51
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Unhooking of an interstrand cross-link at DNA fork structures by the DNA glycosylase NEIL3. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 86:102752. [PMID: 31923807 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstrand DNA-DNA cross-links (ICLs) are generated by endogenous processes, drugs, and environmental toxins. Understanding the cellular pathways by which various ICLs are repaired is critical to understanding their biological effects. Recent studies showed that replication-dependent repair of an ICL derived from the reaction of an abasic (AP) site with an adenine residue (dA) on the opposing strand of duplex DNA proceeds via a novel mechanism in which the DNA glycosylase NEIL3 unhooks the ICL. Here we examined the ability of the glycosylase domain of murine NEIL3 (MmuNEIL3-GD) to unhook dA-AP ICLs. The enzyme selectively unhooks the dA-AP ICL located at the duplex/single-strand junction of splayed duplexes that model the strand-separated DNA at the leading edge of a replication fork. We show that the ability to unhook the dA-AP ICL is a specialized function of NEIL3 as this activity is not observed in other BER enzymes. Importantly, NEIL3 only unhooks the dA-AP ICL when the AP residue is located on what would be the leading template strand of a model replication fork. The same specificity for the leading template strand was observed with a 5,6-dihydrothymine monoadduct, demonstrating that this preference is a general feature of the glycosylase and independent of the type of DNA damage. Overall, the results show that the glycosylase domain of NEIL3, lacking the C-terminal NPL4 and GRF zinc finger motifs, is competent to unhook the dA-AP ICL in splayed substrates and independently enforces important substrate preferences on the repair process.
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52
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Kohzaki M, Ootsuyama A, Sun L, Moritake T, Okazaki R. Human RECQL4 represses the RAD52-mediated single-strand annealing pathway after ionizing radiation or cisplatin treatment. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:3098-3113. [PMID: 31495919 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) and cisplatin are frequently used cancer treatments, although the mechanisms of error-prone DNA repair-mediated genomic instability after anticancer treatment are not fully clarified yet. RECQL4 mutations mainly in the C-terminal region of the RECQL4 gene lead to the cancer-predisposing Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, but the function of RECQL4ΔC (C-terminus deleted) in error-prone DNA repair remains unclear. We established several RECQL4ΔC cell lines and found that RECQL4ΔC cancer cells, but not RECQL4ΔC nontumorigenic cells, exhibited IR/cisplatin hypersensitivity. Notably, RECQL4ΔC cancer cells presented increased RPA2/RAD52 foci after cancer treatments. RECQL4ΔC HCT116 cells exhibited increased error-prone single-strand annealing (SSA) activity and decreased alternative end-joining activities, suggesting that RECQL4 regulates the DNA repair pathway choice at double-strand breaks. RAD52 depletion by siRNA or RAD52 inhibitors (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside [AICAR], (-)-epigallocatechin [EGC]) or a RAD52-phenylalanine 79 aptamer significantly restrained the growth of RAD52-upregulated RECQL4ΔC HCT116 cells in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Remarkably, compared to single-agent cisplatin or EGC treatment, cisplatin followed by low-concentration EGC had a significant suppressive effect on RECQL4ΔC HCT116 cell growth in vivo. Together, the regimens targeting the RAD52-mediated SSA pathway after anticancer treatment may be applicable for cancer patients with RECQL4 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaoki Kohzaki
- Department of Radiological Health Science, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akira Ootsuyama
- Department of Radiation Biology and Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Lue Sun
- Department of Radiological Health Science, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Health Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Moritake
- Department of Radiological Health Science, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Radiological Health Science, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
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53
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Abstract
The repair of DNA double-strand breaks occurs through a series of defined steps that are evolutionarily conserved and well-understood in most experimental organisms. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that repair does not occur in isolation from other DNA transactions. Transcription of DNA produces topological changes, RNA species, and RNA-dependent protein complexes that can dramatically influence the efficiency and outcomes of DNA double-strand break repair. The transcription-associated history of several double-strand break repair factors is reviewed here, with an emphasis on their roles in regulating R-loops and the emerging role of R-loops in coordination of repair events. Evidence for nucleolytic processing of R-loops is also discussed, as well as the molecular tools commonly used to measure RNA-DNA hybrids in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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54
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Tanaka H, Takeda K, Imai A. Polyamines alleviate the inhibitory effect of the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C on root growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1659687. [PMID: 31446839 PMCID: PMC6804717 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1659687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are ubiquitously present in various types of cells of living organisms. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation and cell differentiation, and are required for abiotic stress tolerances in plants. However, it is still not understood whether polyamines are involved in the plant growth inhibition caused by DNA-damaging agents. In this study, we examined the effects of polyamines on the inhibition of plant root growth and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana treated with mitomycin C (MMC), a genotoxic agent that induces DNA interstrand crosslinks. We found that polyamines alleviated the inhibitory effect caused by MMC on root growth. In addition, we also found that polyamines alleviated the increased expression of AtBRCA1 and AtRAD51 genes induced by MMC treatment. Our study provides the first evidence that polyamines contribute to tolerance against plant-growth inhibition caused by a DNA-damaging chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takeda
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
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55
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Scully R, Panday A, Elango R, Willis NA. DNA double-strand break repair-pathway choice in somatic mammalian cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:698-714. [PMID: 31263220 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The major pathways of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair are crucial for maintaining genomic stability. However, if deployed in an inappropriate cellular context, these same repair functions can mediate chromosome rearrangements that underlie various human diseases, ranging from developmental disorders to cancer. The two major mechanisms of DSB repair in mammalian cells are non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination. In this Review, we consider DSB repair-pathway choice in somatic mammalian cells as a series of 'decision trees', and explore how defective pathway choice can lead to genomic instability. Stalled, collapsed or broken DNA replication forks present a distinctive challenge to the DSB repair system. Emerging evidence suggests that the 'rules' governing repair-pathway choice at stalled replication forks differ from those at replication-independent DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Arvind Panday
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajula Elango
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Willis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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56
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Aberrations in DNA repair pathways in cancer and therapeutic significances. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:29-46. [PMID: 30922960 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells show various types of mutations and aberrant expression in genes involved in DNA repair responses. These alterations induce genome instability and promote carcinogenesis steps and cancer progression processes. These defects in DNA repair have also been considered as suitable targets for cancer therapies. A most effective target so far clinically demonstrated is "homologous recombination repair defect", such as BRCA1/2 mutations, shown to cause synthetic lethality with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which in turn is involved in DNA repair as well as multiple physiological processes. Different approaches targeting genomic instability, including immune therapy targeting mismatch-repair deficiency, have also recently been demonstrated to be promising strategies. In these DNA repair targeting-strategies, common issues could be how to optimize treatment and suppress/conquer the development of drug resistance. In this article, we review the extending framework of DNA repair response pathways and the potential impact of exploiting those defects on cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immune therapy.
