1
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Nakagawa H, Higurashi M, Ishikawa F, Mori K, Shibanuma M. An indispensable role of TAZ in anoikis resistance promoted by OTUB1 deubiquitinating enzyme in basal-like triple-negative breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 649:1-9. [PMID: 36738577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), are mostly fatal because of their potential to metastasize to distant organs. Cancer cells acquire various abilities to metastasize, including resistance to anoikis, an apoptotic cell death induced by loss of anchorage to the extracellular matrix. Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) and Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, regulate cell- and tissue-level architectures by responding to mechanical microenvironments of cells, including the cell-extracellular matrix interaction. The Hippo pathway is frequently disrupted in cancer cells, and TAZ and YAP are irrelevantly activated, potentially resulting in anchorage-independent survival/proliferation of cancer cells and metastatic progression. The study aims to investigate the roles of TAZ and YAP in anoikis resistance in basal-like (BL) TNBC cells, which comprise a major subtype (>70%) of TNBC. We found that TAZ and YAP had nonredundant roles in anchorage-independent cancer cell survival or anoikis resistance. Particularly, TAZ was indispensable for anoikis resistance in BL-TNBC cells but not for survival of non-transformed mammary epithelial cells (MECs). In contrast, YAP, a paralog of TAZ, was indispensable for survival of both non-transformed MECs and cancer cells. Therefore, TAZ might be a preferable therapeutic target against dissemination of aggressive cancer cells without killing normal cells. Interestingly, TAZ was abnormally stabilized in BL-TNBC cells under non-adherent conditions, which promoted anoikis resistance. Furthermore, OTUB1, a deubiquitinating enzyme, was responsible for the stabilization of TAZ in detached BL-TNBC cells. Importantly, simultaneous high expression of TAZ and OTUB1 was associated with poor prognosis in BC. Thus, OTUB1 has emerged as a potentially druggable target. Successful inhibition of OTUB1 enzymatic activity is expected to downregulate TAZ and eventually prevents metastasis of aggressive cancers, such as BL-TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetsugu Nakagawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Higurashi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Motoko Shibanuma
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Chen X, Xia Q, Sun N, Zhou H, Xu Z, Yang X, Yan R, Li P, Li T, Qin X, Yang H, Wu C, You F, Liao X, Li S, Liu Y. Shear stress enhances anoikis resistance of cancer cells through ROS and NO suppressed degeneration of Caveolin-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:95-107. [PMID: 36243211 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) acquire enhanced anti-anoikis abilities after experiencing flow shear stress in the circulatory system. Our previous study demonstrated that low shear stress (LSS) promotes anoikis resistance of human breast carcinoma cells via caveolin-1 (Cav-1)-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. However, the underlying mechanism how LSS enhanced Cav-1 expression in suspended cancer cells remains unclear. Herein, we found that LSS induced redox signaling was involved in the regulation of Cav-1 level and anoikis resistance in suspension cultured cancer cells. Exposure of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells to LSS (2 dyn/cm2) markedly induced ROS and •NO generation, which promoted the cell viability and reduced the cancer cell apoptosis. Furthermore, ROS and •NO scavenging inhibited the upregulation of Cav-1 by interfering ubiquitination, and suppressed the anoikis resistance of suspended tumor cells. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which LSS-stimulated ROS and •NO generation increases Cav-1 stabilization in suspended cancer cells through inhibition of ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which could be a potential target for therapy of metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ningwei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hailei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fengming You
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, PR China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China.
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3
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Kim YS, Tang PW, Welles JE, Pan W, Javed Z, Elhaw AT, Mythreye K, Kimball SR, Hempel N. HuR-dependent SOD2 protein synthesis is an early adaptation to anchorage-independence. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102329. [PMID: 35594792 PMCID: PMC9121325 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Priscilla W Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Welles
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Weihua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zaineb Javed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amal Taher Elhaw
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Takeshita Y, Motohara T, Kadomatsu T, Doi T, Obayashi K, Oike Y, Katabuchi H, Endo M. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 decreases peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer cells by suppressing anoikis resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 561:26-32. [PMID: 34000514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is a common mode of spread of ovarian cancer. Despite therapeutic advances, some patients have intractable peritoneal metastasis. Therefore, in-depth characterization of the molecular mechanism of peritoneal metastasis is a key imperative. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) is an inflammatory factor which activates NF-κB signaling and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases including cancers, such as lung and breast cancer. In this study, we examined the role of ANGPTL2 in ovarian cancer peritoneal metastasis. We observed no difference of cell proliferation between ANGPTL2-expressing and control cells. In the mouse intraperitoneal xenograft model, formation of peritoneal metastasis by ANGPTL2-expressing cells was significantly decreased compared to control. In the in vitro analysis, the expressions of integrin α5β1, α6, and β4, but not those of αvβ3, α3, α4, and β1, were significantly decreased in ANGPTL2-expressing cells compared to control cells. ANGPTL2-expressing cells showed significantly inhibited adherence to laminin compared to control. In addition, we observed upregulation of anoikis (a form of programmed cell death occurring under an anchorage-independent condition) and significant decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 in ANGPTL2-expressing cells as compared to control cells. These results suggest that ANGPTL2 expression in ovarian cancer cells represses peritoneal metastasis by suppressing anoikis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Takeshita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takeshi Motohara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kadomatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Doi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kunie Obayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Katabuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Endo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan.
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5
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Yao X, Pham T, Temple B, Gray S, Cannon C, Chen R, Abdel-Mageed AB, Biliran H. The Anoikis Effector Bit1 Inhibits EMT through Attenuation of TLE1-Mediated Repression of E-Cadherin in Lung Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163228. [PMID: 27655370 PMCID: PMC5031426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial Bcl-2 inhibitor of transcription 1 (Bit1) protein is part of an anoikis-regulating pathway that is selectively dependent on integrins. We previously demonstrated that the caspase-independent apoptotic effector Bit1 exerts tumor suppressive function in lung cancer in part by inhibiting anoikis resistance and anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Herein we show a novel function of Bit1 as an inhibitor cell migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. Suppression of endogenous Bit1 expression via siRNA and shRNA strategies promoted mesenchymal phenotypes, including enhanced fibroblastoid morphology and cell migratory potential with concomitant downregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin expression. Conversely, ectopic Bit1 expression in A549 cells promoted epithelial transition characterized by cuboidal-like epithelial cell phenotype, reduced cell motility, and upregulated E-cadherin expression. Specific downregulation of E-cadherin in Bit1-transfected cells was sufficient to block Bit1-mediated inhibition of cell motility while forced expression of E-cadherin alone attenuated the enhanced migration of Bit1 knockdown cells, indicating that E-cadherin is a downstream target of Bit1 in regulating cell motility. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR and reporter analyses revealed that Bit1 upregulates E-cadherin expression at the transcriptional level through the transcriptional regulator Amino-terminal Enhancer of Split (AES) protein. Importantly, the Bit1/AES pathway induction of E-cadherin expression involves inhibition of the TLE1-mediated repression of E-cadherin, by decreasing TLE1 corepressor occupancy at the E-cadherin promoter as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Consistent with its EMT inhibitory function, exogenous Bit1 expression significantly suppressed the formation of lung metastases of A549 cells in an in vivo experimental metastasis model. Taken together, our studies indicate Bit1 is an inhibitor of EMT and metastasis in lung cancer and hence can serve as a molecular target in curbing lung cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- Department of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tri Pham
- Department of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brandi Temple
- Department of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Selena Gray
- Department of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cornita Cannon
- Department of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Renwei Chen
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hector Biliran
- Department of Biological and Public Health Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying integrin-dependent signalling are a topic of continued study. Endocytosed integrins are now shown to drive assembly of signalling complexes on the cytoplasmic face of endocytic membranes to promote cancer cell survival and increase metastatic capacity following cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rainero
