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Gao Y, Chen T, Lei X, Li Y, Dai X, Cao Y, Ding Q, Lei X, Li T, Lin X. Neuroprotective effects of polydatin against mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5481-5488. [PMID: 27840959 PMCID: PMC5355690 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of polydatin (PD) against hemorrhagic shock-induced mitochondrial injury has been described previously, and mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis were reportedly involved in ischemic stroke. In the present study the neuroprotective effect of PD in preventing apoptosis was evaluated following induction of focal cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. PD (30 mg/kg) was administered by caudal vein injection 10 min prior to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. 24 h following I/R injury, ameliorated modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) and reduced infarct volume were observed in the PD treated group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and Annexin V/propidium iodide assays demonstrated the anti-apoptotic effect of PD in the ischemic cortex. In addition, PD improved I/R injury‑induced mitochondrial dysfunction, reflected by morphological observations and measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP measurement. Western blot analysis revealed an increase in B‑cell lymphoma 2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl-2) expression, and a decrease in Bcl‑2‑associated protein X apoptosis regulator expression in the PD group in comparison with the vehicle treated group. PD treatment also prevented the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and blunted the activities of caspase‑9 and caspase‑3. Furthermore, PD treatment decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species in neurons isolated from the ischemic cortex. The findings of this study, therefore, suggest that PD has a dual effect, ameliorating both oxidative stress and mitochondria‑dependent apoptosis, making it a promising new therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youguang Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Xianghui Lei
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Xingui Dai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Qionglei Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Xiabao Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhong Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
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CAO GS, LI SX, WANG Y, XU YQ, LV YN, KOU JP, YU BY. A combination of four effective components derived from Sheng-mai san attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in PC12 cells through inhibiting Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14:508-17. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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53
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Otsuka T, Shimazawa M, Inoue Y, Nakano Y, Ojino K, Izawa H, Tsuruma K, Ishibashi T, Hara H. Astaxanthin Protects Against Retinal Damage: Evidence from In Vivo and In Vitro Retinal Ischemia and Reperfusion Models. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1465-1472. [PMID: 27158842 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1127392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Astaxanthin exhibits various pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effects, and is thought to exert a neuroprotective effect via these mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of astaxanthin on neuronal cell death using a retinal ischemia/reperfusion model. METHODS In vivo, retinal ischemia was induced by 5 h unilateral ligation of the pterygopalatine artery (PPA) and the external carotid artery (ECA) in ddY mice. Astaxanthin (100 mg/kg) was administered orally 1 h before induction of ischemia, immediately after reperfusion, at 6 or 12 h after reperfusion, and twice daily for the following 4 days. Histological analysis and an electroretinogram (ERG) were performed 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In vitro, cell death was induced in the RGC-5 (retinal precursor cells) by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and the rates of cell death and production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using nuclear staining and a ROS reactive reagent, CM-H2DCFDA. RESULTS Histological studies revealed that astaxanthin significantly reduced retinal ischemic damage and ERG reduction. In in vitro studies, astaxanthin inhibited cell death and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results indicate that astaxanthin inhibits ischemia-induced retinal cell death via its antioxidant effect. Hence, astaxanthin might be effective in treating retinal ischemic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Otsuka
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Kazuki Ojino
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Izawa
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Takashi Ishibashi
- b Specialty and Performance Chemicals Department 2, Biotechnology Business Section , JX Nippon Oil and Energy Corporation , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- a Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation , Gifu Pharmaceutical University , Gifu , Japan
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54
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Astaxanthin Inhibits Acetaldehyde-Induced Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells by Modulating Akt/CREB and p38MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14030056. [PMID: 26978376 PMCID: PMC4820310 DOI: 10.3390/md14030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction. Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, mediates the brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic excessive alcohol consumption. In this study, the effect of astaxanthin, a marine bioactive compound, on acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity was investigated in SH-SY5Y cells. It was found that astaxanthin protected cells from apoptosis by ameliorating the effect of acetaldehyde on the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, preventing the reduction of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the increase of pro-apoptotic protein Bak induced by acetaldehyde. Further analyses showed that astaxanthin treatment inhibited acetaldehyde-induced reduction of the levels of activated Akt and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Astaxanthin treatment also prevented acetaldehyde-induced increase of the level of activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and decrease of the level of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Activation of Akt/CREB pathway promotes cell survival and is involved in the upregulation of Bcl-2 gene. P38MAPK plays a critical role in apoptotic events while ERKs mediates the inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, astaxanthin may inhibit acetaldehyde-induced apoptosis through promoting the activation of Akt/CREB and ERKs and blocking the activation of p38MAPK. In addition, astaxanthin treatment suppressed the oxidative stress induced by acetaldehyde and restored the antioxidative capacity of SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, astaxanthin may protect cells against acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity through maintaining redox balance and modulating apoptotic and survival signals. The results suggest that astaxanthin treatment may be beneficial for preventing neurotoxicity associated with acetaldehyde and excessive alcohol consumption.