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57
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Okamoto Y, Hejna J, Takata M. Regulation of R-loops and genome instability in Fanconi anemia. J Biochem 2019; 165:465-470. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Graduate School of Biostudies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James Hejna
- Laboratory of Science Communication, Department of Biology Education and Heredity, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Graduate School of Biostudies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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58
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Morii I, Iwabuchi Y, Mori S, Suekuni M, Natsume T, Yoshida K, Sugimoto N, Kanemaki MT, Fujita M. Inhibiting the MCM8-9 complex selectively sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin and olaparib. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1044-1053. [PMID: 30648820 PMCID: PMC6398883 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MCM8 and MCM9 are paralogues of the MCM2‐7 eukaryotic DNA replication helicase proteins and play a crucial role in a homologous recombination‐mediated repair process to resolve replication stress by fork stalling. Thus, deficiency of MCM8‐9 sensitizes cells to replication stress caused, for example, by platinum compounds that induce interstrand cross‐links. It is suggested that cancer cells undergo more replication stress than normal cells due to hyperstimulation of growth. Therefore, it is possible that inhibiting MCM8‐9 selectively hypersensitizes cancer cells to platinum compounds and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors, both of which hamper replication fork progression. Here, we inhibited MCM8‐9 in transformed and nontransformed cells and examined their sensitivity to cisplatin and olaparib. We found that knockout of MCM9 or knockdown of MCM8 selectively hypersensitized transformed cells to cisplatin and olaparib. In agreement with reported findings, RAS‐ and human papilloma virus type 16 E7‐mediated transformation of human fibroblasts increased replication stress, as indicated by induction of multiple DNA damage responses (including formation of Rad51 foci). Such replication stress induced by oncogenes was further increased by knockdown of MCM8, providing a rationale for cancer‐specific hypersensitization to cisplatin and olaparib. Finally, we showed that knocking out MCM9 increased the sensitivity of HCT116 xenograft tumors to cisplatin. Taken together, the data suggest that conceptual MCM8‐9 inhibitors will be powerful cancer‐specific chemosensitizers for platinum compounds and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors, thereby opening new avenues to the design of novel cancer chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issay Morii
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwabuchi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mori
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Suekuni
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sugimoto
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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59
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Motnenko A, Liang CC, Yang D, Lopez-Martinez D, Yoshikawa Y, Zhan B, Ward KE, Tian J, Haas W, Spingardi P, Kessler BM, Kriaucionis S, Gygi SP, Cohn MA. Identification of UHRF2 as a novel DNA interstrand crosslink sensor protein. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007643. [PMID: 30335751 PMCID: PMC6193622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway is important for repairing interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) between the Watson-Crick strands of the DNA double helix. An initial and essential stage in the repair process is the detection of the ICL. Here, we report the identification of UHRF2, a paralogue of UHRF1, as an ICL sensor protein. UHRF2 is recruited to ICLs in the genome within seconds of their appearance. We show that UHRF2 cooperates with UHRF1, to ensure recruitment of FANCD2 to ICLs. A direct protein-protein interaction is formed between UHRF1 and UHRF2, and between either UHRF1 and UHRF2, and FANCD2. Importantly, we demonstrate that the essential monoubiquitination of FANCD2 is stimulated by UHRF1/UHRF2. The stimulation is mediating by a retention of FANCD2 on chromatin, allowing for its monoubiquitination by the FA core complex. Taken together, we uncover a mechanism of ICL sensing by UHRF2, leading to FANCD2 recruitment and retention at ICLs, in turn facilitating activation of FANCD2 by monoubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Motnenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Chao Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bao Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E. Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jiayang Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Paolo Spingardi
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Skirmantas Kriaucionis
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Martin A. Cohn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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60
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Yates M, Maréchal A. Ubiquitylation at the Fork: Making and Breaking Chains to Complete DNA Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2909. [PMID: 30257459 PMCID: PMC6213728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete and accurate replication of the genome is a crucial aspect of cell proliferation that is often perturbed during oncogenesis. Replication stress arising from a variety of obstacles to replication fork progression and processivity is an important contributor to genome destabilization. Accordingly, cells mount a complex response to this stress that allows the stabilization and restart of stalled replication forks and enables the full duplication of the genetic material. This response articulates itself on three important platforms, Replication Protein A/RPA-coated single-stranded DNA, the DNA polymerase processivity clamp PCNA and the FANCD2/I Fanconi Anemia complex. On these platforms, the recruitment, activation and release of a variety of genome maintenance factors is regulated by post-translational modifications including mono- and poly-ubiquitylation. Here, we review recent insights into the control of replication fork stability and restart by the ubiquitin system during replication stress with a particular focus on human cells. We highlight the roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases, ubiquitin readers and deubiquitylases that provide the required flexibility at stalled forks to select the optimal restart pathways and rescue genome stability during stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïlyn Yates
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Maréchal
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
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61
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Rycenga HB, Long DT. The evolving role of DNA inter-strand crosslinks in chemotherapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:20-26. [PMID: 29679802 PMCID: PMC6108900 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA crosslinking agents make up a broad class of chemotherapy agents that target rapidly dividing cancer cells by disrupting DNA synthesis. These drugs differ widely in both chemical structure and biological effect. In cells, crosslinking agents can form multiple types of DNA lesions with varying efficiencies. Inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs) are considered to be the most cytotoxic lesion, creating a covalent roadblock to replication and transcription. Despite over 50 years in the clinic, the use of crosslinking agents that specialize in the formation of ICLs remains limited, largely due to high toxicity in patients. Current ICL-based therapeutics have focused on late-stage and drug-resistant tumors, or localized treatments that limit exposure. In this article, we review the development of clinical crosslinking agents, our understanding of how cells respond to different lesions, and the potential to improve ICL-based chemotherapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley B Rycenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David T Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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62
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Willis NA, Panday A, Duffey EE, Scully R. Rad51 recruitment and exclusion of non-homologous end joining during homologous recombination at a Tus/Ter mammalian replication fork barrier. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007486. [PMID: 30024881 PMCID: PMC6067765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) compete to repair mammalian chromosomal double strand breaks (DSBs). However, C-NHEJ has no impact on HR induced by DNA nicking enzymes. In this case, the replication fork is thought to convert the DNA nick into a one-ended DSB, which lacks a readily available partner for C-NHEJ. Whether C-NHEJ competes with HR at a non-enzymatic mammalian replication fork barrier (RFB) remains unknown. We previously showed that conservative "short tract" gene conversion (STGC) induced by a chromosomal Tus/Ter RFB is a product of bidirectional replication fork stalling. This finding raises the possibility that Tus/Ter-induced STGC proceeds via a two-ended DSB intermediate. If so, Tus/Ter-induced STGC might be subject to competition by C-NHEJ. However, in contrast to the DSB response, where genetic ablation of C-NHEJ stimulates HR, we report here that Tus/Ter-induced HR is unaffected by deletion of either of two C-NHEJ genes, Xrcc4 or Ku70. These results show that Tus/Ter-induced HR does not entail the formation of a two-ended DSB to which C-NHEJ has competitive access. We found no evidence that the alternative end-joining factor, DNA polymerase θ, competes with Tus/Ter-induced HR. We used chromatin-immunoprecipitation to compare Rad51 recruitment to a Tus/Ter RFB and to a neighboring site-specific DSB. Rad51 accumulation at Tus/Ter was more intense and more sustained than at a DSB. In contrast to the DSB response, Rad51 accumulation at Tus/Ter was restricted to within a few hundred base pairs of the RFB. Taken together, these findings suggest that the major DNA structures that bind Rad51 at a Tus/Ter RFB are not conventional DSBs. We propose that Rad51 acts as an "early responder" at stalled forks, binding single stranded daughter strand gaps on the arrested lagging strand, and that Rad51-mediated fork remodeling generates HR intermediates that are incapable of Ku binding and therefore invisible to the C-NHEJ machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Willis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arvind Panday
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Duffey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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63
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Distinct roles of XPF-ERCC1 and Rad1-Rad10-Saw1 in replication-coupled and uncoupled inter-strand crosslink repair. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2025. [PMID: 29795289 PMCID: PMC5966407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast Rad1-Rad10 (XPF-ERCC1 in mammals) incises UV, oxidation, and cross-linking agent-induced DNA lesions, and contributes to multiple DNA repair pathways. To determine how Rad1-Rad10 catalyzes inter-strand crosslink repair (ICLR), we examined sensitivity to ICLs from yeast deleted for SAW1 and SLX4, which encode proteins that interact physically with Rad1-Rad10 and bind stalled replication forks. Saw1, Slx1, and Slx4 are critical for replication-coupled ICLR in mus81 deficient cells. Two rad1 mutations that disrupt interactions between Rpa1 and Rad1-Rad10 selectively disable non-nucleotide excision repair (NER) function, but retain UV lesion repair. Mutations in the analogous region of XPF also compromised XPF interactions with Rpa1 and Slx4, and are proficient in NER but deficient in ICLR and direct repeat recombination. We propose that Rad1-Rad10 makes distinct contributions to ICLR depending on cell cycle phase: in G1, Rad1-Rad10 removes ICL via NER, whereas in S/G2, Rad1-Rad10 facilitates NER-independent replication-coupled ICLR.
