51
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Cai L, Lam KH, Leong HH, Jackson T. Initial development and validation of the Online Appearance-Relevant Peer Conversations Scale. Body Image 2020; 33:115-128. [PMID: 32193168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we present three studies on the development and validation of the Online Appearance-Relevant Peer Conversations Scale (OARPCS), a 12-item measure of (1) physical appearance and (2) life stressors as foci of online peer communications. In Study 1, young Chinese adults (N = 800) completed OARPCS items and measures of body image, Internet use, and general distress. Exploratory factor analyses supported the hypothesized two factor structure and within gender correlation analyses provided construct validity support. Study 2 replicated the EFA-derived OARPCS factor structure and validity further within confirmatory factor analyses of young adults from Chongqing (N = 750) and Macau (N = 994). Study 3 assessed the predictive validity of OARPCS dimensions in relation to prospective changes in cosmetic surgery consideration, eating disturbances and perceived stress over one year (N = 796). Independent of baseline responses on outcomes, baseline physical appearance and life stressor subscale scores, respectively, explained modest, significant variance in women's body image concerns and men's reported stress. Together, results underscored appearance-relevant content in online peer interactions as influences on body image and emotional status and provided psychometric support for a brief self-report measure of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cognition & Personality Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ka Hou Lam
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Hou Hin Leong
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau; Key Laboratory of Cognition & Personality Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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52
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Tiggemann M, Anderberg I, Brown Z. Uploading your best self: Selfie editing and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2020; 33:175-182. [PMID: 32224447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Social media have given rise to new forms of self-presentation, in particular, the posting of self-portrait photos, commonly known as "selfies." The aim of the present study was to experimentally investigate the relationship between selfie editing and body dissatisfaction. Participants were 130 women aged 18-30 years who were asked to view Instagram images of thin women or of average-sized women, with a view to inducing body dissatisfaction in the former group. Participants were then asked to take a selfie on an iPad and were given 10 min. to edit the selfie. They completed state measures of mood, body dissatisfaction, and facial dissatisfaction at baseline, after viewing the images, and after editing their selfies. It was found that although viewing the thin images increased negative mood and body/facial dissatisfaction, experimental condition had no effect on the time spent or extent of editing of the selfie. However, taking and editing the selfie resulted in increased negative mood and facial dissatisfaction in both groups. Further, the observed extent of editing predicted the degree of increase in facial dissatisfaction. It was concluded that investing heavily in and editing one's self-presentation on social media is a detrimental activity for young women.
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53
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Gioia F, Griffiths MD, Boursier V. Adolescents’ Body Shame and Social Networking Sites: The Mediating Effect of Body Image Control in Photos. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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54
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Yan Z, Zhang G, Cardinal BJ, Xu T. Body-related comments experienced by Chinese young women: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci 2020; 22:300-308. [PMID: 32115837 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within Chinese culture, one way that family and friends demonstrate that they care about one-another is by making body-related comments. How such comments are experienced by young women, in particular, including how they relate to their psychological disposition and/or use of unhealthy weight control behaviors, is unknown. The purposes of this study were to understand the frequency and type of body-related comments Chinese college women received, from whom, and their associations with body mass index (BMI), body satisfaction, body change motivations, and unhealthy weight control behaviors. Women from a comprehensive university in Southwest China (N = 236) participated in this cross-sectional study. Results showed that female Chinese college students received body-related comments most frequently from their friends, followed by parents, and romantic partners. While the frequency of receiving body-related comments was not associated with BMI, higher frequencies were associated with stronger motivation to lose weight/fat and to practice unhealthy weight control behaviors. Additionally, positive body-related comments from romantic partners were associated with higher motivation to gain weight/muscle and/or to maintain weight. Furthermore, positive body-related comments from friends were associated with higher body satisfaction. Educational programs are needed to help female Chinese college students and members of their social networks recognize and understand the potential impact associated with giving body-related comments. Screening protocols for unhealthy weight control behaviors and appropriate counseling services should also be developed and made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yan
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Institute of Sports Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bradley J Cardinal
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Physical Education, Institute of Sports Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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55
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Åberg E, Koivula A, Kukkonen I. A feminine burden of perfection? Appearance-related pressures on social networking sites. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2019.101319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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56
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Frederick DA, Garcia JR, Gesselman AN, Mark KP, Hatfield E, Bohrnstedt G. The Happy American Body 2.0: Predictors of affective body satisfaction in two U.S. national internet panel surveys. Body Image 2020; 32:70-84. [PMID: 31830668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first national study of body image was reported four decades ago in the article The Happy American Body (Berscheid et al., 1973). To provide a modern follow-up to this study, we used two Internet panel surveys of U.S. adults to examine feelings about appearance (Survey 1: Married N = 1095; Single N = 5481) and weight, appearance, body, and muscle size/tone (Survey 2: N = 1601). Mean ages across samples for men and women ranged from 42-53. On the positive side, many men and women were somewhat-to-very satisfied with their appearance (67 %; 57 %), overall body (61 %; 46 %), weight (54 %; 42 %), and muscle tone/size (56 %; 41 %). Mean gender differences were small (Cohen's ds = 0.18-0.32), as were sexual orientation differences within each gender (ds = |0.00-0.25|). Looking at negative body image, fewer men than women were somewhat-to-very unhappy with their appearance among married (19 %; 29 %) and single participants (29 %; 35 %), and fewer men were somewhat-to-extremely dissatisfied with their appearance (18 %; 24 %), body (27 %; 39 %), weight (36 %; 49 %), muscle tone/size (27 %; 41 %). Nearly one-fifth of men (18 %) and one-fourth of women (27 %) were very-to-extremely dissatisfied with at least one of these traits, highlighting the importance of body image interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, United States.
