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Walsh AM, Kapoor GS, Buonato JM, Mathew LK, Bi Y, Davuluri RV, Martinez-Lage M, Simon MC, O'Rourke DM, Lazzara MJ. Sprouty2 Drives Drug Resistance and Proliferation in Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1227-37. [PMID: 25934697 PMCID: PMC4679183 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0183-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is notoriously resistant to therapy, and the development of a durable cure will require the identification of broadly relevant regulators of GBM cell tumorigenicity and survival. Here, we identify Sprouty2 (SPRY2), a known regulator of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), as one such regulator. SPRY2 knockdown reduced proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in GBM cells and slowed xenograft tumor growth in mice. SPRY2 knockdown also promoted cell death in response to coinhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the c-MET receptor in GBM cells, an effect that involved regulation of the ability of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to drive cell death in response to inhibitors. Analysis of data from clinical tumor specimens further demonstrated that SPRY2 protein is definitively expressed in GBM tissue, that SPRY2 expression is elevated in GBM tumors expressing EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII), and that elevated SPRY2 mRNA expression portends reduced GBM patient survival. Overall, these results identify SPRY2 and the pathways it regulates as novel candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GBM. IMPLICATIONS SPRY2, counter to its roles in other cancer settings, promotes glioma cell and tumor growth and cellular resistance to targeted inhibitors of oncogenic RTKs, thus making SPRY2 and the cell signaling processes it regulates potential novel therapeutic targets in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Walsh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gurpreet S Kapoor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janine M Buonato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lijoy K Mathew
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Howared Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yingtao Bi
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ramana V Davuluri
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Martinez-Lage
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Howared Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald M O'Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Jia J, Dellinger AE, Weiss ES, Bulusu A, Rushing C, Li H, Howard LA, Kaplan N, Pang H, Hurwitz HI, Nixon AB. Direct Evidence of Target Inhibition with Anti-VEGF, EGFR, and mTOR Therapies in a Clinical Model of Wound Healing. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3442-52. [PMID: 25878330 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In early clinical testing, most novel targeted anticancer therapies have limited toxicities and limited efficacy, which complicates dose and schedule selection for these agents. Confirmation of target inhibition is critical for rational drug development; however, repeated tumor biopsies are often impractical and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and normal skin are often inadequate surrogates for tumor tissue. Based upon the similarities of tumor and wound stroma, we have developed a clinical dermal granulation tissue model to evaluate novel targeted therapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A 4-mm skin punch biopsy was used to stimulate wound healing and a repeat 5-mm punch biopsy was used to harvest the resulting granulation tissue. This assay was performed at pretreatment and on-treatment evaluating four targeted therapies, bevacizumab, everolimus, erlotinib, and panitumumab, in the context of three different clinical trials. Total and phosphorylated levels VEGFR2, S6RP, and EGFR were evaluated using ELISA-based methodologies. RESULTS Significant and consistent inhibition of the VEGF pathway (using VEGFR2 as the readout) was observed in granulation tissue biopsies from patients treated with bevacizumab and everolimus. In addition, significant and consistent inhibition of the mTOR pathway (using S6RP as the readout) was observed in patients treated with everolimus. Finally, significant inhibition of the EGFR pathway (using EGFR as the readout) was observed in patients treated with panitumumab, but this was not observed in patients treated with erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS Molecular analyses of dermal granulation tissue can be used as a convenient and quantitative pharmacodynamic biomarker platform for multiple classes of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingquan Jia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew E Dellinger
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eric S Weiss
- Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anuradha Bulusu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christel Rushing
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Leigh A Howard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Neal Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Herbert Pang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Herbert I Hurwitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Nagel R, Stigter-van Walsum M, Buijze M, van den Berg J, van der Meulen IH, Hodzic J, Piersma SR, Pham TV, Jiménez CR, van Beusechem VW, Brakenhoff RH. Genome-wide siRNA Screen Identifies the Radiosensitizing Effect of Downregulation of MASTL and FOXM1 in NSCLC. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1434-44. [PMID: 25808837 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and on top of that has a very poor prognosis, which is reflected by a 5-year survival rate of 5% to 15%. Radiotherapy is an integral part of most treatment regimens for this type of tumor, often combined with radiosensitizing cytotoxic drugs. In this study, we identified many genes that could potentially be exploited for targeted radiosensitization using a genome-wide siRNA screen in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The screen identified 433 siRNAs that potentially sensitize lung cancer cells to radiation. Validation experiments showed that knockdown of expression of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) or microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase-like (MASTL) indeed causes radiosensitization in a panel of NSCLC cells. Strikingly, this effect was not observed in primary human fibroblasts, suggesting that the observed radiosensitization is specific for cancer cells. Phosphoproteomics analyses with and without irradiation showed that a number of cell-cycle-related proteins were significantly less phosphorylated after MASTL knockdown in comparison to the control, while there were no changes in the levels of phosphorylation of DNA damage response proteins. Subsequent analyses showed that MASTL knockdown cells respond differently to radiation, with a significantly shortened G2-M phase arrest and defects in cytokinesis, which are followed by a cell-cycle arrest. In summary, we have identified many potential therapeutic targets that could be used for radiosensitization of NSCLC cells, with MASTL being a very promising and druggable target to combine with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Nagel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Stigter-van Walsum
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Buijze
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap van den Berg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ida H van der Meulen
- RNA Interference Functional Oncogenomics Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmina Hodzic
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jiménez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor W van Beusechem
- RNA Interference Functional Oncogenomics Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Garay T, Molnár E, Juhász É, László V, Barbai T, Dobos J, Schelch K, Pirker C, Grusch M, Berger W, Tímár J, Hegedűs B. Sensitivity of Melanoma Cells to EGFR and FGFR Activation but Not Inhibition is Influenced by Oncogenic BRAF and NRAS Mutations. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:957-68. [PMID: 25749811 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BRAF and NRAS are the two most frequent oncogenic driver mutations in melanoma and are pivotal components of both the EGF and FGF signaling network. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of BRAF and NRAS oncogenic mutation on the response to the stimulation and inhibition of epidermal and fibroblast growth factor receptors in melanoma cells. In the three BRAF mutant, two NRAS mutant and two double wild-type cell lines growth factor receptor expression had been verified by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation and migration were determined by the analysis of 3-days-long time-lapse videomicroscopic recordings. Of note, a more profound response was found in motility as compared to proliferation and double wild-type cells displayed a higher sensitivity to EGF and FGF2 treatment when compared to mutant cells. Both baseline and induced activation of the growth factor signaling was assessed by immunoblot analysis of the phosphorylation of the downstream effectors Erk1/2. Low baseline and higher inducibility of the signaling pathway was characteristic in double wild-type cells. In contrast, oncogenic BRAF or NRAS mutation did not influence the response to EGF or FGF receptor inhibitors in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that the oncogenic mutations in melanoma have a profound impact on the motogenic effect of the activation of growth factor receptor signaling. Since emerging molecularly targeted therapies aim at the growth factor receptor signaling, the appropriate mutational analysis of individual melanoma cases is essential in both preclinical studies and in the clinical trials and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Garay
