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Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Muhie S, Miller SA, Moyler C, Jett M, Hammamieh R. The responses of lungs and adjacent lymph nodes in responding to Yersinia pestis infection: A transcriptomic study using a non-human primate model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209592. [PMID: 30789917 PMCID: PMC6383991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiation of treatment during the pre-symptomatic phase of Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) infection is particularly critical. The rapid proliferation of Y. pestis typically couples with the manifestation of common flu-like early symptoms that often misguides the medical intervention. Our study used African green monkeys (AGM) that did not exhibit clear clinical symptoms for nearly two days after intranasal challenge with Y. pestis and succumbed within a day after showing the first signs of clinical symptoms. The lung, and mediastinal and submandibular lymph nodes (LN) accumulated significant Y. pestis colonization immediately after the intranasal challenge. Hence, organ-specific molecular investigations are deemed to be the key to elucidating mechanisms of the initial host response. Our previous study focused on the whole blood of AGM, and we found early perturbations in the ubiquitin-microtubule-mediated host defense. Altered expression of the genes present in ubiquitin and microtubule networks indicated an early suppression of these networks in the submandibular lymph nodes. In concert, the upstream toll-like receptor signaling and downstream NFκB signaling were inhibited at the multi-omics level. The inflammatory response was suppressed in the lungs, submandibular lymph nodes and mediastinal lymph nodes. We posited a causal chain of molecular mechanisms that indicated Y. pestis was probably able to impair host-mediated proteolysis activities and evade autophagosome capture by dysregulating both ubiquitin and microtubule networks in submandibular lymph nodes. Targeting these networks in a submandibular LN-specific and time-resolved fashion could be essential for development of the next generation therapeutics for pneumonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Aarti Gautam
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Seid Muhie
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- ORISE, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Candace Moyler
- ORISE, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
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52
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Bastedo DP, Lo T, Laflamme B, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Diversity and Evolution of Type III Secreted Effectors: A Case Study of Three Families. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 427:201-230. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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53
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Xia X, Wang X, Zheng Y, Jiang J, Hu J. What role does pyroptosis play in microbial infection? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7885-7892. [PMID: 30537070 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis, a type of programmed cell death mediated by gasdermin, is characterized by the swelling and rupture of cells, release of cellular contents and a strong inflammatory response, which is critical for controlling microbial infection. Pattern recognition receptors recognize the intracellular and extracellular pathogenic microbial components and stimulate the organism's inflammatory response by activating the pyroptosis signaling pathway and releasing interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and other inflammatory factors to promote pathogen clearance and prevent infection. In the process of continuous evolution, pathogens have developed multiple strategies to modulate the occurrence of pyroptosis and thus enhance their ability to induce disease; that is, the competition between host cells and pathogens controls the occurrence of pyroptosis. Competition can directly affect tissue inflammation outbreaks and even alter cell survival. Studies have shown that various bacterial infections, including Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Legionella pneumophila, can lead to pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases caused by microbial infection, and the identification of molecules related to the pyroptosis signaling pathway may provide new drug targets for the treatment of related diseases. This study reviews the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and the role of pyroptosis in microbial infection-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinqing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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54
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Le Daré B, Victoni T, Bodin A, Vlach M, Vene E, Loyer P, Lagente V, Gicquel T. Ethanol upregulates the P2X7 purinergic receptor in human macrophages. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 33:63-74. [PMID: 30447168 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is considered to be the third leading cause of death in the United States. In addition to its direct toxicity, ethanol has two contrasting effects on the immune system: the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is inhibited by acute ethanol exposure but activated by chronic ethanol exposure. Purinergic receptors (especially the P2X7 receptor) are able to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and are involved in many ethanol-related diseases (such as gout, pulmonary fibrosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis, and certain cancers). We hypothesized that ethanol regulates purinergic receptors and thus modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome's activity. In experiments with monocyte-derived macrophages, we found that interleukin (IL)-1β secretion was inhibited after 7 h of exposure (but not 48 h of exposure) to ethanol. The disappearance of ethanol's inhibitory effect on IL-1β secretion after 48 h was not mediated by the upregulated production of IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6 or the inflammasome components NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, and caspase 1. P2X7R expression was upregulated by ethanol, whereas expression of the P2X4 and P2X1 receptors was not. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that ethanol induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation by upregulating the P2X7 receptor. This observation might have revealed a new mechanism for inflammation in ethanol-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Le Daré
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Pharmacy Service, Pontchaillou University Hospital, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Tatiana Victoni
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Aude Bodin
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Manuel Vlach
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Elise Vene
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Lagente
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolism and Cancer), Univ Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Forensic and Toxicology Laboratory, Pontchaillou University Hospital, F-35000, Rennes, France
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55
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Revisiting Bacterial Ubiquitin Ligase Effectors: Weapons for Host Exploitation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113576. [PMID: 30428531 PMCID: PMC6274744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation plays a central role in eukaryotic cell physiology. It is involved in several regulatory processes, ranging from protein folding or degradation, subcellular localization of proteins, vesicular trafficking and endocytosis to DNA repair, cell cycle, innate immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis. As such, it is reasonable that pathogens have developed a way to exploit such a crucial system to enhance their virulence against the host. Hence, bacteria have evolved a wide range of effectors capable of mimicking the main players of the eukaryotic ubiquitin system, in particular ubiquitin ligases, by interfering with host physiology. Here, we give an overview of this topic and, in particular, we detail and discuss the mechanisms developed by pathogenic bacteria to hijack the host ubiquitination system for their own benefit.
