51
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Freeze B, Maia P, Pandya S, Raj A. Network mediation of pathology pattern in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa060. [PMID: 32954308 PMCID: PMC7425363 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is a rare fatal rapidly progressive dementia caused by the accumulation and spread of pathologically misfolded prions. Evidence from animal models and in vitro experiments suggests that prion pathology propagates along neural connectivity pathways, with the transmission of misfolded prions initiating a corruptive templating process in newly encountered brain regions. Although particular regional patterns of disease have been recognized in humans, the underlying mechanistic basis of these patterns remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the spatial pattern of disease derived from publicly available human diffusion-weighted MRI data demonstrates stereotypical features across patient cohorts and can be largely explained by intrinsic connectivity properties of the human structural brain network. Regional diffusion-weighted MRI signal abnormalities are predicted by graph theoretical measures of centrality, with highly affected regions such as cingulate gyrus demonstrating strong structural connectivity to other brain regions. We employ network diffusion modelling to demonstrate that the spatial pattern of disease can be predicted by a diffusion process originating from a single regional pathology seed and operating on the structural connectome. The most likely seeds correspond to the most highly affected brain regions, suggesting that pathological prions could originate in a single brain region and spread throughout the brain to produce the regional distribution of pathology observed on MRI. Further investigation of top seed regions and associated connectivity pathways may be a useful strategy for developing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Freeze
- Department of Radiology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pedro Maia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sneha Pandya
- Department of Radiology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ashish Raj
- Department of Radiology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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52
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Canty JT, Yildiz A. Activation and Regulation of Cytoplasmic Dynein. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:440-453. [PMID: 32311337 PMCID: PMC7179903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is an AAA+ motor that drives the transport of many intracellular cargoes towards the minus end of microtubules (MTs). Previous in vitro studies characterized isolated dynein as an exceptionally weak motor that moves slowly and diffuses on an MT. Recent studies altered this view by demonstrating that dynein remains in an autoinhibited conformation on its own, and processive motility is activated when it forms a ternary complex with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. This complex assembles more efficiently in the presence of Lis1, providing an explanation for why Lis1 is a required cofactor for most cytoplasmic dynein-driven processes in cells. This review describes how dynein motility is activated and regulated by cargo adaptors and accessory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Canty
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physics Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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53
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Abstract
The intracellular transport system in neurons is specialized to an extraordinary degree, enabling the delivery of critical cargo to sites in axons or dendrites that are far removed from the cell center. Vesicles formed in the cell body are actively transported by kinesin motors along axonal microtubules to presynaptic sites that can be located more than a meter away. Both growth factors and degradative vesicles carrying aged organelles or aggregated proteins take the opposite route, driven by dynein motors. Distance is not the only challenge; precise delivery of cargos to sites of need must also be accomplished. For example, localized delivery of presynaptic components to hundreds of thousands of "en passant" synapses distributed along the length of a single axon in some neuronal subtypes provides a layer of complexity that must be successfully navigated to maintain synaptic transmission. We review recent advances in the field of axonal transport, with a focus on conceptual developments, and highlight our growing quantitative understanding of neuronal trafficking and its role in maintaining the synaptic function that underlies higher cognitive processes such as learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guedes-Dias
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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54
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Cain MD, Salimi H, Diamond MS, Klein RS. Mechanisms of Pathogen Invasion into the Central Nervous System. Neuron 2020; 103:771-783. [PMID: 31487528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CNS infections continue to rise in incidence in conjunction with increases in immunocompromised populations or conditions that contribute to the emergence of pathogens, such as global travel, climate change, and human encroachment on animal territories. The severity and complexity of these diseases is impacted by the diversity of etiologic agents and their routes of neuroinvasion. In this review, we present historical, clinical, and molecular concepts regarding the mechanisms of pathogen invasion of the CNS. We also discuss the structural components of CNS compartments that influence pathogen entry and recent discoveries of the pathways exploited by pathogens to facilitate CNS infections. Advances in our understanding of the CNS invasion mechanisms of different neurotropic pathogens may enable the development of strategies to control their entry and deliver drugs to mitigate established infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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55
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Butler VJ, Salazar DA, Soriano-Castell D, Alves-Ferreira M, Dennissen FJA, Vohra M, Oses-Prieto JA, Li KH, Wang AL, Jing B, Li B, Groisman A, Gutierrez E, Mooney S, Burlingame AL, Ashrafi K, Mandelkow EM, Encalada SE, Kao AW. Tau/MAPT disease-associated variant A152T alters tau function and toxicity via impaired retrograde axonal transport. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1498-1514. [PMID: 30590647 PMCID: PMC6489414 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) underlie multiple neurodegenerative disorders, yet the pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. A novel variant in MAPT resulting in an alanine to threonine substitution at position 152 (A152T tau) has recently been described as a significant risk factor for both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Here we use complementary computational, biochemical, molecular, genetic and imaging approaches in Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse models to interrogate the effects of the A152T variant on tau function. In silico analysis suggests that a threonine at position 152 of tau confers a new phosphorylation site. This finding is borne out by mass spectrometric survey of A152T tau phosphorylation in C. elegans and mouse. Optical pulse-chase experiments of Dendra2-tau demonstrate that A152T tau and phosphomimetic A152E tau exhibit increased diffusion kinetics and the ability to traverse across the axon initial segment more efficiently than wild-type (WT) tau. A C. elegans model of tauopathy reveals that A152T and A152E tau confer patterns of developmental toxicity distinct from WT tau, likely due to differential effects on retrograde axonal transport. These data support a role for phosphorylation of the variant threonine in A152T tau toxicity and suggest a mechanism involving impaired retrograde axonal transport contributing to human neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Butler
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominique A Salazar
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Soriano-Castell
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miguel Alves-Ferreira
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Frank J A Dennissen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany.,MPI for Neurological Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany.,The Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihir Vohra
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Austin L Wang
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beibei Jing
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Biao Li
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean Mooney
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany.,MPI for Neurological Research, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany.,The Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra E Encalada
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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56
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Thetiot M, Freeman SA, Roux T, Dubessy AL, Aigrot MS, Rappeneau Q, Lejeune FX, Tailleur J, Sol-Foulon N, Lubetzki C, Desmazieres A. An alternative mechanism of early nodal clustering and myelination onset in GABAergic neurons of the central nervous system. Glia 2020; 68:1891-1909. [PMID: 32119167 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, fast saltatory conduction along myelinated axons relies on the node of Ranvier. How nodes assemble on CNS neurons is not yet fully understood. We previously described that node-like clusters can form prior to myelin deposition in hippocampal GABAergic neurons and are associated with increased conduction velocity. Here, we used a live imaging approach to characterize the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the assembly of these clusters prior to myelination. We first demonstrated that their components can partially preassemble prior to membrane targeting and determined the molecular motors involved in their trafficking. We then demonstrated the key role of the protein β2Nav for node-like clustering initiation. We further assessed the fate of these clusters when myelination proceeds. Our results shed light on the intrinsic mechanisms involved in node-like clustering prior to myelination and unravel a potential role of these clusters in node of Ranvier formation and in guiding myelination onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Thetiot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sean A Freeman
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Roux
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Dubessy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Stéphane Aigrot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Rappeneau
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julien Tailleur
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, MSC, UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sol-Foulon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anne Desmazieres
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM-GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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57
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Torisawa T, Kimura A. The Generation of Dynein Networks by Multi-Layered Regulation and Their Implication in Cell Division. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 32083077 PMCID: PMC7004958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (hereafter referred to as dynein) is a major microtubule-based motor critical for cell division. Dynein is essential for the formation and positioning of the mitotic spindle as well as the transport of various cargos in the cell. A striking feature of dynein is that, despite having a wide variety of functions, the catalytic subunit is coded in a single gene. To perform various cellular activities, there seem to be different types of dynein that share a common catalytic subunit. In this review, we will refer to the different kinds of dynein as “dyneins.” This review attempts to classify the mechanisms underlying the emergence of multiple dyneins into four layers. Inside a cell, multiple dyneins generated through the multi-layered regulations interact with each other to form a network of dyneins. These dynein networks may be responsible for the accurate regulation of cellular activities, including cell division. How these networks function inside a cell, with a focus on the early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, is discussed, as well as future directions for the integration of our understanding of molecular layering to understand the totality of dynein’s function in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Torisawa
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
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58
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Collective motility of dynein linear arrays built on DNA nanotubes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:1014-1019. [PMID: 31973818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dynein motor proteins usually work as a group in vesicle transport, mitosis, and ciliary/flagellar beating inside cells. Despite the obvious importance of the functions of dynein, the effect of inter-dynein interactions on collective motility remains poorly understood due to the difficulty in building large dynein ensembles with defined geometry. Here, we describe a method to build dynein ensembles to investigate the collective motility of dynein on microtubules. Using electron microscopy, we show that tens to hundreds of cytoplasmic dynein monomers were anchored along a 4- or 10-helix DNA nanotube with an average periodicity of 19 or 44 nm (a programmed periodicity of 14 or 28 nm, respectively). They drove the sliding movement of DNA nanotubes along microtubules at a velocity of 170-620 nm/s. Reducing the stiffness of DNA nanotubes made the nanotube movement discontinuous and considerably slower. Decreasing the spacing between motors simply slowed down the nanotube movement. This slowdown was independent of the number of motors involved but heavily dependent on motor-motor distance. This suggests that steric hindrance or mechanical coupling between dynein molecules was responsible for the slowdown. Furthermore, we observed cyclical buckling of DNA nanotubes on microtubules, reminiscent of ciliary/flagellar beating. These results highlight the importance of the geometric arrangement of dynein motors on their collective motility.