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jim C Norman
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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7
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Wood S, Goldufsky J, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT Induces Atypical Anoikis Apoptosis in Target Host Cells by Transforming Crk Adaptor Protein into a Cytotoxin. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004934. [PMID: 26020630 PMCID: PMC4447348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT induces potent apoptosis in host epithelial cells in a manner that primarily depends on its ADP-ribosyltransferase domain (ADPRT) activity. However, the mechanism underlying ExoT/ADPRT-induced apoptosis remains undetermined. We now report that ExoT/ADPRT disrupts focal adhesion sites, activates p38β and JNK, and interferes with integrin-mediated survival signaling; causing atypical anoikis. We show that ExoT/ADPRT-induced anoikis is mediated by the Crk adaptor protein. We found that Crk-/- knockout cells are significantly more resistant to ExoT-induced apoptosis, while Crk-/- cells complemented with Crk are rendered sensitive to ExoT-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a dominant negative (DN) mutant form of Crk phenocopies ExoT-induced apoptosis both kinetically and mechanistically. Crk is generally believed to be a component of focal adhesion (FA) and its role in cellular survival remains controversial in that it has been found to be either pro-survival or pro-apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that although Crk is recruited to FA sites, its function is likely not required for FA assembly or for survival per se. However, when modified by ExoT or by mutagenesis, it can be transformed into a cytotoxin that induces anoikis by disrupting FA sites and interfering with integrin survival signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first example whereby a bacterial toxin exerts its cytotoxicity by subverting the function of an innocuous host cellular protein and turning it against the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josef Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Dey S, Sayers CM, Verginadis II, Lehman SL, Cheng Y, Cerniglia GJ, Tuttle SW, Feldman MD, Zhang PJL, Fuchs SY, Diehl JA, Koumenis C. ATF4-dependent induction of heme oxygenase 1 prevents anoikis and promotes metastasis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2592-608. [PMID: 26011642 DOI: 10.1172/jci78031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a critical mediator of cancer cell survival, and targeting the ISR inhibits tumor progression. Here, we have shown that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a master transcriptional effector of the ISR, protects transformed cells against anoikis - a specialized form of apoptosis - following matrix detachment and also contributes to tumor metastatic properties. Upon loss of attachment, ATF4 activated a coordinated program of cytoprotective autophagy and antioxidant responses, including induced expression of the major antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). HO-1 upregulation was the result of simultaneous activation of ATF4 and the transcription factor NRF2, which converged on the HO1 promoter. Increased levels of HO-1 ameliorated oxidative stress and cell death. ATF4-deficient human fibrosarcoma cells were unable to colonize the lungs in a murine model, and reconstitution of ATF4 or HO-1 expression in ATF4-deficient cells blocked anoikis and rescued tumor lung colonization. HO-1 expression was higher in human primary and metastatic tumors compared with noncancerous tissue. Moreover, HO-1 expression correlated with reduced overall survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma. These results establish HO-1 as a mediator of ATF4-dependent anoikis resistance and tumor metastasis and suggest ATF4 and HO-1 as potential targets for therapeutic intervention in solid tumors.
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9
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Abstract
Anoikis is an anchorage-independent cell death. Resistance to anoikis is one of the key features of metastatic cells. Here, we analyzed the role of STAT3 in anoikis resistance in melanoma cells leading to metastasis. When grown under anchorage-independent conditions, significant proportion of cells resisted anoikis and these resistant cells had higher rate of migration and invasion as compared to the cells grown under anchorage-dependent conditions. The anoikis resistant cells also had significantly higher expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 at Y705 than the cells that were attached to the basement membrane. STAT3 inhibitors, AG 490 and piplartine (PL) induced anoikis in a concentration-dependent manner in anoikis resistant cells. Over-expression of STAT3 or treatment with IL-6 not only increased anoikis resistance, but also protected the cancer cells from PL-induced anoikis. On the other hand, silencing STAT3 decreased the potential of cancer cells to resist anoikis and to migrate. STAT3 knock-down cells and PL treated cells did not form tumors as well as failed to metastasize in SCID-NSG mice as compared to untreated anchorage-independent cells, which formed big tumors and extensively metastasized. In summary, our results for the first time establish STAT3 as a critical player that renders anoikis resistance to melanoma cells and enhance their metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel M Fofaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
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10
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Hori M, Miki T, Okamoto M, Yazama F, Konishi H, Kaneko H, Shimamoto F, Ota T, Temme A, Tatsuka M. The detergent-soluble cytoplasmic pool of survivin suppresses anoikis and its expression is associated with metastatic disease of human colon cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55710. [PMID: 23405201 PMCID: PMC3565976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivin is a component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) that is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. Interfering with the function of Survivin in mitosis leads to chromosome segregation errors and defective cytokinesis. Survivin contains a Baculovirus IAP Repeat (BIR) and therefore was originally classified as inhibitor of apopotosis protein (IAP), yet its role in apoptosis after cellular stress remains largely unknown. We demonstrate here, that Survivin predominantly suppresses anoikis, a form of programmed cell death induced by loss of cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix. Interestingly, cells ectopically overexpressing EGFP-Survivin showed after loss of cell-matrix-interaction a decreased expression of IκB-α. Subsequent subcellular protein fractionation and immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that XIAP interacts with detergent-soluble Survivin which is known to cooperatively activate NF-κB signaling. Examination of the expression levels of detergent soluble Survivin in colorectal cancer cell lines and in colorectal cancerous tissues revealed that detergent soluble cytoplasmic Survivin levels correlated inversely with anoikis susceptibility in colorectal cancer. Therefore, the detergent soluble cytoplasmic Survivin might be a promising predictive biomarker for lymph node and distant metastases of colorectal cancer. We conclude that an anti-apoptotic function of detergent-soluble Survivin in interphase cells experiencing anoikis is mediated at least via XIAP/IκB-α/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hori
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Miki
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Futoshi Yazama
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumio Shimamoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Culture and Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahide Ota
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Jenning S, Pham T, Ireland SK, Ruoslahti E, Biliran H. Bit1 in anoikis resistance and tumor metastasis. Cancer Lett 2013; 333:147-51. [PMID: 23376255 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells and most adherent normal cells rely on adhesion-dependent, integrin-mediated survival signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to survive. When these cells are deprived of adhesion to the ECM, they undergo a specific form of apoptosis termed "anoikis." In contrast, malignant cells have attained mechanisms to enable them to survive in the absence of adhesion and are considered anchorage-independent. This review will focus on the biological function of the Bcl2-inhibitor of transcription (Bit1) protein in the anoikis process, the underlying molecular mechanism of Bit1 apoptotic function, and its role in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jenning
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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12
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Coulombel L. [How epithelium gets rid of weird cells]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:914-7. [PMID: 23171889 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20122811004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Caneba CA, Bellance N, Yang L, Pabst L, Nagrath D. Pyruvate uptake is increased in highly invasive ovarian cancer cells under anoikis conditions for anaplerosis, mitochondrial function, and migration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1036-52. [PMID: 22895781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00151.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis resistance, or the ability for cells to live detached from the extracellular matrix, is a property of epithelial cancers. The "Warburg effect," or the preference of cancer cells for glycolysis for their energy production even in the presence of oxygen, has been shown to be evident in various tumors. Since a cancer cell's metastatic ability depends on microenvironmental conditions (nutrients, stromal cells, and vascularization) and is highly variable for different organs, their cellular metabolic fluxes and nutrient demand may show considerable differences. Moreover, a cancer cell's metastatic ability, which is dependent on the stage of cancer, may further create metabolic alterations depending on its microenvironment. Although recent studies have aimed to elucidate cancer cell metabolism under detached conditions, the nutrient demand and metabolic activity of cancer cells under nonadherent conditions remain poorly understood. Additionally, less is known about metabolic alterations in ovarian cancer cells with varying invasive capability under anoikis conditions. We hypothesized that the metabolism of highly invasive ovarian cancer cells in detachment would differ from less invasive ovarian cancer cells and that ovarian cancer cells will have altered metabolism in detached vs. attached conditions. To assess these metabolic differences, we integrated a secretomics-based metabolic footprinting (MFP) approach with mitochondrial bioenergetics. Interestingly, MFP revealed higher pyruvate uptake and oxygen consumption in more invasive ovarian cancer cells than their less invasive counterparts. Furthermore, ATP production was higher in more invasive vs. less invasive ovarian cancer cells in detachment. We found that pyruvate has an effect on highly invasive ovarian cancer cells' migration ability. Our results are the first to demonstrate that higher mitochondrial activity is related to higher ovarian cancer invasiveness under detached conditions. Importantly, our results bring insights regarding the metabolism of cancer cells under nonadherent conditions and could lead to the development of therapies for modulating cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Caneba