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56
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Sheppe AEF, Kummari E, Walker A, Richards A, Hui WW, Lee JH, Mangum L, Borazjani A, Ross MK, Edelmann MJ. PGE2 Augments Inflammasome Activation and M1 Polarization in Macrophages Infected With Salmonella Typhimurium and Yersinia enterocolitica. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2447. [PMID: 30429830 PMCID: PMC6220063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are cellular metabolites, which shape the immune response, including inflammatory processes in macrophages. The effects of these lipid mediators on inflammation and bacterial pathogenesis are not clearly understood. Certain eicosanoids are suspected to act as molecular sensors for the recruitment of neutrophils, while others regulate bacterial uptake. In this study, gene expression analyses indicated that genes involved in eicosanoid biosynthesis including COX-1, COX-2, DAGL, and PLA-2 are differentially regulated in THP-1 human macrophages infected with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium or Yersinia enterocolitica. By using targeted metabolomics approach, we found that the eicosanoid precursor, arachidonic acid (AA) as well as its derivatives, including prostaglandins (PGs) PGF2α or PGE2/PGD2, and thromboxane TxB2, are rapidly secreted from macrophages infected with these Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The magnitude of eicosanoid biosynthesis in infected host cells depends on the presence of virulence factors of Y. enterocolitica and S. Typhimurium strains, albeit in an opposite way in Y. enterocolitica compared to S. Typhimurium infection. Trials with combinations of EP2/EP4 PGE2 receptor agonists and antagonists suggest that PGE2 signaling in these infection models works primarily through the EP4 receptor. Downstream of EP4 activation, PGE2 enhances inflammasome activation and represses M2 macrophage polarization while inducing key M1-type markers. PGE2 also led to a decreased numbers of Y. enterocolitica within macrophages. To summarize, PGE2 is a potent autocrine/paracrine activator of inflammation during infection in Gram-negative bacteria, and it affects macrophage polarization, likely controlling bacterial clearance by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin E. F. Sheppe
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Evangel Kummari
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Alyssa Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Angela Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Winnie W. Hui
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Lauren Mangum
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Matthew K. Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Mariola J. Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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57
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Fong JJ, Tsai CM, Saha S, Nizet V, Varki A, Bui JD. Siglec-7 engagement by GBS β-protein suppresses pyroptotic cell death of natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10410-10415. [PMID: 30254166 PMCID: PMC6187154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that recognize and destroy abnormal host cells, such as tumor cells or those infected by viral pathogens. To safely accomplish these functions, NK cells display activating receptors that detect stress molecules or viral ligands displayed at the cell surface, balanced by inhibitory receptors that bind to self-molecules. To date, such activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells are not known to recognize bacterial determinants. Moreover, NK cell responses to direct interactions with extracellular bacteria are poorly explored. In this study, we observed the human neonatal pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) can directly engage human NK cells. The interaction was mediated through the B6N segment of streptococcal β-protein, binding to the inhibitory receptor Siglec-7 via its amino-terminal V-set domain. Unlike classical Siglec binding, the interaction is also independent of its sialic acid recognition property. In contrast to WT GBS, mutants lacking β-protein induced efficient pyroptosis of NK cells through the NLRP3 inflammasome, with production and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and dissemination of the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B. We postulate that GBS evolved β-protein engagement of inhibitory human Siglec-7 to suppress the pyroptotic response of NK cells and thereby block recruitment of a broader innate immune response, i.e., by "silencing the sentinel."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Fong
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudeshna Saha
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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58
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Norkowski S, Schmidt MA, Rüter C. The species-spanning family of LPX-motif harbouring effector proteins. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12945. [PMID: 30137651 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of effector proteins into infected eukaryotic cells represents a key virulence feature of many microbial pathogens in order to derail essential cellular processes and effectively counter the host defence system. Although bacterial effectors are truly numerous and exhibit a wide range of biochemical activities, commonalities in terms of protein structure and function shared by many bacterial pathogens exist. Recent progress has shed light on a species-spanning family of bacterial effectors containing an LPX repeat motif as a subtype of the leucine-rich repeat superfamily, partially combined with a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase domain. This review highlights the immunomodulatory effects of LPX effector proteins, with particular emphasis on the exploitation of the host ubiquitin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Norkowski
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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59