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64
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SNM1B/Apollo in the DNA damage response and telomere maintenance. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48398-48409. [PMID: 28430596 PMCID: PMC5564657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
hSNM1B/Apollo is a member of the highly conserved β-CASP subgroup within the MBL superfamily of proteins. It interacts with several DNA repair proteins and functions within the Fanconi anemia pathway in response to DNA interstrand crosslinks. As a shelterin accessory protein, hSNM1B/Apollo is also vital for the generation and maintenance of telomeric overhangs. In this review, we will summarize studies on hSNM1B/Apollo's function, including its contribution to DNA damage signaling, replication fork maintenance, control of topological stress and telomere protection. Furthermore, we will highlight recent studies illustrating hSNM1B/Apollo's putative role in human disease.
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65
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Knijnenburg TA, Wang L, Zimmermann MT, Chambwe N, Gao GF, Cherniack AD, Fan H, Shen H, Way GP, Greene CS, Liu Y, Akbani R, Feng B, Donehower LA, Miller C, Shen Y, Karimi M, Chen H, Kim P, Jia P, Shinbrot E, Zhang S, Liu J, Hu H, Bailey MH, Yau C, Wolf D, Zhao Z, Weinstein JN, Li L, Ding L, Mills GB, Laird PW, Wheeler DA, Shmulevich I, Monnat RJ, Xiao Y, Wang C. Genomic and Molecular Landscape of DNA Damage Repair Deficiency across The Cancer Genome Atlas. Cell Rep 2018; 23:239-254.e6. [PMID: 29617664 PMCID: PMC5961503 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways modulate cancer risk, progression, and therapeutic response. We systematically analyzed somatic alterations to provide a comprehensive view of DDR deficiency across 33 cancer types. Mutations with accompanying loss of heterozygosity were observed in over 1/3 of DDR genes, including TP53 and BRCA1/2. Other prevalent alterations included epigenetic silencing of the direct repair genes EXO5, MGMT, and ALKBH3 in ∼20% of samples. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) was present at varying frequency in many cancer types, most notably ovarian cancer. However, in contrast to ovarian cancer, HRD was associated with worse outcomes in several other cancers. Protein structure-based analyses allowed us to predict functional consequences of rare, recurrent DDR mutations. A new machine-learning-based classifier developed from gene expression data allowed us to identify alterations that phenocopy deleterious TP53 mutations. These frequent DDR gene alterations in many human cancers have functional consequences that may determine cancer progression and guide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Galen F Gao
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Huihui Fan
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gregory P Way
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Yuexin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rehan Akbani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Feng
- TESARO Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Lawrence A Donehower
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chase Miller
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 3128 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mostafa Karimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 3128 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Haoran Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 3128 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pora Kim
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eve Shinbrot
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine at Windber, Windber, PA 15963, USA
| | - Hai Hu
- Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine at Windber, Windber, PA 15963, USA
| | - Matthew H Bailey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina Yau
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Denise Wolf
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John N Weinstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter W Laird
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - David A Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Raymond J Monnat
- Departments of Pathology & Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7705, USA.
| | | | - Chen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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66
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Porter CC, Druley TE, Erez A, Kuiper RP, Onel K, Schiffman JD, Wolfe Schneider K, Scollon SR, Scott HS, Strong LC, Walsh MF, Nichols KE. Recommendations for Surveillance for Children with Leukemia-Predisposing Conditions. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:e14-e22. [PMID: 28572263 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia, the most common childhood cancer, has long been recognized to occasionally run in families. The first clues about the genetic mechanisms underlying familial leukemia emerged in 1990 when Li-Fraumeni syndrome was linked to TP53 mutations. Since this discovery, many other genes associated with hereditary predisposition to leukemia have been identified. Although several of these disorders also predispose individuals to solid tumors, certain conditions exist in which individuals are specifically at increased risk to develop myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and/or acute leukemia. The increasing identification of affected individuals and families has raised questions around the efficacy, timing, and optimal methods of surveillance. As part of the AACR Childhood Cancer Predisposition Workshop, an expert panel met to review the spectrum of leukemia-predisposing conditions, with the aim to develop consensus recommendations for surveillance for pediatric patients. The panel recognized that for several conditions, routine monitoring with complete blood counts and bone marrow evaluations is essential to identify disease evolution and enable early intervention with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, for others, less intensive surveillance may be considered. Because few reports describing the efficacy of surveillance exist, the recommendations derived by this panel are based on opinion, and local experience and will need to be revised over time. The development of registries and clinical trials is urgently needed to enhance understanding of the natural history of the leukemia-predisposing conditions, such that these surveillance recommendations can be optimized to further enhance long-term outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); e14-e22. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Todd E Druley
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kenan Onel
- Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine and Cohen Children's Medical Center, Manhasset, New York
| | | | - Kami Wolfe Schneider
- Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantion, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah R Scollon
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hamish S Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, an SA Pathology and UniSA alliance, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Louise C Strong
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael F Walsh
- Departments of Pediatrics & Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Division of Cancer Predisposition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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67
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García-Calderón CB, Bejarano-García JA, Tinoco-Gago I, Castro MJ, Moreno-Gordillo P, Piruat JI, Caballero-Velázquez T, Pérez-Simón JA, Rosado IV. Genotoxicity of tetrahydrofolic acid to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1967-1979. [PMID: 29511342 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolically reactive formaldehyde is a genotoxin and a carcinogen. Mice lacking the main formaldehyde-detoxifying gene Adh5 combined with the loss of the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway rapidly succumbed to bone marrow failure (BMF) primarily due to the extensive ablation of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool. However, the mechanism by which formaldehyde mediates these toxic effects is still unknown. We uncover a detrimental role of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) in cells lacking Adh5 or the FA repair pathway. We show that Adh5- or FA-deficient cells are hypersensitive to formaldehyde and to THF, presenting DNA damage and genome instability. THF cytotoxicity involved imbalance of the nucleotide pool by deregulation of the thymidylate synthase (TYMS) enzyme, which stalled replication forks. In mice, THF exposure had widespread effects on hematopoiesis, affecting the frequency and the viability of myeloid- and lymphoid-committed precursor cells. Moreover, the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) showed genomic instability, reduced colony-forming capacity and increased frequency of cycling and apoptotic HSCs upon THF exposure. Overall, our data reveal that the physiological pool of THF and formaldehyde challenge the stability of the genome of HSPCs that might lead to blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara B García-Calderón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bejarano-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Tinoco-Gago
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - María José Castro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Paula Moreno-Gordillo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José I Piruat
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa Caballero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Pérez-Simón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Iván V Rosado
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/Campus Hospital Universitario Vírgen del Rocío, 41013, Seville, Spain. .,Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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68
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Jacquinet A, Brown L, Sawkins J, Liu P, Pugash D, Van Allen MI, Patel MS. Expanding the FANCO/RAD51C associated phenotype: Cleft lip and palate and lobar holoprosencephaly, two rare findings in Fanconi anemia. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:257-261. [PMID: 29278735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a rare chromosome instability disorder with a highly variable phenotype. In the antenatal and neonatal periods, the diagnosis is usually suggested by the presence of typical congenital abnormalities such as intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly and radial ray defects. We report a newborn female with a prenatal diagnosis of Fanconi anemia, complementation group O (FANCO). Antenatal ultrasounds identified symmetrical intrauterine growth retardation, complex heart defect as well as brain anomalies, overlapping fingers and cleft lip and palate. Imperforate anus was detected after birth. Compound heterozygous RAD51C variants c. [571+5G > A]; [c.935G > A] were detected by prenatal whole exome sequencing and cellular hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents (DEB, MMC) was confirmed after birth. With only one previously described homozygous RAD51C variant to date, our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of FANCO and suggest it should be part of the antenatal differential diagnosis for trisomy 13 and 18, due to the presence of atypical findings such as cleft lip and palate, holoprosencephaly, growth restriction and overlapping fingers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jacquinet
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Sawkins
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Denise Pugash