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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14
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Pradeep CR, Zeisel A, Köstler WJ, Lauriola M, Jacob-Hirsch J, Haibe-Kains B, Amariglio N, Ben-Chetrit N, Emde A, Solomonov I, Neufeld G, Piccart M, Sagi I, Sotiriou C, Rechavi G, Domany E, Desmedt C, Yarden Y. Modeling invasive breast cancer: growth factors propel progression of HER2-positive premalignant lesions. Oncogene 2012; 31:3569-83. [PMID: 22139081 PMCID: PMC3616212 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The HER2/neu oncogene encodes a receptor-like tyrosine kinase whose overexpression in breast cancer predicts poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies. However, the mechanisms underlying aggressiveness of HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-overexpressing tumors remain incompletely understood. Because it assists epidermal growth factor (EGF) and neuregulin receptors, we overexpressed HER2 in MCF10A mammary cells and applied growth factors. HER2-overexpressing cells grown in extracellular matrix formed filled spheroids, which protruded outgrowths upon growth factor stimulation. Our transcriptome analyses imply a two-hit model for invasive growth: HER2-induced proliferation and evasion from anoikis generate filled structures, which are morphologically and transcriptionally analogous to preinvasive patients' lesions. In the second hit, EGF escalates signaling and transcriptional responses leading to invasive growth. Consistent with clinical relevance, a gene expression signature based on the HER2/EGF-activated transcriptional program can predict poorer prognosis of a subgroup of HER2-overexpressing patients. In conclusion, the integration of a three-dimensional cellular model and clinical data attributes progression of HER2-overexpressing lesions to EGF-like growth factors acting in the context of the tumor's microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Anoikis/physiology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Extracellular Matrix/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Spheroids, Cellular/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C-R Pradeep
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Zeisel
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - WJ Köstler
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Lauriola
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Jacob-Hirsch
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Functional Genomics, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - B Haibe-Kains
- Institut Jules Bordet, Translational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Amariglio
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Functional Genomics, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Emde
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Solomonov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Neufeld
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Piccart
- Institut Jules Bordet, Translational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Sagi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Sotiriou
- Institut Jules Bordet, Translational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Rechavi
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Functional Genomics, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Domany
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Desmedt
- Institut Jules Bordet, Translational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Nakayama K, Katagiri H, Ishibashi T, Miyazaki K. [Metastasis related gene]. Nihon Rinsho 2012; 70 Suppl 4:502-506. [PMID: 23156298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine
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16
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Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in men, largely attributable to distant metastases, most frequently to bones. Despite intensive investigations, molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis are not completely understood. Among prostate cancer-derived factors, parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), first discovered as an etiologic factor for malignancy-induced hypercalcemia, regulates many cellular functions critical to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In this study, the role of PTHrP in tumor cell survival from detachment-induced apoptosis (i.e. anoikis) was investigated. Reduction of PTHLH (encoding PTHrP) gene expression in human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) increased the percentage of apoptotic cells when cultured in suspension. Conversely, overexpression of PTHrP protected prostate cancer cells (Ace-1 and LNCaP, both typically expressing low or undetectable basal PTHrP) from anoikis. Overexpression of nuclear localization signal (NLS)-defective PTHrP failed to protect cells from anoikis, suggesting that PTHrP-dependent protection from anoikis is an intracrine event. A PCR-based apoptosis-related gene array showed that detachment increased expression of the TNF gene (encoding the proapoptotic protein tumor necrosis factor-α) fourfold greater in PTHrP-knockdown PC-3 cells than in control PC-3 cells. In parallel, TNF gene expression was significantly reduced in PTHrP-overexpressing LNCaP cells, but not in NLS-defective PTHrP overexpressing LNCaP cells, when compared with control LNCaP cells. Subsequently, in a prostate cancer skeletal metastasis mouse model, PTHrP-knockdown PC-3 cells resulted in significantly fewer metastatic lesions compared to control PC-3 cells, suggesting that PTHrP mediated antianoikis events in the bloodstream. In conclusion, nuclear localization of PTHrP confers prostate cancer cell resistance to anoikis, potentially contributing to prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serk In Park
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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17
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Pin C, Watson AJM, Carding SR. Modelling the spatio-temporal cell dynamics reveals novel insights on cell differentiation and proliferation in the small intestinal crypt. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37115. [PMID: 22623982 PMCID: PMC3356410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a slow structural relaxation model to describe cellular dynamics in the crypt of the mouse small intestine. Cells are arranged in a three dimensional spiral the size of which dynamically changes according to cell production demands of adjacent villi. Cell differentiation and proliferation is regulated through Wnt and Notch signals, the strength of which depends on the local cell composition. The highest level of Wnt activity is associated with maintaining equipotent stem cells (SC), Paneth cells and common goblet-Paneth cell progenitors (CGPCPs) intermingling at the crypt bottom. Low levels of Wnt signalling area are associated with stem cells giving rise to secretory cells (CGPCPs, enteroendocrine or Tuft cells) and proliferative absorptive progenitors. Deciding between these two fates, secretory and stem/absorptive cells, depends on Notch signalling. Our model predicts that Notch signalling inhibits secretory fate if more than 50% of cells they are in contact with belong to the secretory lineage. CGPCPs under high Wnt signalling will differentiate into Paneth cells while those migrating out from the crypt bottom differentiate into goblet cells. We have assumed that mature Paneth cells migrating upwards undergo anoikis. Structural relaxation explains the localisation of Paneth cells to the crypt bottom in the absence of active forces. The predicted crypt generation time from one SC is 4-5 days with 10-12 days needed to reach a structural steady state. Our predictions are consistent with experimental observations made under altered Wnt and Notch signalling. Mutations affecting stem cells located at the crypt floor have a 50% chance of being propagated throughout the crypt while mutations in cells above are rarely propagated. The predicted recovery time of an injured crypt losing half of its cells is approximately 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Pin
- Integrated Biology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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18
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Wang XR, Liu XH. [Biological effect and cellular mechanism of non-endoplasmic reticulum calreticulin]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2012; 43:29-33. [PMID: 22582595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Resistance to anoikis (matrix deprivation-induced apoptosis) is a critical component of the metastatic cascade. Molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to anoikis have not been reported in thyroid cancer cells. For an in vitro model of anoikis, we cultured follicular, papillary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines on poly-HEMA-treated low-adherent plates. We also performed immunohistochemical analysis of human cancer cells that had infiltrated blood and/or lymphatic vessels. Matrix deprivation was associated with establishment of contacts between floating thyroid cancer cells and formation of multi-cellular spheroids. This process was associated with activation of gap junctional transfer. Increased expression of the gap junction molecule Connexin43 was found in papillary and anaplastic cancer cells forming spheroids. All non-adherent cancer cells showed a lower proliferation rate compared with adherent cells but were more resistant to serum deprivation. AKT was constitutively activated in cancer cells forming spheroids. Inhibition of gap junctional transfer through Connexin43 silencing, or by treatment with the gap junction disruptor carbenoxolone, resulted in loss of pAKT and induction of apoptosis in a cell-type-specific manner. In human thyroid tissue, cancer cells that had infiltrated blood vessels showed morphological similarity to cancer cells forming spheroids in vitro. Intra-vascular cancer cells demonstrated prominent AKT activation in papillary and follicular cancers. Increased Connexin43 immunoreactivity was observed only in intra-vascular papillary cancer cells. Our data demonstrate that establishment of inter-cellular communication contributes to thyroid cancer cell resistance to anoikis. These findings suggest that disruption of gap junctional transfer could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for prevention of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4712, USA
