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Abstract
Bacterial cytokinesis is accomplished by the essential 'divisome' machinery. The most widely conserved divisome component, FtsZ, is a tubulin homolog that polymerizes into the 'FtsZ-ring' ('Z-ring'). Previous in vitro studies suggest that Z-ring contraction serves as a major constrictive force generator to limit the progression of cytokinesis. Here, we applied quantitative superresolution imaging to examine whether and how Z-ring contraction limits the rate of septum closure during cytokinesis in Escherichia coli cells. Surprisingly, septum closure rate was robust to substantial changes in all Z-ring properties proposed to be coupled to force generation: FtsZ's GTPase activity, Z-ring density, and the timing of Z-ring assembly and disassembly. Instead, the rate was limited by the activity of an essential cell wall synthesis enzyme and further modulated by a physical divisome-chromosome coupling. These results challenge a Z-ring-centric view of bacterial cytokinesis and identify cell wall synthesis and chromosome segregation as limiting processes of cytokinesis.
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52
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Adams DW, Wu LJ, Errington J. A benzamide-dependent ftsZ mutant reveals residues crucial for Z-ring assembly. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:1028-42. [PMID: 26601800 PMCID: PMC4832351 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In almost all bacteria, cell division is co-ordinated by the essential tubulin homologue FtsZ and represents an attractive but as yet unexploited target for new antibiotics. The benzamides, e.g. PC190723, are potent FtsZ inhibitors that have the potential to yield an important new class of antibiotic. However, the evolution of resistance poses a challenge to their development. Here we show that a collection of PC190723-resistant and -dependent strains of Staphylococcus aureus exhibit severe growth and morphological defects, questioning whether these ftsZ mutations would be clinically relevant. Importantly, we show that the most commonly isolated substitution remains sensitive to the simplest benzamide 3-MBA and likely works by occluding compound binding. Extending this analysis to Bacillus subtilis, we isolated a novel benzamide-dependent strain that divides using unusual helical division events. The ftsZ mutation responsible encodes the substitution of a highly conserved residue, which lies outside the benzamide-binding site and forms part of an interface between the N- and C-terminal domains that we show is necessary for normal FtsZ function. Together with an intragenic suppressor mutation that mimics benzamide binding, the results provide genetic evidence that benzamides restrict conformational changes in FtsZ and also highlights their utility as tools to probe bacterial division.
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Affiliation(s)
- David William Adams
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Baddiley-Clark Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Ling Juan Wu
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Baddiley-Clark Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Jeff Errington
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Baddiley-Clark Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
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53
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Huecas S, Marcelo F, Perona A, Ruiz-Ávila LB, Morreale A, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Andreu JM. Beyond a Fluorescent Probe: Inhibition of Cell Division Protein FtsZ by mant-GTP Elucidated by NMR and Biochemical Approaches. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2382-92. [PMID: 26247422 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FtsZ is the organizer of cell division in most bacteria and a target in the quest for new antibiotics. FtsZ is a tubulin-like GTPase, in which the active site is completed at the interface with the next subunit in an assembled FtsZ filament. Fluorescent mant-GTP has been extensively used for competitive binding studies of nucleotide analogs and synthetic GTP-replacing inhibitors possessing antibacterial activity. However, its mode of binding and whether the mant tag interferes with FtsZ assembly function were unknown. Mant-GTP exists in equilibrium as a mixture of C2'- and C3'-substituted isomers. We have unraveled the molecular recognition process of mant-GTP by FtsZ monomers. Both isomers bind in the anti glycosidic bond conformation: 2'-mant-GTP in two ribose puckering conformations and 3'-mant-GTP in the preferred C2' endo conformation. In each case, the mant tag strongly interacts with FtsZ at an extension of the GTP binding site, which is also supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Importantly, mant-GTP binding induces archaeal FtsZ polymerization into inactive curved filaments that cannot hydrolyze the nucleotide, rather than straight GTP-hydrolyzing assemblies, and also inhibits normal assembly of FtsZ from the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli but is hydrolyzed by FtsZ from Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. Thus, the specific interactions provided by the fluorescent mant tag indicate a new way to search for synthetic FtsZ inhibitors that selectively suppress the cell division of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Dept. de Química, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Almudena Perona
- Unidad de Bioinformática,
Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO−CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura B. Ruiz-Ávila
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Morreale
- Unidad de Bioinformática,
Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO−CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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54
