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Gujral HS, Singh G, Baskar AV, Guan X, Geng X, Kotkondawar AV, Rayalu S, Kumar P, Karakoti A, Vinu A. Metal nitride-based nanostructures for electrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen production. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2022; 23:76-119. [PMID: 35309252 PMCID: PMC8928826 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2029686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The over-dependence on fossil fuels is one of the critical issues to be addressed for combating greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen, one of the promising alternatives to fossil fuels, is renewable, carbon-free, and non-polluting gas. The complete utilization of hydrogen in every sector ranging from small to large scale could hugely benefit in mitigating climate change. One of the key aspects of the hydrogen sector is its production via cost-effective and safe ways. Electrolysis and photocatalysis are well-known processes for hydrogen production and their efficiency relies on electrocatalysts, which are generally noble metals. The usage of noble metals as catalysts makes these processes costly and their scarcity is also a limiting factor. Metal nitrides and their porous counterparts have drawn considerable attention from researchers due to their good promise for hydrogen production. Their properties such as active metal centres, nitrogen functionalities, and porous features such as surface area, pore-volume, and tunable pore size could play an important role in electrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen production. This review focuses on the recent developments in metal nitrides from their synthesis methods point of view. Much attention is given to the emergence of new synthesis techniques, methods, and processes of synthesizing the metal nitride nanostructures. The applications of electrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen production are summarized. Overall, this review will provide useful information to researchers working in the field of metal nitrides and their application for hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh Gujral
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
- CONTACT Gurwinder Singh ; Ajayan Vinu Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Arun V. Baskar
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Xinwei Guan
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Xun Geng
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Abhay V. Kotkondawar
- Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Sadhana Rayalu
- Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Ajay Karakoti
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
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Jacob S, Delatouche B, Péré D, Ullah Khan Z, Ledoux MJ, Crispin X, Chmielowski R. High-performance flexible thermoelectric modules based on high crystal quality printed TiS 2/hexylamine. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:907-916. [PMID: 34867084 PMCID: PMC8635557 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1978802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics implies the use of low-cost, scalable, printing technologies to fabricate electronic devices and circuits on flexible substrates, such as paper or plastics. The development of this new electronic is currently expanding because of the emergence of the internet-of-everything. Although lot of attention has been paid to functional inks based on organic semiconductors, another class of inks is based on nanoparticles obtained from exfoliated 2D materials, such as graphene and metal sulfides. The ultimate scientific and technological challenge is to find a strategy where the exfoliated nanoparticle flakes in the inks can, after solvent evaporation, form a solid which displays performances equal to the single crystal of the 2D material. In this context, a printed layer, formed from an ink composed of nano-flakes of TiS2 intercalated with hexylamine, which displays thermoelectric properties superior to organic intercalated TiS2 single crystals, is demonstrated for the first time. The choice of the fraction of exfoliated nano-flakes appears to be a key to the forming of a new self-organized layered material by solvent evaporation. The printed layer is an efficient n-type thermoelectric material which complements the p-type printable organic semiconductors The thermoelectric power factor of the printed TiS2/hexylamine thin films reach record values of 1460 µW m-1 K-2 at 430 K, this is considerably higher than the high value of 900 µW m-1 K-2 at 300 K reported for a single crystal. A printed thermoelectric generator based on eight legs of TiS2 confirms the high-power factor values by generating a power density of 16.0 W m-2 at ΔT = 40 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Jacob
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Delatouche
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Daniel Péré
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marc Jacques Ledoux
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
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Raman V, Rhee D, Selvaraj AR, Kim J, Prabakar K, Kang J, Kim HK. High-performance flexible transparent micro-supercapacitors from nanocomposite electrodes encapsulated with solution processed MoS 2 nanosheets. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:875-884. [PMID: 34658671 PMCID: PMC8519527 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1978274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets have emerged as a promising material for transparent, flexible micro-supercapacitors, but their use in electrodes is hindered by their poor electrical conductivity and cycling stability because of restacking. In this paper, we report a novel electrode architecture to exploit electrochemical activity of MoS2 nanosheets. Electrochemically exfoliated MoS2 dispersion was spin coated on mesh-like silver networks encapsulated with a flexible conducting film exhibiting a pseudocapacitive behavior. MoS2 nanosheets were electrochemically active over the whole electrode surface and the conductive layer provided a pathway to transport electrons between the MoS2 and the electrolyte. As the result, the composite electrode achieved a large areal capacitance (89.44 mF cm-2 at 6 mA cm-2) and high energy and power densities (12.42 µWh cm-2 and P = 6043 µW cm-2 at 6 mA cm-2) in a symmetric cell configuration with 3 M KOH solution while exhibiting a high optical transmittance of ~80%. Because the system was stable against mechanical bending and charge/discharge cycles, a flexible micro-supercapacitor that can power electronics at different bending states was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanandan Raman
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dongjoon Rhee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Jihyun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kandasamy Prabakar
- School of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Joohoon Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Han-Ki Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Dzekan D, Diestel A, Berger D, Nielsch K, Fähler S. Can gadolinium compete with La-Fe-Co-Si in a thermomagnetic generator? Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:643-657. [PMID: 34408552 PMCID: PMC8366665 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1957657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A thermomagnetic generator is a promising technology to harvest low-grade waste heat and convert it into electricity. To make this technology competitive with other technologies for energy harvesting near room temperature, the optimum thermomagnetic material is required. Here we compare the performance of a state of the art thermomagnetic generator using gadolinium and La-Fe-Co-Si as thermomagnetic material, which exhibit strong differences in thermal conductivity and type of magnetic transition. gadolinium is the established benchmark material for magnetocaloric cooling, which follows the reverse energy conversion process as compared to thermomagnetic energy harvesting. Surprisingly, La-Fe-Co-Si outperforms gadolinium in terms of voltage and power output. Our analysis reveals the differences in thermal conductivity are less important than the particular shape of the magnetization curve. In gadolinium an unsymmetrical magnetization curve is responsible for an uncompensated magnetic flux, which results in magnetic stray fields. These stray fields represent an energy barrier in the thermodynamic cycle and reduce the output of the generator. Our detailed experiments and simulations of both, thermomagnetic materials and generator, clearly reveal the importance to minimize magnetic stray fields. This is only possible when using materials with a symmetrical magnetization curve, such as La-Fe-Co-Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dzekan
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Material Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anett Diestel
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Berger
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kornelius Nielsch
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Material Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fähler
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Hébert S, Daou R, Maignan A, Das S, Banerjee A, Klein Y, Bourgès C, Tsujii N, Mori T. Thermoelectric materials taking advantage of spin entropy: lessons from chalcogenides and oxides. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:583-596. [PMID: 34377085 PMCID: PMC8344239 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1951593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between charges and spins may influence the dynamics of the carriers and determine their thermoelectric properties. In that respect, magneto-thermoelectric power MTEP, i.e. the measurements of the Seebeck coefficient S under the application of an external magnetic field, is a powerful technique to reveal the role of magnetic moments on S. This is illustrated by different transition metal chalcogenides: CuCrTiS4 and CuMnTiS4 magnetic thiospinels, which are compared with magnetic oxides, Curie-Weiss (CW) paramagnetic misfit cobaltites, ruthenates, either ferromagnetic perovskite or Pauli paramagnet quadruple perovskites, and CuGa1-x Mn x Te2 chalcopyrite telluride and Bi1.99Cr0.01Te3 in which diluted magnetism is induced by 3%-Mn and 1%-Cr substitution, respectively. In the case of a ferromagnet (below TC) and CW paramagnetic materials, the increase of magnetization at low T when a magnetic field is applied is accompanied by a decrease of the entropy of the carriers and hence S decreases. This is consistent with the lack of MTEP in the Pauli paramagnetic quadruple perovskites. Also, no significant MTEP is observed in CuGa1-x Mn x Te2 and Bi1.99Cr0.01Te3, for which Kondo-type interaction between magnetic moments and carriers prevails. In contrast, spin glass CuCrTiS4 exhibits negative MTEP like in ferromagnetic ruthenates and paramagnetic misfit cobaltites. This investigation of some chalcogenides and oxides provides key ingredients to select magnetic materials for which S benefits from spin entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Hébert
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Matériaux (CRISMAT), Normandie Université, UMR6508 CNRS, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Ramzy Daou
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Matériaux (CRISMAT), Normandie Université, UMR6508 CNRS, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Antoine Maignan
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Sciences des Matériaux (CRISMAT), Normandie Université, UMR6508 CNRS, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Subarna Das
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aritra Banerjee
- Department of Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Cédric Bourgès
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naohito Tsujii