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20
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Wang Z, Kundu RK, Longaker MT, Quertermous T, Yang GP. The angiogenic factor Del1 prevents apoptosis of endothelial cells through integrin binding. Surgery 2011; 151:296-305. [PMID: 21893328 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Del1 is a secreted protein that is expressed in the endothelium during development and can stimulate angiogenesis through integrin binding and signaling. We were interested in the specific effects of del1 on endothelial cell biology to gain insight into its biologic role during angiogenesis. METHODS Primary endothelial cells were treated with a variety of inducers of apoptosis and anoikis followed by assays for numbers of apoptotic cells, and harvest of total protein for immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Del1 prevented endothelial cell apoptosis in response to TNFα/IFNγ, etoposide, and anoikis, but had no effect on proliferation. The anti-apoptotic effect was mediated specifically through binding of integrin αvβ3 by the RGD motif. FAK/ERK and Akt signaling were both necessary to mediate the anti-apoptotic effect of Del1 with the exception of anoikis, which required only Akt activation. CONCLUSION Del1 has been previously shown to promote vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. We demonstrate here that Del1 prevented apoptosis of endothelial cells in cell culture through integrin binding without any effect on proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Nagaprashantha LD, Vatsyayan R, Lelsani PCR, Awasthi S, Singhal SS. The sensors and regulators of cell-matrix surveillance in anoikis resistance of tumors. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:743-52. [PMID: 20949625 PMCID: PMC3292620 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Normal cells continuously monitor the nature of their respective cellular microenvironment. They are equipped with an inherent molecular defense to detect changes that can precipitate and trigger an oncogenic cascade in the internal and external environment of cells. The process called anoikis unleashes many a characteristic molecular change in the cells which eventually program to cell death in response to cell detachment and inappropriate cellular attachment, both of which can otherwise potentiate the ability of cells to preferentially pursue a malignant course due to the release of molecular discipline which conforms them to a benign structural and functional spectrum. The initiation and propagation of signaling that serves as a switch to cell survival or cell death mediated by surveillance of cell microenvironment is comprised of many heterogeneous sets of molecules interacting mainly at the interface of cell-extracellular matrix. Transforming cells continuously reprogram their signaling characteristics in sensing and modulating the stimuli from cell surface molecules like integrins, cadherins and immunoglobulin family of cell adhesion molecules at adhesion complexes, which enables them to resist anoikis and metastasize to different organs. Actin cytoskeleton binds BIM and Bcl2 modifying factor (BMF), which are regulated by the adhesion status and consequent conformation of cytoskeleton in the cells. This review aims at an integrated synopsis of fundamental mechanisms of the critical interactions of cell surface molecules to facilitate a focused analysis of the differential regulation of signaling processes at cell-ECM junctions that collectively rein the anoikis resistance, which in turn impacts metastatic aggressiveness and drug resistance of tumors originating from respective organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rit Vatsyayan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Poorna Chandra Rao Lelsani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Sharad S. Singhal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
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22
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Strauss SJ, Ng T, Mendoza-Naranjo A, Whelan J, Sorensen PHB. Understanding micrometastatic disease and Anoikis resistance in ewing family of tumors and osteosarcoma. Oncologist 2010; 15:627-35. [PMID: 20479280 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of micrometastatic tumor cells in the bone marrow or peripheral blood of patients with Ewing family of tumors (EFTs) and osteosarcoma has been shown to correlate with poor outcome. Although one of the aims of chemotherapy is eradication of micrometastatic disease, these cells vary phenotypically from primary tumor cells and appear to be more resistant to chemotherapy. As a barrier to metastasis, cells normally undergo a form of cell death termed anoikis after they lose contact with the extracellular matrix or neighboring cells. Tumor cells that acquire malignant potential have developed mechanisms to resist anoikis and thereby survive after detachment from their primary site and while traveling through the circulation. Investigating mechanisms of resistance to anoikis, therefore, provides a valuable model to investigate regulation of micrometastatic disease. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in mediating cell survival and resistance to anoikis in EFTs and osteosarcoma and discusses future studies that may help to identify novel therapeutics targeted at micrometastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Strauss
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cells are critically dependent upon cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion for growth and survival. Anoikis is programmed cell death caused by disruption of cell-substrate adhesion in normal epithelial cells. METHODS We studied the induction of anoikis in vitro in two cell lines; HaCaT and SW742. PI3K, JAK2 and PKC are key elements in signalling pathways regulating cell survival, and using specific inhibitors we also examined their potential role in the induction of anoikis. RESULTS When prevented from adhesion by culture on polyHEMA, HaCaT cells underwent apoptosis selectively from the proliferating population; surviving cells underwent cell cycle arrest. In SW742 cells anoikis also occurred, but was balanced by increased cycling. The effects of specific kinase inhibitors indicated that both Janus kinase 2 and protein kinase C partially protect HaCaT cells from anoikis through inducing cell cycle arrest of surviving nonadherent cells; inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase did not induce cycling in HaCaTs prevented from adhesion but did stimulate anoikis. SW742 cells showed markedly different responses: Janus kinase 2 inhibition activated apoptosis directly, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition stimulated both cell cycling and apoptosis, while protein kinase C inhibition stimulated cycling but inhibited apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Susceptibility to cell death in adhesion-prevented epithelial cells may thus be regulated by signalling pathways involving Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Janus kinase 2 and protein kinase C. The ability of epithelial tumour cells to invade and metastasize may therefore result from disruption of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Lawry
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield and
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Zoppi N, Barlati S, Colombi M. FAK-independent alphavbeta3 integrin-EGFR complexes rescue from anoikis matrix-defective fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1783:1177-88. [PMID: 18405669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) binding to integrin receptors regulates cell cycle progression and survival. In adherent cells, ECM disassembly induces anoikis, the apoptotic pathway switched on by loss of adhesion. ECM-deficient Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) fibroblasts, to adhere to rare fibronectin (FN) fibrils, and to proliferate, only organize, as FN receptor, the alphavbeta3 integrin. We report that in EDS cells the alphavbeta3 integrin is bound to talin and vinculin, but not to tensin, and that actin cytoskeleton is disorganized. Furthermore, in EDS cells Bcl-2 is down-regulated and caspases are active. We provide evidence that the antibody-mediated alphavbeta3 integrin or the FN inhibition induces anoikis in EDS cells. The alphavbeta3 integrin transduces survival signals to pp60src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin, instead than to FAK, and interacts with EGF receptor (EGFR). This complex, when activated by EGF and FN, signals for the rescue of EDS cells from anoikis. Therefore, EDS cells, through the alphavbeta3 integrin-EGFR complexes, engage a paxillin- but not FAK-mediated pathway of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Zoppi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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25
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Kanayama S, Yamada Y, Kawaguchi R, Tsuji Y, Haruta S, Kobayashi H. Hepatocyte growth factor induces anoikis resistance by up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in uterine endometrial cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2008; 19:117-122. [PMID: 18097584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in the promotion of carcinogenesis. Although the role of COX-2 in endometrial cancer remains unclear, recent experiments suggest that COX-2 antagonizes cell apoptosis, increases the invasiveness of malignant cells, and promotes angiogenesis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mesenchymal-derived cytokine and the interaction between HGF and its tyrosine kinase receptor, c-Met proto-oncogene, is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. To investigate the molecular mechanism of HGF-induced anoikis resistance, we analyzed the signal transduction and COX-2 expression in endometrial cancer cells. Here, we show i) the expression of COX-2 protein significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner after HGF stimulation in endometrial cancer cell lines (HEC-IB and RL95-2), reaching 200-270% stimulation at the highest doses of HGF tested (40 ng/ml); ii) flow cytometry and TUNEL analyses revealed that HGF significantly inhibited anoikis of RL95-2 cells; iii) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002), but not mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059), specifically blocked HGF-mediated anoikis resistance in RL95-2 cells; and iv) COX-2 inhibitor, Meloxicam, abrogated HGF-mediated anoikis resistance. Our data suggest that HGF induces anoikis resistance in endometrial cancer cells possibly through PI3K/Akt pathway-dependent up-regulation of COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kanayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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26
