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Kiral FR, Choe M, Park IH. Diencephalic organoids - A key to unraveling development, connectivity, and pathology of the human diencephalon. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1308479. [PMID: 38130869 PMCID: PMC10733522 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1308479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The diencephalon, an integral component of the forebrain, governs a spectrum of crucial functions, ranging from sensory processing to emotional regulation. Yet, unraveling its unique development, intricate connectivity, and its role in neurodevelopmental disorders has long been hampered by the scarcity of human brain tissue and ethical constraints. Recent advancements in stem cell technology, particularly the emergence of brain organoids, have heralded a new era in neuroscience research. Although most brain organoid methodologies have hitherto concentrated on directing stem cells toward telencephalic fates, novel techniques now permit the generation of region-specific brain organoids that faithfully replicate precise diencephalic identities. These models mirror the complexity of the human diencephalon, providing unprecedented opportunities for investigating diencephalic development, functionality, connectivity, and pathophysiology in vitro. This review summarizes the development, function, and connectivity of diencephalic structures and touches upon developmental brain disorders linked to diencephalic abnormalities. Furthermore, it presents current diencephalic organoid models and their applications in unraveling the intricacies of diencephalic development, function, and pathology in humans. Lastly, it highlights thalamocortical assembloid models, adept at capturing human-specific aspects of thalamocortical connections, along with their relevance in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - In-Hyun Park
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Wu Tsai Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Kiral FR, Cakir B, Tanaka Y, Kim J, Yang WS, Wehbe F, Kang YJ, Zhong M, Sancer G, Lee SH, Xiang Y, Park IH. Generation of ventralized human thalamic organoids with thalamic reticular nucleus. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:677-688.e5. [PMID: 37019105 PMCID: PMC10329908 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Human brain organoids provide unique platforms for modeling several aspects of human brain development and pathology. However, current brain organoid systems mostly lack the resolution to recapitulate the development of finer brain structures with subregional identity, including functionally distinct nuclei in the thalamus. Here, we report a method for converting human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into ventral thalamic organoids (vThOs) with transcriptionally diverse nuclei identities. Notably, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed previously unachieved thalamic patterning with a thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) signature, a GABAergic nucleus located in the ventral thalamus. Using vThOs, we explored the functions of TRN-specific, disease-associated genes patched domain containing 1 (PTCHD1) and receptor tyrosine-protein kinase (ERBB4) during human thalamic development. Perturbations in PTCHD1 or ERBB4 impaired neuronal functions in vThOs, albeit not affecting the overall thalamic lineage development. Together, vThOs present an experimental model for understanding nuclei-specific development and pathology in the thalamus of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Woo Sub Yang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fabien Wehbe
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gizem Sancer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia carry out multiple tasks related to brain development, maintenance of brain homeostasis, and function of the CNS. Recent advanced in vitro model systems allow us to perform more detailed and specific analyses of microglial functions in the CNS. The development of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)-based 2D and 3D cell culture methods, particularly advancements in brain organoid models, offers a better platform to dissect microglial function in various contexts. Despite the improvement of these methods, there are still definite restrictions. Understanding their drawbacks and benefits ensures their proper use. In this primer, we review current developments regarding in vitro microglial production and characterization and their use to address fundamental questions about microglial function in healthy and diseased states, and we discuss potential future improvements with a particular emphasis on brain organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Paniagua S, Cakir B, Hu Y, Kiral FR, Tanaka Y, Xiang Y, Patterson B, Gruen JR, Park IH. Dyslexia associated gene KIAA0319 regulates cell cycle during human neuroepithelial cell development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:967147. [PMID: 36016658 PMCID: PMC9395643 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.967147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia, also known as reading disability, is defined as difficulty processing written language in individuals with normal intellectual capacity and educational opportunity. The prevalence of dyslexia is between 5 and 17%, and the heritability ranges from 44 to 75%. Genetic linkage analysis and association studies have identified several genes and regulatory elements linked to dyslexia and reading ability. However, their