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Margot I Van Allen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Millan S Patel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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69
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Willis NA, Frock RL, Menghi F, Duffey EE, Panday A, Camacho V, Hasty EP, Liu ET, Alt FW, Scully R. Mechanism of tandem duplication formation in BRCA1-mutant cells. Nature 2017; 551:590-595. [PMID: 29168504 PMCID: PMC5728692 DOI: 10.1038/nature24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small, approximately 10-kilobase microhomology-mediated tandem duplications are abundant in the genomes of BRCA1-linked but not BRCA2-linked breast cancer. Here we define the mechanism underlying this rearrangement signature. We show that, in primary mammalian cells, BRCA1, but not BRCA2, suppresses the formation of tandem duplications at a site-specific chromosomal replication fork barrier imposed by the binding of Tus proteins to an array of Ter sites. BRCA1 has no equivalent role at chromosomal double-stranded DNA breaks, indicating that tandem duplications form specifically at stalled forks. Tandem duplications in BRCA1 mutant cells arise by a replication restart-bypass mechanism terminated by end joining or by microhomology-mediated template switching, the latter forming complex tandem duplication breakpoints. Solitary DNA ends form directly at Tus-Ter, implicating misrepair of these lesions in tandem duplication formation. Furthermore, BRCA1 inactivation is strongly associated with ~10 kilobase tandem duplications in ovarian cancer. This tandem duplicator phenotype may be a general signature of BRCA1-deficient cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Willis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard L. Frock
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Menghi
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erin E. Duffey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arvind Panday
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virginia Camacho
- Department of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E. Paul Hasty
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Edison T. Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Frederick W. Alt
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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70
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DNA damage responses and p53 in the aging process. Blood 2017; 131:488-495. [PMID: 29141944 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-746396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome is constantly attacked by genotoxic insults. DNA damage has long been established as a cause of cancer development through its mutagenic consequences. Conversely, radiation therapy and chemotherapy induce DNA damage to drive cells into apoptosis or senescence as outcomes of the DNA damage response (DDR). More recently, DNA damage has been recognized as a causal factor for the aging process. The role of DNA damage in aging and age-related diseases is illustrated by numerous congenital progeroid syndromes that are caused by mutations in genome maintenance pathways. During the past 2 decades, understanding how DDR drives cancer development and contributes to the aging process has progressed rapidly. It turns out that the DDR factor p53 takes center stage during tumor development and also plays an important role in the aging process. Studies in metazoan models ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals have revealed cell-autonomous and systemic DDR mechanisms that orchestrate adaptive responses that augment maintenance of the aging organism amid gradually accumulating DNA damage.
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71
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Freire BL, Homma TK, Funari MFA, Lerario AM, Leal AM, Velloso EDRP, Malaquias AC, Jorge AAL. Homozygous loss of function BRCA1 variant causing a Fanconi-anemia-like phenotype, a clinical report and review of previous patients. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:130-133. [PMID: 29133208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare and heterogeneous genetic syndrome. It is associated with short stature, bone marrow failure, high predisposition to cancer, microcephaly and congenital malformation. Many genes have been associated with FA. Previously, two adult patients with biallelic pathogenic variant in Breast Cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) had been identified in Fanconi Anemia-like condition. CLINICAL REPORT The proband was a 2.5 year-old girl with severe short stature, microcephaly, neurodevelopmental delay, congenital heart disease and dysmorphic features. Her parents were third degree cousins. Routine screening tests for short stature was normal. METHODS We conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) of the proband and used an analysis pipeline to identify rare nonsynonymous genetic variants that cause short stature. RESULTS We identified a homozygous loss-of-function BRCA1 mutation (c.2709T > A; p. Cys903*), which promotes the loss of critical domains of the protein. Cytogenetic study with DEB showed an increased chromosomal breakage. We screened heterozygous parents of the index case for cancer and we detected, in her mother, a metastatic adenocarcinoma in an axillar lymph node with probable primary site in the breast. CONCLUSION It is possible to consolidate the FA-like phenotype associated with biallelic loss-of-function BRCA1, characterized by microcephaly, short stature, developmental delay, dysmorphic face features and cancer predisposition. In our case, the WES allowed to establish the genetic cause of short stature in the context of a chromosome instability syndrome. An identification of BRCA1 mutations in our patient allowed precise genetic counseling and also triggered cancer screening for the patient and her family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25) e Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais K Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25) e Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana F A Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aline M Leal
- Laboratorio de Citogenetica, Unidade de Hematologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvira D R P Velloso
- Laboratorio de Citogenetica, Unidade de Hematologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra C Malaquias
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25) e Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25) e Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kato N, Kawasoe Y, Williams H, Coates E, Roy U, Shi Y, Beese LS, Schärer OD, Yan H, Gottesman ME, Takahashi TS, Gautier J. Sensing and Processing of DNA Interstrand Crosslinks by the Mismatch Repair Pathway. Cell Rep 2017; 21:1375-1385. [PMID: 29091773 PMCID: PMC5806701 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) that are repaired in non-dividing cells must be recognized independently of replication-associated DNA unwinding. Using cell-free extracts from Xenopus eggs that support neither replication nor transcription, we establish that ICLs are recognized and processed by the mismatch repair (MMR) machinery. We find that ICL repair requires MutSα (MSH2-MSH6) and the mismatch recognition FXE motif in MSH6, strongly suggesting that MutSα functions as an ICL sensor. MutSα recruits MutLα and EXO1 to ICL lesions, and the catalytic activity of both these nucleases is essential for ICL repair. As anticipated for a DNA unwinding-independent recognition process, we demonstrate that least distorting ICLs fail to be recognized and repaired by the MMR machinery. This establishes that ICL structure is a critical determinant of repair efficiency outside of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyo Kato
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Hannah Williams
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena Coates
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Upasana Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yuqian Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lorena S Beese
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Institute for Basic Science Center for Genomic Integrity and School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hong Yan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Max E Gottesman
- Institute of Cancer Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Jean Gautier
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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73
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Klages-Mundt NL, Li L. Formation and repair of DNA-protein crosslink damage. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1065-1076. [PMID: 29098631 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA is constantly exposed to a wide array of genotoxic agents, generating a variety of forms of DNA damage. DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs)-the covalent linkage of proteins with a DNA strand-are one of the most deleterious and understudied forms of DNA damage, posing as steric blockades to transcription and replication. If not properly repaired, these lesions can lead to mutations, genomic instability, and cell death. DPCs can be induced endogenously or through environmental carcinogens and chemotherapeutic agents. Endogenously, DPCs are commonly derived through reactions with aldehydes, as well as through trapping of various enzymatic intermediates onto the DNA. Proteolytic cleavage of the protein moiety of a DPC is a general strategy for removing the lesion. This can be accomplished through a DPC-specific protease and and/or proteasome-mediated degradation. Nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination are each involved in repairing DPCs, with their respective roles likely dependent on the nature and size of the adduct. The Fanconi anemia pathway may also have a role in processing DPC repair intermediates. In this review, we discuss how these lesions are formed, strategies and mechanisms for their removal, and diseases associated with defective DPC repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeh L Klages-Mundt
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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74
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Bhattacharjee S, Nandi S. DNA damage response and cancer therapeutics through the lens of the Fanconi Anemia DNA repair pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:41. [PMID: 29017571 PMCID: PMC5635482 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited genomic instability disorder, caused by mutations in genes involved in the repair of interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs). The FA signaling network contains a unique nuclear protein complex that mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2 and FANCI heterodimer, and coordinates activities of the downstream DNA repair pathway including nucleotide excision repair, translesion synthesis, and homologous recombination. FA proteins act at different steps of ICL repair in sensing, recognition and processing of DNA lesions. The multi-protein network is tightly regulated by complex mechanisms, such as ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and degradation signals that are critical for the maintenance of genome integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how the FA proteins participate in ICL repair and regulation of the FA signaling network that assures the safeguard of the genome. We further discuss the potential application of designing small molecule inhibitors that inhibit the FA pathway and are synthetic lethal with DNA repair enzymes that can be used for cancer therapeutics.