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction and, Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Amanda N Gesselman
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Elaine Hatfield
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States
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57
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Boursier V, Gioia F, Griffiths MD. Objectified Body Consciousness, Body Image Control in Photos, and Problematic Social Networking: The Role of Appearance Control Beliefs. Front Psychol 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 32158409 PMCID: PMC7052303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, adolescents' photo-taking and photo-sharing on social media represent ubiquitous practices and objectified body consciousness (OBC) might offer a useful framework to explore online self-presentation and social networking site (SNS) use. Indeed, SNS might represent a highly accessible medium for socializing with self-objectification. However, the relationship between OBC components and problematic SNS use is still understudied. The present study evaluated the previously unexplored predictive role of appearance control beliefs on problematic SNS use, testing the mediating effect of body image control in photos (BICP) across male and female groups. A total of 693 adolescents (55% females; mean age 16 years) participated in the study. Results showed the negatively predictive role of appearance control beliefs on control over body image in photos. Moreover, BICP mediated the appearance control beliefs' negative effect on problematic SNS use in girls. The present study tested the unexplored effect of appearance control beliefs upon problematic SNS use, contributing to the OBC research field and the ongoing debate concerning predictive and protective factors in problematic SNS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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58
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[Mediators of Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescence as Possible Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2020; 68:690-710. [PMID: 31957561 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2019.68.8.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mediators of Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescence as Possible Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Social media are omnipresent in the lives of adolescents. Problematic use of social media has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes including depression, anxiety, suicidality, self-harm, body dissatisfaction and eating pathology. Preliminary evidence suggests that interventions aiming at reducing the amount of time spent in social media and changing dysfunctional beliefs about social media use are promising. However, the mechanisms of change of these interventions with regard to mental health remain unclear. Therefore, this review first provides an overview of the association between social media and mental health and then identifies mediators of this relationship as potential mechanisms of change of interventions targeting problematic media use in adolescents. The identified mediators encompass social comparison, decreased self-esteem, fear of missing out, sleep problems and increased rumination. Future studies should apply a longitudinal design, should investigate additional confounding variables (e. g. age, level of psychopathology) and should also focus on positive effects of social media use on mental health. Thereby, this line of research has the potential to improve our understanding how social media use exerts its effects and based thereupon to develop new or optimize current interventions on problematic social media use to improve mental health in adolescents by targeting the identified mediators.
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59
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Fioravanti G, Prostamo A, Casale S. Taking a Short Break from Instagram: The Effects on Subjective Well-Being. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:107-112. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fioravanti
- Psychology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alfonso Prostamo
- Psychology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Casale
- Psychology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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60
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Body image during sexual activity in the population of Polish adult women. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2020; 18:198-209. [PMID: 32132883 PMCID: PMC7045354 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2019.93118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recently it has been shown that body image during sexual activities is a better predictor of the diversity of sexual experience than body image as a psychological trait. To measure contextual body image (as a state) the Body Exposure During Sexual Activity Questionnaire (BESAQ) was developed. Material and methods 845 women aged 18-55 years were included in the study. The original model was first translated into Polish and consulted to create the version to be further validated. The original model was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The population was divided in two equal groups – group 1 was used for exploratory factor analysis. Discriminant and convergent validity were checked. Sexual function was assessed by the Changes in Sexual Function Questionnaire. Results The Polish model of BESAQ (BESAQ-PL) consisted of 28 items with 2 lower-order factors. It had a satisfactory goodness of fit – comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.93, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.94, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06 and χ2 = 1360.0, df = 337, p< 0.001, excellent internal consistency measured by Cronbach’s α = 0.88 and satisfactory discriminate validity. State body image (BESAQ-PL) did not predict sexual functioning. Face was the most important for self-consciousness during sexual contact in the population of Polish women. Conclusions State body image correlates with sexual functions but is not a major factor influencing sexual performance. Women in Poland are not anxious about body exposure during sexual activity. The BESAQ-PL may be used in the population of Polish women between 18 and 55 years of age.