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary
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Liu W, Kang M, Qin Y, Wei Z, Wang R. Apoptosis-inducing effects of cetuximab combined with radiotherapy and hypothermia on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE cells. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:2182-2189. [PMID: 25932149 PMCID: PMC4402796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the apoptosis-inducing effects of cetuximab combined with radiotherapy and hypothermia in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE cells. CNE cells were treated with the radiation monotherapy, the radiation and hypothermia, the cetuximab and radiation, and the triple-combination treatment, respectively. MTT assay was performed to assess cell proliferation following treatments. Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry analyses were used to detect apoptotic process. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression levels. Cetuximab monotherapy inhibited the proliferation of CNE cells. Hyperthermia alone inhibited EGFR expression, and prolonged hypothermia treatment resulted in declining EGFR expression levels in these cells. Moreover, Hoechst 33258 staining showed obvious apoptotic morphologies in the treatment groups. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the interventions dramatically increased the apoptosis rates in CNE cells, with the most potent effect for the triple-combination treatment. Western blot analysis showed that, in the treatment groups, the expression levels of Bax were increased, while the expression levels of Bcl-2 were decreased, leading to significantly elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratios in these groups, with the highest ratio for the triple-combination treatment. Cetuximab combined with radiotherapy and hypothermia treatments could efficiently inhibit the proliferation of CNE cells, and enhance the cellular apoptotic processes via regulating the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2. Our findings provide experimental evidence for the application of the combination therapy in clinical treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yutao Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhuxin Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
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von Mässenhausen A, Franzen A, Heasley L, Perner S. FGFR1 as a novel prognostic and predictive biomarker in squamous cell cancers of the lung and the head and neck area. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:23. [PMID: 25332967 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2013.06.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
FGFR1 amplification is a genomic aberration recently identified in various types of cancer. Especially squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and the head and neck show this genetic alteration in high frequencies. In these cancers FGFR1 is not only a therapeutic target but does also serve as a biomarker that correlates with parameters of worse outcome. However, since FGFR1 amplification does not always correlate with high protein expression defining the best predictive biomarker for a FGFR1 targeted therapy is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne von Mässenhausen
- 1 Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany ; 2 Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alina Franzen
- 1 Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany ; 2 Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynn Heasley
- 1 Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany ; 2 Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sven Perner
- 1 Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany ; 2 Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Meng J, Gu QP, Meng QF, Zhang J, Li ZP, Si YM, Guo W, Zhuang QW. Efficacy of nimotuzumab combined with docetaxel-cisplatin-fluorouracil regimen in treatment of advanced oral carcinoma. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 68:181-4. [PMID: 23733674 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate efficacy and adverse effects of Nimotuzumab combined with docetaxel-cisplatin-fluorouracil regimen in the treatment of advanced oral carcinoma. Nine patients with advanced oral carcinoma were treated with Nimotuzumab combined with docetaxel-cisplatin-fluorouracil regimen (test group). The treatment was given as follows: Nimotuzumab 200 mg, given as intravenous infusion once a week for 6 weeks; docetaxel and cisplatin, 75 mg/m(2) each, on day 1 only; 5-fluorouracil, 750 mg/m(2) infused continually for 8 h, used from day 1 to 5; the total cycle was for 21 days. Another eight patients comprised control group (docetaxel-cisplatin-fluorouracil regimen alone). Study patients from both groups were evaluated for objective response. The response rate was significantly (p = 0.044) higher in test group (88.9 vs. 37.5 % in control group). The disease control rate also tended to be higher in test group (100 vs. 62.5 % in control group; p = 0.083). The major adverse effects were bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, and alopecia. The incidence of adverse effects was similar between both study groups. In conclusion, Nimotuzumab combined with docetaxel-cisplatin-fluorouracil regimen is effective and safe in the treatment of advanced oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital, College of Medicine, Southeast University, Xuzhou, 221000, China,
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Cao HH, Zheng CP, Wang SH, Wu JY, Shen JH, Xu XE, Fu JH, Wu ZY, Li EM, Xu LY. A molecular prognostic model predicts esophageal squamous cell carcinoma prognosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106007. [PMID: 25153136 PMCID: PMC4143329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has the highest mortality rates in China. The 5-year survival rate of ESCC remains dismal despite improvements in treatments such as surgical resection and adjuvant chemoradiation, and current clinical staging approaches are limited in their ability to effectively stratify patients for treatment options. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to develop an immunohistochemistry-based prognostic model to improve clinical risk assessment for patients with ESCC. METHODS We developed a molecular prognostic model based on the combined expression of axis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated Specificity protein 1 (p-Sp1), and Fascin proteins. The presence of this prognostic model and associated clinical outcomes were analyzed for 130 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded esophageal curative resection specimens (generation dataset) and validated using an independent cohort of 185 specimens (validation dataset). RESULTS The expression of these three genes at the protein level was used to build a molecular prognostic model that was highly predictive of ESCC survival in both generation and validation datasets (P = 0.001). Regression analysis showed that this molecular prognostic model was strongly and independently predictive of overall survival (hazard ratio = 2.358 [95% CI, 1.391-3.996], P = 0.001 in generation dataset; hazard ratio = 1.990 [95% CI, 1.256-3.154], P = 0.003 in validation dataset). Furthermore, the predictive ability of these 3 biomarkers in combination was more robust than that of each individual biomarker. CONCLUSIONS This technically simple immunohistochemistry-based molecular model accurately predicts ESCC patient survival and thus could serve as a complement to current clinical risk stratification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Peng Zheng
- Departments of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Hui Shen
- Departments of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Hui Fu
- Departments of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Departments of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Second- and further-line therapy with erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in daily clinical practice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:987150. [PMID: 25028671 PMCID: PMC4084583 DOI: 10.1155/2014/987150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine effect of erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) in second-line and further therapy in daily clinical practice. Methods. Patients with histologically or cytologically proven NSCLC (n = 84) treated with erlotinib in second-line (n = 34), third-line (n = 36), and more-line therapy (n = 14) were examined for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS),
disease control rate (DCR), duration of therapy, and adverse effects.
Results. Median PFS of all lines was 83 days (CI 70.0–96.0), OS was 7 months (CI 4.7–9.3),
DCR was 66.2% (CI 55–77%), and 1-year survival rate was 33% (CI 22–43%), with no significant difference between therapy lines.
Median duration of treatment was 76 days (IQR 39–139.5). Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (EGFR-M) reached the highest PFS (204 days),
as did patients with good performance status (ECOG 0-1: 94 versus ECOG 2-3: 65 days, P = 0.035). Patients with EGFR-M also revealed a DCR of 100%. The most frequent side effects were rash (69%) and diarrhoea (41%),
without any significant difference between therapy lines. In 24 patients, the treatment dose was reduced and in 18, the therapy was paused.
Conclusion. Erlotinib works in all therapy lines without any significant differences in efficacy and side effects.