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75
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Deniz M, Romashova T, Kostezka S, Faul A, Gundelach T, Moreno-Villanueva M, Janni W, Friedl TWP, Wiesmüller L. Increased single-strand annealing rather than non-homologous end-joining predicts hereditary ovarian carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98660-98676. [PMID: 29228718 PMCID: PMC5716758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair components, especially homologous recombination (HR) proteins, were found to predispose to breast and ovarian cancer. Beyond high penetrance risk gene mutations underlying monogenic defects, low risk gene mutations generate polygenic defects, enlarging the fraction of individuals with a predisposing phenotype. DSB repair dysfunction opens new options for targeted therapies; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been approved for BRCA-mutated and platinum-responsive ovarian cancers. In this work, we performed functional analyses in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) using a case-control design. We examined 38 women with familial history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, 40 women with primary ovarian cancer and 34 healthy controls. Using a GFP-based test we analyzed error-prone DSB repair mechanisms which are known to compensate for HR defects and to generate chromosomal instabilities. While non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) did not discriminate between cases and controls, we found increases of single-strand annealing (SSA) in women with familial risk vs. controls (P=0.016) and patients with ovarian cancer vs. controls (P=0.002). Consistent with compromised HR we also detected increased sensitivities to carboplatin in PBLs from high-risk individuals (P<0.0001) as well as patients (P=0.0011) compared to controls. Conversely, neither PARP inhibitor responses nor PARP activities were altered in PBLs from the case groups, but PARP activities increased with age in high-risk individuals, providing novel clues for differential drug mode-of-action. Our findings indicate the great potential of detecting SSA activities to deliver an estimate of ovarian cancer susceptibility and therapeutic responsiveness beyond the limitations of genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatiana Romashova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Kostezka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anke Faul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Theresa Gundelach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Janni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas W P Friedl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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76
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Abstract
Covalent DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs, also known as protein adducts) of topoisomerases and other proteins with DNA are highly toxic DNA lesions. Of note, chemical agents that induce DPCs include widely used classes of chemotherapeutics. Their bulkiness blocks virtually every chromatin-based process and makes them intractable for repair by canonical repair pathways. Distinct DPC repair pathways employ unique points of attack and are crucial for the maintenance of genome stability. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases (TDPs) directly hydrolyse the covalent linkage between protein and DNA. The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) nuclease complex targets the DNA component of DPCs, excising the fragment affected by the lesion, whereas proteases of the spartan (SPRTN)/weak suppressor of SMT3 protein 1 (Wss1) family target the protein component. Loss of these pathways renders cells sensitive to DPC-inducing chemotherapeutics, and DPC repair pathways are thus attractive targets for combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Stingele
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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77
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Cheung RS, Taniguchi T. Recent insights into the molecular basis of Fanconi anemia: genes, modifiers, and drivers. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:335-344. [PMID: 28631178 PMCID: PMC5904331 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA), the most common form of inherited bone marrow failure, predisposes to leukemia and solid tumors. FA is caused by the genetic disruption of a cellular pathway that repairs DNA interstrand crosslinks. The impaired function of this pathway, and the genetic instability that results, is considered the main pathogenic mechanism behind this disease. The identification of breast cancer susceptibility genes (for example, BRCA1/FANCS and BRCA2/FANCD1) as being major players in the FA pathway has led to a surge in molecular studies, resulting in the concept of the FA-BRCA pathway. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of FA from three viewpoints: (a) new FA genes, (b) modifier pathways that influence the cellular and clinical phenotypes of FA and (c) non-canonical functions of FA genes that may drive disease progression independently of deficient DNA repair. Potential therapeutic approaches for FA that are relevant to each will also be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Cheung
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA.
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
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78
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79
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Jiang J, Bellani M, Li L, Wang P, Seidman MM, Wang Y. Arsenite Binds to the RING Finger Domain of FANCL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase and Inhibits DNA Interstrand Crosslink Repair. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1858-1866. [PMID: 28535027 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to arsenic in drinking water is known to be associated with the development of bladder, lung, kidney, and skin cancers. The molecular mechanisms underlying the carcinogenic effects of arsenic species remain incompletely understood. DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are among the most cytotoxic type of DNA lesions that block DNA replication and transcription, and these lesions can be induced by endogenous metabolism and by exposure to exogenous agents. Fanconi anemia (FA) is a congenital disorder manifested with elevated sensitivity toward DNA interstrand cross-linking agents, and monoubiquitination of FANCD2 by FANCL is a crucial step in FA-mediated DNA repair. Here, we demonstrated that As3+ could bind to the PHD/RING finger domain of FANCL in vitro and in cells. This binding led to compromised ubiquitination of FANCD2 in cells and diminished recruitment of FANCD2 to chromatin and DNA damage sites induced by 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen plus UVA irradiation. Furthermore, clonogenic survival assay results showed that arsenite coexposure rendered cells more sensitive toward DNA interstrand cross-linking agents. Together, our study suggested that arsenite may compromise genomic stability via perturbation of the Fanconi anemia pathway, thereby conferring its carcinogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Bellani
- Laboratory
of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | | | | | - Michael M. Seidman
- Laboratory
of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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80
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Guan Q, Chen Z, Chen Q, Zhi X. XRCC1 and XPD polymorphisms and their relation to the clinical course in hepatocarcinoma patients. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2783-2788. [PMID: 28927037 PMCID: PMC5588103 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study genotyping of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients was conducted to detect polymorphisms on the X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1) and xeroderma pigmentosum complementary group D (XPD) genes and analyze the relationship of their presence with the clinical features of the cancer. A total of 172 patients with HCC were selected in Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, from January 2010 to September 2011. All patients underwent resection of HCC and no tumor metastases were found. Peripheral venous blood samples (3–5 ml) were collected from the patients to extract genomic DNA. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and gene sequencing. During the five-year follow-up, the survival of patients with various genotypes of XRCC1 and XPD genes were observed and compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XPD genes and the prognosis of patients with HCC. χ2 tests showed that XRCC1-194, XRCC1-280 and XPD-312 gene polymorphisms were significantly correlated with the number, location and diameter of the tumors (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the survival curve of patients presenting different genotypes of the XRCC1-194 locus (p>0.05). Nevertheless, a significant difference was found in the survival curve of patients with AA and GG genotypes of the XRCC1-280 locus and in the patients with AA, GA and GG genotypes of the XPD-312 locus (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the XRCC1-194 genotype was not an independent risk factor for HCC mortality risk (p>0.05), but XRCC1-280 (OR=1.815, p<0.01) and XPD-312 (OR=1.815, p<0.01) genotypes were independent risk factors for a poor prognosis. Taken together our results point to polymorphisms in XRCC1 and XPD genes as being related to the clinical characteristics of HCC, making them suitable prognostic markers of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qiangpu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xuting Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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81
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Mechanism and disease association of E2-conjugating enzymes: lessons from UBE2T and UBE2L3. Biochem J 2017; 473:3401-3419. [PMID: 27729585 PMCID: PMC5095918 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin signalling is a fundamental eukaryotic regulatory system, controlling diverse cellular functions. A cascade of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes is required for assembly of distinct signals, whereas an array of deubiquitinases and ubiquitin-binding modules edit, remove, and translate the signals. In the centre of this cascade sits the E2-conjugating enzyme, relaying activated ubiquitin from the E1 activating enzyme to the substrate, usually via an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Many disease states are associated with dysfunction of ubiquitin signalling, with the E3s being a particular focus. However, recent evidence demonstrates that mutations or impairment of the E2s can lead to severe disease states, including chromosome instability syndromes, cancer predisposition, and immunological disorders. Given their relevance to diseases, E2s may represent an important class of therapeutic targets. In the present study, we review the current understanding of the mechanism of this important family of enzymes, and the role of selected E2s in disease.
