higher ionic mobility than GABA, are also delivered and may potentially cause side effects due to large local changes in pH. To reduce the proton transfer, we introduced proton traps along the selective channel membrane. The traps are based on palladium (Pd) electrodes, which selectively absorb protons into their structure. The proton-trapping Pd-OEIP improves the overall performance of the current state-of-the-art OEIP, namely, its temporal resolution, efficiency, selectivity, and dosage precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - M Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - M Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - D T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
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16
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Renz AF, Lee J, Tybrandt K, Brzezinski M, Lorenzo DA, Cerra Cheraka M, Lee J, Helmchen F, Vörös J, Lewis CM. Opto-E-Dura: A Soft, Stretchable ECoG Array for Multimodal, Multiscale Neuroscience. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000814. [PMID: 32691992 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Soft, stretchable materials hold great promise for the fabrication of biomedical devices due to their capacity to integrate gracefully with and conform to biological tissues. Conformal devices are of particular interest in the development of brain interfaces where rigid structures can lead to tissue damage and loss of signal quality over the lifetime of the implant. Interfaces to study brain function and dysfunction increasingly require multimodal access in order to facilitate measurement of diverse physiological signals that span the disparate temporal and spatial scales of brain dynamics. Here the Opto-e-Dura, a soft, stretchable, 16-channel electrocorticography array that is optically transparent is presented. Its compatibility with diverse optical and electrical readouts is demonstrated enabling multimodal studies that bridge spatial and temporal scales. The device is chronically stable for weeks, compatible with wide-field and 2-photon calcium imaging and permits the repeated insertion of penetrating multielectrode arrays. As the variety of sensors and effectors realizable on soft, stretchable substrates expands, similar devices that provide large-scale, multimodal access to the brain will continue to improve fundamental understanding of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Renz
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 60174 Sweden
| | - Maciej Brzezinski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Dayra A. Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics Brain Research Institute University of Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich University and ETH Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | | | - Jaehong Lee
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics Brain Research Institute University of Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich University and ETH Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - Janos Vörös
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich University and ETH Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - Christopher M. Lewis
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics Brain Research Institute University of Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
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17
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Modarresi M, Mehandzhiyski A, Fahlman M, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Microscopic Understanding of the Granular Structure and the Swelling of PEDOT:PSS. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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18
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Forró C, Ihle SJ, Reichmuth AM, Han H, Stauffer F, Weaver S, Bonnin A, Stampanoni M, Tybrandt K, Vörös J. Visualizing and Analyzing 3D Metal Nanowire Networks for Stretchable Electronics. Adv Theory Simul 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forró
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Stephan J. Ihle
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Andreas M. Reichmuth
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Hana Han
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Flurin Stauffer
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Sean Weaver
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Inst, Swiss Light SourceVilligen CH‐5232 Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Inst, Swiss Light SourceVilligen CH‐5232 Switzerland
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - János Vörös
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity and ETH ZurichZurich 8092 Switzerland
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19
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Paulsen BD, Tybrandt K, Stavrinidou E, Rivnay J. Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. Nat Mater 2020; 19:13-26. [PMID: 31427743 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials that efficiently transport and couple ionic and electronic charge are key to advancing a host of technological developments for next-generation bioelectronic, optoelectronic and energy storage devices. Here we highlight key progress in the design and study of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), a diverse family of soft synthetically tunable mixed conductors. Across applications, the same interrelated fundamental physical processes dictate OMIEC properties and determine device performance. Owing to ionic and electronic interactions and coupled transport properties, OMIECs demand special understanding beyond knowledge derived from the study of organic thin films and membranes meant to support either electronic or ionic processes only. We address seemingly conflicting views and terminology regarding charging processes in these materials, and highlight recent approaches that extend fundamental understanding and contribute to the advancement of materials. Further progress is predicated on multimodal and multi-scale approaches to overcome lingering barriers to OMIEC design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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20
