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Zahabi N, Baryshnikov G, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Charge carrier dynamics in conducting polymer PEDOT using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154801. [PMID: 37843059 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As conducting polymers become increasingly important in electronic devices, understanding their charge transport is essential for material and device development. Various semi-empirical approaches have been used to describe temporal charge carrier dynamics in these materials, but there have yet to be any theoretical approaches utilizing ab initio molecular dynamics. In this work, we develop a computational technique based on ab initio Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics to trace charge carrier temporal motion in archetypical conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Particularly, we analyze charge dynamics in a single PEDOT chain and in two coupled chains with different degrees of coupling and study the effect of temperature. In our model we first initiate a positively charged polaron (compensated by a negative counterion) at one end of the chain, and subsequently displace the counterion to the other end of the chain and trace polaron dynamics in the system by monitoring bond length alternation in the PEDOT backbone and charge density distribution. We find that at low temperature (T = 1 K) the polaron distortion gradually disappears from its initial location and reappears near the new position of the counterion. At the room temperature (T = 300 K), we find that the distortions induced by polaron, and atomic vibrations are of the same magnitude, which makes tracking the polaron distortion challenging because it is hidden behind the temperature-induced vibrations. The novel approach developed in this work can be used to study polaron mobility along and between the chains, investigate charge transport in highly doped polymers, and explore other flexible polymers, including n-doped ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Zahabi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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2
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Pang J, Mehandzhiyski AY, Zozoulenko I. A computational study of cellulose regeneration: Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120853. [PMID: 37182953 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the microscopic mechanisms of regeneration of cellulose is prerequisite for engineering and controlling its material properties. In this paper, we performed coarse-grained Martini 3 molecular dynamics simulations of cellulose regeneration at a scale comparable to the experiments. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) curves were monitored to follow the structural changes of regenerated cellulose and trace formation of cellulose sheets and crystallites. The calculated coarse-grained morphologies of regenerated cellulose were backmapped to atomistic ones. After the backmapping we find that the regenerated coarse-grained cellulose structures calculated for both topology parameters of cellulose Iβ and cellulose II/III, are transformed to cellulose II, where the calculated XRD curves exhibit the main peak at approximately 20-21 degrees, corresponding to the (110)/(020) planes of cellulose II. This result is in good quantitative agreement with the available experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Pang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Y Mehandzhiyski
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden.
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3
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Nordenström M, Benselfelt T, Hollertz R, Wennmalm S, Larsson PA, Mehandzhiyski A, Rolland N, Zozoulenko I, Söderberg D, Wågberg L. The structure of cellulose nanofibril networks at low concentrations and their stabilizing action on colloidal particles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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5
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Gueskine V, Vagin M, Berggren M, Crispin X, Zozoulenko I. Oxygen reduction reaction at conducting polymer electrodes in a wider context: Insights from modelling concerning outer and inner sphere mechanisms. Electrochemical Science Adv 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
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6
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Zokaei S, Kim D, Järsvall E, Fenton AM, Weisen AR, Hultmark S, Nguyen PH, Matheson AM, Lund A, Kroon R, Chabinyc ML, Gomez ED, Zozoulenko I, Müller C. Tuning of the elastic modulus of a soft polythiophene through molecular doping. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:433-443. [PMID: 34787612 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping of a polythiophene with oligoethylene glycol side chains is found to strongly modulate not only the electrical but also the mechanical properties of the polymer. An oxidation level of up to 18% results in an electrical conductivity of more than 52 S cm-1 and at the same time significantly enhances the elastic modulus from 8 to more than 200 MPa and toughness from 0.5 to 5.1 MJ m-3. These changes arise because molecular doping strongly influences the glass transition temperature Tg and the degree of π-stacking of the polymer, as indicated by both X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. Surprisingly, a comparison of doped materials containing mono- or dianions reveals that - for a comparable oxidation level - the presence of multivalent counterions has little effect on the stiffness. Evidently, molecular doping is a powerful tool that can be used for the design of mechanically robust conducting materials, which may find use within the field of flexible and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Abigail M Fenton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Albree R Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Phong H Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Amanda M Matheson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