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Yamaguchi T, Iida KI, Shiota S, Nakayama H, Yoshida SI. Filament formation of Salmonella Paratyphi A accompanied by FtsZ assembly impairment and low level ppGpp. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:955-64. [PMID: 26549184 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A strain S602 grew into multinuclear, nonseptate, and nonlethal filaments on agar plates containing nitrogenous salts. Strain S602 was more sensitive to osmotic and oxidative stress than the reference strain 3P243 of nonfilamentous Salmonella Paratyphi A. Strain S602 had an amber mutation (C154T) in rpoS. The revertant of this mutant, SR603, was repressed to form filaments under conditions with abundant nitrogenous salts. However, 3PR244, an rpoS mutant of 3P243 (C154T), did not form filaments, which implies that the rpoS mutation is not the sole cause of filamentation in strain S602. Next, we examined whether the level of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) in S602 strain is involved in filament formation. The intracellular ppGpp level in filamentous cells was lower than that in nonfilamentous cells. Furthermore, cells belonging to strain RE606, a derivative of S602 where the intracellular concentration of ppGpp was increased by overexpression of the relA gene, exhibited normal Z-ring formation and cell division. In the S602 strain, the decrease in the ppGpp level induced by the presence of nitrogenous salt and the rpoS mutation led to the inhibition of Z-ring formation and the subsequent filamentation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Yamaguchi
- a Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Iida
- a Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Susumu Shiota
- b Department of Oral Health, Growth, and Development, Division of Oral Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakayama
- a Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yoshida
- a Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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55
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Remodeling of the Z-Ring Nanostructure during the Streptococcus pneumoniae Cell Cycle Revealed by Photoactivated Localization Microscopy. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.01108-15. [PMID: 26286692 PMCID: PMC4542196 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01108-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovococci form a morphological group that includes several human pathogens (enterococci and streptococci). Their shape results from two modes of cell wall insertion, one allowing division and one allowing elongation. Both cell wall synthesis modes rely on a single cytoskeletal protein, FtsZ. Despite the central role of FtsZ in ovococci, a detailed view of the in vivo nanostructure of ovococcal Z-rings has been lacking thus far, limiting our understanding of their assembly and architecture. We have developed the use of photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) in the ovococcus human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae by engineering spDendra2, a photoconvertible fluorescent protein optimized for this bacterium. Labeling of endogenously expressed FtsZ with spDendra2 revealed the remodeling of the Z-ring’s morphology during the division cycle at the nanoscale level. We show that changes in the ring’s axial thickness and in the clustering propensity of FtsZ correlate with the advancement of the cell cycle. In addition, we observe double-ring substructures suggestive of short-lived intermediates that may form upon initiation of septal cell wall synthesis. These data are integrated into a model describing the architecture and the remodeling of the Z-ring during the cell cycle of ovococci. The Gram-positive human pathogen S. pneumoniae is responsible for 1.6 million deaths per year worldwide and is increasingly resistant to various antibiotics. FtsZ is a cytoskeletal protein polymerizing at midcell into a ring-like structure called the Z-ring. FtsZ is a promising new antimicrobial target, as its inhibition leads to cell death. A precise view of the Z-ring architecture in vivo is essential to understand the mode of action of inhibitory drugs (see T. den Blaauwen, J. M. Andreu, and O. Monasterio, Bioorg Chem 55:27–38, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.03.007, for a review on FtsZ inhibitors). This is notably true in ovococcoid bacteria like S. pneumoniae, in which FtsZ is the only known cytoskeletal protein. We have used superresolution microscopy to obtain molecular details of the pneumococcus Z-ring that have so far been inaccessible with conventional microscopy. This study provides a nanoscale description of the Z-ring architecture and remodeling during the division of ovococci.
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56
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Doxorubicin inhibits E. coli division by interacting at a novel site in FtsZ. Biochem J 2015; 471:335-46. [PMID: 26285656 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic resistance has become a major health concern in recent times. It is therefore essential to identify novel antibacterial targets as well as discover and develop new antibacterial agents. FtsZ, a highly conserved bacterial protein, is responsible for the initiation of cell division in bacteria. The functions of FtsZ inside cells are tightly regulated and any perturbation in its functions leads to inhibition of bacterial division. Recent reports indicate that small molecules targeting the functions of FtsZ may be used as leads to develop new antibacterial agents. To identify small molecules targeting FtsZ and inhibiting bacterial division, we screened a U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved drug library of 800 molecules using an independent computational, biochemical and microbial approach. From this screen, we identified doxorubicin, an anthracycline molecule that inhibits Escherichia coli division and forms filamentous cells. A fluorescence-binding assay shows that doxorubicin interacts strongly with FtsZ. A detailed biochemical analysis demonstrated that doxorubicin inhibits FtsZ assembly and its GTPase activity through binding to a site other than the GTP-binding site. Furthermore, using molecular docking, we identified a probable doxorubicin-binding site in FtsZ. A number of single amino acid mutations at the identified binding site in FtsZ resulted in a severalfold decrease in the affinity of FtsZ for doxorubicin, indicating the importance of this site for doxorubicin interaction. The present study suggests the presence of a novel binding site in FtsZ that interacts with the small molecules and can be targeted for the screening and development of new antibacterial agents.
