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Armada-Moreira A, Dar AM, Zhao Z, Cea C, Gelinas J, Berggren M, Costa A, Khodagholy D, Stavrinidou E. Plant electrophysiology with conformable organic electronics: Deciphering the propagation of Venus flytrap action potentials. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh4443. [PMID: 37494449 PMCID: PMC10371018 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signals in plants are mediators of long-distance signaling and correlate with plant movements and responses to stress. These signals are studied with single surface electrodes that cannot resolve signal propagation and integration, thus impeding their decoding and link to function. Here, we developed a conformable multielectrode array based on organic electronics for large-scale and high-resolution plant electrophysiology. We performed precise spatiotemporal mapping of the action potential (AP) in Venus flytrap and found that the AP actively propagates through the tissue with constant speed and without strong directionality. We also found that spontaneously generated APs can originate from unstimulated hairs and that they correlate with trap movement. Last, we demonstrate that the Venus flytrap circuitry can be activated by cells other than the sensory hairs. Our work reveals key properties of the AP and establishes the capacity of organic bioelectronics for resolving electrical signaling in plants contributing to the mechanistic understanding of long-distance responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Armada-Moreira
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Neuronal Dynamics Lab, International School for Advanced Studies, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
| | - Abdul Manan Dar
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Zifang Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jennifer Gelinas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Petsagkourakis I, Riera-Galindo S, Ruoko TP, Strakosas X, Pavlopoulou E, Liu X, Braun S, Kroon R, Kim N, Lienemann S, Gueskine V, Hadziioannou G, Berggren M, Fahlman M, Fabiano S, Tybrandt K, Crispin X. Improved Performance of Organic Thermoelectric Generators Through Interfacial Energetics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2206954. [PMID: 37132565 PMCID: PMC10369274 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial energetics are known to play a crucial role in organic diodes, transistors, and sensors. Designing the metal-organic interface has been a tool to optimize the performance of organic (opto)electronic devices, but this is not reported for organic thermoelectrics. In this work, it is demonstrated that the electrical power of organic thermoelectric generators (OTEGs) is also strongly dependent on the metal-organic interfacial energetics. Without changing the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of polythiophene-based conducting polymers, the generated power of an OTEG can vary by three orders of magnitude simply by tuning the work function of the metal contact to reach above 1000 µW cm-2 . The effective Seebeck coefficient (Seff ) of a metal/polymer/metal single leg OTEG includes an interfacial contribution (Vinter /ΔT) in addition to the intrinsic bulk Seebeck coefficient of the polythiophenes, such that Seff = S + Vinter /ΔT varies from 22.7 µV K-1 [9.4 µV K-1 ] with Al to 50.5 µV K-1 [26.3 µV K-1 ] with Pt for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):p-toluenesulfonate [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate)]. Spectroscopic techniques are used to reveal a redox interfacial reaction affecting locally the doping level of the polymer at the vicinity of the metal-organic interface and conclude that the energetics at the metal-polymer interface provides a new strategy to enhance the performance of OTEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Riera-Galindo
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - T-P Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - E Pavlopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - X Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Braun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - R Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - N Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - V Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - G Hadziioannou
- Bordeaux INP, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LCPO, F-33600, UMR 5629, Pessac, France
| | - M Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 23, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - M Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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