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Timpson P, Wilson AS, Lehrbach GM, Sutherland RL, Musgrove EA, Daly RJ. Aberrant expression of cortactin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells is associated with enhanced cell proliferation and resistance to the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor gefitinib. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9304-14. [PMID: 17909038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CTTN gene (formerly designated EMS1), encodes cortactin, a key regulator of dynamic actin networks. Both CTTN and CCND1, the latter encoding the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, reside at chromosomal locus 11q13, a region commonly amplified in breast cancers and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Previously, we identified a novel role for cortactin in cancer cells, whereby cortactin overexpression attenuated ligand-induced down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), leading to sustained signaling. However, how this affected growth factor-induced cellular responses was unclear. Here, by modulation of cortactin expression in a panel of HNSCC cell lines, we show that cortactin overexpression enhances serum- and EGF-stimulated proliferation under both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent conditions and also increases resistance to anoikis (detachment-induced apoptosis). These effects are associated with increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and/or AKT. Furthermore, we report that cortactin stabilizes the c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase and enhances hepatocyte growth factor-induced mitogenesis and cell scattering. Therefore, cortactin may modulate signaling by a broader range of receptors than originally proposed and thereby affect a variety of responses. Finally, we have determined that cortactin overexpression, either alone or in combination with cyclin D1 up-regulation, promotes resistance to the EGFR kinase inhibitor gefitinib. These findings indicate that cortactin may play multiple roles in progression of HNSCC and should be evaluated as a marker of prognosis, disease progression, and therapeutic responsiveness, particularly to EGFR-directed agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Abstract
Detachment of parenchymal cells from a solid matrix switches contextual cues from survival to death during anoikis. Marked shape changes accompany detachment and are thought to trigger cell death, although a working model to explain the coordination of attachment sensation, shape change, and cell fate is elusive. The constitutive form of the adapter Shc, p52Shc, confers survival properties, whereas the longer p66Shc signals death through association with cytochrome c. We find that cells that lack p66Shc display poorly formed focal adhesions and escape anoikis. However, reexpression of p66Shc restores anoikis through a mechanism requiring focal adhesion targeting and RhoA activation but not an intact cytochrome c–binding motif. This pathway stimulates the formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers in attached cells and tension-dependent cell death upon detachment. p66Shc may thus report attachment status to the cell by imposing a tension test across candidate anchorage points, with load failure indicating detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Ma
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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28
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Camacho-Leal P, Stanners CP. The human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) GPI anchor mediates anoikis inhibition by inactivation of the intrinsic death pathway. Oncogene 2007; 27:1545-53. [PMID: 17891182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cell surface adhesion molecule member of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily (IgSF). Aberrant upregulation of CEA is a common feature found in a wide variety of human cancers such as colon, breast and lung. Previous in vitro and in vivo results have demonstrated that CEA can have tumorigenic effects including the inhibition of cell differentiation and anoikis, a specific type of apoptosis triggered by the absence of extracellular matrix-cell contacts. In the present work, we investigate the involvement of the caspase cascade in CEA-mediated inhibition of anoikis and the structural requirements for this signal. Expression of CEA and/or a chimeric protein consisting of the NCAM extracellular domain attached to the CEA-GPI anchor correlates with an early inactivation of caspase-9 and activation of the PI3-K/Akt survival pathway, and at later times, inactivation of caspase-8. The CEA-mediated caspase inactivation as well as activation of Akt was not observed by expression of a CEA molecule incapable of self-binding (DeltaNCEA). These results suggest that the intrinsic caspase pathway is involved in the inhibitory effects of anoikis by CEA and this signal is dependent on the presence of self-adhesive extracellular domains and a CEA-GPI anchor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Camacho-Leal
- Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Center, McGill University, Promenade Sir-William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Tamada Y, Takeuchi H, Suzuki N, Susumu N, Aoki D, Irimura T. Biological and therapeutic significance of MUC1 with sialoglycans in clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1586-91. [PMID: 17711507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb) MY.1E12 was applied to detect MUC1 with sialylated glycans in a total of 55 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinomas. A reverse correlation between the binding levels of this mAb and patient survival was demonstrated. To examine the role of MUC1 in ovarian clear cell carcinomas, two cDNA encoding MUC1 were transfected into ES-2 ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells. By comparing these cells, the role of MUC1 in tumorigenicity, chemosensitivity and survival under anoikis conditions were assessed. The results indicate that MUC1 expressed on ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells is causally involved in the malignant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tamada
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Cancer cells often exhibit loss of functional tight junctions (TJ), and disruption of the TJ structure is associated with cancer development. However, whether loss of a certain type of claudin, an integral membrane protein of TJ, is involved in malignant phenotypes remains to be clarified. Based on a report that claudin-6 functions as a tumor suppressor for breast cancer, the authors show here that suppression of claudin-6 expression results in increased resistance to various apoptogens, and causally enhances anchorage-independent growth properties. Because claudin-6 expression is partially silenced by promoter CpG island hypermethylation in MCF7 breast carcinoma cells, a synergistic effect of a demethylator and histone deacetylase inhibitor up-regulates the expression of endogenous claudin-6, which is sufficient for apoptotic sensitization and abrogation of colony-forming efficacy. In addition, decreased expression of claudin-6 promotes cellular invasiveness and transendothelial migration, accompanied by an increase in matrix metalloproteinase activity. These data suggest that the methylator phenotype of claudin-6 may at least partially contribute to enhanced tumorigenic and invasive properties of breast carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
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31
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Mawji IA, Simpson CD, Hurren R, Gronda M, Williams MA, Filmus J, Jonkman J, Da Costa RS, Wilson BC, Thomas MP, Reed JC, Glinsky GV, Schimmer AD. Critical role for Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1-converting enzyme-like inhibitory protein in anoikis resistance and distant tumor formation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:811-22. [PMID: 17505076 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djk182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal epithelial cells undergo anoikis, or apoptosis on loss of anchorage to the extracellular matrix, by initiating the death receptor pathway of caspase activation. However, malignant epithelial cells with metastatic potential resist anoikis and can survive in an anchorage-independent fashion. We hypothesized that c-Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1-converting enzyme-like inhibitory protein (FLIP), an endogenous inhibitor of death receptor signaling, may suppress anoikis. METHODS We assessed viability and apoptosis of PPC-1 prostate cancer cells cultured in adherent and suspension conditions using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt and Annexin V staining assays. Expression of the death receptor Fas and activation of caspase 8 were measured using flow cytometry. Expression of Fas ligand was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. FLIP protein expression was measured by immunoblotting. Small-molecule inhibitors of FLIP (including the death receptor sensitizer 5809354) and small-interfering (si) RNA directed against FLIP were used to assess the effects of FLIP inhibition on anoikis of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS PPC-1 cells cultured in suspension resisted anoikis, despite increased expression of Fas (0 versus 8 hours, mean relative percent expression = 100% versus 135%, difference = 35%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10% to 61%; P = .02) and Fas L (0 versus 24 hours, mean relative percent expression = 100% versus 208%, difference = 108%, 95% CI = 18% to 197%; P = .02). Knockdown of FLIP expression by siRNA or treatment with 5809354 sensitized prostate cancer cells to anoikis (control siRNA versus FLIP siRNA at 10 nM, mean relative percent viability = 95% versus 51%, difference = 44%, 95% CI = 34% to 54%; P<.001; control versus 5809354 at 20 microM, mean relative percent viability = 96% versus 52%, difference = 44%, 95% CI = 13% to 75%; P = .015). Inhibition of FLIP expression specifically activated caspase 8 in PPC-1 cells grown in suspension but not adherent conditions and decreased the metastatic potential of circulating PPC-1 cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS FLIP may be a suppressor of anoikis and therefore a possible target for antimetastatic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Mawji