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82
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Abdullah UB, McGouran JF, Brolih S, Ptchelkine D, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, McHugh PJ. RPA activates the XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease to initiate processing of DNA interstrand crosslinks. EMBO J 2017; 36:2047-2060. [PMID: 28607004 PMCID: PMC5510000 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During replication-coupled DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair, the XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease is required for the incisions that release, or "unhook", ICLs, but the mechanism of ICL unhooking remains largely unknown. Incisions are triggered when the nascent leading strand of a replication fork strikes the ICL Here, we report that while purified XPF-ERCC1 incises simple ICL-containing model replication fork structures, the presence of a nascent leading strand, modelling the effects of replication arrest, inhibits this activity. Strikingly, the addition of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding replication protein A (RPA) selectively restores XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease activity on this structure. The 5'-3' exonuclease SNM1A can load from the XPF-ERCC1-RPA-induced incisions and digest past the crosslink to quantitatively complete the unhooking reaction. We postulate that these collaborative activities of XPF-ERCC1, RPA and SNM1A might explain how ICL unhooking is achieved in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummi B Abdullah
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sanja Brolih
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Denis Ptchelkine
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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83
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Crouch JD, Brosh RM. Mechanistic and biological considerations of oxidatively damaged DNA for helicase-dependent pathways of nucleic acid metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:245-257. [PMID: 27884703 PMCID: PMC5440220 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells are under constant assault from reactive oxygen species that occur endogenously or arise from environmental agents. An important consequence of such stress is the generation of oxidatively damaged DNA, which is represented by a wide range of non-helix distorting and helix-distorting bulkier lesions that potentially affect a number of pathways including replication and transcription; consequently DNA damage tolerance and repair pathways are elicited to help cells cope with the lesions. The cellular consequences and metabolism of oxidatively damaged DNA can be quite complex with a number of DNA metabolic proteins and pathways involved. Many of the responses to oxidative stress involve a specialized class of enzymes known as helicases, the topic of this review. Helicases are molecular motors that convert the energy of nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to unwinding of structured polynucleic acids. Helicases by their very nature play fundamentally important roles in DNA metabolism and are implicated in processes that suppress chromosomal instability, genetic disease, cancer, and aging. We will discuss the roles of helicases in response to nuclear and mitochondrial oxidative stress and how this important class of enzymes help cells cope with oxidatively generated DNA damage through their functions in the replication stress response, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Crouch
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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84
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Nakano T, Xu X, Salem AMH, Shoulkamy MI, Ide H. Radiation-induced DNA-protein cross-links: Mechanisms and biological significance. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:136-145. [PMID: 27894771 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation produces various DNA lesions such as base damage, DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs). Of these, the biological significance of DPCs remains elusive. In this article, we focus on radiation-induced DPCs and review the current understanding of their induction, properties, repair, and biological consequences. When cells are irradiated, the formation of base damage, SSBs, and DSBs are promoted in the presence of oxygen. Conversely, that of DPCs is promoted in the absence of oxygen, suggesting their importance in hypoxic cells, such as those present in tumors. DNA and protein radicals generated by hydroxyl radicals (i.e., indirect effect) are responsible for DPC formation. In addition, DPCs can also be formed from guanine radical cations generated by the direct effect. Actin, histones, and other proteins have been identified as cross-linked proteins. Also, covalent linkages between DNA and protein constituents such as thymine-lysine and guanine-lysine have been identified and their structures are proposed. In irradiated cells and tissues, DPCs are repaired in a biphasic manner, consisting of fast and slow components. The half-time for the fast component is 20min-2h and that for the slow component is 2-70h. Notably, radiation-induced DPCs are repaired more slowly than DSBs. Homologous recombination plays a pivotal role in the repair of radiation-induced DPCs as well as DSBs. Recently, a novel mechanism of DPC repair mediated by a DPC protease was reported, wherein the resulting DNA-peptide cross-links were bypassed by translesion synthesis. The replication and transcription of DPC-bearing reporter plasmids are inhibited in cells, suggesting that DPCs are potentially lethal lesions. However, whether DPCs are mutagenic and induce gross chromosomal alterations remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Amir M H Salem
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; Department of Pathology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud I Shoulkamy
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; Department of Zoology, Biological Science Building, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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85
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Sekinaka Y, Mitsuiki N, Imai K, Yabe M, Yabe H, Mitsui-Sekinaka K, Honma K, Takagi M, Arai A, Yoshida K, Okuno Y, Shiraishi Y, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Miyano S, Muramatsu H, Kojima S, Hira A, Takata M, Ohara O, Ogawa S, Morio T, Nonoyama S. Common Variable Immunodeficiency Caused by FANC Mutations. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:434-444. [PMID: 28493158 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common adult-onset primary antibody deficiency disease due to various causative genes. Several genes, which are known to be the cause of different diseases, have recently been reported as the cause of CVID in patients by performing whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis. Here, we found FANC gene mutations as a cause of adult-onset CVID in two patients. B cells were absent and CD4+ T cells were skewed toward CD45RO+ memory T cells. T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and signal joint kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (sjKRECs) were undetectable in both patients. Both patients had no anemia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia. Using WES, we identified compound heterozygous mutations of FANCE in one patient and homozygous mutation of FANCA in another patient. The impaired function of FANC protein complex was confirmed by a monoubiquitination assay and by chromosome fragility test. We then performed several immunological evaluations including quantitative lymphocyte analysis and TRECs/sjKRECs analysis for 32 individuals with Fanconi anemia (FA). In total, 22 FA patients (68.8%) were found to have immunological abnormalities, suggesting that such immunological findings may be common in FA patients. These data indicate that FANC mutations are involved in impaired lymphogenesis probably by the accumulation of DNA replication stress, leading to CVID. It is important to diagnose FA because it drastically changes clinical management. We propose that FANC mutations can cause isolated immunodeficiency in addition to bone marrow failure and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Sekinaka
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriko Mitsuiki
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan. .,Department of Community Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Miharu Yabe
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yabe
- Department of Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Honma
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Arai
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Chiba
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tanaka
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asuka Hira
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Cancer Genomics Project, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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86
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Ishiai M, Sato K, Tomida J, Kitao H, Kurumizaka H, Takata M. Activation of the FA pathway mediated by phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:89-95. [PMID: 28552166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a devastating hereditary condition that impacts genome integrity, leading to clinical features such as skeletal and visceral organ malformations, attrition of bone marrow stem cells, and carcinogenesis. At least 21 proteins, when absent or defective, have been implicated in this disorder, and they together constitute the FA pathway, which functions in detection and repair of, and tolerance to, endogenous DNA damage. The damage primarily handled by the FA pathway has been assumed to be related to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). The FA pathway is activated upon ICL damage, and a hallmark of this activation is the mono-ubiquitination events of the key FANCD2-FANCI protein complex. Recent data have revealed unexpectedly complex details in the regulation of FA pathway activation by ICLs. In this short review, we summarize the knowledge accumulated over the years regarding how the FA pathway is activated via protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Tomida
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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87
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Yang Z, Nejad MI, Varela JG, Price NE, Wang Y, Gates KS. A role for the base excision repair enzyme NEIL3 in replication-dependent repair of interstrand DNA cross-links derived from psoralen and abasic sites. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 52:1-11. [PMID: 28262582 PMCID: PMC5424475 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interstrand DNA-DNA cross-links are highly toxic lesions that are important in medicinal chemistry, toxicology, and endogenous biology. In current models of replication-dependent repair, stalling of a replication fork activates the Fanconi anemia pathway and cross-links are "unhooked" by the action of structure-specific endonucleases such as XPF-ERCC1 that make incisions flanking the cross-link. This process generates a double-strand break, which must be subsequently repaired by homologous recombination. Recent work provided evidence for a new, incision-independent unhooking mechanism involving intrusion of a base excision repair (BER) enzyme, NEIL3, into the world of cross-link repair. The evidence suggests that the glycosylase action of NEIL3 unhooks interstrand cross-links derived from an abasic site or the psoralen derivative trioxsalen. If the incision-independent NEIL3 pathway is blocked, repair reverts to the incision-dependent route. In light of the new model invoking participation of NEIL3 in cross-link repair, we consider the possibility that various BER glycosylases or other DNA-processing enzymes might participate in the unhooking of chemically diverse interstrand DNA cross-links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Yang
- University of Missouri Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Maryam Imani Nejad
- University of Missouri Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Jacqueline Gamboa Varela
- University of Missouri Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Nathan E Price
- University of California-Riverside, Department of Chemistry, 501 Big Springs Road Riverside, CA 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- University of California-Riverside, Department of Chemistry, 501 Big Springs Road Riverside, CA 92521-0403, United States