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7
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Abdullaeva OS, Sahalianov I, Silverå Ejneby M, Jakešová M, Zozoulenko I, Liin SI, Głowacki ED. Faradaic Pixels for Precise Hydrogen Peroxide Delivery to Control M-Type Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2103132. [PMID: 34825522 PMCID: PMC8787424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
H2 O2 plays a significant role in a range of physiological processes where it performs vital tasks in redox signaling. The sensitivity of many biological pathways to H2 O2 opens up a unique direction in the development of bioelectronics devices to control levels of reactive-oxygen species (ROS). Here a microfabricated ROS modulation device that relies on controlled faradaic reactions is presented. A concentric pixel arrangement of a peroxide-evolving cathode surrounded by an anode ring which decomposes the peroxide, resulting in localized peroxide delivery is reported. The conducting polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is exploited as the cathode. PEDOT selectively catalyzes the oxygen reduction reaction resulting in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Using electrochemical and optical assays, combined with modeling, the performance of the devices is benchmarked. The concentric pixels generate tunable gradients of peroxide and oxygen concentrations. The faradaic devices are prototyped by modulating human H2 O2 -sensitive Kv7.2/7.3 (M-type) channels expressed in a single-cell model (Xenopus laevis oocytes). The Kv7 ion channel family is responsible for regulating neuronal excitability in the heart, brain, and smooth muscles, making it an ideal platform for faradaic ROS stimulation. The results demonstrate the potential of PEDOT to act as an H2 O2 delivery system, paving the way to ROS-based organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliya S. Abdullaeva
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
| | - Malin Silverå Ejneby
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Marie Jakešová
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LabCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
| | - Sara I. Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LabCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
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8
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Abstract
One of the most promising applications of nanocellulose is for membranes for energy storage devices including supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. Several recent studies reported the fabrication of cellulose-based membranes where ionic conductivity was confined to channels. So far, theoretical understanding of the effect of the nanoconfinement and surface charged groups on the diffusion coefficient of ions in cellulose nanochannels is missing. In the present study, we perform atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to provide this theoretical understanding and unravel mechanisms affecting the ionic diffusion in nanochannels. We demonstrate that the diffusion coefficient of ions in cellulose nanochannels is reduced in comparison to its bulk value. The change of the diffusion coefficient depends on the density of charged surface groups in nanochannels and the channel height, and it is primarily caused by the Coulomb interaction between the ions and the surface. We believe that our results reveal an important structure/property relationship in cellulose nanochannels, and they show that accounting for the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the charge of the surface groups and channel height can be important for the Nernst-Plank-Poisson modeling of the ion conductivity in nanomembranes as well as for accurate fitting the experimental data to extract the material parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Garg
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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9
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Kim D, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. How Long are Polymer Chains in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Tosylate Films? An Insight from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10324-10334. [PMID: 34473507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is one of the most important conductive polymers utilized in a variety of applications in organic electronics and bioelectronics and energy storage. PEDOT chains are believed to be rather short, but detailed knowledge of their length is missing because of the challenges in its experimental determination due to insolubility of PEDOT films. Here, we report a molecular dynamics (MD) study of in situ oxidative chemical polymerization and simultaneous crystallization of molecularly doped PEDOT focusing on the determination of its chain lengths at different polymerization temperatures. We find the average chain length to be 6, 7, and 11 monomers for 298, 323 and 373 K, respectively. At the same time, the length distribution is rather broad, for example, between 2 and 16 monomer units for T = 323 K. We demonstrate that the limiting factor determining the chain length is the diffusivity of the reactants (PEDOT monomers and oligomers). We also study the polymer film formation during solvent evaporation, and we find that although crystallization starts and proceeds already during the polymerization and doping phases, it mostly occurs during the evaporation phase. Finally, we believe that our results providing the oligomer chain length and polymerization and crystallization mechanisms obtained by means of MD "computational microscopy" provide an important insight into the morphology of PEDOT that cannot be obtained by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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10
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Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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11
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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12