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Yook JS, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Soya H. DNA microarray-based experimental strategy for trustworthy expression profiling of the hippocampal genes by astaxanthin supplementation in adult mouse. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 7:32-7. [PMID: 26981356 PMCID: PMC4778586 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring astaxantin (ASX) is one of the noticeable carotenoid and dietary supplement, which has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and neuroprotective effects in the brain through crossing the blood-brain barrier. Specially, we are interested in the role of ASX as a brain food. Although ASX has been suggested to have potential benefit to the brain function, the underlying molecular mechanisms and events mediating such effect remain unknown. Here we examined molecular factors in the hippocampus of adult mouse fed ASX diets (0.1% and 0.5% doses) using DNA microarray (Agilent 4 × 44 K whole mouse genome chip) analysis. In this study, we described in detail our experimental workflow and protocol, and validated quality controls with the housekeeping gene expression (Gapdh and Beta-actin) on the dye-swap based approach to advocate our microarray data, which have been uploaded to Gene Expression Omnibus (accession number GSE62197) as a gene resource for the scientific community. This data will also form an important basis for further detailed experiments and bioinformatics analysis with an aim to unravel the potential molecular pathways or mechanisms underlying the positive effects of ASX supplementation on the brain, in particular the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Soo Yook
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Shibato
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences & Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
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56
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Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Astaxanthin. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14020035. [PMID: 26861359 PMCID: PMC4771988 DOI: 10.3390/md14020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring red carotenoid pigment classified as a xanthophyll, found in microalgae and seafood such as salmon, trout, and shrimp. This review focuses on astaxanthin as a bioactive compound and outlines the evidence associated with its potential role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Astaxanthin has a unique molecular structure that is responsible for its powerful antioxidant activities by quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals. Astaxanthin has been reported to inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and adiponectin levels in clinical studies. Accumulating evidence suggests that astaxanthin could exert preventive actions against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) via its potential to improve oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. In addition to identifying mechanisms of astaxanthin bioactivity by basic research, much more epidemiological and clinical evidence linking reduced CVD risk with dietary astaxanthin intake is needed.
