51
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Dworak N, Makosa D, Chatterjee M, Jividen K, Yang CS, Snow C, Simke WC, Johnson IG, Kelley JB, Paschal BM. A nuclear lamina-chromatin-Ran GTPase axis modulates nuclear import and DNA damage signaling. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12851. [PMID: 30565836 PMCID: PMC6351833 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ran GTPase regulates nuclear import and export by controlling the assembly state of transport complexes. This involves the direct action of RanGTP, which is generated in the nucleus by the chromatin‐associated nucleotide exchange factor, RCC1. Ran interactions with RCC1 contribute to formation of a nuclear:cytoplasmic (N:C) Ran protein gradient in interphase cells. In previous work, we showed that the Ran protein gradient is disrupted in fibroblasts from Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) patients. The Ran gradient disruption in these cells is caused by nuclear membrane association of a mutant form of Lamin A, which induces a global reduction in heterochromatin marked with Histone H3K9me3 and Histone H3K27me3. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that heterochromatin controls the Ran gradient. Chemical inhibition and depletion of the histone methyltransferases (HMTs) G9a and GLP in normal human fibroblasts reduced heterochromatin levels and caused disruption of the Ran gradient, comparable to that observed previously in HGPS fibroblasts. HMT inhibition caused a defect in nuclear localization of TPR, a high molecular weight protein that, owing to its large size, displays a Ran‐dependent import defect in HGPS. We reasoned that pathways dependent on nuclear import of large proteins might be compromised in HGPS. We found that nuclear import of ATM requires the Ran gradient, and disruption of the Ran gradient in HGPS causes a defect in generating nuclear γ‐H2AX in response to ionizing radiation. Our data suggest a lamina–chromatin–Ran axis is important for nuclear transport regulation and contributes to the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dworak
- Center for Cell Signaling; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Dawid Makosa
- Center for Cell Signaling; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Mandovi Chatterjee
- Center for Cell Signaling; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Kasey Jividen
- Center for Cell Signaling; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Chun-Song Yang
- Center for Cell Signaling; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Chelsi Snow
- Center for Cell Signaling; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
| | - William C. Simke
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences; University of Maine; Orono Maine
| | - Isaac G. Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences; University of Maine; Orono Maine
| | - Joshua B. Kelley
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences; University of Maine; Orono Maine
| | - Bryce M. Paschal
- Center for Cell Signaling; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia
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52
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Kreienkamp R, Billon C, Bedia‐Diaz G, Albert CJ, Toth Z, Butler AA, McBride‐Gagyi S, Ford DA, Baldan A, Burris TP, Gonzalo S. Doubled lifespan and patient-like pathologies in progeria mice fed high-fat diet. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12852. [PMID: 30548460 PMCID: PMC6351834 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a devastating premature aging disease. Mouse models have been instrumental for understanding HGPS mechanisms and for testing therapies, which to date have had only marginal benefits in mice and patients. Barriers to developing effective therapies include the unknown etiology of progeria mice early death, seemingly unrelated to the reported atherosclerosis contributing to HGPS patient mortality, and mice not recapitulating the severity of human disease. Here, we show that progeria mice die from starvation and cachexia. Switching progeria mice approaching death from regular diet to high-fat diet (HFD) rescues early lethality and ameliorates morbidity. Critically, feeding the mice only HFD delays aging and nearly doubles lifespan, which is the greatest lifespan extension recorded in progeria mice. The extended lifespan allows for progeria mice to develop degenerative aging pathologies of a severity that emulates the human disease. We propose that starvation and cachexia greatly influence progeria phenotypes and that nutritional/nutraceutical strategies might help modulate disease progression. Importantly, progeria mice on HFD provide a more clinically relevant animal model to study mechanisms of HGPS pathology and to test therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Kreienkamp
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy St Louis Missouri
| | - Gonzalo Bedia‐Diaz
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - Carolyn J. Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - Zacharie Toth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - Andrew A. Butler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - Sara McBride‐Gagyi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - Angel Baldan
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy St Louis Missouri
| | - Susana Gonzalo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology St Louis University School of Medicine St Louis Missouri
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53
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Jiang Y, Ji JY. Understanding lamin proteins and their roles in aging and cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 2018; 212:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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54
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Mertens J, Reid D, Lau S, Kim Y, Gage FH. Aging in a Dish: iPSC-Derived and Directly Induced Neurons for Studying Brain Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2018; 52:271-293. [PMID: 30208291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated neurological diseases represent a profound challenge in biomedical research as we are still struggling to understand the interface between the aging process and the manifestation of disease. Various pathologies in the elderly do not directly result from genetic mutations, toxins, or infectious agents but are primarily driven by the many manifestations of biological aging. Therefore, the generation of appropriate model systems to study human aging in the nervous system demands new concepts that lie beyond transgenic and drug-induced models. Although access to viable human brain specimens is limited and induced pluripotent stem cell models face limitations due to reprogramming-associated cellular rejuvenation, the direct conversion of somatic cells into induced neurons allows for the generation of human neurons that capture many aspects of aging. Here, we review advances in exploring age-associated neurodegenerative diseases using human cell reprogramming models, and we discuss general concepts, promises, and limitations of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; .,Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dylan Reid