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Li J, Sepehri-Amin H, Sasaki T, Ohkubo T, Hono K. Most frequently asked questions about the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:386-403. [PMID: 34121927 PMCID: PMC8183520 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1916377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Physically, the coercivity of permanent magnets should scale with the anisotropy field of ferromagnetic compounds, H A; however, the typical coercivity values of commercial polycrystalline sintered magnets are only ~0.2 H A, which is known as Brown's paradox. Recent advances in multi-scale microstructure characterizations using focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM), aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-corrected STEM), and atom probe tomography (APT) revealed detailed microstructural features of commercial and experimental Nd-Fe-B magnets. These investigations suggest the magnetism of a thin layer formed along grain boundaries (intergranular phase) is a critical factor that influences the coercivity of polycrystalline magnets. To determine the magnetism of the thin intergranular phase, soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and electron holography play critical roles. Large-scale micromagnetic simulations using the models that are close to real microstructure incorporating the recent microstructure characterization results gave insights on how the coercivity and its thermal stability is influenced by the microstructures. Based on these new findings, coercivity of Nd-Fe-B magnets is being improved to its limit. This review replies to the most frequently asked questions about the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets based on our recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Li
- Elements Strategy Initiative Center for Magnetic Materials (ESICMM), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hossein Sepehri-Amin
- Elements Strategy Initiative Center for Magnetic Materials (ESICMM), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
- CONTACT Hossein Sepehri-Amin Elements Strategy Initiative Center for Magnetic Materials (ESICMM), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba305-0047, Japan
| | - Taisuke Sasaki
- Elements Strategy Initiative Center for Magnetic Materials (ESICMM), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Ohkubo
- Elements Strategy Initiative Center for Magnetic Materials (ESICMM), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hono
- Elements Strategy Initiative Center for Magnetic Materials (ESICMM), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
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Zhao Y, Gu Y, Zhang P, Hu X, Wang Y, Zong P, Pan L, Lyu Y, Koumoto K. Enhanced thermoelectric performance in polymorphic heavily Co-doped Cu 2SnS 3 through carrier compensation by Sb substitution. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:363-372. [PMID: 34104116 PMCID: PMC8168757 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1920821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavily acceptor-doped Cu2SnS3 (CTS) shows promisingly large power factor (PF) due to its rather high electrical conductivity (σ) which causes a modest ZT with a high electronic thermal conductivity (κe ). In the present work, a strategy of carrier compensation through Sb-doping at the Sn site in Cu2Sn0.8Co0.2S3 was investigated, aiming at tailoring electrical and phonon transport properties simultaneously. Rietveld analysis suggested a complex polymorphic microstructure in which the cation-(semi)ordered tetragonal phase becomes dominant over the coherently bonded cation-disordered cubic phase, as is preliminarily revealed using TEM observation, upon Sb-doping and Sb would substitute Sn preferentially in the tetragonal structure. With increasing content of Sb, the σ was lowered and the Seebeck coefficient (S) was enhanced effectively, which gave rise to high PFs maintained at ~10.4 μWcm-1K-2 at 773 K together with an optimal reduction in κe by 60-70% in the whole temperature range. The lattice thermal conductivity was effectively suppressed from 1.75 Wm-1K-1 to ~1.2 Wm-1K-1 at 323 K while maintained very low at 0.3-0.4 Wm-1K-1 at 773 K. As a result, a peak ZT of ~0.88 at 773 K has been achieved for Cu2Sn0.74Sb0.06Co0.2S3, which stands among the tops so far of the CTS-based diamond-like ternary sulfides. These findings demonstrate that polymorphic microstructures with cation-disordered interfaces as an approach to achieve effective phonon-blocking and low lattice thermal conductivity, of which further crystal chemistry, microstructural and electrical tailoring are possible by appropriate doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng’An Zong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinong Lyu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunihito Koumoto
- Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Research, Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Matsumoto M, Yamaguchi R, Shima K, Mukaida M, Tomita M, Watanabe T, Ishida T, Fujigaya T. Control of anisotropic conduction of carbon nanotube sheets and their use as planar-type thermoelectric conversion materials. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:272-279. [PMID: 33907526 PMCID: PMC8049464 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1902243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The large anisotropic thermal conduction of a carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet that originates from the in-plane orientation of one-dimensional CNTs is disadvantageous for thermoelectric conversion using the Seebeck effect since the temperature gradient is difficult to maintain in the current flow direction. To control the orientation of the CNTs, polymer particles are introduced as orientation aligners upon sheet formation by vacuum filtration. The thermal conductivities in the in-plane direction decrease as the number of polymer particles in the sheet increases, while that in the through-plane direction increases. Consequently, a greater temperature gradient is observed for the anisotropy-controlled CNT sheet as compared to that detected for the CNT sheet without anisotropy control when a part of the sheet is heated, which results in a higher power density for the planar-type thermoelectric device. These findings are quite useful for the development of flexible and wearable thermoelectric batteries using CNT sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shima
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Masakazu Mukaida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tomita
- Research Institute for Ambientornics, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Takanobu Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Takao Ishida
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Japan
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Abstract
The efficiency of a thermoelectric generator and the coefficient of performance (COP) of a thermoelectric heat pump are related to the hot and cold junction temperatures and a quantity known as the figure of merit, zT. During the second half of the twentieth century the figure of merit has gradually improved. This has come about through the selection of semiconducting materials with improved electronic properties and a small lattice thermal conductivity. Further advancements have been achieved by enhancing the scattering of phonons. There is also the possibility of improving the so-called power factor, that is the part of the figure of merit that contains the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity. However, it appears that it will be increasingly difficult to make further advances because of the manner in which these quantities vary with the Fermi energy. It is shown that this may set a practical limit on zT. Nevertheless, it may be possible to reach an efficiency or COP of about 40% of that of an ideal thermodynamic machine.
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Ali AE, Jeoti V, Stojanović GM. Fabric based printed-distributed battery for wearable e-textiles: a review. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:772-793. [PMID: 34552390 PMCID: PMC8451651 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1962203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wearable power supply devices and systems are important necessities for the emerging textile electronic applications. Current energy supply devices usually need more space than the device they power, and are often based on rigid and bulky materials, making them difficult to wear. Fabric-based batteries without any rigid electrical components are therefore ideal candidates to solve the problem of powering these devices. Printing technologies have greater potential in manufacturing lightweight and low-cost batteries with high areal capacity and generating high voltages which are crucial for electronic textile (e-textile) applications. In this review, we present various printing techniques, and battery chemistries applied for smart fabrics, and give a comparison between them in terms of their potential to power the next generation of electronic textiles. Series combinations of many of these printed and distributed battery cells, using electrically conducting threads, have demonstrated their ability to power different electronic devices with a specific voltage and current requirements. Therefore, the present review summarizes the chemistries and material components of several flexible and textile-based batteries, and provides an outlook for the future development of fabric-based printed batteries for wearable and electronic textile applications with enhanced level of DC voltage and current for long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan E. Ali
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- CONTACT Adnan E. Ali Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad21000, Serbia
| | - Varun Jeoti
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Xiong J, Lee PS. Progress on wearable triboelectric nanogenerators in shapes of fiber, yarn, and textile. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:837-857. [PMID: 31497178 PMCID: PMC6720508 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1650396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Textile has been known for thousands of years for its ease of use, comfort, and wear resistance, which resulted in a wide range of applications in garments and industry. More recently, textile emerges as a promising substrate for self-powered wearable power sources that are desired in wearable electronics. Important progress has been attained in the exploitation of wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in shapes of fiber, yarn, and textile. Along with the effective integration of other devices such as supercapacitor, lithium battery, and solar cell, their feasibility for realizing self-charging wearable systems has been proven. In this review, according to the manufacturing process of traditional textiles starting from fibers, twisting into yarns, and weaving into textiles, we summarize the progress on wearable TENGs in shapes of fiber, yarn, and textile. We explicitly discuss the design strategies, configurations, working mechanism, performances, and compare the merits of each type of TENGs. Finally, we present the perspectives, existing challenges and possible routes for future design and development of triboelectric textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Lu X, Miki T, Takeda O, Zhu H, Nagasaka T. Thermodynamic criteria of the end-of-life silicon wafers refining for closing the recycling loop of photovoltaic panels. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:813-825. [PMID: 31489054 PMCID: PMC6711135 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1641429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The collected end-of-life (EoL) silicon wafers from the discharged photovoltaic (PV) panels are easily contaminated by impurities such as doping elements and attached materials. In this study, the thermodynamic criteria for EoL silicon wafers refining using three most typical metallurgical refining processes: oxidation refining, evaporation refining, and solvent refining were systemically and quantitatively evaluated. A total of 42 elements (Ag, Al, Au, B, Be, Bi, C, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, In, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, Os, P, Pb, Pd, Pt, Re, Ru, Sb, Sn, Ta, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr) that are likely to be contained in the collected EoL silicon-based PV panels were considered. The principal findings are that the removal of aluminum, beryllium, boron, calcium, gadolinium, hafnium, uranium, yttrium, and zirconium into the slag, and removal of antimony, bismuth, carbon, lead, magnesium, phosphorus, silver, sodium, and zinc into vapor phase is possible. Further, solvent refining process using aluminum, copper, and zinc as the solvent metals, among the considered 14 potential ones, was found to be efficient for the EoL silicon wafers refining. Particularly, purification of the phosphorus doped n-type PV panels using solvent metal zinc and purification of the boron doped p-type PV panels using solvent metal aluminum are preferable. The efficiency of metallurgical processes for separating most of the impurity elements was demonstrated, and to promote the recycling efficiency, a comprehensive management and recycling system considering the metallurgical criteria of EoL silicon wafers refining is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hongmin Zhu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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13