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Abstract
Carotenoids are the most important biocolor isoprenoids responsible for yellow, orange and red colors found in nature. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids of photosynthetic and sink organs and are essential molecules for photosynthesis, photo-oxidative damage protection and phytohormone synthesis. Carotenoids also play important roles in human health and nutrition acting as vitamin A precursors and antioxidants. Biochemical and biophysical approaches in different plants models have provided significant advances in understanding the structural and functional roles of carotenoids in plants as well as the key points of regulation in their biosynthesis. To date, different plant models have been used to characterize the key genes and their regulation, which has increased the knowledge of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in plants. In this chapter a description of each step in the carotenoid synthesis pathway is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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58
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Zhou X, Zhang F, Hu X, Chen J, Wen X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Tang R, Zheng K, Song Y. Inhibition of inflammation by astaxanthin alleviates cognition deficits in diabetic mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:412-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wu H, Niu H, Shao A, Wu C, Dixon BJ, Zhang J, Yang S, Wang Y. Astaxanthin as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5750-66. [PMID: 26378548 PMCID: PMC4584352 DOI: 10.3390/md13095750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, which consist of acute injuries and chronic neurodegeneration, are the leading causes of human death and disability. However, the pathophysiology of these diseases have not been fully elucidated, and effective treatments are still lacking. Astaxanthin, a member of the xanthophyll group, is a red-orange carotenoid with unique cell membrane actions and diverse biological activities. More importantly, there is evidence demonstrating that astaxanthin confers neuroprotective effects in experimental models of acute injuries, chronic neurodegenerative disorders, and neurological diseases. The beneficial effects of astaxanthin are linked to its oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic characteristics. In this review, we will focus on the neuroprotective properties of astaxanthin and explore the underlying mechanisms in the setting of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Huanjiang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA..
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Shuxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Yirong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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Multiple Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Effects Exerted by Astaxanthin. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4310-30. [PMID: 26184238 PMCID: PMC4515619 DOI: 10.3390/md13074310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ATX) is a xanthophyll carotenoid which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) as food colorant in animal and fish feed. It is widely found in algae and aquatic animals and has powerful anti-oxidative activity. Previous studies have revealed that ATX, with its anti-oxidative property, is beneficial as a therapeutic agent for various diseases without any side effects or toxicity. In addition, ATX also shows preclinical anti-tumor efficacy both in vivo and in vitro in various cancer models. Several researches have deciphered that ATX exerts its anti-proliferative, anti-apoptosis and anti-invasion influence via different molecules and pathways including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Hence, ATX shows great promise as chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. Here, we review the rapidly advancing field of ATX in cancer therapy as well as some molecular targets of ATX.
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Zhang Y, Wang W, Hao C, Mao X, Zhang L. Astaxanthin protects PC12 cells from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity through multiple signaling pathways. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Li J, Wang F, Xia Y, Dai W, Chen K, Li S, Liu T, Zheng Y, Wang J, Lu W, Zhou Y, Yin Q, Lu J, Zhou Y, Guo C. Astaxanthin Pretreatment Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy via the ROS/MAPK Pathway in Mice. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3368-87. [PMID: 26023842 PMCID: PMC4483634 DOI: 10.3390/md13063368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) is an important issue in complex liver resection and liver transplantation. The aim of the present study was to determine the protective effect of astaxanthin (ASX), an antioxidant, on hepatic IR injury via the reactive oxygen species/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ROS/MAPK) pathway. Methods: Mice were randomized into a sham, IR, ASX or IR + ASX group. The mice received ASX at different doses (30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg) for 14 days. Serum and tissue samples at 2 h, 8 h and 24 h after abdominal surgery were collected to assess alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), inflammation factors, ROS, and key proteins in the MAPK family. Results: ASX reduced the release of ROS and cytokines leading to inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy via down-regulation of the activated phosphorylation of related proteins in the MAPK family, such as P38 MAPK, JNK and ERK in this model of hepatic IR injury. Conclusion: Apoptosis and autophagy caused by hepatic IR injury were inhibited by ASX following a reduction in the release of ROS and inflammatory cytokines, and the relationship between the two may be associated with the inactivation of the MAPK family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Yujing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Jianrong Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Wenxia Lu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Qin Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Anti-inflammatory Effect of Astaxanthin on the Sickness Behavior Induced by Diabetes Mellitus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1027-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lu Y, Xie