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59
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Cui H, Noell CR, Behler RP, Zahn JB, Terry LR, Russ BB, Solmaz SR. Adapter Proteins for Opposing Motors Interact Simultaneously with Nuclear Pore Protein Nup358. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5085-5097. [PMID: 31756096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nup358 is a protein subunit of the nuclear pore complex that recruits the opposing microtubule motors kinesin-1 and dynein [via the dynein adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BicD2)] to the nuclear envelope. This pathway is important for positioning of the nucleus during the early steps of mitotic spindle assembly and also essential for an important process in brain development. It is unknown whether dynein and kinesin-1 interact with Nup358 simultaneously or whether they compete. Here, we have reconstituted and characterized a minimal complex of kinesin-1 light chain 2 (KLC2) and Nup358. The proteins interact through a W-acidic motif in Nup358, which is highly conserved among vertebrates but absent in insects. While Nup358 and KLC2 form predominantly monomers, their interaction results in the formation of 2:2 complexes, and the W-acidic motif is required for the oligomerization. In active motor complexes, BicD2 and KLC2 each form dimers. Notably, we show that the dynein adaptor BicD2 and KLC2 interact simultaneously with Nup358, resulting in the formation of 2:2:2 complexes. Mutation of the W-acidic motif results in the formation of 1:1:1 complexes. On the basis of our data, we propose that Nup358 recruits simultaneously one kinesin-1 motor and one dynein motor via BicD2 to the nucleus. We hypothesize that the binding sites are close enough to promote direct interactions between these motor recognition domains, which may be important for the regulation of the motility of these opposing motors. Our data provide important insights into a nuclear positioning pathway that is crucial for brain development and faithful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Cui
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Crystal R Noell
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Rachael P Behler
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Jacqueline B Zahn
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Lynn R Terry
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Blaine B Russ
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Sozanne R Solmaz
- Department of Chemistry , Binghamton University , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
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60
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Ferro LS, Can S, Turner MA, ElShenawy MM, Yildiz A. Kinesin and dynein use distinct mechanisms to bypass obstacles. eLife 2019; 8:e48629. [PMID: 31498080 PMCID: PMC6783262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein are microtubule (MT) motors that transport intracellular cargoes. It remains unclear how these motors move along MTs densely coated with obstacles of various sizes in the cytoplasm. Here, we tested the ability of single and multiple motors to bypass synthetic obstacles on MTs in vitro. Contrary to previous reports, we found that single mammalian dynein is highly capable of bypassing obstacles. Single human kinesin-1 motors fail to avoid obstacles, consistent with their inability to take sideways steps on to neighboring MT protofilaments. Kinesins overcome this limitation when working in teams, bypassing obstacles as effectively as multiple dyneins. Cargos driven by multiple kinesins or dyneins are also capable of rotating around the MT to bypass large obstacles. These results suggest that multiplicity of motors is required not only for transporting cargos over long distances and generating higher forces, but also for maneuvering cargos on obstacle-coated MT surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Ferro
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Sinan Can
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Meghan A Turner
- Biophysics Graduate GroupUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Mohamed M ElShenawy
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Biophysics Graduate GroupUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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61
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Kendrick AA, Dickey AM, Redwine WB, Tran PT, Vaites LP, Dzieciatkowska M, Harper JW, Reck-Peterson SL. Hook3 is a scaffold for the opposite-polarity microtubule-based motors cytoplasmic dynein-1 and KIF1C. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2982-3001. [PMID: 31320392 PMCID: PMC6719453 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unidirectional and opposite-polarity microtubule-based motors, dynein and kinesin, drive long-distance intracellular cargo transport. Cellular observations suggest that opposite-polarity motors may be coupled. We recently identified an interaction between the cytoplasmic dynein-1 activating adaptor Hook3 and the kinesin-3 KIF1C. Here, using in vitro reconstitutions with purified components, we show that KIF1C and dynein/dynactin can exist in a complex scaffolded by Hook3. Full-length Hook3 binds to and activates dynein/dynactin motility. Hook3 also binds to a short region in the "tail" of KIF1C, but unlike dynein/dynactin, this interaction does not activate KIF1C. Hook3 scaffolding allows dynein to transport KIF1C toward the microtubule minus end, and KIF1C to transport dynein toward the microtubule plus end. In cells, KIF1C can recruit Hook3 to the cell periphery, although the cellular role of the complex containing both motors remains unknown. We propose that Hook3's ability to scaffold dynein/dynactin and KIF1C may regulate bidirectional motility, promote motor recycling, or sequester the pool of available dynein/dynactin activating adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Kendrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrea M Dickey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - William B Redwine
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Phuoc Tien Tran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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62
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Mogessie B, Zenner H, Renkawitz J. Meeting report - Cell dynamics: organelle-cytoskeleton interface. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/16/jcs236679. [PMID: 31416851 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of eukaryotic cells is the spatial separation of molecular and biochemical processes into membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. At the 'Cell dynamics: organelle-cytoskeleton interface' meeting held in Lisbon, researchers from around the world discussed their findings of how the cytoskeleton regulates dynamics, interaction, and function of organelles in health and disease. Organised by Edgar Gomes, Heidi McBride, Sharon Tooze and Michael Way, the meeting created an open, stimulating and collaborative environment for scientific exchange and an opportunity to highlight the newest trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyam Mogessie
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 8TD, UK
| | - Helen Zenner
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jörg Renkawitz
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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63
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Visualization of Intra‐neuronal Motor Protein Transport through Upconversion Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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64
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Zeng X, Chen S, Weitemier A, Han S, Blasiak A, Prasad A, Zheng K, Yi Z, Luo B, Yang I, Thakor N, Chai C, Lim K, McHugh TJ, All AH, Liu X. Visualization of Intra‐neuronal Motor Protein Transport through Upconversion Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9262-9268. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zeng
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Shuo Chen
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral PhysiologyRIKEN Center for Brain Science Wakoshi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Adam Weitemier
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral PhysiologyRIKEN Center for Brain Science Wakoshi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Sanyang Han
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Agata Blasiak
- Singapore Institute of NeurotechnologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Ankshita Prasad
- Singapore Institute of NeurotechnologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Kezhi Zheng
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhigao Yi
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Baiwen Luo
- Singapore Institute of NeurotechnologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - In‐Hong Yang
- Singapore Institute of NeurotechnologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Nitish Thakor
- Singapore Institute of NeurotechnologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Chou Chai
- Research DepartmentNational Neuroscience Institute Singapore 308433 Singapore
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117593 Singapore
| | - Kah‐Leong Lim
- Research DepartmentNational Neuroscience Institute Singapore 308433 Singapore
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117593 Singapore
| | - Thomas J. McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral PhysiologyRIKEN Center for Brain Science Wakoshi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of Arts and SciencesUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Angelo H. All
- Singapore Institute of NeurotechnologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Singapore Institute of NeurotechnologyNational University of Singapore Singapore 117456 Singapore
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65