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2M9
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32
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Benoit DSW, Tripodi MC, Blanchette JO, Langer SJ, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Integrin-linked kinase production prevents anoikis in human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 81:259-68. [PMID: 17335036 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were infected with an adenovirus expressing integrin-linked kinase (ILK) to understand the role of cell-ECM signal transduction cascades in suppressing anoikis. Survivability of ILK-infected hMSCs encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels, an anoikis-inducing environment, was sustained at 90% over 7 weeks, and survival was attributed to increased protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) activation. hMSCs encapsulated in RGD-modified hydrogels induced an upregulation in ILK production, PKB/Akt activation, and subsequent survival to the same extent of ILK-infected, encapsulated hMSCs. As negative controls, encapsulated hMSCs were infected with cyclization recombinase (a protein not associated with cell survival)-expressing virus, and uninfected hMSCs exhibited very little ILK production, PKB/Akt activation, and survival ( approximately 55% after 7 weeks). As a measure of cell-matrix interactions, vinculin was also quantified for the encapsulated hMSCs and found to be 30-fold greater for cells encapsulated in RGD-modified hydrogels and fivefold greater for ILK-infected hMSCs than controls, indicating that cell-material interactions are inducing the cell survivability of hMSCs encapsulated in RGD-modified hydrogels. In sum, ILK infection can support cell survival in the absence of matrix interactions and enable fundamental studies of three-dimensional cell function in response to extrinsic signals, independently of matrix-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 424 UCB ECCH 111, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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33
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Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker that is associated with metastasis, poor response to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer (CRC), and anoikis, a form of apoptosis caused by cell detachment from matrix that is dependent on TRAIL-R2 (DR5) and caspase-8 activation in CRC. Although CEA is a homophilic binding protein that may provide survival signals through homotypical cell aggregation, we now report that CEA binds TRAIL-R2 (DR5) directly in two-hybrid assays to decrease anoikis through the extrinsic pathway. Deletion of the PELPK sequence (delPELPK) of CEA (delPELPK CEA) restores sensitivity to anoikis while it maintains its cell aggregation function. Wild-type (WT) CEA also increases experimental hepatic metastasis, whereas the delPELPK CEA does not. Thus, membrane CEA interacts with DR5 to inhibit anoikis and increase metastatic potential in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed N Samara
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
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34
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Pardo J, Wallich R, Ebnet K, Iden S, Zentgraf H, Martin P, Ekiciler A, Prins A, Müllbacher A, Huber M, Simon MM. Granzyme B is expressed in mouse mast cells in vivo and in vitro and causes delayed cell death independent of perforin. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1768-79. [PMID: 17599099 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells respond to pathogens and allergens by secreting a vast array of preformed and newly synthesized mediators, including enzymes, vasoactive amines, lipid mediators, cytokines and chemokines, thereby affecting innate and adaptive immune responses and pathogenesis. Here, we present evidence that skin-, but not lung-associated primary mast cells as well as in vitro-differentiated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) express granzyme (gzm) B, but not gzmA or perforin (perf). GzmB is associated with cytoplasmic granules of BMMC and secreted after Fcepsilon-receptor-mediated activation. BMMC from wild type but not gzmB-deficient mice cause cell death in susceptible adherent target cells, indicating that the perf-independent cytotoxicity of BMMC is executed by gzmB. Furthermore, gzmB induces a disorganization of endothelial cell-cell contacts. The data suggest that activated mast cells contribute, via secreted gzmB, to cell death, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte extravasation and subsequent inflammatory processes in affected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pardo
- Metschnikoff Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institut for Immunbiology, Stübeweg 51, Freiburg, Germany
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35
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Camacho-Leal P, Zhai AB, Stanners CP. A co-clustering model involving alpha5beta1 integrin for the biological effects of GPI-anchored human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:791-802. [PMID: 17286276 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CEA functions as an intercellular adhesion molecule and is up-regulated in a wide variety of human cancers, including colon, breast and lung. Its over-expression inhibits cellular differentiation, blocks cell polarization, distorts tissue architecture, and inhibits anoikis of many different cell types. Here we report results concerning the molecular mechanism involved in these biological effects, where relatively rapid molecular changes not requiring alterations in gene expression were emphasized. Confocal microscopy experiments showed that antibody-mediated clustering of a deletion mutant of CEA (DeltaNCEA), normally incapable of self binding and clustering, led to the co-localization of integrin alpha5beta1 with patches of DeltaNCEA on the cell surface. Activation of alpha5, as defined by an anti-alpha5 mAb-sensitive increase in cell adhesion to immobilized fibronectin, and an increased binding of soluble fibronectin to cells, was also observed. This was accompanied by the recruitment of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to membrane microdomains and the phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK. Inhibition of PI3-K and ILK, but not MAPK, prevented the alpha5beta1 integrin activation. Conversely, anti-alpha5 antibody inhibited the PI3-K-mediated activation of Akt, implying the involvement of outside-in and inside-out signaling in integrin activation. Therefore we propose that CEA-mediated signaling involves clustering of CEA and co-clustering and activation of the alpha5beta1 and associated specific signaling elements on the internal surfaces of membrane microdomains. These changes may represent a molecular mechanism for the biological effects of CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Camacho-Leal
- Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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36
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Bouchentouf M, Benabdallah BF, Rousseau J, Schwartz LM, Tremblay JP. Induction of Anoikis following myoblast transplantation into SCID mouse muscles requires the Bit1 and FADD pathways. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1491-505. [PMID: 17511679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-five percent of the myoblasts transplanted in the mouse muscle die during the first 4 days following transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine if anoikis plays a role in this phenomenon. Survival and proliferation of myoblasts in vitro were determined by Hoescht-PI labeling and cell counts respectively. In vivo cell survival and proliferation were quantified by injecting human male myoblasts labeled with (14)C-thymidine in SCID mouse muscles. Survival and proliferation of the transplanted myoblasts were evaluated by scintigraphy and quantitative PCR of human Y chromosomal DNA. Inclusion of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin enhanced transplanted myoblast survival by 1.7-fold while vitronectin improved their proliferation by 1.8-fold. Reductions in FADD and Bit1 expression reduced anoikis in vitro and improved the injected myoblast survival in vivo. Ectopic expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 completely abolished myoblast anoikis in vitro and enhanced cell survival by 3.1-fold in vivo. Cell death following transplantation appears to me mediated in part by anoikis. Inclusion of extracellular matrix proteins enhanced both survival and proliferation. Reduced expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bit1 and FADD or overexpression of Bcl-2 improved myoblast survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchentouf
- Department of Human Genetics, CHUQ-CHUL, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Canada
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37
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Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to the development of metastases, hence the most important improvements in morbidity and mortality will result from prevention (or elimination) of such disseminated disease. Some would argue that treatments directed against metastasis are too late because cells have already escaped from the primary tumour. Such an assertion runs contrary to the significant but (for many common adult cancers) fairly modest improvements in survival following the use of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy designed to eliminate disseminated cells after surgical removal of the primary tumour. Nonetheless, the debate raises important issues concerning the accurate early identification of clonogenic, metastatic cells, the discovery of novel, tractable targets for therapy, and the monitoring of minimal residual disease. We focus on recent findings regarding intrinsic and extrinsic molecular mechanisms controlling metastasis that determine how, when, and where cancers metastasise, and their implications for patient management in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK.