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Bernacka-Wojcik I, Huerta M, Tybrandt K, Karady M, Mulla MY, Poxson DJ, Gabrielsson EO, Ljung K, Simon DT, Berggren M, Stavrinidou E. Implantable Organic Electronic Ion Pump Enables ABA Hormone Delivery for Control of Stomata in an Intact Tobacco Plant. Small 2019; 15:e1902189. [PMID: 31513355 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic control of biological processes with bioelectronic devices holds promise for sophisticated regulation of physiology, for gaining fundamental understanding of biological systems, providing new therapeutic solutions, and digitally mediating adaptations of organisms to external factors. The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) provides a unique means for electronically-controlled, flow-free delivery of ions, and biomolecules at cellular scale. Here, a miniaturized OEIP device based on glass capillary fibers (c-OEIP) is implanted in a biological organism. The capillary form factor at the sub-100 µm scale of the device enables it to be implanted in soft tissue, while its hyperbranched polyelectrolyte channel and addressing protocol allows efficient delivery of a large aromatic molecule. In the first example of an implantable bioelectronic device in plants, the c-OEIP readily penetrates the leaf of an intact tobacco plant with no significant wound response (evaluated up to 24 h) and effectively delivers the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) into the leaf apoplast. OEIP-mediated delivery of ABA, the phytohormone that regulates plant's tolerance to stress, induces closure of stomata, the microscopic pores in leaf's epidermis that play a vital role in photosynthesis and transpiration. Efficient and localized ABA delivery reveals previously unreported kinetics of ABA-induced signal propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bernacka-Wojcik
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Miriam Huerta
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Yusuf Mulla
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - David J Poxson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrkoping, Sweden
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21
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Wang Z, Ouyang L, Tian W, Erlandsson J, Marais A, Tybrandt K, Wågberg L, Hamedi MM. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of High-Performance Electroactive Composites Using a Multiple Charged Small Molecule. Langmuir 2019; 35:10367-10373. [PMID: 31322359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile tool for fabricating multilayers with tailorable nanostructures. LbL, however, generally relies on polyelectrolytes, which are mostly insulating and induce large interlayer distances. We demonstrate a method in which we replace polyelectrolytes with the smallest unit capable of LbL self-assembly: a molecule with multiple positive charges, tris(3-aminopropyl)amine (TAPA), to fabricate LbL films with negatively charged single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). TAPA introduces less defects during the LbL build-up and results in more efficient assembly of films with denser micromorphology. Twenty bilayers of TAPA/CNT showed a low sheet resistance of 11 kΩ, a high transparency of 91% at 500 nm, and a high electronic conductivity of 1100 S/m on planar substrates. We also fabricated LbL films on porous foams with a conductivity of 69 mS/m and used them as electrodes for supercapacitors with a high specific capacitance of 43 F/g at a discharging current density of 1 A/g.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping , Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping , Sweden
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22
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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23
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Poxson DJ, Gabrielsson EO, Bonisoli A, Linderhed U, Abrahamsson T, Matthiesen I, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Capillary-Fiber Based Electrophoretic Delivery Device. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:14200-14207. [PMID: 30916937 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronic ion pumps (OEIPs) are versatile tools for electrophoretic delivery of substances with high spatiotemporal resolution. To date, OEIPs and similar iontronic components have been fabricated using thin-film techniques and often rely on laborious, multistep photolithographic processes. OEIPs have been demonstrated in a variety of in vitro and in vivo settings for controlling biological systems, but the thin-film form factor and limited repertoire of polyelectrolyte materials and device fabrication techniques unnecessarily constrain the possibilities for miniaturization and extremely localized substance delivery, e.g., the greater range of pharmaceutical compounds, on the scale of a single cell. Here, we demonstrate an entirely new OEIP form factor based on capillary fibers that include hyperbranched polyglycerols (dPGs) as the selective electrophoretic membrane. The dPGs enable electrophoretic channels with a high concentration of fixed charges and well-controlled cross-linking and can be realized using a simple "one-pot" fluidic manufacturing protocol. Selective electrophoretic transport of cations and anions of various sizes is demonstrated, including "large" substances that are difficult to transport with other OEIP technologies. We present a method for tailoring and characterizing the electrophoretic channels' fixed charge concentration in the operational state. Subsequently, we compare the experimental performance of these capillary OEIPs to a computational model and explain unexpected features in the ionic current for the transport and delivery of larger, lower-mobility ionic compounds. From this model, we are able to elucidate several operational and design principles relevant to miniaturized electrophoretic drug delivery technologies in general. Overall, the compactness of the capillary OEIP enables electrophoretic delivery devices with probelike geometries, suitable for a variety of ionic compounds, paving the way for less-invasive implantation into biological systems and for healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Poxson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Alberto Bonisoli
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 56025 Pontedera , Italy
- BioRobotics Institute , Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies , 56025 Pontedera , Italy
| | - Ulrika Linderhed
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , 581 83 Linköping , Sweden