T, He XX, Mao ZF, Jia LJ, Wang WP, Zhen JL, Liu LM. Astaxanthin rescues neuron loss and attenuates oxidative stress induced by amygdala kindling in adult rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2015; 597:49-53. [PMID: 25888816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the neuronal damage induced by epilepsy. The present study assessed the possible neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin (ATX) on neuronal damage, in hippocampal CA3 neurons following amygdala kindling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically kindled in the amygdala and ATX or equal volume of vehicle was given by intraperitoneally. Twenty-four hours after the last stimulation, the rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Histopathological changes and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured, cytosolic cytochrome c (CytC) and caspase-3 activities in the hippocampus were also recorded. We found extensive neuronal damage in the CA3 region in the kindling group, which was preceded by increases of ROS level and MDA concentration and was followed by caspase-3 activation and an increase in cytosolic CytC. Treatment with ATX markedly attenuated the neuronal damage. In addition, ATX significantly decreased ROS and MDA concentrations and increased GSH levels. Moreover, ATX suppressed the translation of CytC release and caspase-3 activation in hippocampus. Together, these results suggest that ATX protects against neuronal loss due to epilepsy in the rat hippocampus by attenuating oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation and inhibiting the mitochondrion-related apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Xue-Xin He
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Zhuo-Feng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Li-Jing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Wei-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
| | - Jun-Li Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Liang-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
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Wang JY, Lee YJ, Chou MC, Chang R, Chiu CH, Liang YJ, Wu LS. Astaxanthin protects steroidogenesis from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in mouse Leydig cells. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1375-88. [PMID: 25786065 PMCID: PMC4377989 DOI: 10.3390/md13031375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens, especially testosterone produced in Leydig cells, play an essential role in development of the male reproductive phenotype and fertility. However, testicular oxidative stress may cause a decline in testosterone production. Many antioxidants have been used as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers to eliminate oxidative stress to protect steroidogenesis. Astaxanthin (AST), a natural extract from algae and plants ubiquitous in the marine environment, has been shown to have antioxidant activity in many previous studies. In this study, we treated primary mouse Leydig cells or MA-10 cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to cause oxidative stress. Testosterone and progesterone production was suppressed and the expression of the mature (30 kDa) form of StAR protein was down-regulated in MA-10 cells by H2O2 and cAMP co-treatment. However, progesterone production and expression of mature StAR protein were restored in MA-10 cells by a one-hour pretreatment with AST. AST also reduced ROS levels in cells so that they were lower than the levels in untreated controls. These results provide additional evidence of the potential health benefits of AST as a potential food additive to ease oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Yuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yue-Jia Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chia Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Pingtung Branch, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Jen Liang
- Department and Institute of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Leang-Shin Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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66
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Litopenaeus vannamei muscle carotenoids versus astaxanthin: A comparison of antioxidant activity and in vitro protective effects against lipid peroxidation. FOOD BIOSCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Astaxanthin improves behavioral disorder and oxidative stress in prenatal valproic acid-induced mice model of autism. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:112-21. [PMID: 25732953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to valproic acid on gestational day 12.5 may lead to the impaired behavior in the offspring, which is similar to the human autistic symptoms. To the contrary, astaxanthin shows neuroprotective effect by its antioxidant mechanism. We aimed to (i) develop mice model of autism and (ii) investigate the effect of astaxanthin on such model animals. Valproic acid (600 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to the pregnant mice on gestational day 12.5. Prenatal valproic acid-exposed mice were divided into 2 groups on postnatal day 25 and astaxanthin (2mg/kg) was given to the experimental group (VPA_AST, n=10) while saline was given to the control group (VPA, n=10) for 4 weeks. Behavioral test including social interaction, open field and hot-plate were conducted on postnatal day 25 and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, advanced protein oxidation product, nitric oxide, glutathione, and activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase were estimated on postnatal day 26 to confirm mice model of autism and on postnatal day 56 to assess the effect of astaxanthin. On postnatal day 25, prenatal valproic acid-exposed mice exhibited (i) delayed eye opening (ii) longer latency to respond painful stimuli, (iii) poor sociability and social novelty and (iv) high level of anxiety. In addition, an increased level of oxidative stress was found by determining different oxidative stress markers. Treatment with astaxanthin significantly (p<0.05) improved the behavioral disorder and reduced the oxidative stress in brain and liver. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to valproic day in pregnant mice leads to the development of autism-like features. Astaxanthin improves the impaired behavior in animal model of autism presumably by its antioxidant activity.