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Mórotz GM, Glennon EB, Gomez-Suaga P, Lau DHW, Robinson ED, Sedlák É, Vagnoni A, Noble W, Miller CCJ. LMTK2 binds to kinesin light chains to mediate anterograde axonal transport of cdk5/p35 and LMTK2 levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brains. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:73. [PMID: 31068217 PMCID: PMC6505310 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase-5 (cdk5)/p35 is a neuronal kinase that regulates key axonal and synaptic functions but the mechanisms by which it is transported to these locations are unknown. Lemur tyrosine kinase-2 (LMTK2) is a binding partner for p35 and here we show that LMTK2 also interacts with kinesin-1 light chains (KLC1/2). Binding to KLC1/2 involves a C-terminal tryptophan/aspartate (WD) motif in LMTK2 and the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains in KLC1/2, and this interaction facilitates axonal transport of LMTK2. Thus, siRNA loss of KLC1 or mutation of the WD motif disrupts axonal transport of LMTK2. We also show that LMTK2 facilitates the formation of a complex containing KLC1 and p35 and that siRNA loss of LMTK2 disrupts axonal transport of both p35 and cdk5. Finally, we show that LMTK2 levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brains. Damage to axonal transport and altered cdk5/p35 are pathogenic features of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, LMTK2 binds to KLC1 to direct axonal transport of p35 and its loss may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor M Mórotz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Elizabeth B Glennon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Patricia Gomez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Dawn H W Lau
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Eleanor D Robinson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Éva Sedlák
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Alessio Vagnoni
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Christopher C J Miller
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
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66
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Quantifying Protein Copy Number in Super Resolution Using an Imaging-Invariant Calibration. Biophys J 2019; 116:2195-2203. [PMID: 31103226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of super-resolution microscopy in recent years has revealed that proteins often form small assemblies inside cells and are organized in nanoclusters. However, determining the copy number of proteins within these nanoclusters constitutes a major challenge because of unknown labeling stoichiometries and complex fluorophore photophysics. We previously developed a DNA-origami-based calibration approach to extract protein copy number from super-resolution images. However, the applicability of this approach is limited by the fact that the calibration is dependent on the specific labeling and imaging conditions used in each experiment. Hence, the calibration must be repeated for each experimental condition, which is a formidable task. Here, using cells stably expressing dynein intermediate chain fused to green fluorescent protein (HeLa IC74 cells) as a reference sample, we demonstrate that the DNA-origami-based calibration data we previously generated can be extended to super-resolution images taken under different experimental conditions, enabling the quantification of any green-fluorescent-protein-fused protein of interest. To do so, we first quantified the copy number of dynein motors within nanoclusters in the cytosol and along the microtubules. Interestingly, this quantification showed that dynein motors form assemblies consisting of more than one motor, especially along microtubules. This quantification enabled us to use the HeLa IC74 cells as a reference sample to calibrate and quantify protein copy number independently of labeling and imaging conditions, dramatically improving the versatility and applicability of our approach.
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67
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Arpağ G, Norris SR, Mousavi SI, Soppina V, Verhey KJ, Hancock WO, Tüzel E. Motor Dynamics Underlying Cargo Transport by Pairs of Kinesin-1 and Kinesin-3 Motors. Biophys J 2019; 116:1115-1126. [PMID: 30824116 PMCID: PMC6428962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cargo transport by kinesin family motor proteins is crucial for many cellular processes, particularly vesicle transport in axons and dendrites. In a number of cases, the transport of specific cargo is carried out by two classes of kinesins that move at different speeds and thus compete during transport. Despite advances in single-molecule characterization and modeling approaches, many questions remain regarding the effect of intermotor tension on motor attachment/reattachment rates during cooperative multimotor transport. To understand the motor dynamics underlying multimotor transport, we analyzed the complexes of kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 motors attached through protein scaffolds moving on immobilized microtubules in vitro. To interpret the observed behavior, simulations were carried out using a model that incorporated motor stepping, attachment/detachment rates, and intermotor force generation. In single-molecule experiments, isolated kinesin-3 motors moved twofold faster and had threefold higher landing rates than kinesin-1. When the positively charged loop 12 of kinesin-3 was swapped with that of kinesin-1, the landing rates reversed, indicating that this "K-loop" is a key determinant of the motor reattachment rate. In contrast, swapping loop 12 had negligible effects on motor velocities. Two-motor complexes containing one kinesin-1 and one kinesin-3 moved at different speeds depending on the identity of their loop 12, indicating the importance of the motor reattachment rate on the cotransport speed. Simulations of these loop-swapped motors using experimentally derived motor parameters were able to reproduce the experimental results and identify best fit parameters for the motor reattachment rates for this geometry. Simulation results also supported previous work, suggesting that kinesin-3 microtubule detachment is very sensitive to load. Overall, the simulations demonstrate that the transport behavior of cargo carried by pairs of kinesin-1 and -3 motors are determined by three properties that differ between these two families: the unloaded velocity, the load dependence of detachment, and the motor reattachment rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göker Arpağ
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen R Norris
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - S Iman Mousavi
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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68
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Gicking AM, Wang P, Liu C, Mickolajczyk KJ, Guo L, Hancock WO, Qiu W. The Orphan Kinesin PAKRP2 Achieves Processive Motility via a Noncanonical Stepping Mechanism. Biophys J 2019; 116:1270-1281. [PMID: 30902363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phragmoplast-associated kinesin-related protein 2 (PAKRP2) is an orphan kinesin in Arabidopsis thaliana that is thought to transport vesicles along phragmoplast microtubules for cell plate formation. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we show that PAKRP2 is the first orphan kinesin to exhibit processive plus-end-directed motility on single microtubules as individual homodimers. Our results show that PAKRP2 processivity is achieved despite having an exceptionally long (32 residues) neck linker. Furthermore, using high-resolution nanoparticle tracking, we find that PAKRP2 steps via a hand-over-hand mechanism that includes frequent side steps, a prolonged diffusional search of the tethered head, and tight coupling of the ATP hydrolysis cycle to the forward-stepping cycle. Interestingly, truncating the PAKRP2 neck linker to 14 residues decreases the run length of PAKRP2; thus, the long neck linker enhances the processive behavior. Based on the canonical model of kinesin stepping, such a long neck linker is expected to decrease the processivity and disrupt the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to forward stepping. Therefore, we conclude that PAKRP2 employs a noncanonical strategy for processive motility, wherein a long neck linker is coupled with a slow ATP hydrolysis rate to allow for an extended diffusional search during each step without sacrificing processivity or efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Lijun Guo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
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69
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Microtubule-directed transport of purine metabolons drives their cytosolic transit to mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:13009-13014. [PMID: 30509995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814042115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet their purine demand, cells activate the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway and transiently cluster the pathway enzymes into metabolons called purinosomes. Recently, we have shown that purinosomes were spatially colocalized with mitochondria and microtubules, yet it remained unclear as to what drives these associations and whether a relationship between them exist. Here, we employed superresolution imaging methods to describe purinosome transit in the context of subcellular localization. Time-resolved imaging of purinosomes showed that these assemblies exhibit directed motion as they move along a microtubule toward mitochondria, where upon colocalization, a change in purinosome motion was observed. A majority of purinosomes colocalized with mitochondria were also deemed colocalized with microtubules. Nocodazole-dependent microtubule depolymerization resulted in a loss in the purinosome-mitochondria colocalization, suggesting that the association of purinosomes with mitochondria is facilitated by microtubule-directed transport, and thereby supporting our notion of an interdependency between these subcellular components in maximizing purine production through the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway.