- Department of Printed Electronics , RISE Acreo, Research Institutes of Sweden , SE-601 17 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Tobias Abrahamsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , 581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Isabelle Matthiesen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
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Seitanidou M, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Overcoming transport limitations in miniaturized electrophoretic delivery devices. Lab Chip 2019; 19:1427-1435. [PMID: 30875418 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00038k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronic ion pumps (OEIPs) have been used for delivery of biological signaling compounds, at high spatiotemporal resolution, to a variety of biological targets. The miniaturization of this technology provides several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. One route to miniaturization is to develop OEIPs based on glass capillary fibers that are filled with a polyelectrolyte (cation exchange membrane, CEM). These devices can be easily inserted and brought into close proximity to targeted cells and tissues and could be considered as a starting point for other fiber-based OEIP and "iontronic" technologies enabling favorable implantable device geometries. While characterizing capillary OEIPs we observed deviations from the typical linear current-voltage behavior. Here we report a systematic investigation of these irregularities by performing experimental characterizations in combination with computational modelling. The cause of the observed irregularities is due to concentration polarization established at the OEIP inlet, which in turn causes electric field-enhanced water dissociation at the inlet. Water dissociation generates protons and is typically problematic for many applications. By adding an ion-selective cap that separates the inlet from the source reservoir this effect is then, to a large extent, suppressed. By increasing the surface area of the inlet with the addition of the cap, the concentration polarization is reduced which thereby allows for significantly higher delivery rates. These results demonstrate a useful approach to optimize transport and delivery of therapeutic substances at low concentrations via miniaturized electrophoretic delivery devices, thus considerably broadening the opportunities for implantable OEIP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
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25
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Sahalianov I, Singh SK, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Zozoulenko I. The intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers: pseudo-capacitors or double-layer supercapacitors? RSC Adv 2019; 9:42498-42508. [PMID: 35542835 PMCID: PMC9076818 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacitance of conducting polymers represents one of the most important material parameters that in many cases determines the device and material performances. Despite a vast number of experimental studies, the theoretical understanding of the origin of the capacitance in conducting polymers remains unsatisfactory and appears even controversial. Here, we present a theoretical method, based on first principle capacitance calculations using density functional theory (DFT), and apply it to calculate the volumetric capacitance of two archetypical conducting polymers: poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy). Our aim is to achieve a quantitate description of the volumetric capacitance and to provide a qualitative understanding of its nature at the atomistic level. We find that the volumetric capacitance of PEDOT and PPy is ≈100 F cm−3 and ≈300 F cm−3, respectively, which is within the range of the corresponding reported experimental results. We demonstrate that the capacitance of conducting polymers originates from charges stored in atomistic Stern layers formed by counterions and doped polymeric chains. The Stern layers have a purely electrostatic origin, since the counterions do not form any bonds with the atoms of the polymeric chains, and no charge transfer between the counterions and conducting polymer takes place. This classifies the conducting polymers as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors. Further, we analyze contributions to the total capacitance originating from the classical capacitance CC and the quantum capacitance CQ, respectively, and find that the latter provides a dominant contribution. The method of calculations of the capacitance developed in the present paper is rather general and opens up the way for engineering and optimizing the capacitive response of the conducting polymers. Using the density functional theory, the intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers is calculated. It is shown that conducting polymers operate as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
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Abstract
Thin networks of high aspect ratio conductive nanowires can combine high electrical conductivity with excellent optical transparency, which has led to a widespread use of nanowires in transparent electrodes, transistors, sensors, and flexible and stretchable conductors. Although the material and application aspects of conductive nanowire films have been thoroughly explored, there is still no model which can relate fundamental physical quantities, like wire resistance, contact resistance, and nanowire density, to the sheet resistance of the film. Here, we derive an analytical model for the electrical conduction within nanowire networks based on an analysis of the parallel resistor network. The model captures the transport characteristics and fits a wide range of experimental data, allowing for the determination of physical parameters and performance-limiting factors, in sharp contrast to the commonly employed percolation theory. The model thus constitutes a useful tool with predictive power for the evaluation and optimization of nanowire networks in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forró
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - László Demkó
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Serge Weydert
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
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27