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Koenigkam Santos M, Muley T, Warth A, de Paula WD, Lederlin M, Schnabel PA, Schlemmer HP, Kauczor HU, Heussel CP, Puderbach M. Morphological computed tomography features of surgically resectable pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas: Impact on prognosis and comparison with adenocarcinomas. Eur J Radiol 2014; 83:1275-1281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Andersson N, Anttonen M, Färkkilä A, Pihlajoki M, Bützow R, Unkila-Kallio L, Heikinheimo M. Sensitivity of human granulosa cell tumor cells to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:223-34. [PMID: 24463098 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is implicated in the progression of many human cancers, but its significance in ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) pathobiology remains poorly understood. We assessed the EGFR gene copy number, surveyed the mRNA and protein expression patterns of EGFR in 90 adult GCTs, and assessed the in vitro sensitivity of GCT cells to EGFR inhibition. Low-level amplification of EGFR gene was observed in five GCTs and high-level amplification in one sample. EGFR mRNA was robustly expressed in GCTs. Most tumors expressed both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated EGFR protein, but the protein expression did not correlate with clinical parameters, including the risk of recurrence. Small-molecule EGFR inhibitors reduced the EGF-induced activation of EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules at nanomolar doses, but cell viability was reduced, and caspase-3/7 was activated in GCT cells only at micromolar doses. Based on the present results, EGFR is active and abundantly expressed in the majority of GCTs, but probably has only minor contribution to GCT cell growth. Given the high doses of EGFR inhibitors required to reduce GCT cell viability in vitro, they are not likely to be effective for GCT treatment as single agents; they should rather be tested as part of combination therapies for these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Andersson
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 140, 00290 Helsinki, Finland Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUSlab, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Pan T, Sun J, Hu J, Hu Y, Zhou J, Chen Z, Xu D, Xu W, Zheng S, Zhang S. Cytohesins/ARNO: the function in colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90997. [PMID: 24618737 PMCID: PMC3950297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are critical regulators of cell differentiation, survival, proliferation, and migration in cancers. This study found that ARNO (cytohesin-2), an activator of the EGF and IGF-I pathways, was more highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissue than in benign adjacent colorectal tissue. When ARNO-siRNA or the chemical inhibitor SecinH3 blocked ARNO, the downstream of the EGF and IGF-I pathways decreased in colorectal cell lines HT29 and HCT116. This blocking also weakened cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro. Furthermore, EGF receptor (EGFR)-dependent colorectal tumor xenografts in nude mouse exerted anti-proliferative and growth suppression effects by injecting secineH3. These data suggested that inhibiting cytohesins or ARNO as cytoplasmic activators of EGFR and IGF-I in colorectal cancer resulted in anti-proliferation, reduced invasion, decreased migration, and suppressed growth in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, cytohesins or ARNO may be a potential therapy target for some colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiyi Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwang Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Lisiak N, Paszel-Jaworska A, Bednarczyk-Cwynar B, Zaprutko L, Kaczmarek M, Rybczyńska M. Methyl 3-hydroxyimino-11-oxoolean-12-en-28-oate (HIMOXOL), a synthetic oleanolic acid derivative, induces both apoptosis and autophagy in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 208:47-57. [PMID: 24291674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIMOXOL (methyl 3-hydroxyimino-11-oxoolean-12-en-28-oate) is a synthetic derivative of oleanolic acid (OA). HIMOXOL revealed the highest cytotoxic effect among tested synthetic OA analogs. In this study we focused on elucidating the cytotoxic mechanism of HIMOXOL in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. HIMOXOL reduced MDA-MB-231 cell viability with an IC50 value of 21.08±0.24μM. In contrast to OA, the tested compound induced cell death by activating apoptosis and the autophagy pathways. More specifically, we found that HIMOXOL was able to activate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, which was proven by observation of caspase-8, caspase-3 and PARP-1 protein activation in Western blot analysis. An increase in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein levels was also detected. Moreover, HIMOXOL triggered microtubule-associated protein LC3-II expression and upregulated beclin 1. This observed compound activity was modulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases and NFκB/p53 signaling pathways. Together, these data suggest that HIMOXOL, a synthetic oleanolic acid derivative which activates dual cell death machineries, could be a potential and novel chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lisiak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Paszel-Jaworska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 St., 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucjusz Zaprutko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 St., 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Rybczyńska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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64
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Nilsson UW, Johns TG, Wilmann T, Kaitu'u-Lino T, Whitehead C, Dimitriadis E, Menkhorst E, Saglam B, Gao Y, Greenall SA, Horne AW, Tong S. Effects of gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, on human placental cell growth. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122:737-744. [PMID: 24084529 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0b013e3182a1ba56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Placenta has the highest expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor of all tissues, a cell signaling pathway promoting survival and growth. Therefore, EGF receptor inhibition could potentially treat ectopic pregnancy. We undertook preclinical studies to examine whether gefitinib (orally available EGF receptor inhibitor) with or without methotrexate inhibits placental cell growth. METHODS Gefitinib and methotrexate were added to placental cells and their ability inhibit cell growth, block EGF receptor signaling, and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) was examined. They were also administered to two animal mouse models to examine their effects on placental tissue in vivo. RESULTS Epidermal growth factor receptor was highly expressed in placental tissue from ectopic pregnancies. Combining gefitinib with methotrexate potently inhibited growth of placental cells, including placental cell lines (JEG3, BeWo cells) and cells isolated from first-trimester placenta. These drugs were additive in blocking EGF receptor signaling and inducing apoptosis. Gefitinib and methotrexate administered together were more potent in decreasing the volume of human placental cells xenografted subcutaneously onto mice compared with either alone. By day 19 after xenografting, mean (± standard error of the mean), xenograft volumes were: 821 (± 68) mm after gefitinib treatment, 901 (± 204) mm after methotrexate treatment, and 345 (±137) mm after both drugs were given (P<.01 for both comparisons of single therapy compared with combination therapy). Combining these agents doubled rates of fetal resorption in pregnant mice compared with each drug alone. CONCLUSION Combining gefitinib with methotrexate potently inhibits placental cell growth in vitro and in mouse models. The combination may have potential in treating ectopic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika W Nilsson
- Translational Obstetrics Group, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, the Ritchie Centre and the Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, and the Embryo Implantation Group, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; the 2 Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiatong University School of Medicine, Xian Jiatong, China; and the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Langhammer S. Rationale for the design of an oncology trial using a generic targeted therapy multi‑drug regimen for NSCLC patients without treatment options (Review). Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1535-41. [PMID: 23877481 PMCID: PMC3810357 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 70 years of research concerning medication for cancer treatment, the disease still remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many cancer types lead to death within a period of months to years. The original class of chemotherapeutics is not selective for tumor cells and often has limited efficacy, while treated patients suffer from adverse side‑effects. To date, the concept of tumor‑specific targeted therapy drugs has not fulfilled its expectation to provide a key for a cure. Today, many oncology trials are designed using a combination of chemotherapeutics with targeted therapy drugs. However, these approaches have limited outcomes in most cancer indications. This perspective review provides a rationale to combine targeted therapy drugs for cancer treatment based on observations of evolutionary principles of tumor development and HIV infections. In both diseases, the mechanisms of immune evasion and drug resistance can be compared to some extent. However, only for HIV is a breakthrough treatment available, which is the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The principles of HAART and recent findings from cancer research were employed to construct a hypothetical model for cancer treatment with a multi‑drug regimen of targeted therapy drugs. As an example of this hypothesis, it is proposed to combine already marketed targeted therapy drugs against VEGFRs, EGFR, CXCR4 and COX2 in an oncology trial for non‑small cell lung cancer patients without further treatment options.
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66
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Silvestri A, Pin E, Huijbers A, Pellicani R, Parasido EM, Pierobon M, Petricoin E, Liotta L, Belluco C. Individualized therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Intern Med 2013; 274:1-24. [PMID: 23527888 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic therapeutic efficacy is central to determining the outcome of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). In these patients, there is a critical need for predictive biomarkers to optimize efficacy whilst minimizing toxicity. The integration of a new generation of molecularly targeted drugs into the treatment of CRC, coupled with the development of sophisticated technologies for individual tumours as well as patient molecular profiling, underlines the potential for personalized medicine. In this review, we focus on the latest progress made within the genomic and proteomic fields, concerning predictive biomarkers for individualized therapy in metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Silvestri
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, CRO-IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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Abstract
Receptor-based targeting of therapeutics may be a fascinating proposition to improve the therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated drugs. The development of safe and effective nanomedicines is a prerequisite in the current nanotechnological scenario. Currently, the surface engineering of nanocarriers has attracted great attention for targeted therapeutic delivery by selective binding of targeting ligand to the specific receptors present on the surface of cells. In this review, we have discussed the current status of various receptors such as transferrin, lectoferrin, lectin, folate, human EGF receptor, scavenger, nuclear and integrin, which are over-expressed on the surface of cancer cells; along with the relevance of targeted delivery systems such as nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, liposomes and carbon nanotubes. The review also focuses on the effective utilization of receptor-based targeted delivery systems for the management of cancer in effective ways by minimizing the drug-associated side effects and improving the therapeutic efficacy of developed nano-architectures.