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70
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Chen C, Peng Y, Yen Y, Bhan P, Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Klopfenstein DR, Wagner OI. Insights on UNC‐104‐dynein/dynactin interactions and their implications on axonal transport in
Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:185-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Fei Peng
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Cheng Yen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Prerana Bhan
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | | | - Oliver I. Wagner
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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71
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Mogre SS, Koslover EF. Multimodal transport and dispersion of organelles in narrow tubular cells. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:042402. [PMID: 29758750 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.042402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular components explore the cytoplasm via active motor-driven transport in conjunction with passive diffusion. We model the motion of organelles in narrow tubular cells using analytical techniques and numerical simulations to study the efficiency of different transport modes in achieving various cellular objectives. Our model describes length and time scales over which each transport mode dominates organelle motion, along with various metrics to quantify exploration of intracellular space. For organelles that search for a specific target, we obtain the average capture time for given transport parameters and show that diffusion and active motion contribute to target capture in the biologically relevant regime. Because many organelles have been found to tether to microtubules when not engaged in active motion, we study the interplay between immobilization due to tethering and increased probability of active transport. We derive parameter-dependent conditions under which tethering enhances long-range transport and improves the target capture time. These results shed light on the optimization of intracellular transport machinery and provide experimentally testable predictions for the effects of transport regulation mechanisms such as tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Mogre
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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72
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Rosa-Ferreira C, Sweeney ST, Munro S. The small G protein Arl8 contributes to lysosomal function and long-range axonal transport in Drosophila. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.035964. [PMID: 30115618 PMCID: PMC6176938 DOI: 10.1242/bio.035964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Arl8 has emerged as a major regulatory GTPase on lysosomes. Studies in mammalian cells have shown that it regulates both fusion with late endosomes and also lysosomal motility. In its active GTP-bound state, it recruits to lysosomes the HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting) endosomal tethering complex and also proteins that link lysosomes to microtubule motors such as the kinesin adaptor PLEKHM2. To gain further insights into Arl8 biology, we examined the single Drosophila ortholog. Drosophila Arl8 is essential for viability, and mitotic clones of mutant cells are able to continue to divide but show perturbation of the late endocytic pathway. Progeny-lacking Arl8 die as late larvae with movement-paralysis characteristic of defects in neuronal function. This phenotype was rescued by expression of Arl8 in motor neurons. Examination of these neurons in the mutant larvae revealed smaller synapses and axons with elevated levels of carriers containing synaptic components. Affinity chromatography revealed binding of Drosophila Arl8 to the HOPS complex, and to the Drosophila ortholog of RILP, a protein that, in mammals, recruits dynein to late endosomes, with dynein being known to be required for neuronal transport. Thus Drosophila Arl8 controls late endocytic function and transport via at least two distinct effectors. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary:Drosophila Arl8 is essential for viability and is required for normal functioning of the late endocytic pathway and for long-range transport in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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73
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Muskelin Coordinates PrP C Lysosome versus Exosome Targeting and Impacts Prion Disease Progression. Neuron 2018; 99:1155-1169.e9. [PMID: 30174115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) modulates cell adhesion and signaling in the brain. Conversion to its infectious isoform causes neurodegeneration, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. PrPC undergoes rapid plasma membrane turnover and extracellular release via exosomes. However, the intracellular transport of PrPC and its potential impact on prion disease progression is barely understood. Here we identify critical components of PrPC trafficking that also link intracellular and extracellular PrPC turnover. PrPC associates with muskelin, dynein, and KIF5C at transport vesicles. Notably, muskelin coordinates bidirectional PrPC transport and facilitates lysosomal degradation over exosomal PrPC release. Muskelin gene knockout consequently causes PrPC accumulation at the neuronal surface and on secreted exosomes. Moreover, prion disease onset is accelerated following injection of pathogenic prions into muskelin knockout mice. Our data identify an essential checkpoint in PrPC turnover. They propose a novel connection between neuronal intracellular lysosome targeting and extracellular exosome trafficking, relevant to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions.
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74
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Chowdary PD, Kaplan L, Che DL, Cui B. Dynamic Clustering of Dyneins on Axonal Endosomes: Evidence from High-Speed Darkfield Imaging. Biophys J 2018; 115:230-241. [PMID: 29933888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental features that govern the cooperativity of multiple dyneins during cargo trafficking in cells is the spatial distribution of these dyneins on the cargo. Geometric considerations and recent experiments indicate that clustered distributions of dyneins are required for effective cooperation on micron-sized cargos. However, very little is known about the spatial distribution of dyneins and their cooperativity on smaller cargos, such as vesicles or endosomes <200 nm in size, which are not amenable to conventional immunostaining and optical trapping methods. In this work, we present evidence that dyneins can dynamically be clustered on endosomes in response to load. Using a darkfield imaging assay, we measured the repeated stalls and detachments of retrograde axonal endosomes under load with <10 nm localization accuracy at imaging rates up to 1 kHz for over a timescale of minutes. A three-dimensional stochastic model was used to simulate the endosome motility under load to gain insights on the mechanochemical properties and spatial distribution of dyneins on axonal endosomes. Our results indicate that 1) the distribution of dyneins on endosomes is fluid enough to support dynamic clustering under load and 2) the detachment kinetics of dynein on endosomes differs significantly from the in vitro measurements possibly due to an increase in the unitary stall force of dynein on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Daphne L Che
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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75
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Kaplan L, Ierokomos A, Chowdary P, Bryant Z, Cui B. Rotation of endosomes demonstrates coordination of molecular motors during axonal transport. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:e1602170. [PMID: 29536037 PMCID: PMC5846296 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance axonal transport is critical to the maintenance and function of neurons. Robust transport is ensured by the coordinated activities of multiple molecular motors acting in a team. Conventional live-cell imaging techniques used in axonal transport studies detect this activity by visualizing the translational dynamics of a cargo. However, translational measurements are insensitive to torques induced by motor activities. By using gold nanorods and multichannel polarization microscopy, we simultaneously measure the rotational and translational dynamics for thousands of axonally transported endosomes. We find that the rotational dynamics of an endosome provide complementary information regarding molecular motor activities to the conventionally tracked translational dynamics. Rotational dynamics correlate with translational dynamics, particularly in cases of increased rotation after switches between kinesin- and dynein-mediated transport. Furthermore, unambiguous measurement of nanorod angle shows that endosome-contained nanorods align with the orientation of microtubules, suggesting a direct mechanical linkage between the ligand-receptor complex and the microtubule motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Kaplan
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Athena Ierokomos
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Praveen Chowdary
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zev Bryant
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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76
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Jin EJ, Kiral FR, Hiesinger PR. The where, what, and when of membrane protein degradation in neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:283-297. [PMID: 28884504 PMCID: PMC5816708 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protein turnover and degradation are required for the function and health of all cells. Neurons may live for the entire lifetime of an organism and are highly polarized cells with spatially segregated axonal and dendritic compartments. Both longevity and morphological complexity represent challenges for regulated membrane protein degradation. To investigate how neurons cope with these challenges, an increasing number of recent studies investigated local, cargo-specific protein sorting, and degradation at axon terminals and in dendritic processes. In this review, we explore the current answers to the ensuing questions of where, what, and when membrane proteins are degraded in neurons. © 2017 The Authors Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 283-297, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jennifer Jin