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Petsagkourakis I, Tybrandt K, Crispin X, Ohkubo I, Satoh N, Mori T. Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:836-862. [PMID: 31001364 PMCID: PMC6454408 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1530938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectrics, in particular solid-state conversion of heat to electricity, is expected to be a key energy harvesting technology to power ubiquitous sensors and wearable devices in the future. A comprehensive review is given on the principles and advances in the development of thermoelectric materials suitable for energy harvesting power generation, ranging from organic and hybrid organic-inorganic to inorganic materials. Examples of design and applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isao Ohkubo
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norifusa Satoh
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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28
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Stauffer F, Thielen M, Sauter C, Chardonnens S, Bachmann S, Tybrandt K, Peters C, Hierold C, Vörös J. Skin Conformal Polymer Electrodes for Clinical ECG and EEG Recordings. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1700994. [PMID: 29330962 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Preparation-free and skin compliant biopotential electrodes with high recording quality enable wearables for future healthcare and the Internet of Humans. Here, super-soft and self-adhesive electrodes are presented for use on dry and hairy skin without skin preparation or attachment pressure. The electrodes show a skin-contact impedance of 50 kΩ cm2 at 10 Hz that is comparable to clinical standard gel electrodes and lower than existing dry electrodes. Microstructured electrodes inspired by grasshopper feet adhere repeatedly to the skin with a force of up to 0.1 N cm-2 without further attachment even during strong movement or deformation of the skin. Skin compliance and adhesive properties of the electrodes result in reduction of noise and motion artifacts superior to other dry electrodes reaching the performance of commercial gel electrodes. The signal quality is demonstrated by recording a high-fidelity electrocardiograms of a swimmer in water. Furthermore, an electrode with soft macropillars is used to detect alpha activity in the electroencephalograms from the back of the head through dense hair. Compared to gel electrodes, the soft biopotential electrodes are nearly imperceptible to the wearer and cause no skin irritations even after hours of application. The electrodes presented here could combine unobtrusive and long-term biopotential recordings with clinical-grade signal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Stauffer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Thielen
- Micro and Nanosystems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Sauter
- Micro and Nanosystems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon Bachmann
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Peters
- Micro and Nanosystems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christofer Hierold
- Micro and Nanosystems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janos Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Tybrandt K, Khodagholy D, Dielacher B, Stauffer F, Renz AF, Buzsáki G, Vörös J. High-Density Stretchable Electrode Grids for Chronic Neural Recording. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1706520. [PMID: 29488263 PMCID: PMC5948103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrical interfacing with neural tissue is key to advancing diagnosis and therapies for neurological disorders, as well as providing detailed information about neural signals. A challenge for creating long-term stable interfaces between electronics and neural tissue is the huge mechanical mismatch between the systems. So far, materials and fabrication processes have restricted the development of soft electrode grids able to combine high performance, long-term stability, and high electrode density, aspects all essential for neural interfacing. Here, this challenge is addressed by developing a soft, high-density, stretchable electrode grid based on an inert, high-performance composite material comprising gold-coated titanium dioxide nanowires embedded in a silicone matrix. The developed grid can resolve high spatiotemporal neural signals from the surface of the cortex in freely moving rats with stable neural recording quality and preserved electrode signal coherence during 3 months of implantation. Due to its flexible and stretchable nature, it is possible to minimize the size of the craniotomy required for placement, further reducing the level of invasiveness. The material and device technology presented herein have potential for a wide range of emerging biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Tybrandt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bernd Dielacher
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Stauffer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline F. Renz
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - János Vörös
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Tiefenauer RF, Tybrandt K, Aramesh M, Vörös J. Fast and Versatile Multiscale Patterning by Combining Template-Stripping with Nanotransfer Printing. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2514-2520. [PMID: 29480710 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanostructures are widely used in plasmonic and electronic applications due to their inherent properties. Often, the fabrication of such nanostructures is limited to small areas, as the processing is costly, low-throughput, and comprises harsh fabrication conditions. Here, we introduce a template-stripping based nanotransfer printing method to overcome these limitations. This versatile technique enables the transfer of arbitrary thin film metal structures onto a variety of substrates, including glass, Kapton, silicon, and PDMS. Structures can range from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers over a wafer scale area. The process is organic solvent-free, multilayer compatible, and only takes minutes to perform. The stability of the transferred gold structures on glass exceeds by far those fabricated by e-beam evaporation. Therefore, an adhesion layer is no longer needed, enabling a faster and cheaper fabrication as well as the production of superior nanostructures. Structures can be transferred onto curved substrates, and the technique is compatible with roll-to-roll fabrication; thus, the process is suitable for flexible and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael F Tiefenauer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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31