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Pisoni S, Stolterfoht M, Löckinger J, Moser T, Jiang Y, Caprioglio P, Neher D, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN. On the origin of open-circuit voltage losses in flexible n-i-p perovskite solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:786-795. [PMID: 31447957 PMCID: PMC6691881 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1633952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to manufacture perovskite solar cells (PSCs) at low temperatures paves the way to flexible and lightweight photovoltaic (PV) devices manufactured via high-throughput roll-to-roll processes. In order to achieve higher power conversion efficiencies, it is necessary to approach the radiative limit via suppression of non-radiative recombination losses. Herein, we performed a systematic voltage loss analysis for a typical low-temperature processed, flexible PSC in n-i-p configuration using vacuum deposited C60 as electron transport layer (ETL) and two-step hybrid vacuum-solution deposition for CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber. We identified the ETL/absorber interface as a bottleneck in relation to non-radiative recombination losses, the quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) decreases from ~1.23 eV for the bare absorber, just ~90 meV below the radiative limit, to ~1.10 eV when C60 is used as ETL. To effectively mitigate these voltage losses, we investigated different interfacial modifications via vacuum deposited interlayers (BCP, B4PyMPM, 3TPYMB, and LiF). An improvement in QFLS of ~30-40 meV is observed after interlayer deposition and confirmed by comparable improvements in the open-circuit voltage after implementation of these interfacial modifications in flexible PSCs. Further investigations on absorber/hole transport layer (HTL) interface point out the detrimental role of dopants in Spiro-OMeTAD film (widely employed HTL in the community) as recombination centers upon oxidation and light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pisoni
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Johannes Löckinger
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Moser
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yan Jiang
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Caprioglio
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N. Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Xu Y, Jin H, Hirano T, Matsushita Y, Zhang J. Characterization of Ni 3Sn intermetallic nanoparticles fabricated by thermal plasma process and catalytic properties for methanol decomposition. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:622-631. [PMID: 31258825 PMCID: PMC6586106 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1622447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The intermetallic compound Ni3Sn has potential for application in hydrogen production as a catalyst. Herein, we synthesized Ni3Sn nanoparticles through a thermal plasma process. We characterized the nanoparticles by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses, and analyzed their catalytic properties for methanol decomposition in a temperature range of 513 to 793 K. The Ni3Sn nanoparticles showed a higher selectivity to H2 and CO than pure Ni nanoparticles, but a relatively lower catalytic activity for methanol decomposition compared to pure Ni nanoparticles. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the activation energy barrier for CO dissociation on Ni3Sn (001) was 396 kJ/mol, which was higher than that for Ni (111). Moreover, the activation energy barrier for OH formation on Ni3Sn (001) was 229 kJ/mol, which was significantly higher than that for Ni (111). This supported the experimental results and confirmed that the Ni3Sn catalyst suppresses the formation of carbon and H2O, compared to Ni catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xu
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Huixin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Toshiyuki Hirano
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsushita
- Research Network and Facility Services Division, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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15
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Tsukuda R, Yamagishi R, Kameoka S, Nishimura C, Tsai AP. Ability of hydrogen storage CeNi 5-x Ga x and Mg 2Ni alloys to hydrogenate acetylene. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:774-785. [PMID: 31447956 PMCID: PMC6691847 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1629836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen storage properties and reactivity for hydrogenation of acetylene in a series of CeNi5-x Ga x (x = 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5) alloys and Mg2Ni were determined and compared. The structure of CeNi5 (CaCu5 type) was maintained up to CeNi3.5Ga1.5 when Ni was replaced by Ga. The replacement facilitated hydrogenation absorption by creating larger interstitial spaces through expansion of the lattice, allowing CeNi4.25Ga0.75 to absorb the greatest proportion of hydrogen atoms among the alloys under the same conditions. The results showed that the absorbed hydrogen in CeNi3.75Ga1.25 improved reactivity. In contrast, Mg2Ni formed a hydride upon hydrogenation of acetylene and thus possessed much lower activity. The difference of the activity of absorbed hydrogen between CeNi5-x Ga x and Mg2Ni was confirmed from transient response tests under reaction gases alternately containing He and H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsukuda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamagishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kameoka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chikashi Nishimura
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - An-Pang Tsai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
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16
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Fiordaliso EM, Sharafutdinov I, Carvalho HWP, Kehres J, Grunwaldt JD, Chorkendorff I, Damsgaard CD. Evolution of intermetallic GaPd 2/SiO 2 catalyst and optimization for methanol synthesis at ambient pressure. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:521-531. [PMID: 31191761 PMCID: PMC6541898 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1603886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is efficiently catalyzed at ambient pressure by nanodispersed intermetallic GaPd2/SiO2 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Here we optimize the catalyst in terms of metal content and reduction temperature in relation to its catalytic activity. We find that the intrinsic activity is higher for the GaPd2/SiO2 catalyst with a metal loading of 13 wt.% compared to catalysts with 23 wt.% and 7 wt.%, indicating that there is an optimum particle size for the reaction of around 8 nm. The highest catalytic activity is measured on catalysts reduced at 550°C. To unravel the formation of the active phase, we studied calcined GaPd2/SiO2 catalysts with 23 wt.% and 13 wt.% using a combination of in situ techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption near edge fine structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). We find that the catalyst with higher metal content reduces to metallic Pd in a mixture of H2/Ar at room temperature, while the catalyst with lower metal content retains a mixture of PdO and Pd up to 140°C. Both catalysts form the GaPd2 phase above 300°C, albeit the fraction of crystalline intermediate Pd nanoparticles of the catalyst with higher metal loading reduces at higher temperature. In the final state, the catalyst with higher metal loading contains a fraction of unalloyed metallic Pd, while the catalyst with lower metal loading is phase pure. We discuss the alloying mechanism leading to the catalyst active phase formation selecting three temperatures: 25°C, 320°C and 550°C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hudson W. P. Carvalho
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Jan Kehres
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan-D. Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian D. Damsgaard
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Ploner K, Schlicker L, Gili A, Gurlo A, Doran A, Zhang L, Armbrüster M, Obendorf D, Bernardi J, Klötzer B, Penner S. Reactive metal-support interaction in the Cu-In 2O 3 system: intermetallic compound formation and its consequences for CO 2-selective methanol steam reforming. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:356-366. [PMID: 31068984 PMCID: PMC6493314 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1590127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reactive metal-support interaction in the Cu-In2O3 system and its implications on the CO2 selectivity in methanol steam reforming (MSR) have been assessed using nanosized Cu particles on a powdered cubic In2O3 support. Reduction in hydrogen at 300 °C resulted in the formation of metallic Cu particles on In2O3. This system already represents a highly CO2-selective MSR catalyst with ~93% selectivity, but only 56% methanol conversion and a maximum H2 formation rate of 1.3 µmol gCu -1 s-1. After reduction at 400 °C, the system enters an In2O3-supported intermetallic compound state with Cu2In as the majority phase. Cu2In exhibits markedly different self-activating properties at equally pronounced CO2 selectivities between 92% and 94%. A methanol conversion improvement from roughly 64% to 84% accompanied by an increase in the maximum hydrogen formation rate from 1.8 to 3.8 µmol gCu -1 s-1 has been observed from the first to the fourth consecutive runs. The presented results directly show the prospective properties of a new class of Cu-based intermetallic materials, beneficially combining the MSR properties of the catalyst's constituents Cu and In2O3. In essence, the results also open up the pathway to in-depth development of potentially CO2-selective bulk intermetallic Cu-In compounds with well-defined stoichiometry in MSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ploner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Schlicker
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Gili
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und -technologien, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Doran
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dagmar Obendorf
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Radiochemie, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Bernardi
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Penner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Seok HJ, Ali A, Seo JH, Lee HH, Jung NE, Yi Y, Kim HK. ZnO:Ga-graded ITO electrodes to control interface between PCBM and ITO in planar perovskite solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:389-400. [PMID: 31068986 PMCID: PMC6493300 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1599695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ga-doped ZnO (GZO)-graded layer, facilitating electron extraction from electron transport layer, was integrated on the surface of transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) cathode by using graded sputtering technique to improve the performance of planar n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The thickness of graded GZO layer was controlled to optimize GZO-indium tin oxide (ITO) combined electrode for planar n-i-p PSCs. At optimized graded thickness of 15 nm, the GZO-ITO combined electrode showed an optical transmittance of 95%, a resistivity of 2.3 × 10-4 Ohm cm, a sheet resistance of 15.6 Ohm/square, and work function of 4.23 eV, which is well matched with the 4.0-eV lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. Owing to enhanced extraction of electron by the graded GZO, the n-i-p PSC with GZO-ITO combined electrode showed higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.67% than the PCE (5.25%) of PSC with only ITO electrode without GZO-graded layer. In addition, the GZO integrated-ITO electrode acts as transparent electrode and electron extraction layer simultaneously due to graded mixing of the GZO at the surface region of ITO electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Jun Seok
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Azmat Ali
- Department of Materials Physics, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Department of Materials Physics, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hwi Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Eun Jung