functions and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Prominent among these is KIAA0319, encoded in the DYX2 locus of human chromosome 6p22. The association of KIAA0319 with reading performance has been replicated in independent studies and different languages. Rodent models suggest that kiaa0319 is involved in neuronal migration, but its role throughout the cortical development is largely unknown. In order to define the function of KIAA0319 in human cortical development, we applied the neural developmental model of a human embryonic stem cell. We knocked down KIAA0319 expression in hESCs and performed the cortical neuroectodermal differentiation. We found that neuroepithelial cell differentiation is one of the first stages of hESC differentiation that are affected by KIAA0319 knocked down could affect radial migration and thus differentiation into diverse neural populations at the cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Paniagua
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benjamin Patterson
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Gruen
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Jeffrey R. Gruen, ; In-Hyun Park,
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Jeffrey R. Gruen, ; In-Hyun Park,
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Kiral FR, Park IH. Human Down syndrome microglia are up for a synaptic feast. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1007-1008. [PMID: 35803219 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Jin et al. report that human Down syndrome microglia exhibit enhanced synaptic engulfment and accelerated tau-induced cellular senescence in human-mouse chimeric brains. They show that inhibiting interferon signaling rescues both developmental and tau-associated phenotypes, rendering it a potential therapeutic target for Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Susaimanickam PJ, Kiral FR, Park IH. Region Specific Brain Organoids to Study Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:26-40. [PMID: 35220290 PMCID: PMC8889336 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Region specific brain organoids are brain organoids derived by patterning protocols using extrinsic signals as opposed to cerebral organoids obtained by self-patterning. The main focus of this review is to discuss various region-specific brain organoids developed so far and their application in modeling neurodevelopmental disease. We first discuss the principles of neural axis formation by series of growth factors, such as SHH, WNT, BMP signalings, that are critical to generate various region-specific brain organoids. Then we discuss various neurodevelopmental disorders modeled so far with these region-specific brain organoids, and findings made on mechanism and treatment options for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Joseph Susaimanickam
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Cakir B, Tanaka Y, Kiral FR, Xiang Y, Dagliyan O, Wang J, Lee M, Greaney AM, Yang WS, duBoulay C, Kural MH, Patterson B, Zhong M, Kim J, Bai Y, Min W, Niklason LE, Patra P, Park IH. Expression of the transcription factor PU.1 induces the generation of microglia-like cells in human cortical organoids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:430. [PMID: 35058453 PMCID: PMC8776770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a role in the emergence and preservation of a healthy brain microenvironment. Dysfunction of microglia has been associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Investigating the function of human microglia in health and disease has been challenging due to the limited models of the human brain available. Here, we develop a method to generate functional microglia in human cortical organoids (hCOs) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We apply this system to study the role of microglia during inflammation induced by amyloid-β (Aβ). The overexpression of the myeloid-specific transcription factor PU.1 generates microglia-like cells in hCOs, producing mhCOs (microglia-containing hCOs), that we engraft in the mouse brain. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that mhCOs acquire a microglia cell cluster with an intact complement and chemokine system. Functionally, microglia in mhCOs protect parenchyma from cellular and molecular damage caused by Aβ. Furthermore, in mhCOs, we observed reduced expression of Aβ-induced expression of genes associated with apoptosis, ferroptosis, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) stage III. Finally, we assess the function of AD-associated genes highly expressed in microglia in response to Aβ using pooled CRISPRi coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing in mhCOs. In summary, we provide a protocol to generate mhCOs that can be used in fundamental and translational studies as a model to investigate the role of microglia in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Onur Dagliyan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Maria Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Allison M Greaney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Woo Sub Yang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Mehmet Hamdi Kural
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin Patterson
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yalai Bai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Prabir Patra