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Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko IV, Berggren M. Chemical potential-electric double layer coupling in conjugated polymer-polyelectrolyte blends. Sci Adv 2017; 3:eaao3659. [PMID: 29260000 PMCID: PMC5734606 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer-polyelectrolyte blends combine and couple electronic semiconductor functionality with selective ionic transport, making them attractive as the active material in organic biosensors and bioelectronics, electrochromic displays, neuromorphic computing, and energy conversion and storage. Although extensively studied and explored, fundamental knowledge and accurate quantitative models of the coupled ion-electron functionality and transport are still lacking to predict the characteristics of electrodes and devices based on these blends. We report on a two-phase model, which couples the chemical potential of the holes, in the conjugated polymer, with the electric double layer residing at the conjugated polymer-polyelectrolyte interface. The model reproduces a wide range of experimental charging and transport data and provides a coherent theoretical framework for the system as well as local electrostatic potentials, energy levels, and charge carrier concentrations. This knowledge is crucial for future developments and optimizations of bioelectronic and energy devices based on the electronic-ionic interaction within these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor V. Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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32
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Abstract
Technology interfaces which can imitate the chemically specific signaling of nervous tissues are attractive for studying and developing therapies for neurological disorders. As the signaling in nervous tissue is highly spatiotemporal in nature, an interfacing technology should provide local neurotransmitter release in the millisecond range. To obtain such a speed, the neurotransmitters must be stored close to the release point, while avoiding substantial passive leakage. Here we theoretically investigate whether ionic bipolar diodes can be used for this purpose. We find that if a sufficiently large reverse potential is applied, the passive leakage can be suppressed to negligible levels due to the high local electric field within the bipolar diode. The influences of various design parameters are studied to determine the optimal design and operation. Finally, the delivery speed of the component is evaluated using time-dependent simulations, which show that the release of neurotransmitters to physiologically relevant concentrations can be achieved in less than 10 ms. Altogether, the results suggest that ionic bipolar diodes constitute a highly attractive technology for achieving high speed low leakage addressable delivery circuits for neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
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33
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Arbring Sjöström T, Jonsson A, Gabrielsson E, Kergoat L, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Cross-Linked Polyelectrolyte for Improved Selectivity and Processability of Iontronic Systems. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:30247-30252. [PMID: 28831798 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
On-demand local release of biomolecules enables fine-tuned stimulation for the next generation of neuromodulation therapies. Such chemical stimulation is achievable using iontronic devices based on microfabricated, highly selective ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Current limitations in processability and performance of thin film IEMs hamper future developments of this technology. Here we address this limitation by developing a cationic IEM with excellent processability and ionic selectivity: poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSS-co-MA) cross-linked with polyethylene glycol (PEG). This enables new design opportunities and provides enhanced compatibility with in vitro cell studies. PSSA-co-MA/PEG is shown to out-perform the cation selectivity of the previously used iontronic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Amanda Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Loïg Kergoat
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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34
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Jonsson A, Sjöström TA, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Chemical delivery array with millisecond neurotransmitter release. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1601340. [PMID: 27847873 PMCID: PMC5099981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Technologies that restore or augment dysfunctional neural signaling represent a promising route to deeper understanding and new therapies for neurological disorders. Because of the chemical specificity and subsecond signaling of the nervous system, these technologies should be able to release specific neurotransmitters at specific locations with millisecond resolution. We have previously demonstrated an organic electronic lateral electrophoresis technology capable of precise delivery of charged compounds, such as neurotransmitters. However, this technology, the organic electronic ion pump, has been limited to a single delivery point, or several simultaneously addressed outlets, with switch-on speeds of seconds. We report on a vertical neurotransmitter delivery device, configured as an array with individually controlled delivery points and a temporal resolution of 50 ms. This is achieved by supplementing lateral electrophoresis with a control electrode and an ion diode at each delivery point to allow addressing and limit leakage. By delivering local pulses of neurotransmitters with spatiotemporal dynamics approaching synaptic function, the high-speed delivery array promises unprecedented access to neural signaling and a path toward biochemically regulated neural prostheses.