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68
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Expression of EGFR, VEGF, and NOTCH1 suggest differences in tumor angiogenesis in HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2013; 7:344-55. [PMID: 23645351 PMCID: PMC3824798 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-013-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is current interest in anti-angiogenesis therapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), although the utility of these therapies in human papillomavirus (HPV) positive and HPV-negative HNSCC is unclear. Therefore, we explored heterogeneity in expression of a distal factor in angiogenesis (EGFR, the epidermal growth factor receptor), a proximal factor in angiogenesis (VEGF, the vascular endothelial growth factor) and a putative factor in angiogenesis (NOTCH1) in a HNSCC case series using immunohistochemistry in N = 67 cases (27 HPV-positive, 40 HPV-negative, by in situ hybridization). Box plots and the Wilcoxon rank sum or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare staining scores (intensity × percent of cells staining) by HPV status and lifestyle factors. Associations between EGFR, VEGF, and NOTCH1 were assessed using box plots and Spearman correlation (ρ) in all cases, and stratified by HPV status. HPV-negative HNSCC over-expressed EGFR [median (range): 30 (0-300)] relative to HPV-positive HNSCC [7.5 (0-200)] (P = 0.006). VEGF and NOTCH1 were unrelated to HPV status (P > 0.05). EGFR was associated with VEGF in HPV-negative (ρ = 0.40, P = 0.01) but not HPV-positive HNSCC (ρ = 0.25, P = 0.20). NOTCH1 and VEGF were associated in HPV-negative (ρ = 0.40, P = 0.01) but not HPV-positive tumors (ρ = -0.12, P = 0.57). NOTCH1 was not associated with EGFR (P > 0.05). Our results are suggestive of heterogeneity in HNSCC angiogenesis. Future studies should explore angiogenesis mechanisms in HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC.
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69
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Evidence of securin-mediated resistance to gefitinib-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:412-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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70
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Verreault M, Weppler SA, Stegeman A, Warburton C, Strutt D, Masin D, Bally MB. Combined RNAi-mediated suppression of Rictor and EGFR resulted in complete tumor regression in an orthotopic glioblastoma tumor model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59597. [PMID: 23555046 PMCID: PMC3598699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is commonly over activated in glioblastoma (GBM), and Rictor was shown to be an important regulator downstream of this pathway. EGFR overexpression is also frequently found in GBM tumors, and both EGFR and Rictor are associated with increased proliferation, invasion, metastasis and poor prognosis. This research evaluated in vitro and in vivo whether the combined silencing of EGFR and Rictor would result in therapeutic benefits. The therapeutic potential of targeting these proteins in combination with conventional agents with proven activity in GBM patients was also assessed. In vitro validation studies were carried out using siRNA-based gene silencing methods in a panel of three commercially available human GBM cell lines, including two PTEN mutant lines (U251MG and U118MG) and one PTEN-wild type line (LN229). The impact of EGFR and/or Rictor silencing on cell migration and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro was determined. In vivo validation of these studies was focused on EGFR and/or Rictor silencing achieved using doxycycline-inducible shRNA-expressing U251MG cells implanted orthotopically in Rag2M mice brains. Target silencing, tumor size and tumor cell proliferation were assessed by quantification of immunohistofluorescence-stained markers. siRNA-mediated silencing of EGFR and Rictor reduced U251MG cell migration and increased sensitivity of the cells to irinotecan, temozolomide and vincristine. In LN229, co-silencing of EGFR and Rictor resulted in reduced cell migration, and increased sensitivity to vincristine and temozolomide. In U118MG, silencing of Rictor alone was sufficient to increase this line’s sensitivity to vincristine and temozolomide. In vivo, while the silencing of EGFR or Rictor alone had no significant effect on U251MG tumor growth, silencing of EGFR and Rictor together resulted in a complete eradication of tumors. These data suggest that the combined silencing of EGFR and Rictor should be an effective means of treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Verreault
- Experimental Neurooncology, Brain and Bone Marrow Institute Research Center, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MV); (MBB)
| | - Sherry A. Weppler
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amelia Stegeman
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Corinna Warburton
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dita Strutt
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dana Masin
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel B. Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MV); (MBB)
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del Pliego MG, Aguirre-Benítez E, Paisano-Cerón K, Valdovinos-Ramírez I, Rangel-Morales C, Rodríguez-Mata V, Solano-Agama C, Martín-Tapia D, de la Vega MT, Saldoval-Balanzario M, Camacho J, Mendoza-Garrido ME. Expression of Eag1 K+ channel and ErbBs in human pituitary adenomas: cytoskeleton arrangement patterns in cultured cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:458-68. [PMID: 23413122 PMCID: PMC3563198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas can invade surrounded tissue, but the mechanism remains elusive. Ether à go-go-1 (Eag1) potassium channel and epidermal growth factor receptors (ErbB1 and ErbB2) have been associated to invasive phenotypes or poor prognosis in cancer patients. However, cells arrange their cytoskeleton in order to acquire a successful migration pattern. We have studied ErbBs and Eag1 expression, and cytoskeleton arrangements in 11 human pituitary adenomas. Eag1, ErbB1 and ErbB2 expression were studied by immunochemistry in tissue and cultured cells. The cytoskeleton arrangement was analyzed in cultured cells by immunofluorescence. Normal pituitary tissue showed ErbB2 expression and Eag1 only in few cells. However, Eag1 and ErbB2 were expressed in all the tumors analyzed. ErbB1 expression was observed variable and did not show specificity for a tumor characteristic. Cultured cells from micro- and macro-adenomas clinically functional organize their cytoskeleton suggesting a mesenchymal pattern, and a round leucocyte/amoeboid pattern from invasive clinically silent adenoma. Pituitary tumors over-express EGF receptors and the ErbB2 repeated expression suggests is a characteristic of adenomas. Eag 1 was express, in different extent, and could be a therapeutic target. The cytoskeleton arrangements observed suggest that pituitary tumor cells acquire different patterns: mesenchymal, and leucocyte/amoeboid, the last observed in the invasive adenomas. Amoeboid migration pattern has been associated with high invasion capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Aguirre-Benítez
- Department of Embryology, Medical Faculty, Autonomous National University of MexicoMéxico D.F., México
| | - Karina Paisano-Cerón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences , Center for Research and Advanced Studies, I.P.N.México D.F., México
| | - Irene Valdovinos-Ramírez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences , Center for Research and Advanced Studies, I.P.N.México D.F., México
| | - Carlos Rangel-Morales
- Neurosurgery Service, Medical Center “La Raza”, Social Security Medical InstituteMéxico D.F., México
| | - Verónica Rodríguez-Mata
- Department of Histology, Medical Faculty, Autonomous National University of MexicoMéxico D.F., México
| | - Carmen Solano-Agama
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences , Center for Research and Advanced Studies, I.P.N.México D.F., México
| | - Dolores Martín-Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences , Center for Research and Advanced Studies, I.P.N.México D.F., México
| | - María Teresa de la Vega
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences , Center for Research and Advanced Studies, I.P.N.México D.F., México
| | | | - Javier Camacho
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, I.P.N.México D.F., México
| | - María Eugenia Mendoza-Garrido
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences , Center for Research and Advanced Studies, I.P.N.México D.F., México
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Yoo RE, Choi SH, Cho HR, Kim TM, Lee SH, Park CK, Park SH, Kim IH, Yun TJ, Kim JH, Sohn CH, Han MH, Chang KH. Tumor blood flow from arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI: A key parameter in distinguishing high-grade gliomas from primary cerebral lymphomas, and in predicting genetic biomarkers in high-grade gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:852-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roh-Eul Yoo
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye Rim Cho
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Radiation Applied Life Science; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery; Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Il Han Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Tae Jin Yun
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Moon Hee Han
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kee Hyun Chang
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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73