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Peterson A, Mehandzhiyski AY, Svenningsson L, Ziolkowska A, Kádár R, Lund A, Sandblad L, Evenäs L, Lo Re G, Zozoulenko I, Müller C. A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Polymer Matrix-Mediated Stress Transfer in a Cellulose Nanocomposite. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Leo Svenningsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Ziolkowska
- Umeå Center for Electron Microscopy (UCEM), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roland Kádár
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Linda Sandblad
- Umeå Center for Electron Microscopy (UCEM), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Evenäs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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13
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Jain K, Mehandzhiyski AY, Zozoulenko I, Wågberg L. PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous media: A comparative experimental and molecular dynamics study of particle size, morphology and z-potential. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:57-66. [PMID: 33059231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PEDOT PSS is the most widely used conducting polymer in organic and printed electronics. PEDOT PSS films have been extensively studied to understand the morphology, ionic and electronic conductivity of the polymer. However, the polymer dispersion, which is used to cast or spin coat the films, is not well characterized and not well understood theoretically. Here, we study in detail the particle morphology, size, charge density and zeta potential (z-potential) by coarse-grained MD simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, for different pH levels and ionic strengths. The PEDOT:PSS particles were found to be 12 nm-19 nm in diameter and had a z-potential of -30 mV to -50 mV when pH was changed from 1.7 to 9, at an added NaCl concentration of 1 mM, as measured by DLS. These values changed significantly with changing pH and ionic strength of the solution. The charge density of PEDOT:PSS particles was also found to be dependent on pH and ionic strength. Besides, the distribution of different ions (PSS-, PEDOT+, Na+, Cl-) present in the solution is simulated to understand the particle morphology and molecular origin of z-potential in PEDOT:PSS dispersion. The trend in change of particle size, charge density and z- potential with changing pH and ionic strength are in good agreement between the simulations and experiments. Our results show that the molecular model developed in this work represents very well the PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous dispersion. With this study, we hope to provide new insight and an in-depth understanding of the morphology and z-potential evolution in PEDOT:PSS dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Y Mehandzhiyski
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Sahalianov I, Hynynen J, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Zozoulenko I. UV-to-IR Absorption of Molecularly p-Doped Polythiophenes with Alkyl and Oligoether Side Chains: Experiment and Interpretation Based on Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11280-11293. [PMID: 33237790 PMCID: PMC7872427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UV-to-IR transitions in p-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with alkyl side chains and polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains are studied experimentally by means of the absorption spectroscopy and computationally using density functional theory (DFT) and tight-binding DFT. The evolution of electronic structure is calculated as the doping level is varied, while the roles of dopant ions, chain twisting, and π-π stacking are also considered, each of these having the effect of broadening the absorption peaks while not significantly changing their positions. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with experimental spectra obtained for the polymers doped with a molybdenum dithiolene complex. As in other DFT studies of doped conjugated polymers, the electronic structure and assignment of optical transitions that emerge are qualitatively different from those obtained through earlier "traditional" approaches. In particular, the two prominent bands seen for the p-doped materials are present for both polarons and bipolarons/polaron pairs. The lowest energy of these transitions is due to excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals located in the gap between the bands. The higher-energy band is a superposition of excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals in the gap and an excitation between bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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15
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Wadnerkar N, Gueskine V, Głowacki ED, Zozoulenko I. Density Functional Theory Mechanistic Study on H 2O 2 Production Using an Organic Semiconductor Epindolidione. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9605-9610. [PMID: 33166157 PMCID: PMC7681785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Organic
semiconductors have recently emerged as promising catalytic
materials for oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, a chemical of great importance in industry as well
as biology. While examples of organic semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic
and electrocatalytic processes for H2O2 production
become more numerous and improve in performance, fundamental understanding
of the reaction mechanisms at play have been explored far less. The
aim of the present work is to computationally test hypotheses of how
selective oxygen reduction to H2O2 generally
occurs on carbonyl dyes and pigments. As an example material, we consider
epindolidione (EPI), an industrial pigment with demonstrated semiconductor
properties, which photocatalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction
(ORR) and thereby producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in low pH environment has been recently experimentally demonstrated.