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Yi
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ki Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Weiss TP, Carron R, Wolter MH, Löckinger J, Avancini E, Siebentritt S, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN. Time-resolved photoluminescence on double graded Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 - Impact of front surface recombination and its temperature dependence. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:313-323. [PMID: 31044022 PMCID: PMC6484473 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1586583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) is applied to determine an effective lifetime of minority charge carriers in semiconductors. Such effective lifetimes include recombination channels in the bulk as well as at the surfaces and interfaces of the device. In the case of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorbers used for solar cell applications, trapping of minority carriers has also been reported to impact the effective minority carrier lifetime. Trapping can be indicated by an increased temperature dependence of the experimentally determined photoluminescence decay time when compared to the temperature dependence of Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination alone and can lead to an overestimation of the minority carrier lifetime. Here, it is shown by technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations and by experiment that the intentional double-graded bandgap profile of high efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorbers causes a temperature dependence of the PL decay time similar to trapping in case of a recombinative front surface. It is demonstrated that a passivated front surface results in a temperature dependence of the decay time that can be explained without minority carrier trapping and thus enables the assessment of the absorber quality by means of the minority carrier lifetime. Comparison with the absolute PL yield and the quasi-Fermi-level splitting (QFLS) corroborate the conclusion that the measured decay time corresponds to the bulk minority carrier lifetime of 250 ns for the double-graded CIGS absorber under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paul Weiss
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Romain Carron
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Max H. Wolter
- Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Johannes Löckinger
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Avancini
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Siebentritt
- Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N. Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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20
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Mizuguchi M, Nakatsuji S. Energy-harvesting materials based on the anomalous Nernst effect. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:262-275. [PMID: 30956732 PMCID: PMC6442159 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The anomalous Nernst effect (ANE), one of the thermomagnetic effects studied for a long time, has recently attracted renewed attention. The ANE, which originates from fictitious fields in momentum space, is essential for clarifying the interplay among heat, spin, and charge in magnets. Moreover, compared to the Seebeck effect, it has various benefits for application to high-efficiency energy-harvesting devices as it may provide much more simple lateral structure, higher flexibility, and much lower production cost. In this review, we discuss various topics related to the methods to modulate the ANE for its thermoelectric applications. In addition, we review strategies to design materials to obtain large ANE including Weyl magnets and thermoelectric devices for effectively utilizing the ANE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizuguchi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakatsuji
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Matter and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Hirayama N, Iida T, Sakamoto M, Nishio K, Hamada N. Substitutional and interstitial impurity p-type doping of thermoelectric Mg 2Si: a theoretical study. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:160-172. [PMID: 30891103 PMCID: PMC6419642 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1580537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The narrow-gap magnesium silicide semiconductor Mg2Si is a promising mid-temperature (600-900 K) thermoelectric material. It intrinsically possesses n-type conductivity, and n-type dopants are generally used for improving its thermoelectric performance; however, the synthesis of p-type Mg2Si is relatively difficult. In this work, the hole doping of Mg2Si with various impurity atoms is investigated by performing first principles calculations. It is found that the Ag-doped systems exhibit comparable formation energies ΔE calculated for different impurity sites (Mg, Si, and interstitial 4b ones), which may explain the experimental instability of their p-type conductivity. A similar phenomenon is observed for the systems incorporating alkali metals (Li, Na, and K) since their ΔE values determined for Mg (p-type) and 4b (n-type) sites are very close. Among boron group elements (Ga and B), Ga is found to be favorable for hole doping because it exhibits relatively small ΔE values for Si (p-type) sites. Furthermore, the interstitial insertion of Cl and F atoms into the crystal lattice leads to hole doping because of their high electronegativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hirayama
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Iida
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keishi Nishio
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hamada
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Huang W, Tokunaga E, Nakashima Y, Fujigaya T. Thermoelectric properties of sorted semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube sheets. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:97-104. [PMID: 31001367 PMCID: PMC6454402 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1567107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), especially their semiconducting type, are promising thermoelectric (TE) materials due to their high Seebeck coefficient. In this study, the in-plane Seebeck coefficient (S), electrical conductivity (σ), and thermal conductivity (κ) of sorted semiconducting SWNT (s-SWNT) free-standing sheets with different s-SWNT purities are measured to determine the figure of merit ZT. We find that the ZT value of the sheets increases with increasing s-SWNT purity, mainly due to an increase in Seebeck coefficient while the thermal conductivity remaining constant, which experimentally proved the superiority of the high purity s-SWNT as TE materials for the first time. In addition, from the comparison between sorted and unsorted SWNT sheets, it is recognized that the difference of ZT between unsorted SWNT and high-purity s-SWNT sheet is not remarkable, which suggests the control of carrier density is necessary to further clarify the superiority of SWNT sorting for TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Tokunaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- The World Premier International Research Center Initiative, International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lee J, Ohba N, Asahi R. First-principles prediction of high oxygen-ion conductivity in trilanthanide gallates Ln 3GaO 6. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2019; 20:144-159. [PMID: 30863467 PMCID: PMC6407603 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1578183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigated trilanthanide gallates (Ln3GaO6) with the space group Cmc21 as oxygen-ion conductors using first-principles calculations. Six Ln3GaO6 (Ln = Nd, Gd, Tb, Ho, Dy, or Er) are both energetically and dynamically stable among 15 Ln3GaO6 compounds, which is consistent with previous experimental studies reporting successful syntheses of single phases. La3GaO6 and Lu3GaO6 may be metastable despite a slightly higher energy than those of competing reference states, as phonon calculations predict them to be dynamically stable. The formation and the migration barrier energies of an oxygen vacancy (V O) suggest that eight Ln3GaO6 (Ln = La, Nd, Gd, Tb, Ho, Dy, Er, or Lu) can act as oxygen-ion conductors based on V O. Ga plays a role of decreasing the distances between the oxygen sites of Ln3GaO6 compared with those of Ln2O3 so that a V O migrates easier with a reduced migration barrier energy. Larger oxygen-ion diffusivities and lower migration barrier energies of V O for the eight Ln3GaO6 are obtained for smaller atomic numbers of Ln having larger radii of Ln3+. Their oxygen-ion conductivities at 1000 K are predicted to have a similar order of magnitude to that of yttria-stabilized zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohwi Lee
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohba
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ryoji Asahi
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Japan
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24
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Hori T, Shiomi J. Tuning phonon transport spectrum for better thermoelectric materials. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 20:10-25. [PMID: 31001366 PMCID: PMC6454406 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1548884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The figure of merit of thermoelectric materials can be increased by suppressing the lattice thermal conductivity without degrading electrical properties. Phonons are the carriers for lattice thermal conduction, and their transport can be impeded by nanostructuring, owing to the recent progress in nanotechnology. The key question for further improvement of thermoelectric materials is how to realize ultimate structure with minimum lattice thermal conductivity. From spectral viewpoint, this means to impede transport of phonons in the entire spectral domain with noticeable contribution to lattice thermal conductivity that ranges in general from subterahertz to tens of terahertz in frequency. To this end, it is essential to know how the phonon transport varies with the length scale, morphology, and composition of nanostructures, and how effects of different nanostructures can be mutually adopted in view of the spectral domain. Here we review recent advances in analyzing such spectral impedance of phonon transport on the basis of various effects including alloy scattering, boundary scattering, and particle resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Hori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration (CMI2), Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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25
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Matsuno J, Fujioka J, Okuda T, Ueno K, Mizokawa T, Katsufuji T. Strongly correlated oxides for energy harvesting. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:899-908. [PMID: 31001365 PMCID: PMC6454405 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1529524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We review recent advances in strongly correlated oxides as thermoelectric materials in pursuit of energy harvesting. We discuss two topics: one is the enhancement of the ordinary thermoelectric properties by controlling orbital degrees of freedom and orbital fluctuation not only in bulk but also at the interface of correlated oxides. The other topic is the use of new phenomena driven by spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of materials. In 5d electron oxides, we show some SOC-related transport phenomena, which potentially contribute to energy harvesting. We outline the current status and a future perspective of oxides as thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobu Matsuno
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Fujioka
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Okuda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ueno
- Department of Basic Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takuro Katsufuji