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Shong Lau
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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55
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La Torre M, Merigliano C, Burla R, Mottini C, Zanetti G, Del Giudice S, Carcuro M, Virdia I, Bucciarelli E, Manni I, Vinciguerra GR, Piaggio G, Riminucci M, Cumano A, Bartolazzi A, Vernì F, Soddu S, Gatti M, Saggio I. Mice with reduced expression of the telomere-associated protein Ft1 develop p53-sensitive progeroid traits. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12730. [PMID: 29635765 PMCID: PMC6052474 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human AKTIP and mouse Ft1 are orthologous ubiquitin E2 variant proteins involved in telomere maintenance and DNA replication. AKTIP also interacts with A‐ and B‐type lamins. These features suggest that Ft1 may be implicated in aging regulatory pathways. Here, we show that cells derived from hypomorph Ft1 mutant (Ft1kof/kof) mice exhibit telomeric defects and that Ft1kof/kof animals develop progeroid traits, including impaired growth, skeletal and skin defects, abnormal heart tissue, and sterility. We also demonstrate a genetic interaction between Ft1 and p53. The analysis of mice carrying mutations in both Ft1 and p53 (Ft1kof/kof; p53ko/ko and Ft1kof/kof; p53+/ko) showed that reduction in p53 rescues the progeroid traits of Ft1 mutants, suggesting that they are at least in part caused by a p53‐dependent DNA damage response. Conversely, Ft1 reduction alters lymphomagenesis in p53 mutant mice. These results identify Ft1 as a new player in the aging process and open the way to the analysis of its interactions with other progeria genes using the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia La Torre
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Chiara Merigliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Romina Burla
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Carla Mottini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Giorgia Zanetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Simona Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Mariateresa Carcuro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Ilaria Virdia
- Dipartimento di Ricerca, Diagnostica Avanzata e Innovazione Tecnologica; Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena; Rome Italy
| | | | - Isabella Manni
- Dipartimento di Ricerca, Diagnostica Avanzata e Innovazione Tecnologica; Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena; Rome Italy
| | | | - Giulia Piaggio
- Dipartimento di Ricerca, Diagnostica Avanzata e Innovazione Tecnologica; Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena; Rome Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Ana Cumano
- Lymphopoiesis Unit; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
| | | | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Dipartimento di Ricerca, Diagnostica Avanzata e Innovazione Tecnologica; Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena; Rome Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR; Rome Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR; Rome Italy
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56
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Tonoyama Y, Shinya M, Toyoda A, Kitano T, Oga A, Nishimaki T, Katsumura T, Oota H, Wan MT, Yip BWP, Helen MOL, Chisada S, Deguchi T, Au DWT, Naruse K, Kamei Y, Taniguchi Y. Abnormal nuclear morphology is independent of longevity in a zmpste24-deficient fish model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 209:54-62. [PMID: 29567411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lamin is an intermediate protein underlying the nuclear envelope and it plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the nucleus. A defect in the processing of its precursor by a metalloprotease, ZMPSTE24, results in the accumulation of farnesylated prelamin in the nucleus and causes various diseases, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). However, the role of lamin processing is unclear in fish species. Here, we generated zmpste24-deficient medaka and evaluated their phenotype. Unlike humans and mice, homozygous mutants did not show growth defects or lifespan shortening, despite lamin precursor accumulation. Gonadosomatic indices, blood glucose levels, and regenerative capacity of fins were similar in 1-year-old mutants and their wild-type (WT) siblings. Histological examination showed that the muscles, subcutaneous fat tissues, and gonads were normal in the mutants at the age of 1 year. However, the mutants showed hypersensitivity to X-ray irradiation, although p53target genes, p21 and mdm2, were induced 6 h after irradiation. Immunostaining of primary cultured cells from caudal fins and visualization of nuclei using H2B-GFP fusion proteins revealed an abnormal nuclear shape in the mutants both in vitro and in vivo. The telomere lengths were significantly shorter in the mutants compared to WT. Taken together, these results suggest that zmpste24-deficient medaka phenocopied HGPS only partially and that abnormal nuclear morphology and lifespan shortening are two independent events in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tonoyama
- Branch Laboratory of Gene Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 2 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Minori Shinya
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Atsunori Oga
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nishimaki
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0674, Japan
| | - Takafumi Katsumura
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0674, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oota
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0674, Japan
| | - Miles T Wan
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bill W P Yip
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mok O L Helen
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shinichi Chisada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Tomonori Deguchi
- Advanced Genome Design Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Doris W T Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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57
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Genome instability syndromes caused by impaired DNA repair and aberrant DNA damage responses. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:337-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-9429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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58