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35
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Stauffer F, Tybrandt K. Bright Stretchable Alternating Current Electroluminescent Displays Based on High Permittivity Composites. Adv Mater 2016; 28:7200-3. [PMID: 27299506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A high permittivity composite is developed to enhance the brightness of stretchable electroluminescent displays. The unique two-step assembly process yields dense layers, in which the voids around the electroluminescent particles are filled with smaller high dielectric particles. A stretchable seven-segment display based on the composite is bright enough to be used under standard indoor lighting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Stauffer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, ETZ F76, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, ETZ F76, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Abstract
The electronics surrounding us in our daily lives rely almost exclusively on electrons as the dominant charge carrier. In stark contrast, biological systems rarely use electrons but rather use ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conducting and semiconducting organic polymers and small molecules, these materials have emerged in recent decades as excellent tools for translating signals between these two realms and, therefore, providing a means to effectively interface biology with conventional electronics-thus, the field of organic bioelectronics. Today, organic bioelectronics defines a generic platform with unprecedented biological recording and regulation tools and is maturing toward applications ranging from life sciences to the clinic. In this Review, we introduce the field, from its early breakthroughs to its current results and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Tybrandt K, Vörös J. Fast and Efficient Fabrication of Intrinsically Stretchable Multilayer Circuit Boards by Wax Pattern Assisted Filtration. Small 2016; 12:180-4. [PMID: 26618302 PMCID: PMC4737307 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically stretchable multilayer circuit boards are fabricated with a fast and material efficient method based on filtration. Silver nanowire conductor patterns of outstanding performance are defined by filtration through wax printed membranes and the circuit board is assembled by subsequent transfers of the nanowires onto the elastomer substrate. The method is used to fabricate a bright stretchable light emitting diode matrix display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Tybrandt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janos Vörös
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gabrielsson EO, Tybrandt K, Berggren M. Polyphosphonium-based ion bipolar junction transistors. Biomicrofluidics 2014; 8:064116. [PMID: 25553192 PMCID: PMC4257969 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the field of electronics during the past few decades have inspired the use of transistors in a diversity of research fields, including biology and medicine. However, signals in living organisms are not only carried by electrons but also through fluxes of ions and biomolecules. Thus, in order to implement the transistor functionality to control biological signals, devices that can modulate currents of ions and biomolecules, i.e., ionic transistors and diodes, are needed. One successful approach for modulation of ionic currents is to use oppositely charged ion-selective membranes to form so called ion bipolar junction transistors (IBJTs). Unfortunately, overall IBJT device performance has been hindered due to the typical low mobility of ions, large geometries of the ion bipolar junction materials, and the possibility of electric field enhanced (EFE) water dissociation in the junction. Here, we introduce a novel polyphosphonium-based anion-selective material into npn-type IBJTs. The new material does not show EFE water dissociation and therefore allows for a reduction of junction length down to 2 μm, which significantly improves the switching performance of the ion transistor to 2 s. The presented improvement in speed as well the simplified design will be useful for future development of advanced iontronic circuits employing IBJTs, for example, addressable drug-delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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Gabrielsson EO, Janson P, Tybrandt K, Simon DT, Berggren M. A four-diode full-wave ionic current rectifier based on bipolar membranes: overcoming the limit of electrode capacity. Adv Mater 2014; 26:5143-7. [PMID: 24863171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Full-wave rectification of ionic currents is obtained by constructing the typical four-diode bridge out of ion conducting bipolar membranes. Together with conjugated polymer electrodes addressed with alternating current, the bridge allows for generation of a controlled ionic direct current for extended periods of time without the production of toxic species or gas typically arising from electrode side-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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Volkov AV, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Zozoulenko IV. Modeling of charge transport in ion bipolar junction transistors. Langmuir 2014; 30:6999-7005. [PMID: 24854432 DOI: 10.1021/la404296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of the complex chemical microenvironment is of great importance to many fields within life science. One way to facilitate such control is to construct delivery circuits, comprising arrays of dispensing outlets, for ions and charged biomolecules based on ionic transistors. This allows for addressability of ionic signals, which opens up for spatiotemporally controlled delivery in a highly complex manner. One class of ionic transistors, the ion bipolar junction transistors (IBJTs), is especially attractive for these applications because these transistors are functional at physiological conditions and have been employed to