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38
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Kang HG, Jenabi JM, Zhang J, Keshelava N, Shimada H, May WA, Ng T, Reynolds CP, Triche TJ, Sorensen PH. E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion in ewing tumor cells mediates suppression of anoikis through activation of the ErbB4 tyrosine kinase. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3094-105. [PMID: 17409416 PMCID: PMC3906735 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ability to grow under anchorage-independent conditions is one of the major hallmarks of transformed cells. Key to this is the capacity of cells to suppress anoikis, or programmed cell death induced by detachment from the extracellular matrix. To model this phenomenon in vitro, we plated Ewing tumor cells under anchorage-independent conditions by transferring them to dishes coated with agar to prevent attachment to underlying plastic. This resulted in marked up-regulation of E-cadherin and rapid formation of multicellular spheroids in suspension. Addition of calcium chelators, antibodies to E-cadherin (but not to other cadherins or beta(1)-integrin), or expression of dominant negative E-cadherin led to massive apoptosis of spheroid cultures whereas adherent cultures were unaffected. This correlated with reduced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway but not the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 cascade. Furthermore, spheroid cultures showed profound chemoresistance to multiple cytotoxic agents compared with adherent cultures, which could be reversed by alpha-E-cadherin antibodies or dominant negative E-cadherin. In a screen for potential downstream effectors of spheroid cell survival, we detected E-cadherin-dependent activation of the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase but not of other ErbB family members. Reduction of ErbB4 levels by RNA interference blocked Akt activation and spheroid cell survival and restored chemosensitivity to Ewing sarcoma spheroids. Our results indicate that anchorage-independent Ewing sarcoma cells suppress anoikis through a pathway involving E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion, which leads to ErbB4 activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway, and that this is associated with increased resistance of cells to cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jasmine M. Jenabi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nino Keshelava
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, USC-CHLA Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - William A. May
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tony Ng
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, USC-CHLA Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy J. Triche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Poul H.B. Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Petrovski G, Zahuczky G, Katona K, Vereb G, Martinet W, Nemes Z, Bursch W, Fésüs L. Clearance of dying autophagic cells of different origin by professional and non-professional phagocytes. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1117-28. [PMID: 17363964 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MCF-7 cells undergo autophagic death upon tamoxifen treatment. Plated on non-adhesive substratum these cells died by anoikis while inducing autophagy as revealed by monodansylcadaverine staining, elevated light-chain-3 expression and electron microscopy. Both de novo and anoikis-derived autophagic dying cells were engulfed by human macrophages and MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine abolished engulfment of cells dying through de novo autophagy, but not those dying through anoikis. Blocking exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on both dying cell types inhibited phagocytosis by MCF-7 but not by macrophages. Gene expression profiling showed that though both types of phagocytes expressed full repertoire of the PS recognition and signaling pathway, macrophages could evolve during engulfment of de novo autophagic cells the potential of calreticulin-mediated processes as well. Our data suggest that cells dying through autophagy and those committing anoikis with autophagy may engage in overlapping but distinct sets of clearance mechanisms in professional and non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Petrovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biophysics and Cell Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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40
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Ishida H, Wada K, Masuda T, Okura M, Kohama K, Sano Y, Nakajima A, Kogo M, Kamisaki Y. Critical role of estrogen receptor on anoikis and invasion of squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:636-43. [PMID: 17355262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) plays an important role in various physiological functions. We examined whether ERalpha and ERbeta are expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and whether ER is a potential target for antitumor therapy. High-level expression of ERbeta, but not ERalpha, was observed in tumor cells of human primary SCC tissues and various SCC cultured cell lines. Treatment with ER antagonist (tamoxifen), but not agonist (estradiol), caused apoptotic cell death of SCC cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Adhesion of SCC was inhibited by the treatment with tamoxifen, but not with estradiol. Tamoxifen reduced the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), resulting in decreases in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Inhibition of FAK phosphorylation is accompanied by disorder of the cytoskeletal component actin. The cell death caused by tamoxifen is therefore the result of direct interference in cell adhesion, which is called 'anoikis', involving a decrease in intracellular FAK signaling. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor was also inhibited by treatment with a high concentration of tamoxifen. Knockdown of ERbeta by small interfering RNA inhibited the proliferation of SCC. In addition, tamoxifen strongly inhibited invasion of SCC. These results imply a potentially important role for ER, whose inhibition may be effective for the treatment of SCC and the prevention of invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishida
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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41
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Abstract
HMGA1 proteins are architectural transcription factors that are overexpressed by pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Roles of HMGA1 in mediating the malignant phenotype of this cancer are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that overexpression of HMGA1 promotes resistance to anoikis (apoptosis induced by anchorage deprivation) in pancreatic cancer cells. HMGA1 cDNA was stably transfected into MiaPaCa2 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (which have low baseline expression levels of HMGA1). Cells were grown in suspension on PolyHEMA-coated plates and their susceptibility to anoikis was assayed using flow cytometry. Overexpression of HMGA1 was associated with marked reductions in susceptibility to anoikis in concert with increases in Akt phosphorylation (Ser473) and in Akt kinase activity and with reductions in caspase 3 activation. Inhibition of phosphoinositidyl-3 (PI3-K)/Akt pathway with either the small molecule inhibitor LY294002 or dominant-negative Akt resulted in reversal of anoikis resistance induced by HMGA1 overexpression. Further, RNA interference-mediated HMGA1 silencing in MiaPaCa2 and BxPC3 (a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line with high baseline levels of HMGA1 expression) cells resulted in significant increases in susceptibility to anoikis. Our findings suggest HMGA1 promotes anoikis resistance through a PI3-K/Akt-dependent mechanism. Given the putative associations between anoikis resistance and metastatic potential, HMGA1 represents a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-S Liau
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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42
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Furukawa K, Hamamura K, Aixinjueluo W, Furukawa K. Biosignals modulated by tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens: novel targets for cancer therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1086:185-98. [PMID: 17185516 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1377.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on the remodeling of glycosphingolipids on the human tumor cell lines with manipulation of glycosyltransferase genes, roles of sugar moieties in tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens have been analyzed. Two main topics, that is, the roles of ganglioside GD3 in human malignant melanomas and those of GD2 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were reported. GD3 enhances tyrosine phosphorylation of two adaptor molecules, p130Cas and paxillin, resulting in the increased cell growth and invasion in melanoma cells. GD2 also enhances the proliferation and invasion of SCLC cells. GD2 also mediates apoptosis with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) via dephosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase. These approaches have promoted further understanding of mechanisms by which gangliosides modulate malignant properties of human cancer, and the results obtained here propose novel targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-0065, Japan.