- Department of Physics, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Material Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Avancini E, Keller D, Carron R, Arroyo-Rojas Dasilva Y, Erni R, Priebe A, Di Napoli S, Carrisi M, Sozzi G, Menozzi R, Fu F, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN. Voids and compositional inhomogeneities in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films: evolution during growth and impact on solar cell performance. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:871-882. [PMID: 30479675 PMCID: PMC6249540 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1536679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural defects such as voids and compositional inhomogeneities may affect the performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. We analyzed the morphology and elemental distributions in co-evaporated CIGS thin films at the different stages of the CIGS growth by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. Accumulation of Cu-Se phases was found at crevices and at grain boundaries after the Cu-rich intermediate stage of the CIGS deposition sequence. It was found, that voids are caused by Cu out-diffusion from crevices and GBs during the final deposition stage. The Cu inhomogeneities lead to non-uniform diffusivities of In and Ga, resulting in lateral inhomogeneities of the In and Ga distribution. Two and three-dimensional simulations were used to investigate the impact of the inhomogeneities and voids on the solar cell performance. A significant impact of voids was found, indicating that the unpassivated voids reduce the open-circuit voltage and fill factor due to the introduction of free surfaces with high recombination velocities close to the CIGS/CdS junction. We thus suggest that voids, and possibly inhomogeneities, limit the efficiency of solar cells based on three-stage co-evaporated CIGS thin films. Passivation of the voids' internal surface may reduce their detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Avancini
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Debora Keller
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Romain Carron
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yadira Arroyo-Rojas Dasilva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Priebe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Simone Di Napoli
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Carrisi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sozzi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Menozzi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fan Fu
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N. Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
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Petsagkourakis I, Tybrandt K, Crispin X, Ohkubo I, Satoh N, Mori T. Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:836-862. [PMID: 31001364 PMCID: PMC6454408 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1530938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectrics, in particular solid-state conversion of heat to electricity, is expected to be a key energy harvesting technology to power ubiquitous sensors and wearable devices in the future. A comprehensive review is given on the principles and advances in the development of thermoelectric materials suitable for energy harvesting power generation, ranging from organic and hybrid organic-inorganic to inorganic materials. Examples of design and applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isao Ohkubo
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norifusa Satoh
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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28
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Lingg M, Spescha A, Haass SG, Carron R, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN. Structural and electronic properties of CdTe 1-xSe x films and their application in solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:683-692. [PMID: 30294395 PMCID: PMC6171450 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1497403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance improvement of conventional CdTe solar cells is mainly limited by doping concentration and minority carrier life time. Alloying CdTe with an isovalent element changes its properties, for example its band gap and behaviour of dopants, which has a significant impact on its performance as a solar cell absorber. In this work, the structural, optical, and electronic properties of CdTe1-xSex films are examined for different Se concentrations. The band gap of this compound changes with composition with a minimum of 1.40 eV for x = 0.3. We show that with increasing x, the lattice constant of CdTe1-xSex decreases, which can influence the solubility of dopants. We find that alloying CdTe with Se changes the effect of Cu doping on the p-type conductivity in CdTe1-xSex, reducing the achievable charge carrier concentration with increasing x. Using a front surface CdTe1-xSex layer, compositional, structural and electronic grading is introduced to solar cells. The efficiency is increased, mostly due to an increase in the short-circuit current density caused by a combination of lower band gap and a better interface between the absorber and window layer, despite a loss in the open-circuit voltage caused by the lower band gap and reduced charge carrier concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lingg
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Annina Spescha
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefan G. Haass
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Romain Carron
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N. Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
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29
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Makha M, Schwaller P, Strassel K, Anantharaman SB, Nüesch F, Hany R, Heier J. Insights into photovoltaic properties of ternary organic solar cells from phase diagrams. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:669-682. [PMID: 30275915 PMCID: PMC6161617 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1509275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of ternary organic solar cells relies on the spontaneous establishment of a nanostructured network of donor and acceptor phases during film formation. A fundamental understanding of phase composition and arrangement and correlations to photovoltaic device parameters is of utmost relevance for both science and technology. We demonstrate a general approach to understanding solar cell behavior from simple thermodynamic principles. For two ternary blend systems we construct and model phase diagrams. Details of EQE and solar cell parameters can be understood from the phase behavior. Our blend system is composed of PC70BM, PBDTTT-C and a near-infrared absorbing cyanine dye. Cyanine dyes are accompanied by counterions, which, in a first approximation, do not change the photophysical properties of the dye, but strongly influence the morphology of the ternary blend. We argue that counterion dissociation is responsible for different mixing behavior. For the dye with a hexafluorophosphate counterion a hierarchical morphology develops, the dye phase separates on a large scale from PC70BM and cannot contribute to photocurrent. Differently, a cyanine dye with a TRISPHAT counterion shows partial miscibility with PC70BM. A large two-phase region dictated by the PC70BM: PBDTTT-C mixture is present and the dye greatly contributes to the short-circuit current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Makha
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Schwaller
- Institut des Matériaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen Strassel
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Surendra B. Anantharaman
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institut des Matériaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institut des Matériaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hany
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heier
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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30
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Holliman PJ, Kershaw C, Connell A, Jones EW, Hobbs R, Anthony R, Furnell L, McGettrick J, Geatches D, Metz S. A perspective on using experiment and theory to identify design principles in dye-sensitized solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:599-612. [PMID: 30181788 PMCID: PMC6116669 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1492858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have been the subject of wide-ranging studies for many years because of their potential for large-scale manufacturing using roll-to-roll processing allied to their use of earth abundant raw materials. Two main challenges exist for DSC devices to achieve this goal; uplifting device efficiency from the 12 to 14% currently achieved for laboratory-scale 'hero' cells and replacement of the widely-used liquid electrolytes which can limit device lifetimes. To increase device efficiency requires optimized dye injection and regeneration, most likely from multiple dyes while replacement of liquid electrolytes requires solid charge transporters (most likely hole transport materials - HTMs). While theoretical and experimental work have both been widely applied to different aspects of DSC research, these approaches are most effective when working in tandem. In this context, this perspective paper considers the key parameters which influence electron transfer processes in DSC devices using one or more dye molecules and how modelling and experimental approaches can work together to optimize electron injection and dye regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arthur Connell
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Eurig W. Jones
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Robert Hobbs
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Rosie Anthony
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Leo Furnell
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - James McGettrick
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Dawn Geatches
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - Sebastian Metz
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
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31
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Nonoguchi Y, Takata A, Goto C, Kitano T, Kawai T. Thickness-dependent thermoelectric power factor of polymer-functionalized semiconducting carbon nanotube thin films. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:581-587. [PMID: 30128056 PMCID: PMC6095011 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1500851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of polymer structures on the thermoelectric properties of polymer-wrapped semiconducting carbon nanotubes have yet to be clarified for elucidating intrinsic transport properties. We systematically investigate thickness dependence of thermoelectric transport in thin films containing networks of conjugated polymer-wrapped semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Well-controlled doping experiments suggest that the doping homogeneity and then in-plane electrical conductivity significantly depend on film thickness and polymer species. This understanding leads to achieving thermoelectric power factors as high as 412 μW m-1 K-2 in thin carbon nanotube films. This work presents a standard platform for investigating the thermoelectric properties of nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Nonoguchi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Ami Takata
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Chigusa Goto
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitano
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- NAIST-CEMES International Collaborative Laboratory, CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, France
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32
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Zhan T, Yamato R, Hashimoto S, Tomita M, Oba S, Himeda Y, Mesaki K, Takezawa H, Yokogawa R, Xu Y, Matsukawa T, Ogura A, Kamakura Y, Watanabe T. Miniaturized planar Si-nanowire micro-thermoelectric generator using exuded thermal field for power generation. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:443-453. [PMID: 29868148 PMCID: PMC5974757 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1460177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