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Wu Z, Zhang W, Song M, Wang W, Wei G, Li W, Lei J, Huang Y, Sang Y, Chan P, Chen C, Qu J, Suzuki K, Belmonte JCI, Liu GH. Differential stem cell aging kinetics in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome and Werner syndrome. Protein Cell 2018; 9:333-350. [PMID: 29476423 PMCID: PMC5876188 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and Werner syndrome (WS) are two of the best characterized human progeroid syndromes. HGPS is caused by a point mutation in lamin A (LMNA) gene, resulting in the production of a truncated protein product-progerin. WS is caused by mutations in WRN gene, encoding a loss-of-function RecQ DNA helicase. Here, by gene editing we created isogenic human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with heterozygous (G608G/+) or homozygous (G608G/G608G) LMNA mutation and biallelic WRN knockout, for modeling HGPS and WS pathogenesis, respectively. While ESCs and endothelial cells (ECs) did not present any features of premature senescence, HGPS- and WS-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed aging-associated phenotypes with different kinetics. WS-MSCs had early-onset mild premature aging phenotypes while HGPS-MSCs exhibited late-onset acute premature aging characterisitcs. Taken together, our study compares and contrasts the distinct pathologies underpinning the two premature aging disorders, and provides reliable stem-cell based models to identify new therapeutic strategies for pathological and physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Moshi Song
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jinghui Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Medical genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanmei Sang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Piu Chan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Chang Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan. .,Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
| | | | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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59
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p53 isoforms regulate premature aging in human cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:2379-2393. [PMID: 29429991 PMCID: PMC5954431 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a hallmark of normal aging and aging-related syndromes, including the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), a rare genetic disorder caused by a single mutation in the LMNA gene that results in the constitutive expression of a truncated splicing mutant of lamin A known as progerin. Progerin accumulation leads to increased cellular stresses including unrepaired DNA damage, activation of the p53 signaling pathway and accelerated senescence. We previously established that the p53 isoforms Δ133p53 and p53β regulate senescence in normal human cells. However, their role in premature aging is unknown. Here, we report that p53 isoforms are expressed in primary fibroblasts derived from HGPS patients, are associated with their accelerated senescence and that their manipulation can restore the replication capacity of HGPS fibroblasts. We found that in near-senescent HGPS fibroblasts, which exhibit low levels of Δ133p53 and high levels of p53β, restoration of Δ133p53 expression was sufficient to extend replicative lifespan and delay senescence, despite progerin levels and abnormal nuclear morphology remaining unchanged. Conversely, Δ133p53 depletion or p53β overexpression accelerated the onset of senescence in otherwise proliferative HGPS fibroblasts. Our data indicate that Δ133p53 exerts its role by modulating full-length p53 (FLp53) signaling to extend the replicative lifespan and promotes the repair of spontaneous progerin-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). We showed that Δ133p53 dominant-negative inhibition of FLp53 occurs directly at the p21/CDKN1A and miR-34a promoters, two p53-senescence associated genes. In addition, Δ133p53 expression increased expression of the DNA repair RAD51, likely through upregulation of E2F1, a transcription factor that activates RAD51, to promote repair of DSBs. In summary, our data indicate that Δ133p53 modulates p53 signaling to repress progerin-induced early onset of senescence in HGPS cells. Therefore, restoration of Δ133p53 expression may be a novel therapeutic strategy to treat aging-associated phenotypes of HGPS in vivo.
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60
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Kreienkamp R, Croke M, Neumann MA, Bedia-Diaz G, Graziano S, Dusso A, Dorsett D, Carlberg C, Gonzalo S. Vitamin D receptor signaling improves Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome cellular phenotypes. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30018-31. [PMID: 27145372 PMCID: PMC5058660 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a devastating incurable premature aging disease caused by accumulation of progerin, a toxic lamin A mutant protein. HGPS patient-derived cells exhibit nuclear morphological abnormalities, altered signaling pathways, genomic instability, and premature senescence. Here we uncover new molecular mechanisms contributing to cellular decline in progeria. We demonstrate that HGPS cells reduce expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and DNA repair factors BRCA1 and 53BP1 with progerin accumulation, and that reconstituting VDR signaling via 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) treatment improves HGPS phenotypes, including nuclear morphological abnormalities, DNA repair defects, and premature senescence. Importantly, we discovered that the 1,25D/VDR axis regulates LMNA gene expression, as well as expression of DNA repair factors. 1,25D dramatically reduces progerin production in HGPS cells, while stabilizing BRCA1 and 53BP1, two key factors for genome integrity. Vitamin D/VDR axis emerges as a new target for treatment of HGPS and potentially other lamin-related diseases exhibiting VDR deficiency and genomic instability. Because progerin expression increases with age, maintaining vitamin D/VDR signaling could keep the levels of progerin in check during physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Kreienkamp
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monica Croke
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Martin A Neumann
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gonzalo Bedia-Diaz
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simona Graziano
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adriana Dusso
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susana Gonzalo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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61