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX75390USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Robin Hiesinger
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
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77
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Abstract
Neurons rely on complex axonal transport mechanisms that mediate the intracellular dynamics of proteins, vesicles, and mitochondria along their high polarized structure. The fast improvement of live imaging techniques of fluorescent cargos allowed the identification of the diverse motion properties of different transported molecules. These properties arise as the result of molecular interactions between many players involved in axonal transport. Motor proteins, microtubule tracks, cargo association, and even axonal viscosity contribute to the proper axonal dynamics of different cargos. The unique properties in each cargo determine their distribution and location that is relevant to ensure neuronal cell activity and survival. This chapter provides a computational-based method for the generation of cargo trajectories and the identification of different motion regimes while cargo moves along axons. Then, the procedure to extract relevant parameters from active, diffusive, and confined motion is provided. These properties will allow a better comprehension of the nature and characteristics of cargo motion in living cells, therefore contributing to understanding the consequences of transport defects that arise during diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Alloatti
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física (IFIBA) CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas L Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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78
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Yang P, Sun X, Kou ZW, Wu KW, Huang YL, Sun FY. VEGF Axonal Transport Dependent on Kinesin-1B and Microtubules Dynamics. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:424. [PMID: 29311814 PMCID: PMC5742618 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon-transport plays an important role in neuronal activity and survival. Reduced endogenous VEGF can cause neuronal damage and axon degeneration. It is unknown at this time if VEGF can be transported within the axon or whether it can be released by axonal depolarization. We transfected VEGF-eGFP plasmids in cultured hippocampal neurons and tracked their movement in the axons by live-cell confocal imaging. Then, we co-transfected phVEGF-eGFP and kinesin-1B-DsRed vectors into neurons and combined with immunoprecipitation and two-color imaging to study the mechanism of VEGF axon-trafficking. We found that VEGF vesicles morphologically co-localized and biochemically bounded with kinesin-1B, as well as co-trafficked with it in the axons. Moreover, the capacity for axonal trafficking of VEGF was reduced by administration of nocodazole, an inhibitor of microtubules, or kinesin-1B shRNA. In addition, we found that VEGF could release from the cultured neurons under acute depolarizing stimulation with potassium chloride. Therefore, present findings suggest that neuronal VEGF is stored in the vesicles, actively released, and transported in the axons, which depends on the presence of kinesin-1B and functional microtubules. These results further help us to understand the importance of neuronal VEGF in the maintenance of neuronal activity and survival throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Wei Kou
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Wei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Lin Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Yan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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79
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Han W, Wang H, Li J, Zhang S, Lu W. Ferric Chelate Reductase 1 Like Protein (FRRS1L) Associates with Dynein Vesicles and Regulates Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:402. [PMID: 29276473 PMCID: PMC5727121 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, AMPA receptors (AMPARs)-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission is critically regulated by the receptor auxiliary subunits. Recent proteomic studies have identified that Ferric Chelate Reductase 1 Like protein (FRRS1L), whose mutations in human lead to epilepsy, choreoathetosis, and cognitive deficits, is present in native AMPAR complexes in the brain. Here we have characterized FRRS1L in both heterologous cells and in mouse neurons. We found that FRRS1L interacts with both GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of AMPARs, but does not form dimers/oligomers, in HEK cells. In mouse hippocampal neurons, recombinant FRRS1L at the neuronal surface partially co-localizes with GluA1 and primarily localizes at non-synaptic membranes. In addition, native FRRS1L in hippocampus is localized at dynein, but not kinesin5B, vesicles. Functionally, over-expression of FRRS1L in hippocampal neurons does not change glutamatergic synaptic transmission. In contrast, single-cell knockout (KO) of FRRS1L strongly reduces the expression levels of the GluA1 subunit at the neuronal surface, and significantly decreases AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Taken together, these data characterize FRRS1L in heterologous cells and neurons, and reveal an important role of FRRS1L in the regulation of excitatory synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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80
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Lim A, Rechtsteiner A, Saxton WM. Two kinesins drive anterograde neuropeptide transport. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3542-3553. [PMID: 28904207 PMCID: PMC5683764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor-dependent anterograde transport, a process that moves cytoplasmic components from sites of biosynthesis to sites of use within cells, is crucial in neurons with long axons. Evidence has emerged that multiple anterograde kinesins can contribute to some transport processes. To test the multi-kinesin possibility for a single vesicle type, we studied the functional relationships of axonal kinesins to dense core vesicles (DCVs) that were filled with a GFP-tagged neuropeptide in the Drosophila nervous system. Past work showed that Unc-104 (a kinesin-3) is a key anterograde DCV motor. Here we show that anterograde DCV transport requires the well-known mitochondrial motor Khc (kinesin-1). Our results indicate that this influence is direct. Khc mutations had specific effects on anterograde run parameters, neuron-specific inhibition of mitochondrial transport by Milton RNA interference had no influence on anterograde DCV runs, and detailed colocalization analysis by superresolution microscopy revealed that Unc-104 and Khc coassociate with individual DCVs. DCV distribution analysis in peptidergic neurons suggest the two kinesins have compartment specific influences. We suggest a mechanism in which Unc-104 is particularly important for moving DCVs from cell bodies into axons, and then Unc-104 and kinesin-1 function together to support fast, highly processive runs toward axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Lim
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Andreas Rechtsteiner
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - William M Saxton
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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81
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Dynein/dynactin is necessary for anterograde transport of Mbp mRNA in oligodendrocytes and for myelination in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9153-E9162. [PMID: 29073112 PMCID: PMC5664533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711088114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes in the brain insulate neuronal axons in layers of fatty myelin to facilitate fast electrical signaling. Myelin basic protein (MBP), an important myelin component, is transported as mRNA away from the cell body before being translated into protein. In zebrafish, the anterograde motor kinesin transports mbp mRNA away from the cell body. We now identify myelination defects in zebrafish caused by a mutation in the retrograde motor complex dynein/dynactin, which normally transports cargos back toward the cell body. However, this mutant displays defects in anterograde mbp mRNA transport. We confirm in mammalian oligodendrocyte cultures that drug inhibition of dynein arrests transport in both directions and decreases MBP protein levels. Thus, dynein/dynactin is paradoxically required for anterograde mbp mRNA transport. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system produce myelin, a lipid-rich, multilamellar sheath that surrounds axons and promotes the rapid propagation of action potentials. A critical component of myelin is myelin basic protein (MBP), expression of which requires anterograde mRNA transport followed by local translation at the developing myelin sheath. Although the anterograde motor kinesin KIF1B is involved in mbp mRNA transport in zebrafish, it is not entirely clear how mbp transport is regulated. From a forward genetic screen for myelination defects in zebrafish, we identified a mutation in actr10, which encodes the Arp11 subunit of dynactin, a critical activator of the retrograde motor dynein. Both the actr10 mutation and pharmacological dynein inhibition in zebrafish result in failure to properly distribute mbp mRNA in oligodendrocytes, indicating a paradoxical role for the retrograde dynein/dynactin complex in anterograde mbp mRNA transport. To address the molecular mechanism underlying this observation, we biochemically isolated reporter-tagged Mbp mRNA granules from primary cultured mammalian oligodendrocytes to show that they indeed associate with the retrograde motor complex. Next, we used live-cell imaging to show that acute pharmacological dynein inhibition quickly arrests Mbp mRNA transport in both directions. Chronic pharmacological dynein inhibition also abrogates Mbp mRNA distribution and dramatically decreases MBP protein levels. Thus, these cell culture and whole animal studies demonstrate a role for the retrograde dynein/dynactin motor complex in anterograde mbp mRNA transport and myelination in vivo.
