51
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Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel 3,4-diaryl squaric acid analogs. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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52
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Tubulin-interactive stilbene derivatives as anticancer agents. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:368-97. [PMID: 23818224 PMCID: PMC6275897 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that occur in eukaryotic cells and play important roles in cell division, motility, transport and signaling. They form during the process of polymerization of α- and β-tubulin dimers. Tubulin is a significant and heavily researched molecular target for anticancer drugs. Combretastatins are natural cis-stilbenes that exhibit cytotoxic properties in cultured cancer cells in vitro. Combretastatin A-4 (3′-hydroxy-3,4,4′, 5-tetramethoxy-cis-stilbene; CA-4) is a potent cytotoxic cis-stilbene that binds to β-tubulin at the colchicine-binding site and inhibits tubulin polymerization. The prodrug CA-4 phosphate is currently in clinical trials as a chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. Numerous series of stilbene analogs have been studied in search of potent cytotoxic agents with the requisite tubulin-interactive properties. Microtubule-interfering agents include numerous CA-4 and transresveratrol analogs and other synthetic stilbene derivatives. Importantly, these agents are active in both tumor cells and immature endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels, where they inhibit the process of angiogenesis. Recently, computer-aided virtual screening was used to select potent tubulin-interactive compounds. This review covers the role of stilbene derivatives as a class of antitumor agents that act by targeting microtubule assembly dynamics. Additionally, we present the results of molecular modeling of their binding to specific sites on the α- and β-tubulin heterodimer. This has enabled the elucidation of the mechanism of stilbene cytotoxicity and is useful in the design of novel agents with improved anti-mitotic activity. Tubulin-interactive agents are believed to have the potential to play a significant role in the fight against cancer.
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53
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Assadieskandar A, Amini M, Ostad SN, Riazi GH, Cheraghi-Shavi T, Shafiei B, Shafiee A. Design, synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation and tubulin inhibitory activity of 4-aryl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-alkylthio-1H-imidazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2703-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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54
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Shen LH, Li HY, Shang HX, Tian ST, Lai YS, Liu LJ. Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of new colchicine derivatives bearing 1,3,4-thiadiazole moieties. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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55
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Porcù E, Viola G, Bortolozzi R, Persano L, Mitola S, Ronca R, Presta M, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Basso G. TR-644 a novel potent tubulin binding agent induces impairment of endothelial cells function and inhibits angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:647-62. [PMID: 23456551 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TR-644 is a novel combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) analogue endowed with potent microtubule depolymerizing activity superior to that of the lead compound and it also has high affinity to colchicines binding site of tubulin. We tested TR-644 anti-angiogenic effects in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC). It showed no significant effects on the growth of HUVEC cells at concentrations below 1,000 nM, but at much lower concentrations (10-100 nM) it induced inhibition of capillary tube formation, inhibition of endothelial cell migration and affected endothelial cell morphology as demonstrated by the disruption of the microtubule network. TR-644 also increased permeability of HUVEC cells in a time dependent manner. The molecular mechanism for the anti-vascular activity of TR-644 was investigated in detail. TR-644 caused G2/M arrest in endothelial cells and this effect correlated with downregulation of the expression of Cdc25C and Cdc2(Tyr15). Moreover TR-644 inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VE-cadherin but did not prevent the VEGF-induced phosphorylation of FAK. In chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo assay, TR-644 (0.1-1.0 pmol/egg) efficiently counteracted the strong angiogenic response induced by FGF. Also CA-4, used as reference compound, caused an antagonistic effect, but in contrast, it induced per se, a remarkable angiogenic response probably due to an inflammatory reaction in the site of treatment. In a mice allogenic tumor model, immunohistochemical staining of tumors with anti-CD31 antibody showed that TR-644 significantly reduced the number of vessel, after 24 h from the administration of a single dose (30 mg/Kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcù
- Laboratorio di Oncoematologia, Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy
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56
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Li Y, Geng J, Liu Y, Yu S, Zhao G. Thiadiazole-a Promising Structure in Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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57
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Guo D, Wang Z, Fan Z, Zhao H, Zhang W, Cheng J, Yang J, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Fan Q. Synthesis, Bioactivities and Structure Activity Relationship ofN-4-Methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbonyl-N′-phenyl Ureas. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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58
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity of 3,4-disubstituted-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles and novel 5,6-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4471-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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59
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Exploration of the SAR of anti-invasive chalcones: synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally restricted analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4812-9. [PMID: 22743088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to get a clearer view on the active geometry of anti-invasive chalcones, we have prepared a number of isoxazoles and related substances as conformationally restrained mimics of 1,3-diarylpropenones, and also of (Z)-stilbenes. In vitro anti-invasive activity data for 3,5-isoxazoles and 4,5-isoxazoles, together with an in silico geometrical comparison, point towards an active conformation for chalcones more resembling their s-trans geometry than the s-cis counterpart.