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Carrero D, Soria-Valles C, López-Otín C. Hallmarks of progeroid syndromes: lessons from mice and reprogrammed cells. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:719-35. [PMID: 27482812 PMCID: PMC4958309 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a process that inevitably affects most living organisms and involves the accumulation of macromolecular damage, genomic instability and loss of heterochromatin. Together, these alterations lead to a decline in stem cell function and to a reduced capability to regenerate tissue. In recent years, several genetic pathways and biochemical mechanisms that contribute to physiological ageing have been described, but further research is needed to better characterize this complex biological process. Because premature ageing (progeroid) syndromes, including progeria, mimic many of the characteristics of human ageing, research into these conditions has proven to be very useful not only to identify the underlying causal mechanisms and identify treatments for these pathologies, but also for the study of physiological ageing. In this Review, we summarize the main cellular and animal models used in progeria research, with an emphasis on patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell models, and define a series of molecular and cellular hallmarks that characterize progeroid syndromes and parallel physiological ageing. Finally, we describe the therapeutic strategies being investigated for the treatment of progeroid syndromes, and their main limitations. Summary: This Review defines the molecular and cellular hallmarks of progeroid syndromes according to the main cellular and animal models, and discusses the therapeutic strategies developed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dido Carrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Clara Soria-Valles
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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62
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DNA replication timing alterations identify common markers between distinct progeroid diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10972-E10980. [PMID: 29196523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711613114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeroid syndromes are rare genetic disorders that phenotypically resemble natural aging. Different causal mutations have been identified, but no molecular alterations have been identified that are in common to these diseases. DNA replication timing (RT) is a robust cell type-specific epigenetic feature highly conserved in the same cell types from different individuals but altered in disease. Here, we characterized DNA RT program alterations in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) patients compared with natural aging and cellular senescence. Our results identified a progeroid-specific RT signature that is common to cells from three HGPS and three RTS patients and distinguishes them from healthy individuals across a wide range of ages. Among the RT abnormalities, we identified the tumor protein p63 gene (TP63) as a gene marker for progeroid syndromes. By using the redifferentiation of four patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for the onset of progeroid syndromes, we tracked the progression of RT abnormalities during development, revealing altered RT of the TP63 gene as an early event in disease progression of both HGPS and RTS. Moreover, the RT abnormalities in progeroid patients were associated with altered isoform expression of TP63 Our findings demonstrate the value of RT studies to identify biomarkers not detected by other methods, reveal abnormal TP63 RT as an early event in progeroid disease progression, and suggest TP63 gene regulation as a potential therapeutic target.
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63
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Emerging candidate treatment strategies for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1279-1293. [PMID: 29127216 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS, progeria) is an extremely rare premature aging disorder affecting children, with a disease incidence of ∼1 in 18 million individuals. HGPS is usually caused by a de novo point mutation in exon 11 of the LMNA gene (c.1824C>T, p.G608G), resulting in the increased usage of a cryptic splice site and production of a truncated unprocessed lamin A protein named progerin. Since the genetic cause for HGPS was published in 2003, numerous potential treatment options have rapidly emerged. Strategies to interfere with the post-translational processing of lamin A, to enhance progerin clearance, or directly target the HGPS mutation to reduce the progerin-producing alternative splicing of the LMNA gene have been developed. Here, we give an up-to-date resume of the contributions made by our and other research groups to the growing list of different candidate treatment strategies that have been tested, both in vitro, in vivo in mouse models for HGPS and in clinical trials in HGPS patients.
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64
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A Tissue Engineered Blood Vessel Model of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome Using Human iPSC-derived Smooth Muscle Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8168. [PMID: 28811655 PMCID: PMC5557922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchison-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a rare, accelerated aging disorder caused by nuclear accumulation of progerin, an altered form of the Lamin A gene. The primary cause of death is cardiovascular disease at about 14 years. Loss and dysfunction of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the vasculature may cause defects associated with HGPS. Due to limitations of 2D cell culture and mouse models, there is a need to develop improved models to discover novel therapeutics. To address this need, we produced a functional three-dimensional model of HGPS that replicates an arteriole-scale tissue engineered blood vessel (TEBV) using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived SMCs from an HGPS patient. To isolate the effect of the HGPS iSMCs, the endothelial layer consisted of human cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (hCB-EPCs) from a separate, healthy donor. TEBVs fabricated from HGPS iSMCs and hCB-EPCs show reduced vasoactivity, increased medial wall thickness, increased calcification and apoptosis relative to TEBVs fabricated from normal iSMCs or primary MSCs. Additionally, treatment of HGPS TEBVs with the proposed therapeutic Everolimus, increases HGPS TEBV vasoactivity and increases iSMC differentiation in the TEBVs. These results show the ability of this iPSC-derived TEBV to reproduce key features of HGPS and respond to drugs.