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82
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De Rossi MC, Wetzler DE, Benseñor L, De Rossi ME, Sued M, Rodríguez D, Gelfand V, Bruno L, Levi V. Mechanical coupling of microtubule-dependent motor teams during peroxisome transport in Drosophila S2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3178-3189. [PMID: 28935608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular transport requires molecular motors that step along cytoskeletal filaments actively dragging cargoes through the crowded cytoplasm. Here, we explore the interplay of the opposed polarity motors kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein during peroxisome transport along microtubules in Drosophila S2 cells. METHODS We used single particle tracking with nanometer accuracy and millisecond time resolution to extract quantitative information on the bidirectional motion of organelles. The transport performance was studied in cells expressing a slow chimeric plus-end directed motor or the kinesin heavy chain. We also analyzed the influence of peroxisomes membrane fluidity in methyl-β-ciclodextrin treated cells. The experimental data was also confronted with numerical simulations of two well-established tug of war scenarios. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The velocity distributions of retrograde and anterograde peroxisomes showed a multimodal pattern suggesting that multiple motor teams drive transport in either direction. The chimeric motors interfered with the performance of anterograde transport and also reduced the speed of the slowest retrograde team. In addition, increasing the fluidity of peroxisomes membrane decreased the speed of the slowest anterograde and retrograde teams. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results support the existence of a crosstalk between opposed-polarity motor teams. Moreover, the slowest teams seem to mechanically communicate with each other through the membrane to trigger transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia De Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Dinámica Intracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana E Wetzler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Dinámica Intracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Benseñor
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Emilia De Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Ciclo Básico Común, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Sued
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rodríguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vladimir Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Levi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Dinámica Intracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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83
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Nirschl JJ, Ghiretti AE, Holzbaur ELF. The impact of cytoskeletal organization on the local regulation of neuronal transport. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:585-597. [PMID: 28855741 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are akin to modern cities in that both are dependent on robust transport mechanisms. Like the best mass transit systems, trafficking in neurons must be tailored to respond to local requirements. Neurons depend on both high-speed, long-distance transport and localized dynamics to correctly deliver cargoes and to tune synaptic responses. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that provide localized regulation of the transport machinery, including the cytoskeleton and molecular motors, to yield compartment-specific trafficking in the axon initial segment, axon terminal, dendrites and spines. The synthesis of these mechanisms provides a sophisticated and responsive transit system for the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Nirschl
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amy E Ghiretti
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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84
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Kreko-Pierce T, Eaton BA. The Drosophila LC8 homolog cut up specifies the axonal transport of proteasomes. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3388-3398. [PMID: 28808087 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their functional polarity and elongated morphologies, microtubule-based transport of proteins and organelles is critical for normal neuronal function. The proteasome is required throughout the neuron for the highly regulated degradation of a broad set of protein targets whose functions underlie key physiological responses, including synaptic plasticity and axonal degeneration. Molecularly, the relationship between proteasome transport and the transport of the targets of proteasomes is unclear. The dynein motor complex is required for the microtubule-based motility of numerous proteins and organelles in neurons. Here, we demonstrate that microtubule-based transport of proteasomes within the neuron in Drosophila utilizes a different dynein light chain to that used by synaptic proteins. Live imaging of proteasomes and synaptic vesicle proteins in axons and synapses finds that these cargoes traffic independently, and that proteasomes exhibit significantly reduced retrograde transport velocities compared to those of synaptic vesicle proteins. Genetic and biochemical analyses reveals that the Drosophila homolog of the LC8 dynein light chains (mammalian DYNLL1 and DYNLL2), called Cut up, binds proteasomes and functions specifically during their transport. These data support the model that Cut up functions to specify the dynein-mediated transport of neuronal proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabita Kreko-Pierce
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Benjamin A Eaton
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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85
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Sarnataro D, Pepe A, Zurzolo C. Cell Biology of Prion Protein. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:57-82. [PMID: 28838675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a mammalian glycoprotein which is usually found anchored to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The precise function of PrPC remains elusive but may depend upon its cellular localization. PrPC misfolds to a pathogenic isoform PrPSc, the causative agent of neurodegenerative prion diseases. Nonetheless some forms of prion disease develop in the apparent absence of infectious PrPSc, suggesting that molecular species of PrP distinct from PrPSc may represent the primary neurotoxic culprits. Indeed, in some inherited cases of human prion disease, the predominant form of PrP detectable in the brain is not PrPSc but rather CtmPrP, a transmembrane form of the protein. The relationship between the neurodegeneration occurring in prion diseases involving PrPSc and that associated with CtmPrP remains unclear. However, the different membrane topology of the PrP mutants, as well as the presence of the GPI anchor, could influence both the function and the intracellular localization and trafficking of the protein, all being potentially very important in the pathophysiological mechanism that ultimately causes the disease. Here, we review the latest findings on the fundamental aspects of prions biology, from the PrPC biosynthesis, function, and structure up to its intracellular traffic and analyze the possible roles of the different topological isoforms of the protein, as well as the GPI anchor, in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sarnataro
- University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Ceinge-Biotecnologie avanzate, s.c.a r.l., Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Pepe
- University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenese, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenese, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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86
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Liu JJ. Regulation of dynein-dynactin-driven vesicular transport. Traffic 2017; 18:336-347. [PMID: 28248450 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most of the long-range intracellular movements of vesicles, organelles and other cargoes are driven by microtubule (MT)-based molecular motors. Cytoplasmic dynein, a multisubunit protein complex, with the aid of dynactin, drives transport of a wide variety of cargoes towards the minus end of MTs. In this article, I review our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal regulation of dynein-dynactin-driven vesicular transport with a special emphasis on the many steps of directional movement along MT tracks. These include the recruitment of dynein to MT plus ends, the activation and processivity of dynein, and cargo recognition and release by the motor complex at the target membrane. Furthermore, I summarize the most recent findings about the fine control mechanisms for intracellular transport via the interaction between the dynein-dynactin motor complex and its vesicular cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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87
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Sanger A, Yip YY, Randall TS, Pernigo S, Steiner RA, Dodding MP. SKIP controls lysosome positioning using a composite kinesin-1 heavy and light chain-binding domain. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1637-1651. [PMID: 28302907 PMCID: PMC5450233 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular interplay between cargo recognition and regulation of the activity of the kinesin-1 microtubule motor is not well understood. Using the lysosome adaptor SKIP (also known as PLEKHM2) as model cargo, we show that the kinesin heavy chains (KHCs), in addition to the kinesin light chains (KLCs), can recognize tryptophan-acidic-binding determinants on the cargo when presented in the context of an extended KHC-interacting domain. Mutational separation of KHC and KLC binding shows that both interactions are important for SKIP–kinesin-1 interaction in vitro and that KHC binding is important for lysosome transport in vivo. However, in the absence of KLCs, SKIP can only bind to KHC when autoinhibition is relieved, suggesting that the KLCs gate access to the KHCs. We propose a model whereby tryptophan-acidic cargo is first recognized by KLCs, resulting in destabilization of KHC autoinhibition. This primary event then makes accessible a second SKIP-binding site on the KHC C-terminal tail that is adjacent to the autoinhibitory IAK region. Thus, cargo recognition and concurrent activation of kinesin-1 proceed in hierarchical stepwise fashion driven by a dynamic network of inter- and intra-molecular interactions. Summary: The lysosomal kinesin-1 cargo adaptor SKIP is shown to interact with kinesin-1 via both its heavy and light chains. A new stepwise hierarchical model for kinesin-1 activation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneri Sanger
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yan Y Yip
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Thomas S Randall
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefano Pernigo
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Roberto A Steiner
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mark P Dodding
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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88