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61
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Silva AFDS, Japur CC, Penaforte FRDO. Repercussions of Social Networks on Their Users’ Body Image: Integrative Review. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e36510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This integrative review of literature followed the PICO strategy to investigate the repercussions of the use of social networks on the body image of their users. PubMed, LILACS, PsycINFO and SciELO databases were included as well as articles published between January 2006 and February 2019. Thirty-three articles were analyzed, which compose the corpus of this review. The studies revealed that social networks have a predominantly negative repercussion on the body self-image of their users, increasing levels of body dissatisfaction, also having a negative impact on mood and self-esteem. Added to this, social networks influenced the body type that users would like to have, translated by the lean body profile, considered a model of beauty.
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62
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Tiggemann M, Zinoviev K. The effect of #enhancement-free Instagram images and hashtags on women's body image. Body Image 2019; 31:131-138. [PMID: 31605888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Instagram is a popular social networking site where users can post and share photos. One increasing trend on the site is the posting of natural and unaltered images. The present study aimed to experimentally investigate the effect of enhancement-free (i.e., no makeup, no digital alteration) Instagram images and their accompanying hashtags on women's body image. Participants were 204 female undergraduate students who were randomly assigned to view one of three sets of Instagram images: standard (i.e., idealised) images, enhancement-free images, or the same set of enhancement-free images with hashtags indicating their enhancement-free nature. As predicted, exposure to enhancement-free images resulted in significantly lower facial dissatisfaction than exposure to the standard images. However, the addition of hashtags resulted in significantly greater facial dissatisfaction than the same enhancement-free images with no hashtags. There were no significant effects for body dissatisfaction. Effects on facial dissatisfaction were moderated by self-photo manipulation, whereby the difference between standard and enhancement-free images was greater for women who digitally manipulate their own photos. Overall, the findings suggest that, under some conditions, enhancement-free images have the potential to protect Instagram users against appearance concerns.
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63
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Throuvala MA, Griffiths MD, Rennoldson M, Kuss DJ. A 'Control Model' of Social Media Engagement in Adolescence: A Grounded Theory Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234696. [PMID: 31775387 PMCID: PMC6926519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents actively use social media, which engages them cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally. However, the underlying psychological mechanisms of engagement have not been adequately addressed. The present study examined adolescents' psychological processes as these develop in their everyday interactions via social media. The sample comprised six focus groups with 42 adolescents from UK-based schools. Data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory. The resulting concepts related to individual, social, and structurally related processes, highlighting a synergy between the processes underlying use and a gradual reduction of control as individual, social, and structurally led processes emerge, conceptualized as the 'control model' of social media engagement. The findings highlight a controlling aspect in engagement and a dynamic interplay between the processes as mutually determining the quality and the intensity of the interaction. Recommendations are provided for examining control as a main emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanism in problematic and/or addictive social media and smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina A. Throuvala
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (M.D.G.); (D.J.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (M.D.G.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Mike Rennoldson
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (M.D.G.); (D.J.K.)
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64
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Wang JV, Rieder EA, Schoenberg E, Zachary CB, Saedi N. Patient perception of beauty on social media: Professional and bioethical obligations in esthetics. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:1129-1130. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan V. Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA
| | - Evan A. Rieder
- The Ronald O Perelman Department of Dermatology New York University New York NY
| | - Elizabeth Schoenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Nazanin Saedi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA
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65
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Miller K, Kelly A, Stephen E. Exposure to body focused and non-body focused others over a week: A preliminary investigation of their unique contributions to college women's eating and body image. Body Image 2019; 28:44-52. [PMID: 30580168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how exposure to non-body focused others (i.e., those who are not preoccupied with their body weight/shape or appearance) and exposure to body focused others uniquely affect young women's eating and body image over a week, within a day, and from one day to the next. For seven consecutive days, 92 female college students completed nightly online questionnaires about their daily experiences. Between-persons, multilevel modelling revealed that higher average levels of exposure to non-body focused others over the week uniquely predicted greater intuitive eating, greater body appreciation, and less dietary restraint, whereas higher average exposure to body focused others predicted these outcomes in the opposite direction. Within-persons, exposure to body focused others did not predict eating and body image, but exposure to non-body focused others did. On days when women had more exposure to non-body focused others than their personal average level or than the previous day's level, eating and body image were better. These findings are the first to suggest that independent of exposure to body focused others, level of exposure to non-body focused others - within and across days - contribute positively to eating and body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Allison Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Stephen
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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