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Qiu X, Fu K, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang S, Gu X, Guo H. Protective effects of astaxanthin against ischemia/reperfusion induced renal injury in mice. J Transl Med 2015; 13:28. [PMID: 25623758 PMCID: PMC4323259 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ATX) is a powerful antioxidant that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. Previous studies have shown that ATX has effects of eliminating oxygen free radicals and can protect organs from ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induced injury. The present study was designed to further investigate the protective effects of ATX on oxidative stress induced toxicity in tubular epithelial cells and on IR induced renal injury in mice. ATX, at a concentration of 250 nM, attenuated 100 μM H2O2-inudced viability decrease of tubular epithelial cells. In vivo, ATX preserved renal function 12 h or 24 h post IR. Pretreatment of ATX via oral gavage for 14 consecutive days prior to IR dramatically prevented IR induced histological damage 24 h post IR. Histological results showed that the pathohistological score, number of apoptotic cells, and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin were significantly decreased by pretreatment of ATX. In addition, oxidative stress and inflammation in kidney samples were significantly reduced by ATX 24 h post IR. Taken together, the current study suggests that pretreatment of ATX is effective in preserving renal function and histology via antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Xiaozhi Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yanting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yimin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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69
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Zhang J, Sun Z, Sun P, Chen T, Chen F. Microalgal carotenoids: beneficial effects and potential in human health. Food Funct 2014; 5:413-25. [PMID: 24480814 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60607d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are huge natural sources of high-value compounds with health-promoting properties. The carotenoids derived from microalgae have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which allow them to provide health benefits. In this article, the bioactivities of microalgal carotenoids are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on astaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid with extraordinary potential for protecting against a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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70
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Barbosa M, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Bioactive compounds from macroalgae in the new millennium: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4934-72. [PMID: 25257784 PMCID: PMC4178484 DOI: 10.3390/md12094934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine environment has proven to be a rich source of structurally diverse and complex compounds exhibiting numerous interesting biological effects. Macroalgae are currently being explored as novel and sustainable sources of bioactive compounds for both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Given the increasing prevalence of different forms of dementia, researchers have been focusing their attention on the discovery and development of new compounds from macroalgae for potential application in neuroprotection. Neuroprotection involves multiple and complex mechanisms, which are deeply related. Therefore, compounds exerting neuroprotective effects through different pathways could present viable approaches in the management of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. In fact, several studies had already provided promising insights into the neuroprotective effects of a series of compounds isolated from different macroalgae species. This review will focus on compounds from macroalgae that exhibit neuroprotective effects and their potential application to treat and/or prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barbosa
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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71
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Filioli Uranio M, Dell'Aquila ME, Caira M, Guaricci AC, Ventura M, Catacchio CR, Martino NA, Valentini L. Characterization and in vitro differentiation potency of early-passage canine amnion- and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells as related to gestational age. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:539-51. [PMID: 24659564 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fetal adnexa are a non-controversial source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have high plasticity, a high proliferation rate, and the ability to differentiate towards multiple lineages. MSC populations have been characterized for their stemness and differentiation capabilities; more recent work has focused on MSC selection and on establishing predictable elements to discriminate the cells with the most potential for regenerative medicine. In this study, we cytogenetically and molecularly characterized and followed the in vitro proliferation and differentiation potential of early-passage canine amniotic membrane MSCs (AM-MSCs) and umbilical cord matrix MSCs (UCM-MSCs) isolated from fetuses at early (35-40 days) and late (45-55 days) gestational ages. We found that cells from both fetal gestational ages showed similar features. In all examined cell lines, the morphology of proliferating cells typically appeared fibroblast-like. Population doublings, passaged up to 10 times, increased significantly with passage number. In both cell types, cell viability and chromosomal number and structure were not affected by gestational age at early passages. Passage-3 AM- and UCM-MSCs from both gestational phases also expressed embryonic (POU5F1) and mesenchymal (CD29, CD44) stemness markers, whereas hematopoietic and histocompatibility markers were never found in any sample. Passage-3 cell populations of each cell type were also multipotential as they could differentiate into neurocytes and osteocytes, based on cell morphology, specific stains, and molecular analysis. These results indicated that MSCs retrieved from the UCM and AM in the early and late fetal phases of gestation could be used for canine regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Filioli Uranio
- Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions Section, Department for Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
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72
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Neuroprotective properties of the marine carotenoid astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, and perspectives for the natural combination of both in krill oil. Nutrients 2014; 6:1293-317. [PMID: 24667135 PMCID: PMC3967194 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of marine fishes and general seafood has long been recommended by several medical authorities as a long-term nutritional intervention to preserve mental health, hinder neurodegenerative processes, and sustain cognitive capacities in humans. Most of the neurological benefits provided by frequent seafood consumption comes from adequate uptake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3/n-6 PUFAs, and antioxidants. Optimal n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratios allow efficient inflammatory responses that prevent the initiation and progression of many neurological disorders. Moreover, interesting in vivo and clinical studies with the marine antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (present in salmon, shrimp, and lobster) have shown promising results against free radical-promoted neurodegenerative processes and cognition loss. This review presents the state-of-the-art applications of n-3/n-6 PUFAs and astaxanthin as nutraceuticals against neurodegenerative diseases associated with exacerbated oxidative stress in CNS. The fundamental “neurohormesis” principle is discussed throughout this paper. Finally, new perspectives for the application of a natural combination of the aforementioned anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents (found in krill oil) are also presented herewith.
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73
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Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG. Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications--a review. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:128-52. [PMID: 24402174 PMCID: PMC3917265 DOI: 10.3390/md12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 951] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently much interest in biological active compounds derived from natural resources, especially compounds that can efficiently act on molecular targets, which are involved in various diseases. Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β, β'-carotene-4,4'-dione) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, contained in Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorococcum, and Phaffia rhodozyma. It accumulates up to 3.8% on the dry weight basis in H. pluvialis. Our recent published data on astaxanthin extraction, analysis, stability studies, and its biological activities results were added to this review paper. Based on our results and current literature, astaxanthin showed potential biological activity in in vitro and in vivo models. These studies emphasize the influence of astaxanthin and its beneficial effects on the metabolism in animals and humans. Bioavailability of astaxanthin in animals was enhanced after feeding Haematococcus biomass as a source of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin, used as a nutritional supplement, antioxidant and anticancer agent, prevents diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, and also stimulates immunization. Astaxanthin products are used for commercial applications in the dosage forms as tablets, capsules, syrups, oils, soft gels, creams, biomass and granulated powders. Astaxanthin patent applications are available in food, feed and nutraceutical applications. The current review provides up-to-date information on astaxanthin sources, extraction, analysis, stability, biological activities, health benefits and special attention paid to its commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga Rao Ambati
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Siew Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Sarada Ravi
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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74
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Chang CS, Chang CL, Lai GH. Reactive oxygen species scavenging activities in a chemiluminescence model and neuroprotection in rat pheochromocytoma cells by astaxanthin, beta-carotene, and canthaxanthin. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 29:412-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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75
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Ström JO, Ingberg E, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23548160 PMCID: PMC3637133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains. Methods We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability. Results The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method. Conclusions The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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76