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Induced-fit docking and binding free energy calculation on furostanol saponins from Tupistra chinensis as epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Felkl M, Tomas K, Smid M, Mattes J, Windoffer R, Leube RE. Monitoring the cytoskeletal EGF response in live gastric carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45280. [PMID: 23028903 PMCID: PMC3459943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered cell motility is considered to be a key factor in determining tumor invasion and metastasis. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling has been implicated in this process by affecting cytoskeletal organization and dynamics in multiple ways. To sort the temporal and spatial regulation of EGF-dependent cytoskeletal re-organization in relation to a cell's motile behavior time-lapse microscopy was performed on EGF-responsive gastric carcinoma-derived MKN1 cells co-expressing different fluorescently labeled cytoskeletal filaments and focal adhesion components in various combinations. The experiments showed that EGF almost instantaneously induces a considerable increase in membrane ruffling and lamellipodial activity that can be inhibited by Cetuximab EGF receptor antibodies and is not elicited in non-responsive gastric carcinoma Hs746T cells. The transient cell extensions are rich in actin but lack microtubules and keratin intermediate filaments. We show that this EGF-induced increase in membrane motility can be measured by a simple image processing routine. Microtubule plus-ends subsequently invade growing cell extensions, which start to accumulate focal complexes at the lamellipodium-lamellum junction. Such paxillin-positive complexes mature into focal adhesions by tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of zyxin. These adhesions then serve as nucleation sites for keratin filaments which are used to enlarge the neighboring peripheral keratin network. Focal adhesions are either disassembled or give rise to stable zyxin-rich fibrillar adhesions which disassemble in the presence of EGF to support formation of new focal adhesion sites in the cell periphery. Taken together the results serve as a basis for modeling the early cytoskeletal EGF response as a tightly coordinated and step-wise process which is relevant for the prediction of the effectiveness of anti-EGF receptor-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Felkl
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kazmar Tomas
- Software Competence Center Hagenberg GmbH, Hagenberg, Austria
| | - Matej Smid
- Software Competence Center Hagenberg GmbH, Hagenberg, Austria
| | - Julian Mattes
- Software Competence Center Hagenberg GmbH, Hagenberg, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E. Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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75
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Yu YL, Chou RH, Wu CH, Wang YN, Chang WJ, Tseng YJ, Chang WC, Lai CC, Lee HJ, Huo L, Chen CH, Hung MC. Nuclear EGFR suppresses ribonuclease activity of polynucleotide phosphorylase through DNAPK-mediated phosphorylation at serine 776. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31015-26. [PMID: 22815474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear existence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been documented for more than two decades. Resistance of cancer to radiotherapy is frequently correlated with elevated EGFR expression, activity, and nuclear translocation. However, the role of nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) in radioresistance of cancers remains elusive. In the current study, we identified a novel nEGFR-associated protein, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), which possesses 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity toward c-MYC mRNA. Knockdown of PNPase increased radioresistance. Inactivation or knock-down of EGFR enhanced PNPase-mediated c-MYC mRNA degradation in breast cancer cells, and also increased its radiosensitivity. Interestingly, the association of nEGFR with PNPase and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNAPK) increased significantly in breast cancer cells after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). We also demonstrated that DNAPK phosphorylates PNPase at Ser-776, which is critical for its ribonuclease activity. The phospho-mimetic S776D mutant of PNPase impaired its ribonuclease activity whereas the nonphosphorylatable S776A mutant effectively degraded c-MYC mRNA. Here, we uncovered a novel role of nEGFR in radioresistance, and that is, upon ionizing radiation, nEGFR inactivates the ribonuclease activity of PNPase toward c-MYC mRNA through DNAPK-mediated Ser-776 phosphorylation, leading to increase of c-MYC mRNA, which contributes to radioresistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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76
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Haque SU, Morton D, Welch H. Biologics against cancer-specific receptors - challenges to personalised medicine from early trial results. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:392-7. [PMID: 22738821 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding molecular mechanisms of tumourigenesis underlies new therapeutic strategies that specifically target tumours. This has led to the evolution of personalised therapy that was first used in breast cancer when hormone receptor status was determined. More recently in colorectal cancer treatment the Epidermal Growth Factor receptor and its tumourigenic role has led to its targeting by using Cetuximab and Panitumumab. Addition of these drugs to existing drug regimes (FOLFOX and FOLFIRI) showed improved respectability rates in patients with liver metastasis. Most recently the Endothelin receptor has been implicated in multiple tumourigenic processes. Interest has grown in using Endothelin A receptor antagonists as adjuvant or combination therapy as suggested by the FOLFERA and FOLFIRI trials currently on-going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer-ul Haque
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.
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77
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Marzaro G, Guiotto A, Chilin A. Quinazoline derivatives as potential anticancer agents: a patent review (2007 - 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:223-52. [PMID: 22404097 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.665876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the increase in knowledge about cancer pathways, there is a growing interest in finding novel potential drugs. Quinazoline is one of the most widespread scaffolds amongst bioactive compounds. A number of patents and papers appear in the literature regarding the discovery and development of novel promising quinazoline compounds for cancer chemotherapy. Although there is a progressive decrease in the number of patents filed, there is an increasing number of biochemical targets for quinazoline compounds. AREAS COVERED This paper provides a comprehensive review of the quinazolines patented in 2007 - 2010 as potential anticancer agents. Information from articles published in international peer-reviewed journals was also included, to give a more exhaustive overview. EXPERT OPINION From about 1995 to 2006, the anticancer quinazolines panorama has been dominated by the 4-anilinoquinazolines as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The extensive researches conducted in this period could have caused the progressive reduction in the ability to file novel patents as shown in the 2007 - 2010 period. However, the growing knowledge of cancer-related pathways has recently highlighted some novel potential targets for therapy, with quinazolines receiving increasing attention. This is well demonstrated by the number of different targets of the patents considered in this review. The structural heterogeneity in the patented compounds makes it difficult to derive general pharmacophores and make comparisons among claimed compounds. On the other hand, the identification of multi-target compounds seems a reliable goal. Thus, it is reasonable that quinazoline compounds will be studied and developed for multi-target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marzaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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78
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Lv N, Lin S, Xie Z, Tang J, Ge Q, Wu M, Xie X, Xie X, Wei W. Absence of evidence for epidermal growth factor receptor and human homolog of the Kirsten rat sarcoma-2 virus oncogene mutations in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36:341-6. [PMID: 22386733 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an available target of effective anti-EGFR therapy for human breast cancer. KRAS, the human homolog of the Kirsten rat sarcoma-2 virus oncogene, encodes a main downstream signaling molecule in the EGFR pathway. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of EGFR and KRAS gene mutations in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS EGFR and KRAS gene mutations were investigated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 143 Chinese female patients with breast cancer by means of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Based on RT-PCR, 2/143 (1.4%) samples and 1/143 (0.7%) had EGFR and KRAS gene mutations, respectively. Overall, none of the cases was identified with mutations of both of these two genes. CONCLUSIONS In this study, both EGFR and KRAS mutations were present rarely in this cohort of samples with breast cancer. This suggested that mutation analyses for EGFR and KRAS are not useful as screening tests for sensitivity to anti-EGFR therapy for breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lv
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China.