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60
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Kamal A, Viswanath A, Ramaiah MJ, Murty JNSRC, Sultana F, Ramakrishna G, Tamboli JR, Pushpavalli SNCVL, pal D, Kishor C, Addlagatta A, Bhadra MP. Synthesis of tetrazole–isoxazoline hybrids as a new class of tubulin polymerization inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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61
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Salvador MK, Preti D, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Brancale A, Fu XH, Li J, Zhang SZ, Hamel E, Bortolozzi R, Basso G, Viola G. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles as rigid analogues of combretastatin A-4 with potent antiproliferative and antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2011; 55:475-88. [PMID: 22136312 DOI: 10.1021/jm2013979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin, the major structural component of microtubules, is a target for the development of anticancer agents. Two series of 1,5-diaryl substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrazoles were concisely synthesized, using a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction, and identified as potent antiproliferative agents and novel tubulin polymerization inhibitors that act at the colchicine site. SAR analysis indicated that compounds with a 4-ethoxyphenyl group at the N-1 or C-5 position of the 1,2,3,4-tetrazole ring exhibited maximal activity. Several of these compounds also had potent activity in inhibiting the growth of multidrug resistant cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein. Active compounds induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway with activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Furthermore, compound 4l significantly reduced in vivo the growth of the HT-29 xenograft in a nude mouse model, suggesting that 4l is a promising new antimitotic agent with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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62
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Taher AT, Georgey HH, El-Subbagh HI. Novel 1,3,4-heterodiazole analogues: synthesis and in-vitro antitumor activity. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 47:445-51. [PMID: 22119151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of some new heterodiazole and their annulated imidazo[2,1-b]1,3,4-oxa/thiadiazolone 6a-d, 7a-d; 1,3,4-oxa or thiadiazole[3,2-a]pyrimidine diamine 8a-d and 1,3,4-oxa or thiadiazole-3-piperidino-1-propamide 11a,b derivatives have been described. The obtained compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro antitumor activity. A single dose (10 μM) of the test compounds were used in the full National Cancer Institute (NCI) 60 cell lines panel assay. Compounds 6c and 6d displayed appreciable anticancer activity against leukemia, non-small cell lung, CNS and showed moderate activity against colon, melanoma, and breast cancer cells lines. Compound 6c possessed remarkable broad-spectrum antitumor activity which almost 4 fold more active than the known drug 5-FU with GI(50), TGI, and LC(50) values of 6.0, 17.4, and 55.1 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza T Taher
- Departments of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, P.O.Box 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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63
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Brancale A, Ricci A, Hamel E, Bortolozzi R, Basso G, Viola G. Convergent synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-amino-4-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-aryl thiazoles as microtubule targeting agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5144-53. [PMID: 21663319 DOI: 10.1021/jm200392p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Combretastatin A-4, a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor, caused us to synthesize a novel series of 2-amino-4-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-aryl thiazoles with the goal of evaluating the effects of substituents on the phenyl at the 5-position of the thiazole skeleton on biological activities. An ethoxy group at the para-position produced the most active compound in the series, with IC(50) values of 0.03-0.9 nM against five of seven cancer cell lines. The most active compounds retained full activity in multidrug resistant cancer cells and acted through the colchicine site of tubulin. Treated cells were arrested in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, with cell death proceeding through an apoptotic pathway that was only partially caspase-dependent. Preliminary results suggest that, in addition to cell death by apoptosis, cells were also killed via mitotic catastrophe as an alternative cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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64
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Wang S, Wang H, Fan Z, Fu Y, Mi N, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Belskaya NP, Bakulev VA. Synthesis of 3,5-Dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl Containing 1,2,3-Thiadiazole Derivatives via Ugi Reaction and Their Biological Activities. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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65