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Ye Q, Zhang X, Huang B, Zhu Y, Chen X. Astaxanthin suppresses MPP(+)-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells through a Sp1/NR1 signaling pathway. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1019-34. [PMID: 23538867 PMCID: PMC3705385 DOI: 10.3390/md11041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate astaxanthin (ATX) neuroprotection, and its mechanism, on a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine ion (MPP+)-induced cell model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS Mature, differentiated PC12 cells treated with MPP+ were used as an in vitro cell model. The MTT assay was used to investigate cell viability after ATX treatment, and western blot analysis was used to observe Sp1 (activated transcription factor 1) and NR1 (NMDA receptor subunit 1) protein expression, real-time PCR was used to monitor Sp1 and NR1 mRNA, and cell immunofluorescence was used to determine the location of Sp1 and NR1 protein and the nuclear translocation of Sp1. RESULTS PC12 cell viability was significantly reduced by MPP+ treatment. The expression of Sp1 and NR1 mRNA and protein were increased compared with the control (p < 0.01). Following co-treatment with ATX and MPP+, cell viability was significantly increased, and Sp1 and NR1 mRNA and protein were decreased, compared with the MPP+ groups (p < 0.01). In addition, mithracycin A protected PC12 cells from oxidative stress caused by MPP+ by specifically inhibiting the expression of Sp1. Moreover, cell immunofluorescence revealed that ATX could suppress Sp1 nuclear transfer. CONCLUSION ATX inhibited oxidative stress induced by MPP+ in PC12 cells, via the SP1/NR1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China.
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Santos SD, Cahú TB, Firmino GO, de Castro CC, Carvalho Jr. LB, Bezerra RS, Filho JLL. Shrimp Waste Extract and Astaxanthin: Rat Alveolar Macrophage, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. J Food Sci 2012; 77:H141-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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78
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Peng B, Guo QL, He ZJ, Ye Z, Yuan YJ, Wang N, Zhou J. Remote ischemic postconditioning protects the brain from global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by up-regulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Brain Res 2012; 1445:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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79
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Ma Y, Liu W, Wang Y, Chao X, Qu Y, Wang K, Fei Z. VEGF protects rat cortical neurons from mechanical trauma injury induced apoptosis via the MEK/ERK pathway. Brain Res Bull 2011; 86:441-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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80
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The Cannabinoid WIN 55212-2 Mitigates Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction After Hypoxia Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:161-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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81
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Neuroprotective effect of Jatrorrhizine on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell injury and its potential mechanisms in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:227-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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82
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Mattei R, Polotow TG, Vardaris CV, Guerra BA, Leite JR, Otton R, Barros MP. Astaxanthin limits fish oil-related oxidative insult in the anterior forebrain of Wistar rats: putative anxiolytic effects? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:349-55. [PMID: 21619892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The habitual consumption of marine fish is largely associated to human mental health. Fish oil is particularly rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are known to play a role in several neuronal and cognitive functions. In parallel, the orange-pinkish carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA) is found in salmon and displays important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Many neuronal dysfunctions and anomalous psychotic behavior (such as anxiety, depression, etc.) have been strongly related to the higher sensitivity of cathecolaminergic brain regions to oxidative stress. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the combined effect of ASTA and fish oil on the redox status in plasma and in the monoaminergic-rich anterior forebrain region of Wistar rats with possible correlations with the anxiolytic behavior. Upon fish oil supplementation, the downregulation of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities combined to increased "free" iron content resulted in higher levels of lipid and protein oxidation in the anterior forebrain of animals. Such harmful oxidative modifications were hindered by concomitant supplementation with ASTA despite ASTA-related antioxidant protection was mainly observed in plasma. Although it is clear that ASTA properly crosses the brain-blood barrier, our data also address a possible indirect role of ASTA in restoring basal oxidative conditions in anterior forebrain of animals: by improving GSH-based antioxidant capacity of plasma. Preliminary anxiolytic tests performed in the elevated plus maze are in alignment with our biochemical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mattei
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), ZIP 04023062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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83