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57
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Sundararajan K, Miguel A, Desmarais SM, Meier EL, Casey Huang K, Goley ED. The bacterial tubulin FtsZ requires its intrinsically disordered linker to direct robust cell wall construction. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7281. [PMID: 26099469 PMCID: PMC4532373 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial GTPase FtsZ forms a cytokinetic ring at midcell, recruits the division machinery, and orchestrates membrane and peptidoglycan cell wall invagination. However, the mechanism for FtsZ regulation of peptidoglycan metabolism is unknown. The FtsZ GTPase domain is separated from its membrane-anchoring C-terminal conserved (CTC) peptide by a disordered C-terminal linker (CTL). Here, we investigate CTL function in Caulobacter crescentus. Strikingly, production of FtsZ lacking the CTL (ΔCTL) is lethal: cells become filamentous, form envelope bulges, and lyse, resembling treatment with β-lactam antibiotics. This phenotype is produced by FtsZ polymers bearing the CTC and a CTL shorter than 14 residues. Peptidoglycan synthesis still occurs downstream of ΔCTL, however cells expressing ΔCTL exhibit reduced peptidoglycan crosslinking and longer glycan strands than wildtype. Importantly, midcell proteins are still recruited to sites of ΔCTL assembly. We propose that FtsZ regulates peptidoglycan metabolism through a CTL-dependent mechanism that extends beyond simple protein recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Sundararajan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Amanda Miguel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Samantha M Desmarais
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Meier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Erin D Goley
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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58
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Egan AJF, Vollmer W. The stoichiometric divisome: a hypothesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:455. [PMID: 26029191 PMCID: PMC4428075 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dividing Escherichia coli cells simultaneously constrict the inner membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and outer membrane to synthesize the new poles of the daughter cells. For this, more than 30 proteins localize to mid-cell where they form a large, ring-like assembly, the divisome, facilitating division. Although the precise function of most divisome proteins is unknown, it became apparent in recent years that dynamic protein–protein interactions are essential for divisome assembly and function. However, little is known about the nature of the interactions involved and the stoichiometry of the proteins within the divisome. A recent study (Li et al., 2014) used ribosome profiling to measure the absolute protein synthesis rates in E. coli. Interestingly, they observed that most proteins which participate in known multiprotein complexes are synthesized proportional to their stoichiometry. Based on this principle we present a hypothesis for the stoichiometry of the core of the divisome, taking into account known protein–protein interactions. From this hypothesis we infer a possible mechanism for peptidoglycan synthesis during division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J F Egan
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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59
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Eun YJ, Kapoor M, Hussain S, Garner EC. Bacterial Filament Systems: Toward Understanding Their Emergent Behavior and Cellular Functions. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17181-9. [PMID: 25957405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.637876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use homologs of eukaryotic cytoskeletal filaments to conduct many different tasks, controlling cell shape, division, and DNA segregation. These filaments, combined with factors that regulate their polymerization, create emergent self-organizing machines. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the assembly of these polymers and their spatial regulation by accessory factors, framing them in the context of being dynamical systems. We highlight how comparing the in vivo dynamics of the filaments with those measured in vitro has provided insight into the regulation, emergent behavior, and cellular functions of these polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Eun
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Department and Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Mrinal Kapoor
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Department and Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Saman Hussain
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Department and Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Ethan C Garner
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Department and Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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60
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Ronholm J, Raymond-Bouchard I, Creskey M, Cyr T, Cloutis EA, Whyte LG. Characterizing the surface-exposed proteome of Planococcus halocryophilus during cryophilic growth. Extremophiles 2015; 19:619-29. [PMID: 25832669 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Planococcus halocryophilus OR1 is a bacterial isolate capable of growth at temperatures ranging from -15 to +37 °C. During sub-zero (cryophilic) growth, nodular features appear on its cell surface; however, the biochemical compositions of these features as well as any cold-adaptive benefits they may offer are not understood. This study aimed to identify differences in the cell surface proteome (surfaceome) of P. halocryophilus cells grown under optimal (24 °C, no added salt), low- and mid-salt (5 and 12 % NaCl, respectively) at 24 °C, and low- and mid-salt sub-zero (5 % NaCl at -5 °C and 12 % NaCl at -10 °C) culture conditions, for the purpose of gaining insight into cold-adapted proteomic traits at the cell surface. Mid-log cells were harvested, treated briefly with trypsin and the resultant peptides were purified followed by identification by LC-MS/MS analysis. One hundred and forty-four proteins were subsequently identified in at least one culture condition. Statistically significant differences in amino acid usage, a known indicator of cold adaptation, were identified through in silico analysis. Two proteins with roles in peptidoglycan (PG) metabolism, an N-acetyl-L-alanine amidase and a multimodular transpeptidase-transglycosylase, were detected, though each was only detected under optimal conditions, indicating that high-salt and high-cold stress each affect PG metabolism. Two iron transport-binding proteins, associated with two different iron transport strategies, were identified, indicating that P. halocryophilus uses a different iron acquisition strategy at very low temperatures. Here we present the first set of data that describes bacterial adaptations at the cellular surface that occur as a cryophilic bacterium is transitioned from optimal to near-inhibitory sub-zero culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ronholm