| | - Kent S Gates
- University of Missouri Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211, United States; University of Missouri Department of Biochemistry, 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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88
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Gadaleta MC, Noguchi E. Regulation of DNA Replication through Natural Impediments in the Eukaryotic Genome. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8030098. [PMID: 28272375 PMCID: PMC5368702 DOI: 10.3390/genes8030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All living organisms need to duplicate their genetic information while protecting it from unwanted mutations, which can lead to genetic disorders and cancer development. Inaccuracies during DNA replication are the major cause of genomic instability, as replication forks are prone to stalling and collapse, resulting in DNA damage. The presence of exogenous DNA damaging agents as well as endogenous difficult-to-replicate DNA regions containing DNA–protein complexes, repetitive DNA, secondary DNA structures, or transcribing RNA polymerases, increases the risk of genomic instability and thus threatens cell survival. Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms required to preserve the genetic information during S phase is of paramount importance. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how cells cope with these natural impediments in order to prevent DNA damage and genomic instability during DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Gadaleta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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89
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Palovcak A, Liu W, Yuan F, Zhang Y. Maintenance of genome stability by Fanconi anemia proteins. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:8. [PMID: 28239445 PMCID: PMC5320776 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent dysregulation of the DNA damage response and repair in cells causes genomic instability. The resulting genetic changes permit alterations in growth and proliferation observed in virtually all cancers. However, an unstable genome can serve as a double-edged sword by providing survival advantages in the ability to evade checkpoint signaling, but also creating vulnerabilities through dependency on alternative genomic maintenance factors. The Fanconi anemia pathway comprises an intricate network of DNA damage signaling and repair that are critical for protection against genomic instability. The importance of this pathway is underlined by the severity of the cancer predisposing syndrome Fanconi anemia which can be caused by biallelic mutations in any one of the 21 genes known thus far. This review delineates the roles of the Fanconi anemia pathway and the molecular actions of Fanconi anemia proteins in confronting replicative, oxidative, and mitotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palovcak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Fenghua Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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90
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Takahashi K, Suzuki E, Yokoyama M, Inoue M, Wakamatsu T, Saito T, Kusakabe Y, Ogasawara S, Ooka Y, Tawada A, Nagao Y, Nakaseko C, Chiba T. Successful Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Complicated by Fanconi Anemia. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2017; 11:29-35. [PMID: 28203135 PMCID: PMC5301094 DOI: 10.1159/000454710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-year-old woman with liver tumors was referred to our hospital. Her condition was complicated by Fanconi anemia, and she had undergone total laryngectomy 8 years ago. On admission, contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed hypervascular tumors in the right hepatic lobe. Ultrasound-guided tumor biopsy revealed that the tumor comprised moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the patient exhibited preserved liver function (Child-Pugh A), complete blood count revealed severe pancytopenia. Eventually, the tumor was successfully treated by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). Both platelet transfusion and systemic administration of antibiotics were performed. She was discharged 35 days after TAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Wakamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoko Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Kusakabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sadahisa Ogasawara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinobu Tawada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nagao
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakaseko
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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91
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Brosh RM, Bellani M, Liu Y, Seidman MM. Fanconi Anemia: A DNA repair disorder characterized by accelerated decline of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and other features of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:67-75. [PMID: 27223997 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal genetic disorder characterized by progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), endocrine dysfunction, cancer, and other clinical features commonly associated with normal aging. The anemia stems directly from an accelerated decline of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. Although FA is a complex heterogeneous disease linked to mutations in 19 currently identified genes, there has been much progress in understanding the molecular pathology involved. FA is broadly considered a DNA repair disorder and the FA gene products, together with other DNA repair factors, have been implicated in interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. However, in addition to the defective DNA damage response, altered epigenetic regulation, and telomere defects, FA is also marked by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators in circulation, a hallmark of faster decline in not only other hereditary aging disorders but also normal aging. In this review, we offer a perspective of FA as a monogenic accelerated aging disorder, citing the latest evidence for its multi-factorial deficiencies underlying its unique clinical and cellular features.
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92
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Ling C, Huang J, Yan Z, Li Y, Ohzeki M, Ishiai M, Xu D, Takata M, Seidman M, Wang W. Bloom syndrome complex promotes FANCM recruitment to stalled replication forks and facilitates both repair and traverse of DNA interstrand crosslinks. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16047. [PMID: 28058110 PMCID: PMC5167996 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of FANCM, a conserved DNA translocase and key component of several DNA repair protein complexes, to replication forks stalled by DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) is a step upstream of the Fanconi anemia (FA) repair and replication traverse pathways of ICLs. However, detection of the FANCM recruitment has been technically challenging so that its mechanism remains exclusive. Here, we successfully observed recruitment of FANCM at stalled forks using a newly developed protocol. We report that the FANCM recruitment depends upon its intrinsic DNA translocase activity, and its DNA-binding partner FAAP24. Moreover, it is dependent on the replication checkpoint kinase, ATR; but is independent of the FA core and FANCD2-FANCI complexes, two essential components of the FA pathway, indicating that the FANCM recruitment occurs downstream of ATR but upstream of the FA pathway. Interestingly, the recruitment of FANCM requires its direct interaction with Bloom syndrome complex composed of BLM helicase, Topoisomerase 3α, RMI1 and RMI2; as well as the helicase activity of BLM. We further show that the FANCM-BLM complex interaction is critical for replication stress-induced FANCM hyperphosphorylation, for normal activation of the FA pathway in response to ICLs, and for efficient traverse of ICLs by the replication machinery. Epistasis studies demonstrate that FANCM and BLM work in the same pathway to promote replication traverse of ICLs. We conclude that FANCM and BLM complex work together at stalled forks to promote both FA repair and replication traverse pathways of ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Lab of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhijiang Yan
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yongjiang Li
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mioko Ohzeki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dongyi Xu
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Seidman
- Lab of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weidong Wang
- Lab of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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93
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Lawrence KS, Tapley EC, Cruz VE, Li Q, Aung K, Hart KC, Schwartz TU, Starr DA, Engebrecht J. LINC complexes promote homologous recombination in part through inhibition of nonhomologous end joining. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:801-821. [PMID: 27956467 PMCID: PMC5166498 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans SUN domain protein, UNC-84, functions in nuclear migration and anchorage in the soma. We discovered a novel role for UNC-84 in DNA damage repair and meiotic recombination. Loss of UNC-84 leads to defects in the loading and disassembly of the recombinase RAD-51. Similar to mutations in Fanconi anemia (FA) genes, unc-84 mutants and human cells depleted of Sun-1 are sensitive to DNA cross-linking agents, and sensitivity is rescued by the inactivation of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). UNC-84 also recruits FA nuclease FAN-1 to the nucleoplasm, suggesting that UNC-84 both alters the extent of repair by NHEJ and promotes the processing of cross-links by FAN-1. UNC-84 interacts with the KASH protein ZYG-12 for DNA damage repair. Furthermore, the microtubule network and interaction with the nucleoskeleton are important for repair, suggesting that a functional linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is required. We propose that LINC complexes serve a conserved role in DNA repair through both the inhibition of NHEJ and the promotion of homologous recombination at sites of chromosomal breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Lawrence
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Erin C Tapley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Victor E Cruz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Qianyan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kayla Aung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kevin C Hart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Thomas U Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Daniel A Starr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - JoAnne Engebrecht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Biochemistry, Molecular Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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94
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Porter CC. Germ line mutations associated with leukemias. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2016; 2016:302-308. [PMID: 27913495 PMCID: PMC6142470 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Several genetic syndromes have long been associated with a predisposition to the development of leukemia, including bone marrow failure syndromes, Down syndrome, and Li Fraumeni syndrome. Recent work has better defined the leukemia risk and outcomes in these syndromes. Also, in the last several years, a number of other germ line mutations have been discovered to define new leukemia predisposition syndromes, including ANKRD26, GATA2, PAX5, ETV6, and DDX41 In addition, data suggest that a substantial proportion of patients with therapy related leukemias harbor germ line mutations in DNA damage response genes such as BRCA1/2 and TP53 Recognition of clinical associations, acquisition of a thorough family history, and high index-of-suspicion are critical in the diagnosis of these leukemia predisposition syndromes. Accurate identification of patients with germ line mutations associated with leukemia can have important clinical implications as it relates to management of the leukemia, as well as genetic counseling of family members.