In this work, the ability of the reduced form of EPI, viz. EPI-2H
(which was formed after a photoinduced 2e–/2H+ process), to reduce molecular triplet oxygen to peroxide
and the possible mechanism of this reaction are computationally investigated
using density functional theory. In the main reaction pathway, the
reduction of O2 to H2O2 reaction
occurs via abstraction of one of the hydrogen atoms of EPI-2H by triplet
dioxygen to produce an intermediate complex consisting of the radicals
of hydrogen peroxide (HOO•) and EPI-H• at the initial stage. HOO• thus released can abstract
another hydrogen atom from EPI-H• to produce H2O2 and regenerates EPI; otherwise, it can enter
another pathway to abstract hydrogen from a neighboring EPI-2H to
form EPI-H• and H2O2. EPI,
after reduction, thus plays in ORR the role of hydrogen atom transfer
(HAT) agent via its OH group, similar to anthraquinone in the industrial
process, while HAT from its amino hydrogen is found unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Wadnerkar
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden.,Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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16
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Moser M, Hidalgo TC, Surgailis J, Gladisch J, Ghosh S, Sheelamanthula R, Thiburce Q, Giovannitti A, Salleo A, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, Zozoulenko I, Berggren M, Stavrinidou E, Inal S, McCulloch I. Side Chain Redistribution as a Strategy to Boost Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance and Stability. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002748. [PMID: 32754923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of glycolated polythiophenes for use in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is designed and synthesized, differing in the distribution of their ethylene glycol chains that are tethered to the conjugated backbone. While side chain redistribution does not have a significant impact on the optoelectronic properties of the polymers, this molecular engineering strategy strongly impacts the water uptake achieved in the polymers. By careful optimization of the water uptake in the polymer films, OECTs with unprecedented steady-state performances in terms of [μC* ] and current retentions up to 98% over 700 electrochemical switching cycles are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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17
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Modarresi M, Mehandzhiyski A, Fahlman M, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Microscopic Understanding of the Granular Structure and the Swelling of PEDOT:PSS. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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18
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Garg M, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Theoretical Rationalization of Self-Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Effect of Surface Modifications and Counterions. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3069-3080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Garg
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Scientific Visualization Group, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University, Linköping SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
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19
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Gladisch J, Stavrinidou E, Ghosh S, Giovannitti A, Moser M, Zozoulenko I, McCulloch I, Berggren M. Reversible Electronic Solid-Gel Switching of a Conjugated Polymer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1901144. [PMID: 31993279 PMCID: PMC6974956 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit electrically driven volume changes when included in electrochemical devices via the exchange of ions and solvent. So far, this volumetric change is limited to 40% and 100% for reversible and irreversible systems, respectively, thus restricting potential applications of this technology. A conjugated polymer that reversibly expands by about 300% upon addressing, relative to its previous contracted state, while the first irreversible actuation can achieve values ranging from 1000-10 000%, depending on the voltage applied is reported. From experimental and theoretical studies, it is found that this large and reversible volumetric switching is due to reorganization of the polymer during swelling as it transforms between a solid-state phase and a gel, while maintaining percolation for conductivity. The polymer is utilized as an electroactive cladding to reduce the void sizes of a porous carbon filter electrode by 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Physical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KSCThuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE‐60174NorrköpingSweden
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20
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Rehmen J, Zuber K, Modarresi M, Kim D, Charrault E, Jannasch P, Zozoulenko I, Evans D, Karlsson C. Structural Control of Charge Storage Capacity to Achieve 100% Doping in Vapor Phase-Polymerized PEDOT/Tosylate. ACS Omega 2019; 4:21818-21826. [PMID: 31891059 PMCID: PMC6933595 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vapor phase polymerization (VPP) is used to fabricate a series of tosylate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes on carbon paper. The series of VPP PEDOT/tosylate coatings has varying levels of crystallinity and electrical conductivity because of the use (or not) of nonionic triblock copolymers in the oxidant solution during synthesis. As a result, the impact of the structure on charge storage capacity is investigated using tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (0.1 M in acetonitrile). The ability to insert anions, and hence store charge, of the VPP PEDOT/tosylate is inversely related to its electrical conductivity. In the case of no nonionic triblock copolymer employed, the VPP PEDOT/tosylate achieves electrochemical doping levels of 1.0 charge per monomer or greater (≥100% doping level). Such high doping levels are demonstrated to be plausible by molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations. Experiments show that this high doping level is attainable when the PEDOT structure is weakly crystalline with (relatively) large crystallite domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaiz Rehmen