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Liu T, Cui R, Chen J, Zhang J, He Q, Yang B, Hu Y. 4,5-Diaryl-3-aminopyrazole derivatives as analogs of Combretastatin A-4: synthesis and biological evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:279-86. [PMID: 21290430 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of cis-restricted 4,5-diaryl-3-aminopyrazole derivatives were synthesized and tested for their cytotoxic activity in vitro against five human cancer cell lines (K562, ECA-109, A549, SMMC-7721, and PC-3). Compounds 5a, 5b, 5d, and 6b showed potent cytotoxicity against all tested cell lines. Primary mechanism research on compound 5a indicated that it was a potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization, arresting cell cycle in G(2)/M phase. The docking research showed the conformation of 5a overlaps well with CA-4 in the crystallized protein complex, suggesting the 4,5-diaryl-3-aminopyrazoles were good mimics of CA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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66
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Magalhães HIF, Bezerra DP, Cavalcanti BC, Wilke DV, Rotta R, de Lima DP, Beatriz A, Alves APNN, Bitencourt FDS, de Figueiredo IST, Alencar NMN, Costa-Lotufo LV, Moraes MO, Pessoa C. In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of (4-methoxyphenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 68:45-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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Brachet E, Hamze A, Peyrat JF, Brion JD, Alami M. Pd-Catalyzed Reaction of Sterically Hindered Hydrazones with Aryl Halides: Synthesis of Tetra-Substituted Olefins Related to iso-Combretastatin A4. Org Lett 2010; 12:4042-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101639g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Brachet
- University Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, BioCIS UMR 8076, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296, France
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- University Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, BioCIS UMR 8076, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296, France
| | - Jean-François Peyrat
- University Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, BioCIS UMR 8076, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Brion
- University Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, BioCIS UMR 8076, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296, France
| | - Mouad Alami
- University Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, BioCIS UMR 8076, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296, France
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68
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Turner M, Linder T, Schnürch M, Mihovilovic MD, Stanetty P. Investigation of the regioselectivity of the Hurd–Mori reaction for the formation of bicyclic 1,2,3-thiadiazoles. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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69
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Cruz-Lopez O, Lopez Cara C, Carrion MD, Brancale A, Hamel E, Chen L, Bortolozzi R, Basso G, Viola G. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles as cis-restricted combretastatin analogues. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4248-58. [PMID: 20420439 DOI: 10.1021/jm100245q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1-aryl-5-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl) derivatives and their related 1-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-aryl-1,2,4-triazoles, designed as cis-restricted combretastatin analogues, were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity, inhibitory effects on tubulin polymerization, cell cycle effects, and apoptosis induction. Their activity was greater than, or comparable with, that of the reference compound CA-4. Flow cytometry studies showed that HeLa and Jurkat cells treated with the most active compounds 4l and 4o were arrested in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in a concentration dependent manner. This effect was accompanied by apoptosis of the cells, mitochondrial depolarization, generation of reactive oxygen species, activation of caspase-3, and PARP cleavage. Compound 4l was also shown to have potential antivascular activity, since it induced endothelial cell shape change in vitro and disrupted the sprouting of endothelial cells in the chick aortic ring assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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70
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Pettit GR, Minardi MD, Hogan F, Price PM. An efficient synthetic strategy for obtaining 4-methoxy carbon isotope labeled combretastatin A-4 phosphate and other Z-combretastatins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:399-403. [PMID: 20028026 PMCID: PMC2862752 DOI: 10.1021/np9004486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human cancer and other clinical trials under development employing combretastatin A-4 phosphate (1b, CA4P) should benefit from the availability of a [(11)C]-labeled derivative for positron emission tomography (PET). In order to obtain a suitable precursor for addition of a [(11)C]methyl group at the penultimate step, several new synthetic pathways to CA4P were evaluated. Geometrical isomerization (Z to E) proved to be a challenge, but it was overcome by development of a new CA4P synthesis suitable for 4-methoxy isotope labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA.
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71
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Synthesis and antiviral activity of new acrylamide derivatives containing 1,2,3-thiadiazole as inhibitors of hepatitis B virus replication. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:1919-26. [PMID: 20149495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of new acrylamide derivatives containing 1,2,3-thiadiazole were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities in vitro. The IC50 of compounds 9b (10.4 microg/mL), 9c (3.59 microg/mL) and 17a (9.00 microg/mL) of the inhibition on the replication of HBV DNA were higher than that of the positive control lamivudine (14.8 microg/mL). Compound 9d exhibited significant activity against secretion of HBeAg (IC50=12.26 microg/mL).