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79
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Abstract
Precise knowledge about the chance of success of a given pharmacologic therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) before starting therapy would be very desirable to guide the selection of the most suitable or the most efficient combination out of the ever-growing spectrum of available pharmaceuticals. This selection has hitherto been made at best on the basis of the availability of guideline-conformant and approved combinations according to results of published clinical studies and approved general effectiveness in HNSCC. However, the inhomogeneous biology of HNSCC depending on localization, varying metastatic behavior, TNM and UICC stage in the context of the patient's general condition and risk status according to lifestyle and occupational exposure make it impossible to accurately predict the success of pharmacological therapy regimens for the individual HNSCC based on today's clinical and pathohistological diagnostics. A solution may lie in the testing of biopsy specimens ex vivo before starting therapy. The present review describes recent advances in ex-vivo tests and discusses the requirements for their inclusion in the decision-making process.
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80
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Dietz A, Wichmann G. [Translational research in head and neck cancer. Biological characteristics and general aspects]. HNO 2012; 59:874-84. [PMID: 21861150 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-011-2361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Translational research in head and neck oncology is subject to the same laws as all other solid tumors. It is based on the one hand on a solid framework of well prepared clinical studies and / or workflows according to consensus criteria with comparable documentation of clinical outcomes, while on the other on methodolgically solid and reproducible laboratory research within an effeciently interacting network. Translationally applicable single molecular markers from basic research [with the exception of p16(INK4a) as a surrogate marker for human papillomavirus (HPV)] have not found their way into clinical routine in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). "Correlated gene sets" and "metagenes", including genetic profiling (omics) within clinically characterized patient groups, play an increasing role in the translational research of HNSCC. Although methodological problems currently hinder clinical oncological research, increasing focus on translational research can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dietz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für HNO-Erkrankungen, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland.
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81
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Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Mahmoudpour A, Dastmalchi S. Identification of new peptide ligands for epidermal growth factor receptor using phage display and computationally modeling their mode of binding. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:246-59. [PMID: 22136656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptide phage display, a powerful method for ligand identification, was used to identify new peptide ligands for epidermal growth factor receptor. A-431 cells expressing epidermal growth factor receptor were used as the matrix in a cell-based subtractive biopanning approach using a 7-mer peptide displaying phage library. Two novel peptide ligands were identified and tested for their affinities and functional effects on epidermal growth factor receptor. The identified peptides were able to inhibit the epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of affinity binding experiments showed that the natural ligand, that is epidermal growth factor, was able to inhibit competitively the binding of peptide-bearing phage to epidermal growth factor receptor expressing A-431 cells. Molecular modeling studies were used to calculate the free energies for the binding of peptides to the receptor-binding site as well as proposing the interaction modes for this binding. The calculated values for the binding energies were found to be similar to our experimental data and those of previously reported studies.
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82
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Santos H, Bimbo L, Das Neves J, Sarmento B, INEB. Nanoparticulate targeted drug delivery using peptides and proteins. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1533/9780857096449.2.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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83
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Lv N, Xie X, Ge Q, Lin S, Wang X, Kong Y, Shi H, Xie X, Wei W. Epidermal growth factor receptor in breast carcinoma: association between gene copy number and mutations. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:118. [PMID: 22132735 PMCID: PMC3248849 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an available target of effective anti-EGFR therapy for human breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of EGFR gene amplification and mutations in breast cancer and to analyze the association between the statuses of these two gene alterations. Materials and methods EGFR gene amplification and mutations were investigated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 139 Chinese female patients with breast cancer by means of fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescently labeled real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Results EGFR gene amplification was observed in 46/139 (33.1%) of cases by FISH. Based on RT-PCR, 2/139 (1.4%) samples had EGFR gene mutations. Overall, only 1 (0.7%) of the cases was identified with both whole gene amplification and mutation, and 92 (66.2%) of cases were negative for both. High gene copy numbers of EGFR had significant correlation with the occurrence of EGFR protein expressions (P = 0.002). Conclusion In this study, EGFR mutations were presented in only two samples, indicating that EGFR mutations should not be employed in future trials with anti-EGFR therapies for breast cancer. However, EGFR whole gene amplification is frequently observed in patients with breast cancer. It will be of significant interest to investigate whether EGFR gene copy number is a suitable screening test for EGFR-targeted therapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lv
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
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84
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Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated in the majority of human cancers. This pathway is known to play a key role in numerous cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, metabolism, and survival, but in the current review we focus on its role in angiogenesis. PI3K activation may occur via RAS mutation, loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), or by increased expression of growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor. There is a connection between the PI3K pathway and angiogenesis. Hypoxia leads to HIF-1α stabilization and is a major stimulus for increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by tumor cells. However, activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in tumor cells can also increase VEGF secretion, both by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) dependent and independent mechanisms. The PI3K/AKT pathway also modulates the expression of other angiogenic factors such as nitric oxide and angiopoietins. Numerous inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have been developed, and these agents have been shown to decrease VEGF secretion and angiogenesis. The effect of these inhibitors on tumor vasculature can be difficult to predict. The vasculature of tumors is aberrant, leading to sluggish bloodflow and elevated interstitial blood pressure, which can be perpetuated by the high levels of VEGF. Hence, decreasing VEGF expression can paradoxically lead to vascular normalization and improved bloodflow in some tumors. In addition to its importance in cancer, the PI3K pathway also plays an essential role in the formation of normal blood vessels during development. Embryos with kinase-dead p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K develop vascular defects. Stimulation of endothelial cells by VEGF leads to activation of the PI3K pathway within these cells, which is important for cell migration. Sustained endothelial activation of AKT1 has been shown to induce the formation of structurally abnormal blood vessels that recapitulate the aberrations of tumor vessels. Hence, the PI3K pathway plays an important role in regulating angiogenesis both in normal tissues and in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Karar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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85
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A pharmacogenomic method for individualized prediction of drug sensitivity. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 7:513. [PMID: 21772261 PMCID: PMC3159972 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2011.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using valproic acid as an example, the authors demonstrate that drug response signatures derived from genome-wide expression data can identify individuals likely to respond to a drug, and propose that this method could select optimal populations for clinical trials of new therapies. Drug response signatures that accurately reflect the cellular response to a drug can be generated from Connectivity Map and publically available gene expression data. Predictions from the drug response signature for valproic acid correlate with sensitivity to valproic acid in breast cancer cell lines and patient tumors grown in three-dimensional culture and mouse xenografts. The MATCH algorithm provides an efficient approach for using genome-wide gene expression data to identify a target population for a drug prior to clinical trials. MATCH can predict drug sensitivity in tumors without knowledge of mechanism of action.