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65
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Abstract
Nuclear lamins are components of the peripheral lamina that define the mechanical properties of nuclei and tether heterochromatin to the periphery. A-type lamins localize also to the nuclear interior, but the regulation and specific functions of this nucleoplasmic lamin pool are poorly understood. In this Commentary, we summarize known pathways that are potentially involved in the localization and dynamic behavior of intranuclear lamins, including their post-translational modifications and interactions with nucleoplasmic proteins, such as lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α; encoded by TMPO). In addition, new data suggest that lamins in the nuclear interior have an important role in chromatin regulation and gene expression through dynamic binding to both hetero- and euchromatic genomic regions and promoter subdomains, thereby affecting epigenetic pathways and chromatin accessibility. Nucleoplasmic lamins also have a role in spatial chromatin organization and may be involved in mechanosignaling. In view of this newly emerging concept, we propose that the previously reported cellular phenotypes in lamin-linked diseases are, at least in part, rooted in an impaired regulation and/or function of the nucleoplasmic lamin A/C pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Naetar
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Simona Ferraioli
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Roland Foisner
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna A-1030, Austria
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66
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Hilton BA, Liu J, Cartwright BM, Liu Y, Breitman M, Wang Y, Jones R, Tang H, Rusinol A, Musich PR, Zou Y. Progerin sequestration of PCNA promotes replication fork collapse and mislocalization of XPA in laminopathy-related progeroid syndromes. FASEB J 2017; 31:3882-3893. [PMID: 28515154 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700014r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by a point mutation in the LMNA gene, resulting in production of a truncated farnesylated-prelamin A protein (progerin). We previously reported that XPA mislocalized to the progerin-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) sites, blocking DSB repair, which led to DSB accumulation, DNA damage responses, and early replication arrest in HGPS. In this study, the XPA mislocalization to DSBs occurred at stalled or collapsed replication forks, concurrent with a significant loss of PCNA at the forks, whereas PCNA efficiently bound to progerin. This PCNA sequestration likely exposed ds-ssDNA junctions at replication forks for XPA binding. Depletion of XPA or progerin each significantly restored PCNA at replication forks. Our results suggest that although PCNA is much more competitive than XPA in binding replication forks, PCNA sequestration by progerin may shift the equilibrium to favor XPA binding. Furthermore, we demonstrated that progerin-induced apoptosis could be rescued by XPA, suggesting that XPA-replication fork binding may prevent apoptosis in HGPS cells. Our results propose a mechanism for progerin-induced genome instability and accelerated replicative senescence in HGPS.-Hilton, B. A., Liu, J., Cartwright, B. M., Liu, Y., Breitman, M., Wang, Y., Jones, R., Tang, H., Rusinol, A., Musich, P. R., Zou, Y. Progerin sequestration of PCNA promotes replication fork collapse and mislocalization of XPA in laminopathy-related progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Hilton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Brian M Cartwright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yiyong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maya Breitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Youjie Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rowdy Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antonio Rusinol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, J. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA;
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67
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Expression of progerin does not result in an increased mutation rate. Chromosome Res 2017; 25:227-239. [PMID: 28477268 PMCID: PMC5662688 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-017-9556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the premature ageing disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), the underlying genetic defect in the lamin A gene leads to accumulation at the nuclear lamina of progerin—a mutant form of lamin A that cannot be correctly processed. This has been reported to result in defects in the DNA damage response and in DNA repair, leading to the hypothesis that, as in normal ageing and in other progeroid syndromes caused by mutation of genes of the DNA repair and DNA damage response pathways, increased DNA damage may be responsible for the premature ageing phenotypes in HGPS patients. However, this hypothesis is based upon the study of markers of the DNA damage response, rather than measurement of DNA damage per se or the consequences of unrepaired DNA damage—mutation. Here, using a mutation reporter cell line, we directly compared the inherent and induced mutation rates in cells expressing wild-type lamin A or progerin. We find no evidence for an elevated mutation rate in progerin-expressing cells. We conclude that the cellular defect in HGPS cells does not lie in the repair of DNA damage per se.
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68
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Sewitz SA, Fahmi Z, Lipkow K. Higher order assembly: folding the chromosome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 42:162-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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69
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O'Driscoll M. The pathological consequences of impaired genome integrity in humans; disorders of the DNA replication machinery. J Pathol 2017; 241:192-207. [PMID: 27757957 DOI: 10.1002/path.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and efficient replication of the human genome occurs in the context of an array of constitutional barriers, including regional topological constraints imposed by chromatin architecture and processes such as transcription, catenation of the helical polymer and spontaneously generated DNA lesions, including base modifications and strand breaks. DNA replication is fundamentally important for tissue development and homeostasis; differentiation programmes are intimately linked with stem cell division. Unsurprisingly, impairments of the DNA replication machinery can have catastrophic consequences for genome stability and cell division. Functional impacts on DNA replication and genome stability have long been known to play roles in malignant transformation through a variety of complex mechanisms, and significant further insights have been gained from studying model organisms in this context. Congenital hypomorphic defects in components of the DNA replication machinery have been and continue to be identified in humans. These disorders present with a wide range of clinical features. Indeed, in some instances, different mutations in the same gene underlie different clinical presentations. Understanding the origin and molecular basis of these features opens a window onto the range of developmental impacts of suboptimal DNA replication and genome instability in humans. Here, I will briefly overview the basic steps involved in DNA replication and the key concepts that have emerged from this area of research, before switching emphasis to the pathological consequences of defects within the DNA replication network; the human disorders. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O'Driscoll
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, Genome Damage & Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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70
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Brosh RM, Bellani M, Liu Y, Seidman MM. Fanconi Anemia: A DNA repair disorder characterized by accelerated decline of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and other features of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:67-75. [PMID: 27223997 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal genetic disorder characterized by progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), endocrine dysfunction, cancer, and other clinical features commonly associated with normal aging. The anemia stems directly from an accelerated decline of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. Although FA is a complex heterogeneous disease linked to mutations in 19 currently identified genes, there has been much progress in understanding the molecular pathology involved. FA is broadly considered a DNA repair disorder and the FA gene products, together with other DNA repair factors, have been implicated in interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. However, in addition to the defective DNA damage response, altered epigenetic regulation, and telomere defects, FA is also marked by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators in circulation, a hallmark of faster decline in not only other hereditary aging disorders but also normal aging. In this review, we offer a perspective of FA as a monogenic accelerated aging disorder, citing the latest evidence for its multi-factorial deficiencies underlying its unique clinical and cellular features.