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd. Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC, H9X3V9, Canada,
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61
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An ancestral bacterial division system is widespread in eukaryotic mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10239-46. [PMID: 25831547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421392112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial division initiates at the site of a contractile Z-ring composed of polymerized FtsZ. The location of the Z-ring in the cell is controlled by a system of three mutually antagonistic proteins, MinC, MinD, and MinE. Plastid division is also known to be dependent on homologs of these proteins, derived from the ancestral cyanobacterial endosymbiont that gave rise to plastids. In contrast, the mitochondria of model systems such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammals, and Arabidopsis thaliana seem to have replaced the ancestral α-proteobacterial Min-based division machinery with host-derived dynamin-related proteins that form outer contractile rings. Here, we show that the mitochondrial division system of these model organisms is the exception, rather than the rule, for eukaryotes. We describe endosymbiont-derived, bacterial-like division systems comprising FtsZ and Min proteins in diverse less-studied eukaryote protistan lineages, including jakobid and heterolobosean excavates, a malawimonad, stramenopiles, amoebozoans, a breviate, and an apusomonad. For two of these taxa, the amoebozoan Dictyostelium purpureum and the jakobid Andalucia incarcerata, we confirm a mitochondrial localization of these proteins by their heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The discovery of a proteobacterial-like division system in mitochondria of diverse eukaryotic lineages suggests that it was the ancestral feature of all eukaryotic mitochondria and has been supplanted by a host-derived system multiple times in distinct eukaryote lineages.
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62
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Erb ML, Kraemer JA, Coker JKC, Chaikeeratisak V, Nonejuie P, Agard DA, Pogliano J. A bacteriophage tubulin harnesses dynamic instability to center DNA in infected cells. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25429514 PMCID: PMC4244570 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic instability, polarity, and spatiotemporal organization are hallmarks of the microtubule cytoskeleton that allow formation of complex structures such as the eukaryotic spindle. No similar structure has been identified in prokaryotes. The bacteriophage-encoded tubulin PhuZ is required to position DNA at mid-cell, without which infectivity is compromised. Here, we show that PhuZ filaments, like microtubules, stochastically switch from growing in a distinctly polar manner to catastrophic depolymerization (dynamic instability) both in vitro and in vivo. One end of each PhuZ filament is stably anchored near the cell pole to form a spindle-like array that orients the growing ends toward the phage nucleoid so as to position it near mid-cell. Our results demonstrate how a bacteriophage can harness the properties of a tubulin-like cytoskeleton for efficient propagation. This represents the first identification of a prokaryotic tubulin with the dynamic instability of microtubules and the ability to form a simplified bipolar spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella L Erb
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - James A Kraemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Joanna K C Coker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Vorrapon Chaikeeratisak
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Poochit Nonejuie
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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63
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Tuson HH, Biteen JS. Unveiling the inner workings of live bacteria using super-resolution microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 87:42-63. [PMID: 25380480 DOI: 10.1021/ac5041346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Tuson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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64
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Rivas G, Vogel SK, Schwille P. Reconstitution of cytoskeletal protein assemblies for large-scale membrane transformation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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65
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Engineering Escherichia coli for enhanced production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in larger cellular space. Metab Eng 2014; 25:183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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66
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Duggirala S, Nankar RP, Rajendran S, Doble M. Phytochemicals as Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Division Protein FtsZ: Coumarins Are Promising Candidates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:283-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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67
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Bacterial cell division proteins as antibiotic targets. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:27-38. [PMID: 24755375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins involved in bacterial cell division often do not have a counterpart in eukaryotic cells and they are essential for the survival of the bacteria. The genetic accessibility of many bacterial species in combination with the Green Fluorescence Protein revolution to study localization of proteins and the availability of crystal structures has increased our knowledge on bacterial cell division considerably in this century. Consequently, bacterial cell division proteins are more and more recognized as potential new antibiotic targets. An international effort to find small molecules that inhibit the cell division initiating protein FtsZ has yielded many compounds of which some are promising as leads for preclinical use. The essential transglycosylase activity of peptidoglycan synthases has recently become accessible to inhibitor screening. Enzymatic assays for and structural information on essential integral membrane proteins such as MraY and FtsW involved in lipid II (the peptidoglycan building block precursor) biosynthesis have put these proteins on the list of potential new targets. This review summarises and discusses the results and approaches to the development of lead compounds that inhibit bacterial cell division.
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