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Filioli Uranio M, Valentini L, Lange-Consiglio A, Caira M, Guaricci AC, L'Abbate A, Catacchio CR, Ventura M, Cremonesi F, Dell'Aquila ME. Isolation, proliferation, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization and in vitro differentiation potency of canine stem cells from foetal adnexa: a comparative study of amniotic fluid, amnion, and umbilical cord matrix. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:361-73. [PMID: 21491540 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to isolate canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from foetal adnexa is interesting since several canine genetic disorders are reported to resemble similar dysfunctions in humans. In this study, we successfully isolated, cytogenetically and molecularly characterized, and followed the differentiation potency of canine MSCs from foetal adnexa, such as amniotic fluid (AF), amniotic membrane (AM), and umbilical cord matrix (UCM). In the three types of cell lines, the morphology of proliferating cells typically appeared fibroblast-like, and the population doubling time (DT) significantly increased with passage number. For AF- and AM-MSCs, cell viability did not change with passages. In UCM-MSCs, cell viability remained at approximately constant levels up to P6 and significantly decreased from P7 (P < 0.05). Amnion and UCM-MSCs expressed embryonic and MSC markers, such as Oct-4 CD44, CD184, and CD29, whereas AF-MSCs expressed Oct-4, CD44. Expression of the hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45 was not found. Dog leucocyte antigens (DLA-DRA1 and DLA-79) were expressed only in AF-MSCs at P1. Isolated cells of the three cell lines at P3 showed multipotent capacity, and differentiated in vitro into neurocyte, adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte, as demonstrated by specific stains and expression of molecular markers. Cells at P4 showed normal chromosomal number, structure, and telomerase activity. These results demonstrate that, in dog, MSCs can be successfully isolated from foetal adnexa and grown in vitro. Their proven stemness and chromosomal stability indicated that MSCs could be used as a model to study stem cell biology and have an application in therapeutic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filioli Uranio
- Department of Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
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84
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Kim JH, Nam SW, Kim BW, Choi W, Lee JH, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Astaxanthin improves stem cell potency via an increase in the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:5109-19. [PMID: 21614195 PMCID: PMC3100832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the question of whether or not astaxanthin improves stem cell potency via an increase in proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Treatment with astaxanthin significantly increased proliferation and colony formation of NPCs. For identification of possible activated signaling molecules involved in active cell proliferation occurring after astaxanthin treatment, total protein levels of several proliferation-related proteins, and expression levels of proliferation-related transcription factors, were assessed in NPCs. In Western blot analysis, astaxanthin induced significant activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream mediators in a time-dependent manner. Results of RT-PCR analysis showed upregulation of proliferation-related transcription factors and stemness genes. To estimate the relevance of PI3K and mitogen-activated protein, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) signaling pathways in cell growth of astaxanthin-treated NPCs, inhibition assays were performed with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, and PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK, respectively. These results clearly showed that astaxanthin induces proliferation of NPCs via activation of the PI3K and MEK signaling pathways and improves stem cell potency via stemness acting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomaterial Control, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-H.K.); (B.-W.K.); (W.C.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Soo-Wan Nam
- Department of Biomaterial Control, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-H.K.); (B.-W.K.); (W.C.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
- Department of Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.-W.N.); (Y.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-51-850-7413; Fax: +82-51-853-4036
| | - Byung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomaterial Control, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-H.K.); (B.-W.K.); (W.C.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
- Department of Life Science & Biotechnology, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Woobong Choi
- Department of Biomaterial Control, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-H.K.); (B.-W.K.); (W.C.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
- Department of Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biomaterial Control, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-H.K.); (B.-W.K.); (W.C.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
- Department of Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Korea; E-Mail: (W.-J.K.)
| | - Yung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biomaterial Control, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 614-714, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-H.K.); (B.-W.K.); (W.C.); (J.-H.L.)
- Department of Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.-W.N.); (Y.-H.C.); Tel.: +82-51-850-7413; Fax: +82-51-853-4036
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