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72
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Molecular interactions in cancer cell metastasis. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:3-25. [PMID: 19162308 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis, the process by which cancer cells leave the primary tumour, disseminate and form secondary tumours at anatomically distant sites, is a serious clinical problem as it is disseminated disease, which is often impossible to eradicate successfully, that causes the death of most cancer patients. Metastasis results from a complex molecular cascade comprising many steps, all of which are interconnected through a series of adhesive interactions and invasive processes as well as responses to chemotactic stimuli. In spite of its clinical significance, it remains incompletely understood. This review provides an overview of some of the molecular interactions that are critical to metastasis. It summarises the principle molecular players in the major steps of the metastatic cascade. These are: (1) tumour angiogenesis, (2) disaggregation of tumour cells from the primary tumour mass, mediated by cadherins and catenins, (3) invasion of, and migration through, the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the tumour epithelium, and subsequent invasion of the BM of the endothelium of local blood vessels. This is mediated through integrins and proteases, including urokinase form of plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins, (4) intravasation of the tumour cells into the blood vessels prior to hematogeneous dissemination to distant sites, (5) adhesion of the circulating tumour cells to the endothelial cell lining at the capillary bed of the target organ site. This occurs through adhesive interactions between cancer cells and endothelial cells involving selectins, integrins and members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), (6) invasion of the tumour cells through the endothelial cell layer and surrounding BM (extravasation) and target organ tissue and (7) the development of secondary tumour foci at the target organ site.
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73
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Liu ZY, Wang YM, Li ZR, Jiang JD, Boykin DW. Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel 3,4-diarylthiazol-2(3H)-ones (imines). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5661-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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74
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Bellina F, Marchetti C, Rossi R. An Economical Access to 3,4-Diaryl-2(5H)-furanones and 4-Aryl-6-methyl-2(2H)-pyranones by Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki-Type Arylation of 3-Aryl-4-tosyloxy-2(5H)-furanones and 6-Methyl-4-tosyloxy-2(2H)-pyranones, Respectively. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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75
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el-Sabbagh OI, Rady HM. Synthesis of new acridines and hydrazones derived from cyclic beta-diketone for cytotoxic and antiviral evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3680-6. [PMID: 19423201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic beta-diketone namely, dimedone was utilized to prepare different chemical entities whether cyclic such as acridines, thiadiazole and triazole or acyclic systems as hydrazide, hydrazones, thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide. The structures of the novel compounds were determined using elemental analyses and various spectroscopic methods. Most acyclic derivatives especially semicarbazide 19, hydrazide 9 and thiosemicarbazide 16 showed a higher in vitro cytotoxic activity against hepatoma cell line (HepG2) than the cyclized acridine derivatives. The antiviral activity of the new compounds against Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) using the plague infectivity reduction assay revealed that the acridine 4 and the hydrazone 12 were more active than the reference drug amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama I el-Sabbagh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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76
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Cerrada E, Laguna M, Lardíes N. Bis(1,2,3‐thiadiazole)s as Precursors in the Synthesis of Bis(alkynethiolate)gold(I) Derivatives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza – C. S. I. C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mariano Laguna
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza – C. S. I. C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nora Lardíes
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza – C. S. I. C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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77
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Bellina F, Cauteruccio S, Di Fiore A, Rossi R. Regioselective Synthesis of 4,5-Diaryl-1-methyl-1H-imidazoles Including Highly Cytotoxic Derivatives by Pd-Catalyzed Direct C-5 Arylation of 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole with Aryl Bromides. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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78
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Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to the development of metastases, hence the most important improvements in morbidity and mortality will result from prevention (or elimination) of such disseminated disease. Some would argue that treatments directed against metastasis are too late because cells have already escaped from the primary tumour. Such an assertion runs contrary to the significant but (for many common adult cancers) fairly modest improvements in survival following the use of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy designed to eliminate disseminated cells after surgical removal of the primary tumour. Nonetheless, the debate raises important issues concerning the accurate early identification of clonogenic, metastatic cells, the discovery of novel, tractable targets for therapy, and the monitoring of minimal residual disease. We focus on recent findings regarding intrinsic and extrinsic molecular mechanisms controlling metastasis that determine how, when, and where cancers metastasise, and their implications for patient management in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK.
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79
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Lardiés N, Romeo I, Cerrada E, Laguna M, Skabara PJ. Synthesis and properties of alkynethiolate gold(i) complexes. Dalton Trans 2007:5329-38. [DOI: 10.1039/b708966j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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