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Kamil Zuber
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department
of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
- Department
of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601
74, Sweden
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Department
of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601
74, Sweden
| | - Eric Charrault
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Department
of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601
74, Sweden
| | - Drew Evans
- Thin
Film Coating Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001 SA, Australia
| | - Christoffer Karlsson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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21
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Kim D, Zozoulenko I. Why Is Pristine PEDOT Oxidized to 33%? A Density Functional Theory Study of Oxidative Polymerization Mechanism. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5160-5167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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22
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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23
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Modarresi M, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. Computational microscopy study of the granular structure and pH dependence of PEDOT:PSS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6699-6711. [PMID: 30855609 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational microscopy based on Martini coarse grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a doped conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate (best known as PEDOT:PSS) was performed focussing on the formation of the granular structure and PEDOT crystallites, and the effect of pH on the material morphology. The PEDOT:PSS morphology is shown to be sensitive to the initial distribution of PEDOT and PSS in the solution, and the results of the modelling suggest that the experimentally observed granular structure of PEDOT:PSS can be only obtained if the PEDOT/PSS solution is in the dispersive state in the initial crystallization stages. Variation of the pH is demonstrated to strongly affect the morphology of PEDOT:PSS films, altering their structure between granular-type and homogeneous. It also affects the size of crystallites and the relative arrangement of PEDOT and PSS chains. It is shown that the crystallites in PEDOT:PSS are smaller than those in PEDOT with molecular counterions such as PEDOT:tosylate, which is consistent with the available experimental data. The predicted changes of the PEDOT:PSS morphology with variation of the pH can be tested experimentally, and the calculated atomistic picture of PEDOT:PSS films (not accessible by conventional experimental techniques) is instrumental for understanding the material structure and building realistic models of PEDOT:PSS morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Sahalianov I, Singh SK, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Zozoulenko I. The intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers: pseudo-capacitors or double-layer supercapacitors? RSC Adv 2019; 9:42498-42508. [PMID: 35542835 PMCID: PMC9076818 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacitance of conducting polymers represents one of the most important material parameters that in many cases determines the device and material performances. Despite a vast number of experimental studies, the theoretical understanding of the origin of the capacitance in conducting polymers remains unsatisfactory and appears even controversial. Here, we present a theoretical method, based on first principle capacitance calculations using density functional theory (DFT), and apply it to calculate the volumetric capacitance of two archetypical conducting polymers: poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy). Our aim is to achieve a quantitate description of the volumetric capacitance and to provide a qualitative understanding of its nature at the atomistic level. We find that the volumetric capacitance of PEDOT and PPy is ≈100 F cm−3 and ≈300 F cm−3, respectively, which is within the range of the corresponding reported experimental results. We demonstrate that the capacitance of conducting polymers originates from charges stored in atomistic Stern layers formed by counterions and doped polymeric chains. The Stern layers have a purely electrostatic origin, since the counterions do not form any bonds with the atoms of the polymeric chains, and no charge transfer between the counterions and conducting polymer takes place. This classifies the conducting polymers as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors. Further, we analyze contributions to the total capacitance originating from the classical capacitance CC and the quantum capacitance CQ, respectively, and find that the latter provides a dominant contribution. The method of calculations of the capacitance developed in the present paper is rather general and opens up the way for engineering and optimizing the capacitive response of the conducting polymers. Using the density functional theory, the intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers is calculated. It is shown that conducting polymers operate as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
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25
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Modarresi M, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Zozoulenko I. Morphology and ion diffusion in PEDOT:Tos. A coarse grained molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17188-17198. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Martini coarse-grained Molecular Dynamics (MD) model for the doped conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is developed. It is shown that the diffusion coefficients decrease exponentially as the hydration level is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Juan Felipe Franco-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- Department of Science and Technology