Unlike traditional chemotherapy, targeted cancer therapies are expected to work in only a subset of people with a particular cancer. However, biomarkers of response are not always known before clinical trial initiation. We present MATCH (Merging genomic and pharmacologic Analyses for Therapy CHoice), an algorithm for using genome-wide gene expression data to identify and validate a genomic biomarker of sensitivity (see Figure 1). Our proof-of-principle example is valproic acid (VPA), but we also show that an estrogen blocking drug currently used for breast cancer and a B-RAF inhibitor in trials for melanoma give predictions that correspond to their clinical uses. We use genome-wide gene expression data from treated and untreated samples from the Connectivity Map to generate a VPA response signature. We validate that the VPA signature can identify treated and untreated cells in an independent data set of normal cells and in independent samples from the Connectivity Map. The AUC for the ROC curve is 0.86. We then apply the VPA signature to publically available data sets from a panel of cancer cell lines and from primary tumor and normal tissue samples. These data suggest that there is a subset of women with breast cancer who will be sensitive to VPA. Finally, we validate that our predictions correlate with sensitivity to VPA in breast cancer cell lines grown in two-dimensional culture, primary breast tumor samples grown in three-dimensional culture, and in vivo mouse breast cancer xenografts. Together, these studies show that MATCH can identify cancer patients most likely to respond to a specific drug treatment. Identifying the best drug for each cancer patient requires an efficient individualized strategy. We present MATCH (Merging genomic and pharmacologic Analyses for Therapy CHoice), an approach using public genomic resources and drug testing of fresh tumor samples to link drugs to patients. Valproic acid (VPA) is highlighted as a proof-of-principle. In order to predict specific tumor types with high probability of drug sensitivity, we create drug response signatures using publically available gene expression data and assess sensitivity in a data set of >40 cancer types. Next, we evaluate drug sensitivity in matched tumor and normal tissue and exclude cancer types that are no more sensitive than normal tissue. From these analyses, breast tumors are predicted to be sensitive to VPA. A meta-analysis across breast cancer data sets shows that aggressive subtypes are most likely to be sensitive to VPA, but all subtypes have sensitive tumors. MATCH predictions correlate significantly with growth inhibition in cancer cell lines and three-dimensional cultures of fresh tumor samples. MATCH accurately predicts reduction in tumor growth rate following VPA treatment in patient tumor xenografts. MATCH uses genomic analysis with in vitro testing of patient tumors to select optimal drug regimens before clinical trial initiation.
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86
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Zhan Y, Sun M, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Determination of Taspine Using HPLC–MS, and Its Effect on EGFR in A431 and HEK293/EGFR Cells. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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87
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Heisig M, Frentzen A, Bergmann B, Galmbacher K, Gentschev I, Hotz C, Schoen C, Stritzker J, Fensterle J, Rapp UR, Goebel W. Specific antibody-receptor interactions trigger InlAB-independent uptake of Listeria monocytogenes into tumor cell lines. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:163. [PMID: 21745384 PMCID: PMC3142209 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific cell targeting is an important, yet unsolved problem in bacteria-based therapeutic applications, like tumor or gene therapy. Here, we describe the construction of a novel, internalin A and B (InlAB)-deficient Listeria monocytogenes strain (Lm-spa+), which expresses protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SPA) and anchors SPA in the correct orientation on the bacterial cell surface. RESULTS This listerial strain efficiently binds antibodies allowing specific interaction of the bacterium with the target recognized by the antibody. Binding of Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) or Cetuximab (Erbitux®) to Lm-spa+, two clinically approved monoclonal antibodies directed against HER2/neu and EGFR/HER1, respectively, triggers InlAB-independent internalization into non-phagocytic cancer cell lines overexpressing the respective receptors. Internalization, subsequent escape into the host cell cytosol and intracellular replication of these bacteria are as efficient as of the corresponding InlAB-positive, SPA-negative parental strain. This specific antibody/receptor-mediated internalization of Lm-spa+ is shown in the murine 4T1 tumor cell line, the isogenic 4T1-HER2 cell line as well as the human cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 and SK-OV-3. Importantly, this targeting approach is applicable in a xenograft mouse tumor model after crosslinking the antibody to SPA on the listerial cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Binding of receptor-specific antibodies to SPA-expressing L. monocytogenes may represent a promising approach to target L. monocytogenes to host cells expressing specific receptors triggering internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heisig
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 8, Würzburg, 97078, Deutschland.
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88
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Salvatori L, Ravenna L, Caporuscio F, Principessa L, Coroniti G, Frati L, Russo MA, Petrangeli E. Action of retinoic acid receptor on EGFR gene transactivation and breast cancer cell proliferation: Interplay with the estrogen receptor. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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89
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Rengan R, Maity AM, Stevenson JP, Hahn SM. New Strategies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Improving Outcomes in Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Disease: Figure 1. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4192-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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90
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Orcutt KP, Parsons AD, Sibenaller ZA, Scarbrough PM, Zhu Y, Sobhakumari A, Wilke WW, Kalen AL, Goswami P, Miller FJ, Spitz DR, Simons AL. Erlotinib-mediated inhibition of EGFR signaling induces metabolic oxidative stress through NOX4. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3932-40. [PMID: 21482679 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling helps protect cells against oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated whether the cytotoxicity of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib (ERL), was mediated by induction of oxidative stress in human head and neck cancer (HNSCC) cells. ERL elicited cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo while increasing a panel of oxidative stress parameters which were all reversible by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. Knockdown of EGFR by using siRNA similarly increased these oxidative stress parameters. Overexpression of mitochondrial targeted catalase but not superoxide dismutase reversed ERL-induced cytotoxicity. Consistent with a general role for NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in ERL-induced oxidative stress, ERL-induced cytotoxicity was reversed by diphenylene iodonium, a NOX complex inhibitor. ERL reduced the expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX5 but induced the expression of NOX4. Knockdown of NOX4 by using siRNA protected HNSCC cells from ERL-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Our findings support the concept that ERL-induced cytotoxicity is based on a specific mechanism of oxidative stress mediated by hydrogen peroxide production through NOX4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Orcutt
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Inhibition of human brain malignant glioblastoma cells using carmustine-loaded catanionic solid lipid nanoparticles with surface anti-epithelial growth factor receptor. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3340-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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92
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Hong L, Li S, Han Y, Du J, Zhang H, Li J, Zhao Q, Wu K, Fan D. Angiogenesis-related molecular targets in esophageal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:637-44. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.571203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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93
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Ai S, Duan J, Liu X, Bock S, Tian Y, Huang Z. Biological Evaluation of a Novel Doxorubicin−Peptide Conjugate for Targeted Delivery to EGF Receptor-Overexpressing Tumor Cells. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:375-86. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100243j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Ai
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianli Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Stephanie Bock
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430021, China
| | - Zebo Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Mukherjee B, Choy H, Nirodi C, Burma S. Targeting nonhomologous end-joining through epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition: rationale and strategies for radiosensitization. Semin Radiat Oncol 2011; 20:250-7. [PMID: 20832017 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal type of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic drugs used to eradicate cancer cells. The ability of cancer cells to effectively repair DSBs significantly influences the outcome of therapeutic regimens. Therefore, a new and important area of clinical cancer research is the development of DNA repair inhibitors that can be used as radio- or chemosensitizers. Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is the predominant pathway for the repair of radiation-induced DSBs. A series of recent reports indicates that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or its downstream components may modulate NHEJ through direct interaction with the DNA repair enzyme, DNA-dependent protein kinase. Because EGFR is overexpressed or activated in many cancers, these findings provide a compelling rationale for combining radiotherapy with therapies that block EGFR or its downstream signaling components. In this review, we delineate how these novel connections between a cell-surface receptor (EGFR) and a predominantly nuclear event (NHEJ) provide vulnerable nodes that can be selectively targeted to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasha Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, TX, USA
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95
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Gheonea DI, Cârţână T, Ciurea T, Popescu C, Bădărău A, Săftoiu A. Confocal laser endomicroscopy and immunoendoscopy for real-time assessment of vascularization in gastrointestinal malignancies. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:21-7. [PMID: 21218080 PMCID: PMC3016676 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with incomplete response to chemotherapy in the advanced stages and poor prognosis. Angiogenesis plays a crucial part in tumor growth and metastasis, with most gastrointestinal cancers depending strictly on the development of a new and devoted capillary network. Confocal laser endomicroscopy is a new technology which allows in vivo microscopic analysis of the gastrointestinal mucosa and its microvascularization during ongoing endoscopy by using topically or systemically administered contrast agents. Targeting markers of angiogenesis in association with confocal laser endomicroscopic examination (immunoendoscopy), as a future challenge, will add functional analysis to the morphological aspect of the neoplastic process. This review describes previous experience in endomicroscopic examination of the upper and lower digestive tract with emphasis on vascularization, resulting in a broad spectrum of potential clinical applications, and also preclinical research that could be translated to human studies.