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Neumann S, Chassefeyre R, Campbell GE, Encalada SE. KymoAnalyzer: a software tool for the quantitative analysis of intracellular transport in neurons. Traffic 2016; 18:71-88. [PMID: 27770501 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In axons, proper localization of proteins, vesicles, organelles, and other cargoes is accomplished by the highly regulated coordination of kinesins and dyneins, molecular motors that bind to cargoes and translocate them along microtubule (MT) tracks. Impairment of axonal transport is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. To understand how MT-based cargo motility is regulated and to delineate its role in neurodegeneration, it is critical to analyze the detailed dynamics of moving cargoes inside axons. Here, we present KymoAnalyzer, a software tool that facilitates the robust analysis of axonal transport from time-lapse live-imaging sequences. KymoAnalyzer is an open-source software that automatically classifies particle trajectories and systematically calculates velocities, run lengths, pauses, and a wealth of other parameters that are characteristic of motor-based transport. We anticipate that laboratories will easily use this package to unveil previously uncovered intracellular transport details of individually-moving cargoes inside neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Neumann
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Romain Chassefeyre
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - George E Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandra E Encalada
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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89
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Kulkarni A, Khan Y, Ray K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse. FASEB J 2016; 31:965-974. [PMID: 27920150 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600759rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, is distributed along the axon and enriched at the presynaptic basal lamina. It hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which inhibits synaptic transmission. Aberrant AChE activity and ectopic axonal accumulation of the enzyme are associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The molecular mechanism that underlies AChE transport is still unclear. Here, we show that expression of Drosophila AChE tagged with photoactivatable green fluorescent protein and m-Cherry (GPAC) in cholinergic neurons compensates for the RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous AChE activity. GPAC-AChE, which is enriched in the neuropil region of the brain, moves in the apparently vesicular form in axons with an anterograde bias in Drosophila larvae. Two anterograde motors, kinesin-1 and -2, propel distinct aspects of GPAC-AChE movements. Total loss of kinesin-2 reduces the density of anterograde traffic and increases bidirectional movements of GPAC-AChE vesicles without altering their speed. A partial loss of kinesin-1 reduces both the density and speed of anterograde GPAC-AChE traffic and enhances the pool of stationary vesicles. Together, these results suggest that combining activity of a relatively weak kinesin-2 with that of a stronger kinesin-1 motor could steer AChE-containing vesicles toward synapse, and provides a molecular basis for the observed subcellular distribution of the enzyme.-Kulkarni, A., Khan, Y., Ray, K. Heterotrimeric kinesin-2, together with kinesin-1, steers vesicular acetylcholinesterase movements toward the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuttama Kulkarni
- Sophia College, Mumbai, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Krishanu Ray
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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90
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Woodruff G, Reyna SM, Dunlap M, Van Der Kant R, Callender JA, Young JE, Roberts EA, Goldstein LSB. Defective Transcytosis of APP and Lipoproteins in Human iPSC-Derived Neurons with Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations. Cell Rep 2016; 17:759-773. [PMID: 27732852 PMCID: PMC5796664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated early phenotypes caused by familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) mutations in isogenic human iPSC-derived neurons. Analysis of neurons carrying fAD PS1 or APP mutations introduced using genome editing technology at the endogenous loci revealed that fAD mutant neurons had previously unreported defects in the recycling state of endocytosis and soma-to-axon transcytosis of APP and lipoproteins. The endocytosis reduction could be rescued through treatment with a β-secretase inhibitor. Our data suggest that accumulation of β-CTFs of APP, but not Aβ, slow vesicle formation from an endocytic recycling compartment marked by the transcytotic GTPase Rab11. We confirm previous results that endocytosis is affected in AD and extend these to uncover a neuron-specific defect. Decreased lipoprotein endocytosis and transcytosis to the axon suggest that a neuron-specific impairment in endocytic axonal delivery of lipoproteins and other key materials might compromise synaptic maintenance in fAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Woodruff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sol M Reyna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mariah Dunlap
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rik Van Der Kant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julia A Callender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Roberts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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91
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Phosphorylation of FEZ1 by Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinases regulates its function in presynaptic protein trafficking. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26965. [PMID: 27247180 PMCID: PMC4887895 DOI: 10.1038/srep26965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapters bind motor proteins to cargoes and therefore play essential roles in Kinesin-1 mediated intracellular transport. The regulatory mechanisms governing adapter functions and the spectrum of cargoes recognized by individual adapters remain poorly defined. Here, we show that cargoes transported by the Kinesin-1 adapter FEZ1 are enriched for presynaptic components and identify that specific phosphorylation of FEZ1 at its serine 58 regulatory site is mediated by microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARK/PAR-1). Loss of MARK/PAR-1 impairs axonal transport, with adapter and cargo abnormally co-aggregating in neuronal cell bodies and axons. Presynaptic specializations are markedly reduced and distorted in FEZ1 and MARK/PAR-1 mutants. Strikingly, abnormal co-aggregates of unphosphorylated FEZ1, Kinesin-1 and its putative cargoes are present in brains of transgenic mice modelling aspects of Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder exhibiting impaired axonal transport and altered MARK activity. Our findings suggest that perturbed FEZ1-mediated synaptic delivery of proteins arising from abnormal signalling potentially contributes to the process of neurodegeneration.
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92
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Twelvetrees AE, Pernigo S, Sanger A, Guedes-Dias P, Schiavo G, Steiner RA, Dodding MP, Holzbaur ELF. The Dynamic Localization of Cytoplasmic Dynein in Neurons Is Driven by Kinesin-1. Neuron 2016; 90:1000-15. [PMID: 27210554 PMCID: PMC4893161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein, the major motor driving retrograde axonal transport, must be actively localized to axon terminals. This localization is critical as dynein powers essential retrograde trafficking events required for neuronal survival, such as neurotrophic signaling. Here, we demonstrate that the outward transport of dynein from soma to axon terminal is driven by direct interactions with the anterograde motor kinesin-1. In developing neurons, we find that dynein dynamically cycles between neurites, following kinesin-1 and accumulating in the nascent axon coincident with axon specification. In established axons, dynein is constantly transported down the axon at slow axonal transport speeds; inhibition of the kinesin-1-dynein interaction effectively blocks this process. In vitro and live-imaging assays to investigate the underlying mechanism lead us to propose a new model for the slow axonal transport of cytosolic cargos, based on short-lived direct interactions of cargo with a highly processive anterograde motor. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Twelvetrees
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stefano Pernigo
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anneri Sanger
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Pedro Guedes-Dias
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Molecular NeuroPathobiology Laboratory, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Roberto A Steiner
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mark P Dodding
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
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93
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White JA, Banerjee R, Gunawardena S. Axonal Transport and Neurodegeneration: How Marine Drugs Can Be Used for the Development of Therapeutics. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E102. [PMID: 27213408 PMCID: PMC4882576 DOI: 10.3390/md14050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike virtually any other cells in the human body, neurons are tasked with the unique problem of transporting important factors from sites of synthesis at the cell bodies, across enormous distances, along narrow-caliber projections, to distally located nerve terminals in order to maintain cell viability. As a result, axonal transport is a highly regulated process whereby necessary cargoes of all types are packaged and shipped from one end of the neuron to the other. Interruptions in this finely tuned transport have been linked to many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) suggesting that this pathway is likely perturbed early in disease progression. Therefore, developing therapeutics targeted at modifying transport defects could potentially avert disease progression. In this review, we examine a variety of potential compounds identified from marine aquatic species that affect the axonal transport pathway. These compounds have been shown to function in microtubule (MT) assembly and maintenance, motor protein control, and in the regulation of protein degradation pathways, such as the autophagy-lysosome processes, which are defective in many degenerative diseases. Therefore, marine compounds have great potential in developing effective treatment strategies aimed at early defects which, over time, will restore transport and prevent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A White
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Rupkatha Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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94