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71
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Gonzalo S, Kreienkamp R, Askjaer P. Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome: A premature aging disease caused by LMNA gene mutations. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:18-29. [PMID: 27374873 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Products of the LMNA gene, primarily lamin A and C, are key components of the nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous meshwork that underlies the inner nuclear membrane and is essential for proper nuclear architecture. Alterations in lamin A and C that disrupt the integrity of the nuclear lamina affect a whole repertoire of nuclear functions, causing cellular decline. In humans, hundreds of mutations in the LMNA gene have been identified and correlated with over a dozen degenerative disorders, referred to as laminopathies. These diseases include neuropathies, muscular dystrophies, lipodystrophies, and premature aging diseases. This review focuses on one of the most severe laminopathies, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), which is caused by aberrant splicing of the LMNA gene and expression of a mutant product called progerin. Here, we discuss current views about the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of this devastating disease, as well as the strategies being tested in vitro and in vivo to counteract progerin toxicity. In particular, progerin accumulation elicits nuclear morphological abnormalities, misregulated gene expression, defects in DNA repair, telomere shortening, and genomic instability, all of which limit cellular proliferative capacity. In patients harboring this mutation, a severe premature aging disease develops during childhood. Interestingly, progerin is also produced in senescent cells and cells from old individuals, suggesting that progerin accumulation might be a factor in physiological aging. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms whereby progerin expression leads to HGPS is an emergent area of research, which could bring us closer to understanding the pathology of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gonzalo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ray Kreienkamp
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Peter Askjaer
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC/Junta de Andalucia/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
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72
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Bardawil T, Khalil S, Bergqvist C, Abbas O, Kibbi AG, Bitar F, Nemer G, Kurban M. Genetics of inherited cardiocutaneous syndromes: a review. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000442. [PMID: 27933191 PMCID: PMC5133403 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The life of a human being originates as a single cell which, under the influence of certain factors, divides sequentially into multiple cells that subsequently become committed to develop and differentiate into the different structures and organs. Alterations occurring early on in the development process may lead to fetal demise in utero. Conversely, abnormalities at later stages may result in structural and/or functional abnormalities of varying severities. The cardiovascular system and skin share certain developmental and structural factors; therefore, it is not surprising to find several inherited syndromes with both cardiac and skin manifestations. Here, we will review the overlapping pathways in the development of the skin and heart, as well as the resulting syndromes. We will also highlight several cutaneous clues that may help physicians screen and uncover cardiac anomalies that may be otherwise hidden and result in sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ossama Abbas
- Department of Dermatology , American University of Beirut , Beirut Lebanon
| | - Abdul Ghani Kibbi
- Department of Dermatology , American University of Beirut , Beirut Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, BeirutLebanon; Department of Pediatrics, American University of Beirut, BeirutLebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , American University of Beirut , Beirut Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, BeirutLebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, BeirutLebanon; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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73
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Abstract
Lamins are major components of the nuclear lamina, a network of proteins that supports the nuclear envelope in metazoan cells. Over the past decade, biochemical studies have provided support for the view that lamins are not passive bystanders providing mechanical stability to the nucleus but play an active role in the organization of the genome and the function of fundamental nuclear processes. It has also become apparent that lamins are critical for human health, as a large number of mutations identified in the gene that encodes for A-type lamins are associated with tissue-specific and systemic genetic diseases, including the accelerated aging disorder known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Recent years have witnessed great advances in our understanding of the role of lamins in the nucleus and the functional consequences of disease-associated A-type lamin mutations. Many of these findings have been presented in comprehensive reviews. In this mini-review, we discuss recent breakthroughs in the role of lamins in health and disease and what lies ahead in lamin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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74
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Saad H, Cobb JA. A decade of understanding spatio-temporal regulation of DNA repair by the nuclear architecture. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:433-440. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus is a hub for gene expression and is a highly organized entity. The nucleoplasm is heterogeneous, owing to the preferential localization of specific metabolic factors, which lead to the definition of nuclear compartments or bodies. The genome is organized into chromosome territories, as well as heterochromatin and euchromatin domains. Recent observations have indicated that nuclear organization is important for maintaining genomic stability. For example, nuclear organization has been implicated in stabilizing damaged DNA, repair-pathway choice, and in preventing chromosomal rearrangements. Over the past decade, several studies have revealed that dynamic changes in the nuclear architecture are important during double-strand break repair. Stemming from work in yeast, relocation of a damaged site prior to repair appears to be at least partially conserved in multicellular eukaryotes. In this review, we will discuss genome and nucleoplasm architecture, particularly the importance of the nuclear periphery in genome stability. We will also discuss how the site of relocation regulates repair-pathway choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Saad
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Cobb
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary; 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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75