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43
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Minard ME, Ellis LM, Gallick GE. Tiam1 regulates cell adhesion, migration and apoptosis in colon tumor cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23:301-13. [PMID: 17086355 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam1 regulates numerous biologic properties including migration and invasion. We demonstrated previously that colon tumor cells biologically selected for increased migration were increased in Tiam1 expression. Cells selected for increased Tiam1 expression or that ectopically overexpress Tiam1 were increased in metastatic potential. Here, we demonstrate that Tiam1 regulates additional functions associated with metastasis, including reduced cellular adhesion and resistance to anoikis. Tiam1 effects on cellular migration are mediated through its downstream substrate, Rac. Increased Tiam1 expression also leads to anoikis-resistance, whereas decreasing Tiam1 expression by siRNA sensitizes cells to this form of apoptosis; however, Tiam1's regulation of anoikis is Rac-independent. Staurosporine sensitivity is also Rac-independent, suggesting Tiam1's effects on apoptosis require other effectors. As many of the observed phenotypes are characteristic of a transition of transformed epithelial cells to a mesenchymal-like phenotype, we also examined biochemical properties associated with an EMT. We demonstrate an increase in vimentin expression in cell lines that overexpress Tiam1 and have a more metastatic phenotype. Concomitant with this increase, we observe a decrease in E-cadherin expression in these cells. Lastly, we stained a panel of human colorectal specimens and adjacent normal tissue, and demonstrate that Tiam1 is overexpressed in a subset of human colorectal tumors. In summary, in colon tumor cells, Tiam1 affects multiple properties associated with acquisition of the metastatic phenotype, and may represent a marker of colon tumor progression and metastasis in a subset of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Minard
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 173, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Derksen PWB, Liu X, Saridin F, van der Gulden H, Zevenhoven J, Evers B, van Beijnum JR, Griffioen AW, Vink J, Krimpenfort P, Peterse JL, Cardiff RD, Berns A, Jonkers J. Somatic inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 in mice leads to metastatic lobular mammary carcinoma through induction of anoikis resistance and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:437-49. [PMID: 17097565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the primary cause of death in breast cancer, the most common malignancy in Western women. Loss of E-cadherin is associated with tumor metastasis, as well as with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), which accounts for 10%-15% of all breast cancers. To study the role of E-cadherin in breast oncogenesis, we have introduced conditional E-cadherin mutations into a mouse tumor model based on epithelium-specific knockout of p53. Combined loss of E-cadherin and p53 resulted in accelerated development of invasive and metastatic mammary carcinomas, which show strong resemblance to human ILC. Moreover, loss of E-cadherin induced anoikis resistance and facilitated angiogenesis, thus promoting metastatic disease. Our results suggest that loss of E-cadherin contributes to both mammary tumor initiation and metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anoikis/physiology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Human/anatomy & histology
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W B Derksen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hoshiba T, Nagahara H, Cho CS, Tagawa YI, Akaike T. Primary hepatocyte survival on non-integrin-recognizable matrices without the activation of Akt signaling. Biomaterials 2006; 28:1093-104. [PMID: 17081603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of the detachment-induced cell death (anoikis) by the interaction between the cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) is necessary for the application of liver tissue engineering because the disruption of interaction with ECM leads hepatocytes to anoikis. It has been considered, in general, that integrin signal plays an important role in the hepatocyte survival although hepatocytes survive on some types of non-integrin-recognizable matrices, such as poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide) (PVLA) and poly-L-lysine (PLL) for several days without the serum. Anoikis was suppressed in the non-adherent culture of hepatocytes isolated from gld/gld mouse, indicating that Fas signal induces hepatocyte anoikis. Fas production is decreased in the adherent culture of hepatocytes on both integrin- and non-integrin-recognizable matrices. Akt activation was hardly observed in the adherent culture of hepatocytes on non-integrin-recognizable matrices whereas the activation occurred in the adherent culture on integrin-recognizable matrices. In the adherent culture of hepatocytes on non-integrin-recognizable matrices, Akt does not contribute to the hepatocyte survival. To prolong the viability of hepatocytes in the adherent culture on PVLA matrix on which hepatocytes maintain their functions for longer period than those on PLL matrix, it might be a good approach to activate Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hoshiba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Takahashi H, Nakagama H. [Decreased PPARs activity mediated induction of anoikis and inability of cell adhesion and invasion in colorectal carcinoma cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2006; 128:231-4. [PMID: 17038786 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.128.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Bullen TF, Forrest S, Campbell F, Dodson AR, Hershman MJ, Pritchard DM, Turner JR, Montrose MH, Watson AJM. Characterization of epithelial cell shedding from human small intestine. J Transl Med 2006; 86:1052-63. [PMID: 16909128 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells migrate from the base of the crypt to the villi where they are shed. However, little is known about the cell shedding process. We have studied the role of apoptosis and wound healing mechanisms in cell shedding from human small intestinal epithelium. A method preparing paraffin sections of human small intestine that preserves cell shedding was developed. A total of 14 417 villus sections were studied. The relationship of cell shedding to leukocytes (CD45), macrophages (CD68) and blood vessels (CD34) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic cells were identified using the M30 antibody against cleaved cytokeratin 18 and an antibody against cleaved caspase-3. Potential wound healing mechanisms were studied using antibodies against Zona Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and phosphorylated myosin light chains (MLCs). We found that 5.3% of villus sections contained a shedding cell. An eosin-positive gap was often seen within the epithelial monolayer beneath shedding cells. Shedding was not associated with leukocytes, macrophages or blood vessels. Cells always underwent apoptosis during ejection from the monolayer. Apoptotic bodies were never seen in the monolayer but morphologically normal cells that were positive for M30 or cleaved caspase-3 were often seen. ZO-1 protein was usually (41/42) localized to the apical pole of cells neighboring a shedding event. Phosphorylated MLCs could be identified in 50% of shedding events. In conclusion, cell shedding is associated with apoptosis though it remains unclear whether apoptosis initiates shedding. It is also associated with phosphorylation of MLCs; a process associated previously with wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F Bullen
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Bozzo C, Sabbatini M, Tiberio R, Piffanelli V, Santoro C, Cannas M. Activation of caspase-8 triggers anoikis in human neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Res 2006; 56:145-53. [PMID: 16872704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cells require appropriate interaction with extracellular matrix proteins mediated by integrins to grow, differentiate and survive. Many cell types including nervous cells undergo anoikis, a substrate-dependent apoptosis, when adhesion is impaired. Resistance of tumors to cytotoxic drugs is probably due to disturbed apoptosis programs. The proteolytic enzymes caspases are the main executioners of apoptosis. It was reported that caspase-8 expression is deficient in some neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrated that human neuroblastoma cell line SK-B-BE, differentiated with retinoic acid, expressed caspases 3, 8 and 9. Caspases 8 and 3, but not caspase-9 were activated in SK-N-BE cells cultured in suspension or on aspecific adhesive substrate. Cell positive to caspase-8 were classified into four stages, by morphometric and densitometric parameters. The use of the specific caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK dramatically reduced apoptosis, demonstrating that caspase-8 is the upstream initiator caspase during SK-N-BE cells anoikis. Among matrix proteins, type I collagen is the most effective and fibronectin the least in delaying anoikis. The activation of caspases 8 and 3 by unligated integrins was dependent on the state of neuronal differentiation, since the most differentiated cell was the most vulnerable to anoikis. These data show that activation of caspase-8 is specifically required to promote anoikis in SK-N-BE neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Bozzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy.
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Battini L, Fedorova E, Macip S, Li X, Wilson PD, Gusella GL. Stable knockdown of polycystin-1 confers integrin-alpha2beta1-mediated anoikis resistance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:3049-58. [PMID: 17005934 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of action of polycystin-1 (PC1) have been difficult to dissect because of its interaction with multiple factors, the heterogeneity of the genetic mutations, and the complexity of the experimental animal models. Here, stable knockdown of PC1 in MDCK epithelial cells was achieved by lentiviral-mediated delivery of a specific small interfering RNA for PKD1. The reduction of PC1 expression prevented tubulogenesis in three-dimensional collagen type I culture in response to hepatocyte growth factor and induced formation of cysts. PC1 knockdown created a condition of haploinsufficiency that led to hyperproliferation, increased adhesion to collagen type I, and increased apoptosis. It was shown that the suppression of PC1 was associated with the increased expression of integrin-alpha2beta1 and reduced apoptosis in cells grown on collagen type I. The engagement of integrin-alpha2beta1 seemed to be essential for the survival because PC1 knockdown cells were significantly less susceptible to anoikis by a mechanism that was reversible by anti-integrin-alpha2beta1 blocking antibodies. Overall, these data link integrin-alpha2beta1 to some of the biologic functions that are ascribed to PC1 and establish the potential of this approach for the direct study of PC1 functions in a genetically defined background. Furthermore, these findings indicate that reduction of PC1 expression levels, rather than the loss of heterozygosity, may be sufficient to induce cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Battini
- Division of Renal Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Morozevich GE, Kozlova NI, Preobrazhenskaya ME, Ushakova NA, Eltsov IA, Shtil AA, Berman AE. The role of beta1 integrin subfamily in anchorage-dependent apoptosis of breast carcinoma cells differing in multidrug resistance. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2006; 71:489-95. [PMID: 16732726 DOI: 10.1134/s000629790605004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Integrin expression was investigated in MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma line and in the MCF-7Dox line, which was selected from MCF-7 by a resistance to multiple antitumor drugs (MDR). We have shown that acquisition of MDR was accompanied by a drastically reduced expression of some integrins of the beta1-subfamily (alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1) and of alpha vbeta5 intergin in the adenocarcinoma cells. In contrast, expression of alpha5beta1 integrin was markedly increased in the MDR cells. Along with multiple antitumor drug resistance, MCF-7Dox cells demonstrate elevated resistance to anchorage-dependent apoptosis (anoikis) and enhanced in vitro invasive activity. To elucidate the implication of beta1-integrins in the above phenotypic modifications, the effect of beta1-integrin signaling was assayed. Stimulation of beta1-mediated signaling was accomplished by treating of the cells with antibodies to the beta1-subunit common for members of the beta1-subfamily. These data show that activation of beta1-integrin signaling markedly upregulated anoikis of the adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Morozevich
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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