modulate the delivery of neurotransmitters to regulate signaling in neuronal cells. Further, the first integrated complementary ionic circuits were recently developed on the basis of these ionic transistors. However, a detailed understanding of the device physics of these transistors is still lacking and hampers further development of components and circuits. Here, we report on the modeling of IBJTs using Poisson's and Nernst-Planck equations and the finite element method. A two-dimensional model of the device is employed that successfully reproduces the main characteristics of the measurement data. On the basis of the detailed concentration and potential profiles provided by the model, the different modes of operation of the transistor are analyzed as well as the transitions between the different modes. The model correctly predicts the measured threshold voltage, which is explained in terms of membrane potentials. All in all, the results provide the basis for a detailed understanding of IBJT operation. This new knowledge is employed to discuss potential improvements of ion bipolar junction transistors in terms of miniaturization and device parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Volkov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Electronic control over the generation, transport, and delivery of ions is useful in order to regulate reactions, functions, and processes in various chemical and biological systems. Different kinds of ion diodes and transistors that exhibit non-linear current versus voltage characteristics have been explored to generate chemical gradients and signals. Bipolar membranes (BMs) exhibit both ion current rectification and water splitting and are thus suitable as ion diodes for the regulation of pH. To date, fast switching ion diodes have been difficult to realize due to accumulation of ions inside the device structure at forward bias--charges that take a long time to deplete at reverse bias. Water splitting occurs at elevated reverse voltage bias and is a feature that renders high ion current rectification impossible. This makes integration of ion diodes in circuits difficult. Here, we report three different designs of micro-fabricated ion bipolar membrane diodes (IBMDs). The first two designs consist of single BM configurations, and are capable of either splitting water or providing high current rectification. In the third design, water-splitting BMs and a highly-rectifying BM are connected in series, thus suppressing accumulation of ions. The resulting IBMD shows less hysteresis, faster off-switching, and also a high ion current rectification ratio as compared to the single BM devices. Further, the IBMD was integrated in a diode-based AND gate, which is capable of controlling delivery of hydroxide ions into a receiving reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Tybrandt
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik O. Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregates, so called amyloid fibrils, are mainly known as pathological hallmarks of a wide range of diseases, but in addition these robust well-ordered self-assembled natural nanostructures can also be utilized for creating distinct nanomaterials for bioelectronic devices. However, current methods for producing amyloid fibrils in vitro offer no spatial control. Herein, we demonstrate a new way to produce and spatially control the assembly of amyloid-like structures using an organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) to pump distinct cations to a reservoir containing a negatively charged polypeptide. The morphology and kinetics of the created proteinaceous nanomaterials depends on the ion and current used, which we leveraged to create layers incorporating different conjugated thiophene derivatives, one fluorescent (p-FTAA) and one conducting (PEDOT-S). We anticipate that this new application for the OEIP will be useful for both biological studies of amyloid assembly and fibrillogenesis as well as for creating new bioelectronic nanomaterials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Gabrielsson
- Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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Simon DT, Kurup S, Larsson KC, Hori R, Tybrandt K, Goiny M, Jager EWH, Berggren M, Canlon B, Richter-Dahlfors A. Organic electronics for precise delivery of neurotransmitters to modulate mammalian sensory function. Nat Mater 2009; 8:742-746. [PMID: 19578335 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology, molecular targets and therapies for the treatment of a variety of nervous-system disorders. Particular therapies involve electrical sensing and stimulation of neural activity, and significant effort has therefore been devoted to the refinement of neural electrodes. However, direct electrical interfacing suffers from some inherent problems, such as the inability to discriminate amongst cell types. Thus, there is a need for novel devices to specifically interface nerve cells. Here, we demonstrate an organic electronic device capable of precisely delivering neurotransmitters in vitro and in vivo. In converting electronic addressing into delivery of neurotransmitters, the device mimics the nerve synapse. Using the peripheral auditory system, we show that out of a diverse population of cells, the device can selectively stimulate nerve cells responding to a specific neurotransmitter. This is achieved by precise electronic control of electrophoretic migration through a polymer film. This mechanism provides several sought-after features for regulation of cell signalling: exact dosage determination through electrochemical relationships, minimally disruptive delivery due to lack of fluid flow, and on-off switching. This technology has great potential as a therapeutic platform and could help accelerate the development of therapeutic strategies for nervous-system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Simon
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, S-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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