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Robin JD, Magdinier F. Physiological and Pathological Aging Affects Chromatin Dynamics, Structure and Function at the Nuclear Edge. Front Genet 2016; 7:153. [PMID: 27602048 PMCID: PMC4993774 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamins are intermediate filaments that form a complex meshwork at the inner nuclear membrane. Mammalian cells express two types of Lamins, Lamins A/C and Lamins B, encoded by three different genes, LMNA, LMNB1, and LMNB2. Mutations in the LMNA gene are associated with a group of phenotypically diverse diseases referred to as laminopathies. Lamins interact with a large number of binding partners including proteins of the nuclear envelope but also chromatin-associated factors. Lamins not only constitute a scaffold for nuclear shape, rigidity and resistance to stress but also contribute to the organization of chromatin and chromosomal domains. We will discuss here the impact of A-type Lamins loss on alterations of chromatin organization and formation of chromatin domains and how disorganization of the lamina contributes to the patho-physiology of premature aging syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme D Robin
- IRCAN, CNRS UMR 7284/INSERM U1081, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France
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76
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Abstract
The nuclear lamina (NL) is a structural component of the nuclear envelope and makes extensive contacts with integral nuclear membrane proteins and chromatin. These interactions are critical for many cellular processes, such as nuclear positioning, perception of mechanical stimuli from the cell surface, nuclear stability, 3-dimensional organization of chromatin and regulation of chromatin-binding proteins, including transcription factors. The NL is present in all nucleated metazoan cells but its composition and interactome differ between tissues. Most likely, this contributes to the broad spectrum of disease manifestations in humans with mutations in NL-related genes, ranging from muscle dystrophies to neurological disorders, lipodystrophies and progeria syndromes. We review here exciting novel insight into NL function at the cellular level, in particular in chromatin organization and mechanosensation. We also present recent observations on the relation between the NL and metabolism and the special relevance of the NL in muscle tissues. Finally, we discuss new therapeutic approaches to treat NL-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dobrzynska
- a Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD) , CSIC/Junta de Andalucia/Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
| | - Susana Gonzalo
- b Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , St Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Catherine Shanahan
- c BHF Center for Research Excellence , King's College London, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Center , London , UK
| | - Peter Askjaer
- a Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD) , CSIC/Junta de Andalucia/Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
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77
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West MD, Binette F, Larocca D, Chapman KB, Irving C, Sternberg H. The germline/soma dichotomy: implications for aging and degenerative disease. Regen Med 2016; 11:331-4. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human somatic cells are mortal due in large part to telomere shortening associated with cell division. Limited proliferative capacity may, in turn, limit response to injury and may play an important role in the etiology of age-related pathology. Pluripotent stem cells cultured in vitro appear to maintain long telomere length through relatively high levels of telomerase activity. We propose that the induced reversal of cell aging by transcriptional reprogramming, or alternatively, human embryonic stem cells engineered to escape immune surveillance, are effective platforms for the industrial-scale manufacture of young cells for the treatment of age-related pathologies. Such cell-based regenerative therapies will require newer manufacturing and delivery technologies to insure highly pure, identified and potent pluripotency-based therapeutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D West
- BioTime, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave., Alameda, CA 94501, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hal Sternberg
- BioTime, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave., Alameda, CA 94501, USA
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78
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Wit JM, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Ruivenkamp CAL, Kant SG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Novel genetic causes of short stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R145-73. [PMID: 26578640 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fast technological development, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism array, array-comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing, has led to the discovery of many novel genetic causes of growth failure. In this review we discuss a selection of these, according to a diagnostic classification centred on the epiphyseal growth plate. We successively discuss disorders in hormone signalling, paracrine factors, matrix molecules, intracellular pathways, and fundamental cellular processes, followed by chromosomal aberrations including copy number variants (CNVs) and imprinting disorders associated with short stature. Many novel causes of GH deficiency (GHD) as part of combined pituitary hormone deficiency have been uncovered. The most frequent genetic causes of isolated GHD are GH1 and GHRHR defects, but several novel causes have recently been found, such as GHSR, RNPC3, and IFT172 mutations. Besides well-defined causes of GH insensitivity (GHR, STAT5B, IGFALS, IGF1 defects), disorders of NFκB signalling, STAT3 and IGF2 have recently been discovered. Heterozygous IGF1R defects are a relatively frequent cause of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. TRHA mutations cause a syndromic form of short stature with elevated T3/T4 ratio. Disorders of signalling of various paracrine factors (FGFs, BMPs, WNTs, PTHrP/IHH, and CNP/NPR2) or genetic defects affecting cartilage extracellular matrix usually cause disproportionate short stature. Heterozygous NPR2 or SHOX defects may be found in ∼3% of short children, and also rasopathies (e.g., Noonan syndrome) can be found in children without clear syndromic appearance. Numerous other syndromes associated with short stature are caused by genetic defects in fundamental cellular processes, chromosomal abnormalities, CNVs, and imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine A van Duyvenvoorde
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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79