For harvesting energy from waste heat, the power generation densities and fabrication costs of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are considered more important than their conversion efficiency because waste heat energy is essentially obtained free of charge. In this study, we propose a miniaturized planar Si-nanowire micro-thermoelectric generator (SiNW-μTEG) architecture, which could be simply fabricated using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible process. Compared with the conventional nanowire μTEGs, this SiNW-μTEG features the use of an exuded thermal field for power generation. Thus, there is no need to etch away the substrate to form suspended SiNWs, which leads to a low fabrication cost and well-protected SiNWs. We experimentally demonstrate that the power generation density of the SiNW-μTEGs was enhanced by four orders of magnitude when the SiNWs were shortened from 280 to 8 μm. Furthermore, we reduced the parasitic thermal resistance, which becomes significant in the shortened SiNW-μTEGs, by optimizing the fabrication process of AlN films as a thermally conductive layer. As a result, the power generation density of the SiNW-μTEGs was enhanced by an order of magnitude for reactive sputtering as compared to non-reactive sputtering process. A power density of 27.9 nW/cm2 has been achieved. By measuring the thermal conductivities of the two AlN films, we found that the reduction in the parasitic thermal resistance was caused by an increase in the thermal conductivity of the AlN film and a decrease in the thermal boundary resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhuo Zhan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TokyoJapan
| | - Ryo Yamato
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TokyoJapan
| | | | - Motohiro Tomita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TokyoJapan
| | - Shunsuke Oba
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TokyoJapan
| | - Yuya Himeda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TokyoJapan
| | - Kohei Mesaki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Takezawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TokyoJapan
| | - Ryo Yokogawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- JSPS Research Fellow DC, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yibin Xu
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsukawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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33
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Carron R, Avancini E, Feurer T, Bissig B, Losio PA, Figi R, Schreiner C, Bürki M, Bourgeois E, Remes Z, Nesladek M, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN. Refractive indices of layers and optical simulations of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:396-410. [PMID: 29785230 PMCID: PMC5954485 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1458579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based solar cells have reached efficiencies close to 23%. Further knowledge-driven improvements require accurate determination of the material properties. Here, we present refractive indices for all layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with high efficiency. The optical bandgap of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 does not depend on the Cu content in the explored composition range, while the absorption coefficient value is primarily determined by the Cu content. An expression for the absorption spectrum is proposed, with Ga and Cu compositions as parameters. This set of parameters allows accurate device simulations to understand remaining absorption and carrier collection losses and develop strategies to improve performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Carron
- Laboratory for Thin films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Avancini
- Laboratory for Thin films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Laboratory for Thin films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Bissig
- Laboratory for Thin films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Paolo A. Losio
- Institute of Computational Physics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Renato Figi
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Schreiner
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Bürki
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Bourgeois
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Zdenek Remes
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Nesladek
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory for Thin films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N. Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Almosni S, Delamarre A, Jehl Z, Suchet D, Cojocaru L, Giteau M, Behaghel B, Julian A, Ibrahim C, Tatry L, Wang H, Kubo T, Uchida S, Segawa H, Miyashita N, Tamaki R, Shoji Y, Yoshida K, Ahsan N, Watanabe K, Inoue T, Sugiyama M, Nakano Y, Hamamura T, Toupance T, Olivier C, Chambon S, Vignau L, Geffroy C, Cloutet E, Hadziioannou G, Cavassilas N, Rale P, Cattoni A, Collin S, Gibelli F, Paire M, Lombez L, Aureau D, Bouttemy M, Etcheberry A, Okada Y, Guillemoles JF. Material challenges for solar cells in the twenty-first century: directions in emerging technologies. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:336-369. [PMID: 29707072 PMCID: PMC5917436 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1433439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic generation has stepped up within the last decade from outsider status to one of the important contributors of the ongoing energy transition, with about 1.7% of world electricity provided by solar cells. Progress in materials and production processes has played an important part in this development. Yet, there are many challenges before photovoltaics could provide clean, abundant, and cheap energy. Here, we review this research direction, with a focus on the results obtained within a Japan-French cooperation program, NextPV, working on promising solar cell technologies. The cooperation was focused on efficient photovoltaic devices, such as multijunction, ultrathin, intermediate band, and hot-carrier solar cells, and on printable solar cell materials such as colloidal quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Almosni
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amaury Delamarre
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zacharie Jehl
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Suchet
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Maxime Giteau
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benoit Behaghel
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- IPVF, UMR CNRS 9006, Palaiseau, France
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS, University Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anatole Julian
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camille Ibrahim
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Léa Tatry
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haibin Wang
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Kubo
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Segawa
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Miyashita
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamaki
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shoji
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Yoshida
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nazmul Ahsan
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Watanabe
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Inoue
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sugiyama
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakano
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Hamamura
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), CNRS (UMR 5255), Talence Cédex, France
| | - Thierry Toupance
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), CNRS (UMR 5255), Talence Cédex, France
| | - Céline Olivier
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), CNRS (UMR 5255), Talence Cédex, France
| | - Sylvain Chambon
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Bordeaux, IMS, CNRS UMR 5218, Talence, France
| | - Laurence Vignau
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Bordeaux, IMS, CNRS UMR 5218, Talence, France
| | - Camille Geffroy
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, ENSCBP, IPB, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Eric Cloutet
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, ENSCBP, IPB, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, ENSCBP, IPB, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Cavassilas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Rale
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS, University Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Andrea Cattoni
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS, University Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Collin
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS, University Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Lombez
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- IPVF, UMR CNRS 9006, Palaiseau, France
| | - Damien Aureau
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Muriel Bouttemy
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Etcheberry
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Yoshitaka Okada
- NextPV, LIA RCAST-CNRS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Okadalab, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Perry NH, Kim JJ, Tuller HL. Oxygen surface exchange kinetics measurement by simultaneous optical transmission relaxation and impedance spectroscopy: Sr(Ti,Fe)O 3-x thin film case study. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:130-141. [PMID: 29511391 PMCID: PMC5827802 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1430448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We compare approaches to measure oxygen surface exchange kinetics, by simultaneous optical transmission relaxation (OTR) and AC-impedance spectroscopy (AC-IS), on the same mixed conducting SrTi0.65Fe0.35O3-x film. Surface exchange coefficients were evaluated as a function of oxygen activity in the film, controlled by gas partial pressure and/or DC bias applied across the ionically conducting yttria-stabilized zirconia substrate. Changes in measured light transmission through the film over time (relaxations) resulted from optical absorption changes in the film corresponding to changes in its oxygen and oxidized Fe (~Fe4+) concentrations; such relaxation profiles were successfully described by the equation for surface exchange-limited kinetics appropriate for the film geometry. The kchem values obtained by OTR were significantly lower than the AC-IS derived kchem values and kq values multiplied by the thermodynamic factor (bulk or thin film), suggesting a possible enhancement in k by the metal current collectors (Pt, Au). Long-term degradation in kchem and kq values obtained by AC-IS was also attributed to deterioration of the porous Pt current collector, while no significant degradation was observed in the optically derived kchem values. The results suggest that, while the current collector might influence measurements by AC-IS, the OTR method offers a continuous, in situ, and contact-free method to measure oxygen exchange kinetics at the native surfaces of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola H. Perry
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-ICNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jae Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harry L. Tuller
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-ICNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Edalati K, Akiba E, Horita Z. High-pressure torsion for new hydrogen storage materials. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:185-193. [PMID: 29511396 PMCID: PMC5827773 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1435131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure torsion (HPT) is widely used as a severe plastic deformation technique to create ultrafine-grained structures with promising mechanical and functional properties. Since 2007, the method has been employed to enhance the hydrogenation kinetics in different Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. Recent studies showed that the method is effective not only for increasing the hydrogenation kinetics but also for improving the hydrogenation activity, for enhancing the air resistivity and more importantly for synthesizing new nanostructured hydrogen storage materials with high densities of lattice defects. This manuscript reviews some major findings on the impact of HPT process on the hydrogen storage performance of different titanium-based and magnesium-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Edalati
- WPI, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Etsuo Akiba
- WPI, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zenji Horita