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
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26
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Rudd S, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Kumar Singh S, Ullah Khan Z, Crispin X, Andreasen JW, Zozoulenko I, Evans D. Charge transport and structure in semimetallic polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 56:97-104. [PMID: 29242675 PMCID: PMC5725714 DOI: 10.1002/polb.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to changes in their chemistry and structure, polymers can be fabricated to demonstrate vastly different electrical conductivities over many orders of magnitude. At the high end of conductivity is the class of conducting polymers, which are ideal candidates for many applications in low‐cost electronics. Here, we report the influence of the nature of the doping anion at high doping levels within the semi‐metallic conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on its electronic transport properties. Hall effect measurements on a variety of PEDOT samples show that the choice of doping anion can lead to an order of magnitude enhancement in the charge carrier mobility > 3 cm2/Vs at conductivities approaching 3000 S/cm under ambient conditions. Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering, Density Functional Theory calculations, and Molecular Dynamics simulations indicate that the chosen doping anion modifies the way PEDOT chains stack together. This link between structure and specific anion doping at high doping levels has ramifications for the fabrication of conducting polymer‐based devices. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 97–104
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Rudd
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Juan F Franco-Gonzalez
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399 Technical University of Denmark Roskilde 4000 Denmark
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Drew Evans
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
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27
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Seitanidou M, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Sjöström TA, Zozoulenko I, Berggren M, Simon DT. pH Dependence of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Iontronic Transport. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7284-7289. [PMID: 28741949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) has been developed as an "iontronic" tool for delivery of biological signaling compounds. OEIPs rely on electrophoretically "pumping" charged compounds, either at neutral or shifted pH, through an ion-selective channel. Significant shifts in pH lead to an abundance of H+ or OH-, which are delivered along with the intended substance. While this method has been used to transport various neurotransmitters, the role of pH has not been explored. Here we present an investigation of the role of pH on OEIP transport efficiency using the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the model cationic delivery substance. GABA transport is evaluated at various pHs using electrical and chemical characterization and compared to molecular dynamics simulations, all of which agree that pH 3 is ideal for GABA transport. These results demonstrate a useful method for optimizing transport of other substances and thus broadening OEIP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Juan Felipe Franco-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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28
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Bubnova O, Khan ZU, Wang H, Braun S, Evans DR, Fabretto M, Hojati-Talemi P, Dagnelund D, Arlin JB, Geerts YH, Desbief S, Breiby DW, Andreasen JW, Lazzaroni R, Chen WM, Zozoulenko I, Fahlman M, Murphy PJ, Berggren M, Crispin X. Semi-metallic polymers. Nat Mater 2014; 13:190-4. [PMID: 24317188 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are lightweight, flexible, solution-processable materials that are promising for low-cost printed electronics as well as for mass-produced and large-area applications. Previous studies demonstrated that they can possess insulating, semiconducting or metallic properties; here we report that polymers can also be semi-metallic. Semi-metals, exemplified by bismuth, graphite and telluride alloys, have no energy bandgap and a very low density of states at the Fermi level. Furthermore, they typically have a higher Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivities compared with metals, thus being suitable for thermoelectric applications. We measure the thermoelectric properties of various poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) samples, and observe a marked increase in the Seebeck coefficient when the electrical conductivity is enhanced through molecular organization. This initiates the transition from a Fermi glass to a semi-metal. The high Seebeck value, the metallic conductivity at room temperature and the absence of unpaired electron spins makes polymer semi-metals attractive for thermoelectrics and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bubnova
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Hui Wang
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Slawomir Braun
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Drew R Evans
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Manrico Fabretto
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Dagnelund
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arlin
- Free University of Brussels, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Free University of Brussels, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Simon Desbief
- University of Mons, Laboratoire de chimie des materiaux nouveaux, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Dag W Breiby
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- University of Mons, Laboratoire de chimie des materiaux nouveaux, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter J Murphy
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
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