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95
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Chakkaramakkil Verghese S, Goloviznina NA, Kurre P. Phenotypic correction of Fanconi anemia cells in the murine bone marrow after carrier cell mediated delivery of lentiviral vector. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:170. [PMID: 27865213 PMCID: PMC5116221 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal-recessive disorder associated with hematopoietic failure and it is a candidate for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-directed gene therapy. However, the characteristically reduced HSC numbers found in FA patients, their ineffective mobilization from the marrow, and re-oxygenation damage during ex vivo manipulation have precluded clinical success using conventional in vitro approaches. We previously demonstrated that lentiviral vector (LV) particles reversibly attach to the cell surface where they gain protection from serum complement neutralization. We reasoned that cellular delivery of LV to the bone marrow niche could avoid detrimental losses during FA HSC mobilization and in vitro modification. Here, we demonstrate that a VSV-G pseudotyped lentivector, carrying the FANCC transgene, can be transmitted from carrier to bystander cells. In cell culture and transplantation models of FA, we further demonstrate that LV carrier cells migrate along SDF-1α gradients and transfer vector particles that stably integrate and phenotypically correct the characteristic DNA alkylator sensitivity in murine and human FA-deficient target bystander cells. Altogether, we demonstrate that cellular homing mechanisms can be harnessed for the functional phenotype correction in murine FA hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Chakkaramakkil Verghese
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, L321, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Natalya A Goloviznina
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, L321, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Present address: Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Peter Kurre
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, L321, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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96
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Hartlerode AJ, Willis NA, Rajendran A, Manis JP, Scully R. Complex Breakpoints and Template Switching Associated with Non-canonical Termination of Homologous Recombination in Mammalian Cells. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006410. [PMID: 27832076 PMCID: PMC5104497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A proportion of homologous recombination (HR) events in mammalian cells resolve by "long tract" gene conversion, reflecting copying of several kilobases from the donor sister chromatid prior to termination. Cells lacking the major hereditary breast/ovarian cancer predisposition genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2, or certain other HR-defective cells, reveal a bias in favor of long tract gene conversion, suggesting that this aberrant HR outcome might be connected with genomic instability. If termination of gene conversion occurs in regions lacking homology with the second end of the break, the normal mechanism of HR termination by annealing (i.e., homologous pairing) is not available and termination must occur by as yet poorly defined non-canonical mechanisms. Here we use a previously described HR reporter to analyze mechanisms of non-canonical termination of long tract gene conversion in mammalian cells. We find that non-canonical HR termination can occur in the absence of the classical non-homologous end joining gene XRCC4. We observe obligatory use of microhomology (MH)-mediated end joining and/or nucleotide addition during rejoining with the second end of the break. Notably, non-canonical HR termination is associated with complex breakpoints. We identify roles for homology-mediated template switching and, potentially, MH-mediated template switching/microhomology-mediated break-induced replication, in the formation of complex breakpoints at sites of non-canonical HR termination. This work identifies non-canonical HR termination as a potential contributor to genomic instability and to the formation of complex breakpoints in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Hartlerode
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Willis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anbazhagan Rajendran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Manis
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Vaz B, Popovic M, Newman JA, Fielden J, Aitkenhead H, Halder S, Singh AN, Vendrell I, Fischer R, Torrecilla I, Drobnitzky N, Freire R, Amor DJ, Lockhart PJ, Kessler BM, McKenna GW, Gileadi O, Ramadan K. Metalloprotease SPRTN/DVC1 Orchestrates Replication-Coupled DNA-Protein Crosslink Repair. Mol Cell 2016; 64:704-719. [PMID: 27871366 PMCID: PMC5128727 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) is largely ascribed to their ability to block the progression of DNA replication. DPCs frequently occur in cells, either as a consequence of metabolism or exogenous agents, but the mechanism of DPC repair is not completely understood. Here, we characterize SPRTN as a specialized DNA-dependent and DNA replication-coupled metalloprotease for DPC repair. SPRTN cleaves various DNA binding substrates during S-phase progression and thus protects proliferative cells from DPC toxicity. Ruijs-Aalfs syndrome (RJALS) patient cells with monogenic and biallelic mutations in SPRTN are hypersensitive to DPC-inducing agents due to a defect in DNA replication fork progression and the inability to eliminate DPCs. We propose that SPRTN protease represents a specialized DNA replication-coupled DPC repair pathway essential for DNA replication progression and genome stability. Defective SPRTN-dependent clearance of DPCs is the molecular mechanism underlying RJALS, and DPCs are contributing to accelerated aging and cancer. DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) stall DNA replication and induce genomic instability SPARTAN (SPRTN) is a DNA replication-coupled metalloprotease which proteolyses DPCs SPRTN metalloprotease is a fundamental enzyme in DPC repair pathway Ruijs-Aalfs syndrome is caused by a defect in DPC repair due to mutations in SPRTN
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vaz
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Marta Popovic
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joseph A Newman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - John Fielden
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Hazel Aitkenhead
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Swagata Halder
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Abhay Narayan Singh
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Ignacio Torrecilla
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Neele Drobnitzky
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - David J Amor
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Gillies W McKenna
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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98
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Immune and inflammatory responses to DNA damage in cancer and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 165:10-16. [PMID: 27720808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome instability is a hallmark of both cancer and aging processes. Beyond cell-autonomous responses, it is known that DNA damage also elicits systemic mechanisms aimed at favoring survival and damaged cells clearance. Among these mechanisms, immune activation and NF-κB-mediated inflammation play central roles in organismal control of DNA damage. We focus herein on the different experimental evidences that have allowed gaining mechanistic insight about this relationship. We also describe the functional consequences of defective immune function in cancer development and age-related alterations. Finally, we discuss different intervention strategies based on enhancing immunity or on the modulation of the inflammatory response to improve organism homeostasis in cancer and aging.
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99
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Katsuki Y, Takata M. Defects in homologous recombination repair behind the human diseases: FA and HBOC. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T19-37. [PMID: 27550963 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome and a rare childhood disorder Fanconi anemia (FA) are caused by homologous recombination (HR) defects, and some of the causative genes overlap. Recent studies in this field have led to the exciting development of PARP inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutics and have clarified important mechanisms underlying genome instability and tumor suppression in HR-defective disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the basic molecular mechanisms governing HR and DNA crosslink repair, highlighting BRCA2, and the intriguing relationship between HBOC and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Katsuki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage SignalingDepartment of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage SignalingDepartment of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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100
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Replication-Dependent Unhooking of DNA Interstrand Cross-Links by the NEIL3 Glycosylase. Cell 2016; 167:498-511.e14. [PMID: 27693351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During eukaryotic DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, cross-links are resolved ("unhooked") by nucleolytic incisions surrounding the lesion. In vertebrates, ICL repair is triggered when replication forks collide with the lesion, leading to FANCI-FANCD2-dependent unhooking and formation of a double-strand break (DSB) intermediate. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we describe here a replication-coupled ICL repair pathway that does not require incisions or FANCI-FANCD2. Instead, the ICL is unhooked when one of the two N-glycosyl bonds forming the cross-link is cleaved by the DNA glycosylase NEIL3. Cleavage by NEIL3 is the primary unhooking mechanism for psoralen and abasic site ICLs. When N-glycosyl bond cleavage is prevented, unhooking occurs via FANCI-FANCD2-dependent incisions. In summary, we identify an incision-independent unhooking mechanism that avoids DSB formation and represents the preferred pathway of ICL repair in a vertebrate cell-free system.
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