- WPI, International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Clayton AJ, Charbonneau CME, Tsoi WC, Siderfin PJ, Irvine SJC. One-step growth of thin film SnS with large grains using MOCVD. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:153-159. [PMID: 29511393 PMCID: PMC5827783 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1428478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thin film tin sulphide (SnS) films were produced with grain sizes greater than 1 μm using a one-step metal organic chemical vapour deposition process. Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) was used as the substrate, having a similar work function to molybdenum typically used as the back contact, but with potential use of its transparency for bifacial illumination. Tetraethyltin and ditertiarybutylsulphide were used as precursors with process temperatures 430-470 °C to promote film growth with large grains. The film stoichiometry was controlled by varying the precursor partial pressure ratios and characterised with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to optimise the SnS composition. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the phases that were present in the film and revealed that small amounts of ottemannite Sn2S3 was present when SnS was deposited on to the ITO using optimised growth parameters. Interaction at the SnS/ITO interface to form Sn2S3 was deduced to have resulted for all growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Clayton
- Centre for Solar Energy Research, OpTIC Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, St Asaph, UK
| | | | - Wing C. Tsoi
- Sêr Solar / SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Peter J. Siderfin
- Centre for Solar Energy Research, OpTIC Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, St Asaph, UK
| | - Stuart J. C. Irvine
- Centre for Solar Energy Research, OpTIC Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, St Asaph, UK
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Fukushima T, Kitano S, Hata S, Yamauchi M. Carbon-neutral energy cycles using alcohols. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:142-152. [PMID: 29511392 PMCID: PMC5827732 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1426340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated carbon-neutral (CN) energy circulation using glycolic acid (GC)/oxalic acid (OX) redox couple. Here, we report fundamental studies on both catalyst search for power generation process, i.e. GC oxidation, and elemental steps for fuel generation process, i.e. OX reduction, in CN cycle. The catalytic activity test on various transition metals revealed that Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt have preferable features as a catalyst for electrochemical oxidation of GC. A carbon-supported Pt catalyst in alkaline conditions exhibited higher activity, durability, and product selectivity for electrooxidation of GC rather than those in acidic media. The kinetic study on OX reduction clearly indicated that OX reduction undergoes successive two-electron reductions to form GC. Furthermore, application of TiO2 catalysts with large specific area for electrochemical reduction of OX facilitates the selective formation of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fukushima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sho Kitano
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hata
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Yamauchi
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ghuman KK. Mechanistic insights into water adsorption and dissociation on amorphous -based catalysts. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:44-52. [PMID: 29410712 PMCID: PMC5795651 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1410055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite having defects, amorphous titanium dioxide ([Formula: see text]) have attracted significant scientific attention recently. Pristine, as well as various doped [Formula: see text] catalysts, have been proposed as the potential photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Taking one step further, in this work, the author investigated the molecular and dissociative adsorption of water on the surfaces of pristine and [Formula: see text] doped [Formula: see text] catalysts by using density functional theory with Hubbard energy correction (DFT+U). The adsorption energy calculations indicate that even though there is a relatively higher spatial distance between the adsorbed water molecule and the [Formula: see text] surface, pristine [Formula: see text] surface is capable of anchoring [Formula: see text] molecule more strongly than the doped [Formula: see text] as well as the rutile (1 1 0) surface. Further, it was found that unlike water dissociation on crystalline [Formula: see text] surfaces, water on pristine [Formula: see text] catalyst experience the dissociation barrier. However, this barrier reduces significantly when [Formula: see text] is doped with [Formula: see text], providing an alternative route for the development of an inexpensive and more abundant catalyst for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulbir Kaur Ghuman
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Zhang H, Toudert J. Optical management for efficiency enhancement in hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:411-424. [PMID: 29868146 PMCID: PMC5974756 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1458578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In a few years only, solar cells using hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites as optical absorber have reached record photovoltaic energy conversion efficiencies above 20%. To reach and overcome such values, it is required to tailor both the electrical and optical properties of the device. For a given efficient device, optical optimization overtakes electrical one. Here, we provide a synthetic review of recent works reporting or proposing so-called optical management approaches for improving the efficiency of perovskite solar cells, including the use of anti-reflection coatings at the front substrate surface, the design of optical cavities integrated within the device, the incorporation of plasmonic or dielectric nanostructures into the different layers of the device and the structuration of its internal interfaces. We finally give as outlooks some insights into the less-explored management of the perovskite fluorescence and its potential for enhancing the cell efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, P.R. China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Johann Toudert
- ICFO – Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Sepúlveda A, Speulmanns J, Vereecken PM. Bending impact on the performance of a flexible Li 4Ti 5O 12-based all-solid-state thin-film battery. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:454-464. [PMID: 29868149 PMCID: PMC5974753 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1468199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand of flexible electronic devices is increasing the requirements of their power sources. The effect of bending in thin-film batteries is still not well understood. Here, we successfully developed a high active area flexible all-solid-state battery as a model system that consists of thin-film layers of Li4Ti5O12, LiPON, and Lithium deposited on a novel flexible ceramic substrate. A systematic study on the bending state and performance of the battery is presented. The battery withstands bending radii of at least 14 mm achieving 70% of the theoretical capacity. Here, we reveal that convex bending has a positive effect on battery capacity showing an average increase of 5.5%, whereas concave bending decreases the capacity by 4% in contrast with recent studies. We show that the change in capacity upon bending may well be associated to the Li-ion diffusion kinetic change through the electrode when different external forces are applied. Finally, an encapsulation scheme is presented allowing sufficient bending of the device and operation for at least 500 cycles in air. The results are meant to improve the understanding of the phenomena present in thin-film batteries while undergoing bending rather than showing improvements in battery performance and lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe M. Vereecken
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Feurer T, Bissig B, Weiss TP, Carron R, Avancini E, Löckinger J, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN. Single-graded CIGS with narrow bandgap for tandem solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:263-270. [PMID: 29707066 PMCID: PMC5917437 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1444317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multi-junction solar cells show the highest photovoltaic energy conversion efficiencies, but the current technologies based on wafers and epitaxial growth of multiple layers are very costly. Therefore, there is a high interest in realizing multi-junction tandem devices based on cost-effective thin film technologies. While the efficiency of such devices has been limited so far because of the rather low efficiency of semitransparent wide bandgap top cells, the recent rise of wide bandgap perovskite solar cells has inspired the development of new thin film tandem solar devices. In order to realize monolithic, and therefore current-matched thin film tandem solar cells, a bottom cell with narrow bandgap (~1 eV) and high efficiency is necessary. In this work, we present Cu(In,Ga)Se2 with a bandgap of 1.00 eV and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 16.1%. This is achieved by implementing a gallium grading towards the back contact into a CuInSe2 base material. We show that this modification significantly improves the open circuit voltage but does not reduce the spectral response range of these devices. Therefore, efficient cells with narrow bandgap absorbers are obtained, yielding the high current density necessary for thin film multi-junction solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Feurer
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
| | - Benjamin Bissig
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P. Weiss
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Romain Carron
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Avancini
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Löckinger
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N. Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
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Sano C, Mitsuya H, Ono S, Miwa K, Toshiyoshi H, Fujita H. Triboelectric energy harvesting with surface-charge-fixed polymer based on ionic liquid. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:317-323. [PMID: 29707070 PMCID: PMC5917432 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1448200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel triboelectric energy harvester has been developed using an ionic liquid polymer with cations fixed at the surface. In this report, the fabrication of the device and the characterization of its energy harvesting performance are detailed. An electrical double layer was induced in the ionic liquid polymer precursor to attract the cations to the surface where they are immobilized using a UV-based crosslinking reaction. The finalized polymer is capable of generating an electrical current when contacted by a metal electrode. Using this property, energy harvesting experiments were conducted by cyclically contacting a gold-surface electrode with the charge fixed surface of the polymer. Control experiments verified the effect of immobilizing the cations at the surface. By synthesizing a polymer with the optimal composition ratio of ionic liquid to macromonomer, an output of 77 nW/cm2 was obtained with a load resistance of 1 MΩ at 1 Hz. This tuneable power supply with a μA level current output may contribute to Internet of Things networks requiring numerous sensor nodes at remote places in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Sano
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Shimpei Ono
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Miwa
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Newman MJ, Speller EM, Barbé J, Luke J, Li M, Li Z, Wang ZK, Jain SM, Kim JS, Lee HKH, Tsoi WC. Photo-stability study of a solution-processed small molecule solar cell system: correlation between molecular conformation and degradation. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:194-202. [PMID: 29511397 PMCID: PMC5827640 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1433948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organic small molecule solar cells (SMSCs) have achieved efficiency over 11%. However, very few studies have focused on their stability under illumination and the origin of the degradation during the so-called burn-in period. Here, we studied the burn-in period of a solution-processed SMSC using benzodithiophene terthiophene rhodamine:[6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (BTR:PC71BM) with increasing solvent vapour annealing time applied to the active layer, controlling the crystallisation of the BTR phase. We find that the burn-in behaviour is strongly correlated to the crystallinity of BTR. To look at the possible degradation mechanisms, we studied the fresh and photo-aged blend films with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorbance, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Although the crystallinity of BTR affects the performance drop during the burn-in period, the degradation is found not to originate from the crystallinity changes of the BTR phase, but correlates with changes in molecular conformation - rotation of the thiophene side chains, as resolved by Raman spectroscopy which could be correlated to slight photobleaching and changes in PL spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Newman