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Chowdary PD, Che DL, Zhang K, Cui B. Retrograde NGF axonal transport--motor coordination in the unidirectional motility regime. Biophys J 2016; 108:2691-703. [PMID: 26039170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a detailed motion analysis of retrograde nerve growth factor (NGF) endosomes in axons to show that mechanical tugs-of-war and intracellular motor regulation are complimentary features of the near-unidirectional endosome directionality. We used quantum dots to fluorescently label NGF and acquired trajectories of retrograde quantum-dot-NGF-endosomes with <20-nm accuracy at 32 Hz in microfluidic neuron cultures. Using a combination of transient motion analysis and Bayesian parsing, we partitioned the trajectories into sustained periods of retrograde (dynein-driven) motion, constrained pauses, and brief anterograde (kinesin-driven) reversals. The data shows many aspects of mechanical tugs-of-war and multiple-motor mechanics in NGF-endosome transport. However, we found that stochastic mechanical models based on in vitro parameters cannot simulate the experimental data, unless the microtubule-binding affinity of kinesins on the endosome is tuned down by 10 times. Specifically, the simulations suggest that the NGF-endosomes are driven on average by 5-6 active dyneins and 1-2 downregulated kinesins. This is also supported by the dynamics of endosomes detaching under load in axons, showcasing the cooperativity of multiple dyneins and the subdued activity of kinesins. We discuss the possible motor coordination mechanism consistent with motor regulation and tugs-of-war for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphne L Che
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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95
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Iwamaru Y, Kitani H, Okada H, Takenouchi T, Shimizu Y, Imamura M, Miyazawa K, Murayama Y, Hoover EA, Yokoyama T. Proximity of SCG10 and prion protein in membrane rafts. J Neurochem 2015; 136:1204-1218. [PMID: 26663033 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its pathogenic isoform (PrPSc) is an essential event in prion pathogenesis. In culture models, membrane rafts are suggested to play a critical role in PrPSc formation. To identify the candidate molecules capable of interacting with PrPC and facilitating PrPSc formation in membrane rafts, we applied a novel biochemical labeling method termed enzyme-mediated activation of radical sources. Enzyme-mediated activation of radical sources was applied to the Lubrol WX insoluble detergent-resistant membrane fractions from mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells in which the surface PrPC was labeled with HRP-conjugated anti-PrP antibody. Two-dimensional western blots of these preparations revealed biotinylated spots of approximately 20 kDa with an isoelectric point of 8.0-9.0. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis resulted in the identification of peptides containing SCG10, the neuron-specific microtubule regulator. Proximity of SCG10 and PrPC was confirmed using proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay. Transfection of persistently 22L prion-infected N2a cells with SCG10 small interfering RNA reduced SCG10 expression, but did not prevent PrPSc accumulation, indicating that SCG10 appears to be unrelated to PrPSc formation of 22L prion. Immunofluorescence and western blot analyses showed reduced levels of SCG10 in the hippocampus of prion-infected mice, suggesting a possible association between SCG10 levels and the prion neuropathogenesis. By applying a novel biochemical labeling method against detergent-resistant membrane fractions from mouse neuroblastoma cells, the neuron-specific microtubule-destabilization protein, SCG10 was identified as a novel candidate that is proximate to normal prion protein (PrP) in membrane rafts. SCG10 seemed unrelated to disease-related PrP formation under certain conditions, while there is a possible association between SCG10 levels and prion neuropathogenesis. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Iwamaru
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kitani
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shimizu
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Morikazu Imamura
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murayama
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Edward A Hoover
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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96
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Chowdary PD, Che DL, Kaplan L, Chen O, Pu K, Bawendi M, Cui B. Nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes reveals the cooperative function of dyneins in retrograde axonal transport. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18059. [PMID: 26656461 PMCID: PMC4674899 DOI: 10.1038/srep18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynein-dependent transport of organelles from the axon terminals to the cell bodies is essential to the survival and function of neurons. However, quantitative knowledge of dyneins on axonal organelles and their collective function during this long-distance transport is lacking because current technologies to do such measurements are not applicable to neurons. Here, we report a new method termed nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes (NOTE) that made it possible to study the cooperative mechanics of dyneins on retrograde axonal endosomes in live neurons. In this method, the opposing force from an elastic tether causes the endosomes to gradually stall under load and detach with a recoil velocity proportional to the dynein forces. These recoil velocities reveal that the axonal endosomes, despite their small size, can recruit up to 7 dyneins that function as independent mechanical units stochastically sharing load, which is vital for robust retrograde axonal transport. This study shows that NOTE, which relies on controlled generation of reactive oxygen species, is a viable method to manipulate small cellular cargos that are beyond the reach of current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen D. Chowdary
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daphne L. Che
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luke Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.3, B2-05, Singapore 637459
| | - Moungi Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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97
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Trafficking and degradation pathways in pathogenic conversion of prions and prion-like proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Virus Res 2015; 207:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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98
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Jiang M, Esteve-Rudd J, Lopes VS, Diemer T, Lillo C, Rump A, Williams DS. Microtubule motors transport phagosomes in the RPE, and lack of KLC1 leads to AMD-like pathogenesis. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:595-611. [PMID: 26261180 PMCID: PMC4539993 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of phagosomes, derived from the ingestion of photoreceptor outer segment (POS) disk membranes, is a major role of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Here, POS phagosomes were observed to associate with myosin-7a, and then kinesin-1, as they moved from the apical region of the RPE. Live-cell imaging showed that the phagosomes moved bidirectionally along microtubules in RPE cells, with kinesin-1 light chain 1 (KLC1) remaining associated in both directions and during pauses. Lack of KLC1 did not inhibit phagosome speed, but run length was decreased, and phagosome localization and degradation were impaired. In old mice, lack of KLC1 resulted in RPE pathogenesis that was strikingly comparable to aspects of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), with an excessive accumulation of RPE and sub-RPE deposits, as well as oxidative and inflammatory stress responses. These results elucidate mechanisms of POS phagosome transport in relation to degradation, and demonstrate that defective microtubule motor transport in the RPE leads to phenotypes associated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Julian Esteve-Rudd
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vanda S Lopes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tanja Diemer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Agrani Rump
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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99
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Arpağ G, Shastry S, Hancock WO, Tüzel E. Transport by populations of fast and slow kinesins uncovers novel family-dependent motor characteristics important for in vivo function. Biophys J 2015; 107:1896-1904. [PMID: 25418170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cargo transport frequently involves multiple motor types, either having opposite directionality or having the same directionality but different speeds. Although significant progress has been made in characterizing kinesin motors at the single-molecule level, predicting their ensemble behavior is challenging and requires tight coupling between experiments and modeling to uncover the underlying motor behavior. To understand how diverse kinesins attached to the same cargo coordinate their movement, we carried out microtubule gliding assays using pairwise mixtures of motors from the kinesin-1, -2, -3, -5, and -7 families engineered to have identical run lengths and surface attachments. Uniform motor densities were used and microtubule gliding speeds were measured for varying proportions of fast and slow motors. A coarse-grained computational model of gliding assays was developed and found to recapitulate the experiments. Simulations incorporated published force-dependent velocities and run lengths, along with mechanical interactions between motors bound to the same microtubule. The simulations show that the force-dependence of detachment is the key parameter that determines gliding speed in multimotor assays, while motor compliance, surface density, and stall force all play minimal roles. Simulations also provide estimates for force-dependent dissociation rates, suggesting that kinesin-1 and the mitotic motors kinesin-5 and -7 maintain microtubule association against loads, whereas kinesin-2 and -3 readily detach. This work uncovers unexpected motor behavior in multimotor ensembles and clarifies functional differences between kinesins that carry out distinct mechanical tasks in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göker Arpağ
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shankar Shastry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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100
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Liebert A, Bicknell B, Adams R. Prion Protein Signaling in the Nervous System—A Review and Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4137/sti.s12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrPC) was originally known as the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) but with recent research, its true function in cells is becoming clearer. It is known to act as a scaffolding protein, binding multiple ligands at the cell membrane and to be involved in signal transduction, passing information from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoplasm. Its role in the coordination of transmitters at the synapse, glyapse, and gap junction and in short- and long-range neurotrophic signaling gives PrPC a major part in neural transmission and nervous system signaling. It acts to regulate cellular function in multiple targets through its role as a controller of redox status and calcium ion flux. Given the importance of PrPC in cell physiology, this review considers its potential role in disease apart from TSE. The putative functions of PrPC point to involvement in neurodegenerative disease, neuropathic pain, chronic headache, and inflammatory disease including neuroinflammatory disease of the nervous system. Potential targets for the treatment of disease influenced by PrPC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Australia
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