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT, 06604, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Kiral FR, Dutta SB, Linneweber GA, Hilgert S, Poppa C, Duch C, von Kleist M, Hassan BA, Hiesinger PR. Brain connectivity inversely scales with developmental temperature in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110145. [PMID: 34936868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability of synapse numbers and partners despite identical genes reveals the limits of genetic determinism. Here, we use developmental temperature as a non-genetic perturbation to study variability of brain wiring and behavior in Drosophila. Unexpectedly, slower development at lower temperatures increases axo-dendritic branching, synapse numbers, and non-canonical synaptic partnerships of various neurons, while maintaining robust ratios of canonical synapses. Using R7 photoreceptors as a model, we show that changing the relative availability of synaptic partners using a DIPγ mutant that ablates R7's preferred partner leads to temperature-dependent recruitment of non-canonical partners to reach normal synapse numbers. Hence, R7 synaptic specificity is not absolute but based on the relative availability of postsynaptic partners and presynaptic control of synapse numbers. Behaviorally, movement precision is temperature robust, while movement activity is optimized for the developmentally encountered temperature. These findings suggest genetically encoded relative and scalable synapse formation to develop functional, but not identical, brains and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Suchetana B Dutta
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerit Arne Linneweber
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Selina Hilgert
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (iDN), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Poppa
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (iDN), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Max von Kleist
- MF1 Bioinformatics, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - P Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Jin EJ, Kiral FR, Ozel MN, Burchardt LS, Osterland M, Epstein D, Wolfenberg H, Prohaska S, Hiesinger PR. Live Observation of Two Parallel Membrane Degradation Pathways at Axon Terminals. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1027-1038.e4. [PMID: 29551411 PMCID: PMC5944365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that require continuous turnover of membrane proteins at axon terminals to develop, function, and survive. Yet, it is still unclear whether membrane protein degradation requires transport back to the cell body or whether degradation also occurs locally at the axon terminal, where live observation of sorting and degradation has remained a challenge. Here, we report direct observation of two cargo-specific membrane protein degradation mechanisms at axon terminals based on a live-imaging approach in intact Drosophila brains. We show that different acidification-sensing cargo probes are sorted into distinct classes of degradative “hub” compartments for synaptic vesicle proteins and plasma membrane proteins at axon terminals. Sorting and degradation of the two cargoes in the separate hubs are molecularly distinct. Local sorting of synaptic vesicle proteins for degradation at the axon terminal is, surprisingly, Rab7 independent, whereas sorting of plasma membrane proteins is Rab7 dependent. The cathepsin-like protease CP1 is specific to synaptic vesicle hubs, and its delivery requires the vesicle SNARE neuronal synaptobrevin. Cargo separation only occurs at the axon terminal, whereas degradative compartments at the cell body are mixed. These data show that at least two local, molecularly distinct pathways sort membrane cargo for degradation specifically at the axon terminal, whereas degradation can occur both at the terminal and en route to the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jennifer Jin
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehmet Neset Ozel
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lara Sophie Burchardt
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Osterland
- Zuse Institute Berlin, Takustraße 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Epstein
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Wolfenberg
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peter Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Jin EJ, Kiral FR, Hiesinger PR. The where, what, and when of membrane protein degradation in neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:283-297. [PMID: 28884504 PMCID: PMC5816708 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protein turnover and degradation are required for the function and health of all cells. Neurons may live for the entire lifetime of an organism and are highly polarized cells with spatially segregated axonal and dendritic compartments. Both longevity and morphological complexity represent challenges for regulated membrane protein degradation. To investigate how neurons cope with these challenges, an increasing number of recent studies investigated local, cargo-specific protein sorting, and degradation at axon terminals and in dendritic processes. In this review, we explore the current answers to the ensuing questions of where, what, and when membrane proteins are degraded in neurons. © 2017 The Authors Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 283-297, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jennifer Jin
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX75390USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Robin Hiesinger
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
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