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96
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Rousselet E, Benjannet S, Marcinkiewicz E, Asselin MC, Lazure C, Seidah NG. Proprotein convertase PC7 enhances the activation of the EGF receptor pathway through processing of the EGF precursor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9185-95. [PMID: 21209099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.189936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the processing profile of the membrane-bound epidermal growth factor precursor (pro-EGF) is tissue-specific, it has not been investigated at the cellular level nor have the cognate proteinases been defined. Among the proprotein convertases (PCs), only the membrane-bound PC7, the most ancient and conserved basic amino acid-specific PC family member, induces the processing of pro-EGF into an ∼115-kDa transmembrane form (EGF-115) at an unusual VHPR(290)↓A motif. Because site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Arg(290) is not critical, the generation of EGF-115 by PC7 is likely indirect. This was confirmed by testing a wide range of protease inhibitors, which revealed that the production of EGF-115 is most probably achieved via the activation by PC7 of a latent serine and/or cysteine protease(s). EGF-115 is more abundant at the cell surface than pro-EGF and is associated with a stronger EGF receptor (EGFR) activation, as evidenced by higher levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2. This suggests that the generation of EGF-115 represents a regulatory mechanism of juxtacrine EGFR activation. Thus, PC7 is distinct from the other PCs in its ability to enhance the activation of the cell surface EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Rousselet
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
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97
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Nestor M, Sundström M, Anniko M, Tolmachev V. Effect of cetuximab in combination with alpha-radioimmunotherapy in cultured squamous cell carcinomas. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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98
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) of NSCLC is heterogeneous with variable blood flow through leaky immature vessels resulting in regions of acidosis and hypoxia. Hypoxia has been documented in NSCLC directly by polarographic needle electrodes and indirectly by assessing tissue and plasma hypoxia markers. In general, elevated expression of these markers portends poorer outcomes in NSCLC. Impaired vascularity and hypoxia can lead to increased metastasis and treatment resistance. Compounds that directly target hypoxic cells such as tirapazamine have been tested in clinical trials for NSCLC with mixed results. Preclinical data, however, suggest other ways of exploiting the abnormal TME in NSCLC for therapeutic gain. The inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha or vascular endothelial growth factor may increase local control after radiation. Inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, such as erlotinib or PI-103, may "normalize" tumor vessels, allowing for increased chemotherapy delivery or improved oxygenation and radiation response. To select patients who may respond to these therapies and to evaluate the effects of these agents, a noninvasive means of imaging the TME is critical. Presently, there are several promising modalities to image hypoxia and the tumor vasculature; these include dynamic perfusion imaging and positron emission tomography scanning with radiolabled nitroimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Addison CL, Ding K, Zhao H, Le Maître A, Goss GD, Seymour L, Tsao MS, Shepherd FA, Bradbury PA. Plasma transforming growth factor alpha and amphiregulin protein levels in NCIC Clinical Trials Group BR.21. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:5247-56. [PMID: 21079146 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prognostic and predictive significance of plasma levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) and amphiregulin, in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) enrolled in NCIC Clinical Trials Group BR.21 comparing erlotinib with placebo. PATIENTS AND METHODS TGF-α and amphiregulin were assessed retrospectively by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from available prospectively collected baseline plasma samples in 565 of 731 BR.21 patients. Cutoff points were determined for both amphiregulin (low, <10 pg/mL; high, ≥10 pg/mL) and TGF-α (low, ≤12 pg/mL; high, >12 pg/mL) using a graphical method. Cox regression models were used to correlate biomarker data and baseline characteristics with outcomes including overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS High TGF-α and amphiregulin were associated with poorer performance status (P=.06 and P<.0001, respectively) and no prior platinum therapy (P=.06 and P=.02, respectively). High amphiregulin was also associated with anemia (P=.001), increased lactate dehydrogenase (P=.03), ever-smokers (P=.04), and non-Asian ethnicity (P=.001). Patients on the placebo arm with high amphiregulin had poorer OS than patients with low amphiregulin (hazard ratio [HR]=1.88; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.64; P=.0002), which remained significant in multivariate analysis. Amphiregulin levels did not predict for benefit from erlotinib (interaction P=.87). Conversely, TGF-α levels did not have prognostic significance, but high TGF-α predicted lack of benefit from erlotinib compared with low TGF-α (TGF-α low, OS HR=0.66; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.81; P<.0001; high, OS HR=1.32; 95% CI, 0.73 to 2.39; P=.36; interaction P=.04). CONCLUSION High baseline amphiregulin is a poor prognostic factor, whereas high baseline TGF-α predicts for lack of benefit from erlotinib in advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Addison
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Box 926, 3rd Floor TOHRCC, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.
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GPCR somatostatin receptor extracellular loop 2 is a key ectodomain for making subtype-selective antibodies with agonist-like activities in the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor BON cell line. Pancreas 2010; 39:1155-66. [PMID: 20531241 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181de8c05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) ectodomain of the G protein-coupled receptor class A is thought to function like an inactivation "lid." We created polyclonal somatostatin receptor ECL2 (anti-SSTR ECL2) antibodies to target this lid and to examine if these antibodies can selectively activate the SSTR. METHODS Western blots and live-cell immunofluorescence microscopy determined anti-SSTR ECL2 antibody receptor binding selectivity. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay (MTS assay) and cell cycle assay (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) checked for antibody effect on antiproliferation. Nexin assay examined the antibody's ability to induce apoptosis. LANCE cAMP kit (Perkin Elmer) detected antibody-dependent cAMP decrease. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured antibody effect on suppressing serotonin secretion. Ligand-receptor binding interference assay with the fluorescent somatostatin (FAM-SST) was used to examine antibody interference to SST-SSTR binding. RESULTS Anti-SSTR ECL2 antibodies are SSTR subtype selective and agonist-like, and they suppress cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, these antibodies decrease cAMP production and inhibit serotonin secretion. Interestingly, these antibodies do not interfere with SST-SSTR binding. CONCLUSIONS The ECL2 is an important ectodomain for G protein-coupled receptor activation and required for ligand binding selectivity. The anti-SSTR2, anti-SSTR3, and anti-SSTR5 ECL2 antibodies independently inhibited BON proliferation and decreased hormone secretion. Unlike octreotide, our antibodies do not interfere with SST-SSTR binding.
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