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Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare premature aging disease presenting many features resembling the normal aging process. HGPS patients die before the age of 20 years due to cardiovascular problems and heart failure. HGPS is linked to mutations in the LMNA gene encoding the intermediate filament protein lamin A. Lamin A is a major component of the nuclear lamina, a scaffold structure at the nuclear envelope that defines mechanochemical properties of the nucleus and is involved in chromatin organization and epigenetic regulation. Lamin A is also present in the nuclear interior where it fulfills lamina-independent functions in cell signaling and gene regulation. The most common LMNA mutation linked to HGPS leads to mis-splicing of the LMNA mRNA and produces a mutant lamin A protein called progerin that tightly associates with the inner nuclear membrane and affects the dynamic properties of lamins. Progerin expression impairs many important cellular processes providing insight into potential disease mechanisms. These include changes in mechanosignaling, altered chromatin organization and impaired genome stability, and changes in signaling pathways, leading to impaired regulation of adult stem cells, defective extracellular matrix production and premature cell senescence. In this review, we discuss these pathways and their potential contribution to the disease pathologies as well as therapeutic approaches used in preclinical and clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vidak
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Medical University Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Foisner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Medical University Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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80
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Raab M, Gentili M, de Belly H, Thiam HR, Vargas P, Jimenez AJ, Lautenschlaeger F, Voituriez R, Lennon-Duménil AM, Manel N, Piel M. ESCRT III repairs nuclear envelope ruptures during cell migration to limit DNA damage and cell death. Science 2016; 352:359-62. [PMID: 27013426 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad7611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope separates the genomic DNA from the cytoplasmic space and regulates protein trafficking between the two compartments. This barrier is only transiently dissolved during mitosis. Here, we found that it also opened at high frequency in migrating mammalian cells during interphase, which allowed nuclear proteins to leak out and cytoplasmic proteins to leak in. This transient opening was caused by nuclear deformation and was rapidly repaired in an ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport)-dependent manner. DNA double-strand breaks coincided with nuclear envelope opening events. As a consequence, survival of cells migrating through confining environments depended on efficient nuclear envelope and DNA repair machineries. Nuclear envelope opening in migrating leukocytes could have potentially important consequences for normal and pathological immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raab
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France. Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Gentili
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - H de Belly
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - H R Thiam
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - P Vargas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France. Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A J Jimenez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Lautenschlaeger
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Voituriez
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS UMR 7600, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Laboratoire Jean Perrin, CNRS UMR 8237, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - A M Lennon-Duménil
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - N Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France. Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.
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81
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Gonzalo S, Eissenberg JC. Tying up loose ends: telomeres, genomic instability and lamins. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 37:109-118. [PMID: 27010504 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
On casual inspection, the eukaryotic nucleus is a deceptively simple organelle. Far from being a bag of chromatin, the nucleus is, in some ways, a structural and functional extension of the chromosomes it contains. Recently, interest has intensified in how chromosome compartmentalization and dynamics affect nuclear function. Different studies uncovered functional interactions between chromosomes and the filamentous nuclear meshwork comprised of lamin proteins. Here, we summarize recent research suggesting that telomeres, the capping structures that protect chromosome ends, are stabilized by lamin-binding and that alterations in nuclear lamins lead to defects in telomere compartmentalization, homeostasis and function. Telomere dysfunction contributes to the genomic instability that characterizes aging-related diseases, and might be an important factor in the pathophysiology of lamin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gonzalo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Joel C Eissenberg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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82
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Stenvinkel P, Kooman JP, Shiels PG. Nutrients and ageing: what can we learn about ageing interactions from animal biology? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:19-25. [PMID: 26485336 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many prevalent clinical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary, and cardiovascular disease associate with features of premature ageing, such as muscle wasting, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, and arteriosclerosis. Studies on various animal models have shown that caloric restriction prolongs lifespan. Studies of animals with unusual long or short life for their body size may also contribute to better understanding of ageing processes. The aim of the present article is to review what we can learn about nutritional modulations and ageing interactions from animal biology. RECENT FINDINGS Caloric restriction is a powerful intervention that increases longevity in animals ranging from short-lived species, such as worms and flies, to primates. As long-term studies on caloric restriction are not feasible to conduct in humans, much interest has focused on the impact of caloric restriction mimetics, such as resveratrol, on ageing processes. Recent data from studies on the long-lived naked mole rat have provided important novel information on metabolic alterations and antioxidative defense mechanisms that characterize longevity. SUMMARY Better understanding of the biology of exceptionally long-lived animals will contribute to better understanding of ageing processes and novel interventions to extend lifespan also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stenvinkel
- aDivision of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden bDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, the Netherlands cInstitute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Center, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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