- SPECIFIC, Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Emily M. Speller
- SPECIFIC, Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jérémy Barbé
- SPECIFIC, Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Joel Luke
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Li
- SPECIFIC, Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sagar M. Jain
- SPECIFIC, Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Harrison Ka Hin Lee
- SPECIFIC, Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Corresponding authors: Emails:
| | - Wing Chung Tsoi
- SPECIFIC, Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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45
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Palmero EM, Rial J, de Vicente J, Camarero J, Skårman B, Vidarsson H, Larsson PO, Bollero A. Development of permanent magnet MnAlC/polymer composites and flexible filament for bonding and 3D-printing technologies. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:465-473. [PMID: 29887921 PMCID: PMC5990948 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1471321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Searching for high-performance permanent magnets components with no limitation in shape and dimensions is highly desired to overcome the present design and manufacturing restrictions, which affect the efficiency of the final devices in energy, automotive and aerospace sectors. Advanced 3D-printing of composite materials and related technologies is an incipient route to achieve functional structures avoiding the limitations of traditional manufacturing. Gas-atomized MnAlC particles combined with polymer have been used in this work for fabricating scalable rare earth-free permanent magnet composites and extruded flexible filaments with continuous length exceeding 10 m. Solution casting has been used to synthesize homogeneous composites with tuned particles content, made of a polyethylene (PE) matrix embedding quasi-spherical particles of the ferromagnetic τ-MnAlC phase. A maximum filling factor of 86.5 and 72.3% has been obtained for the composite and the filament after extrusion, respectively. The magnetic measurements reveal no deterioration of the properties of the MnAlC particles after the composite synthesis and filament extrusion. The produced MnAlC/PE materials will serve as precursors for an efficient and scalable design and fabrication of end-products by different processing techniques (polymerized cold-compacted magnets and 3D-printing, respectively) in view of technological applications (from micro electromechanical systems to energy and transport applications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester M. Palmero
- Division of Permanent Magnets and Applications, IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rial
- Division of Permanent Magnets and Applications, IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de Vicente
- Division of Permanent Magnets and Applications, IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Camarero
- Division of Permanent Magnets and Applications, IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Bollero
- Division of Permanent Magnets and Applications, IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author.
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46
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Taniguchi I, Kinugasa K, Toyoda M, Minezaki K. Effect of amine structure on CO 2 capture by polymeric membranes. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2017; 18:950-958. [PMID: 29383045 PMCID: PMC5784313 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1399045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine)s (PAMAMs) incorporated into a cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) exhibited excellent CO2 separation properties over H2. However, the CO2 permeability should be increased for practical applications. Monoethanolamine (MEA) used as a CO2 determining agent in the current CO2 capture technology at demonstration scale was readily immobilized in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix by solvent casting of aqueous mixture of PVA and the amine. The resulting polymeric membranes can be self-standing with the thickness above 3 μm and the amine fraction less than 80 wt%. The gas permeation properties were examined at 40 °C and under 80% relative humidity. The CO2 separation performance increased with increase of the amine content in the polymeric membranes. When the amine fraction was 80 wt%, the CO2 permeability coefficient of MEA containing membrane was 604 barrer with CO2 selectivity of 58.5 over H2, which was much higher than the PAMAM membrane (83.7 barrer and 51.8, respectively) under the same operation conditions. On the other hand, ethylamine (EA) was also incorporated into PVA matrix to form a thin membrane. However, the resulting polymeric membranes exhibited slight CO2-selective gas permeation properties. The hydroxyl group of MEA was crucial for high CO2 separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Taniguchi
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-ICNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kae Kinugasa
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-ICNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Toyoda
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-ICNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koki Minezaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Du J, Shi C, Wu W, Bian X, Chen P, Cui Q, Cui Z. Synthesis of core-shell structured FAU/SBA-15 composite molecular sieves and their performance in catalytic cracking of polystyrene. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2017; 18:939-949. [PMID: 29383044 PMCID: PMC5784500 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1396561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Composite molecular sieves, FAU/SBA-15, having core-shell structure were synthesized. The synthesized composite sieves were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), pyrolysis fourier transform infrared (Py-FTIR) spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption spectra (NH3-TPD), UV Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other techniques. XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, mass spectrometry, NMR and EDS results showed that the composite molecular sieve contained two pore channels. Py-FTIR results showed that the addition of HY molecular sieves improved the acidity of the composite zeolite. The crystallization mechanism during the growth of FAU/SBA-15 shell was deduced from the influence of crystallization time on the synthesis of FAU/SBA-15 core-shell structured composite molecular sieve. HY dissociated partially in H2SO4 solution, and consisted of secondary structural units. This framework structure was more stable than its presence in the isolated form on the same ring or in the absence of Al. Thus it played a guiding role and connected with SBA-15 closely through the Si-O bond. This resulted in the gradual covering of the exterior surface of FAU phase by SBA-15 molecular sieves. The presence of SBA-15 restricted the formation of the other high mass components and increased the selectivity towards ethylbenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Funshun, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Funshun, China
| | - Wenyuan Wu
- Metallurgy Institute, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Bian
- Metallurgy Institute, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Funshun, China
| | - Qingzhu Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Funshun, China
| | - Zhixuan Cui
- Department of Applied Organic Materials Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Daou R, Frésard R, Eyert V, Hébert S, Maignan A. Unconventional aspects of electronic transport in delafossite oxides. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2017; 18:919-938. [PMID: 29383043 PMCID: PMC5784665 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1393633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic transport properties of the delafossite oxides [Formula: see text] are usually understood in terms of two well-separated entities, namely the triangular [Formula: see text] and ([Formula: see text] layers. Here, we review several cases among this extensive family of materials where the transport depends on the interlayer coupling and displays unconventional properties. We review the doped thermoelectrics based on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which show a high-temperature recovery of Fermi-liquid transport exponents, as well as the highly anisotropic metals [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], where the sheer simplicity of the Fermi surface leads to unconventional transport. We present some of the theoretical tools that have been used to investigate these transport properties and review what can and cannot be learned from the extensive set of electronic structure calculations that have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzy Daou
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, Caen, France
| | - Raymond Frésard
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, Caen, France
| | - Volker Eyert
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, Caen, France
- Materials Design SARL, Montrouge, France
| | - Sylvie Hébert
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, Caen, France
| | - Antoine Maignan
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRISMAT, Caen, France
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49
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Selyanchyn R, Fujikawa S. Membrane thinning for efficient CO 2 capture. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2017; 18:816-827. [PMID: 29152016 PMCID: PMC5678452 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1386531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the fluxes in gas separation membranes is required for utilizing the membranes on a mass scale for CO2 capture. Membrane thinning is one of the most promising approaches to achieve high fluxes. In addition, sophisticated molecular transport across membranes can boost gas separation performance. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current state of CO2 separation membranes, especially from the viewpoint of thinning the selective layers and the membrane itself. The gas permeation behavior of membranes with ultimate thicknesses and their future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Selyanchyn
- WPI International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigenori Fujikawa
- WPI International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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50
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Kearney K, Rockett A, Ertekin E. Computational insights into charge transfer across functionalized semiconductor surfaces. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2017; 18:681-692. [PMID: 31001363 PMCID: PMC6454407 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1370962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water-splitting is a promising carbon-free fuel production method for producing H2 and O2 gas from liquid water. These cells are typically composed of at least one semiconductor photoelectrode which is prone to degradation and/or oxidation. Various surface modifications are known for stabilizing semiconductor photoelectrodes, yet stabilization techniques are often accompanied by a decrease in photoelectrode performance. However, the impact of surface modification on charge transport and its consequence on performance is still lacking, creating a roadblock for further improvements. In this review, we discuss how density functional theory and finite-element device simulations are reliable tools for providing insight into charge transport across modified photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Kearney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Angus Rockett
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Elif Ertekin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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