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Gain-of-Function Analysis Reveals Important Virulence Roles for the Yersinia pestis Type III Secretion System Effectors YopJ, YopT, and YpkA. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00318-18. [PMID: 29891548 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00318-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence of Yersinia pestis in mammals requires the type III secretion system, which delivers seven effector proteins into the cytoplasm of host cells to undermine immune responses. All seven of these effectors are conserved across Y. pestis strains, but three, YopJ, YopT, and YpkA, are apparently dispensable for virulence. Some degree of functional redundancy between effector proteins would explain both observations. Here, we use a combinatorial genetic approach to define the minimal subset of effectors required for full virulence in mice following subcutaneous infection. We found that a Y. pestis strain lacking YopJ, YopT, and YpkA is attenuated for virulence in mice and that addition of any one of these effectors to this strain increases lethality significantly. YopJ, YopT, and YpkA likely contribute to virulence via distinct mechanisms. YopJ is uniquely able to cause macrophage cell death in vitro and to suppress accumulation of inflammatory cells to foci of bacterial growth in deep tissue, whereas YopT and YpkA cannot. The synthetic phenotypes that emerge when YopJ, YopT, and YpkA are removed in combination provide evidence that each effector enhances Y. pestis virulence and that YopT and YpkA act through a mechanism distinct from that of YopJ.
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60
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den Hartigh AB, Fink SL. Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29863661 DOI: 10.3791/57463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis. In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington;
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61
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Stroumza N, Gauthier N, Senet P, Moguelet P, Nail Barthelemy R, Atlan M. Paradoxical Adipose Hypertrophy (PAH) After Cryolipolysis. Aesthet Surg J 2018; 38:411-417. [PMID: 29145587 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryolipolysis is a minimally invasive technique used to decrease local adipose tissue by thermal cooling. Paradoxical adipose hypertrophy (PAH) is a rare complication of cryolipolysis with important aesthetic consequences. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to describe four cases of PAH after a cryolipolysis treatment. METHODS Between January 2014 and January 2017, all patients who had undergone a cryolipolysis treatment in a single center were reviewed. The device used was a CoolSculpting device and the same operator performed all the cryolipolysis treatments. We retrospectively included all patients who had a suspicion of PAH. RESULTS In our study, 398 patients underwent a session of cryolipolysis. Four patients presented with a voluminous painless swelling in the treated area, between 2 and 4 months after the cryolipolysis session. One patient was treated with liposuction. Histological analysis of the adipose tissue in this patient revealed a nonspecific panniculitis. The other three patients did not receive any additional treatment, and their symptoms stabilized after several months. CONCLUSIONS Although cryolipolysis generally yields good results, it can be complicated with PAH, which tends to occur a few months after the cryolipolysis treatment. Patients should be informed of the possibility of developing this complication and encouraged to attend regular follow up for at least 6 months, so that this condition can be readily detected. Surgical treatment should be offered if there is no spontaneous improvement of the symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Senet
- Consultant in Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Hopital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moguelet
- Consultant in Anatomopathology, Anatomopathology Laboratory, Hopital Tenon, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael Atlan
- Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Hopital Tenon, Paris, France
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62
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Li CG, Yan L, Jing YY, Xu LH, Liang YD, Wei HX, Hu B, Pan H, Zha QB, Ouyang DY, He XH. Berberine augments ATP-induced inflammasome activation in macrophages by enhancing AMPK signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:95-109. [PMID: 27980220 PMCID: PMC5352208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The isoquinoline alkaloid berberine possesses many pharmacological activities including antibacterial infection. Although the direct bactericidal effect of berberine has been documented, its influence on the antibacterial functions of macrophages is largely unknown. As inflammasome activation in macrophages is important for the defense against bacterial infection, we aimed to investigate the influence of berberine on inflammasome activation in murine macrophages. Our results showed that berberine significantly increased ATP-induced inflammasome activation as reflected by enhanced pyroptosis as well as increased release of caspase-1p10 and mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in macrophages. Such effects of berberine could be suppressed by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C or by knockdown of AMPKα expression, indicating the involvement of AMPK signaling in this process. In line with increased IL-1β release, the ability of macrophages to kill engulfed bacteria was also intensified by berberine. This was corroborated by the in vivo finding that the peritoneal live bacterial load was decreased by berberine treatment. Moreover, berberine administration significantly improved survival of bacterial infected mice, concomitant with increased IL-1β levels and elevated neutrophil recruitment in the peritoneal cavity. Collectively, these data suggested that berberine could enhance bacterial killing by augmenting inflammasome activation in macrophages through AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Guang Li
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yun Jing
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Dan Liang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wei
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Bing Zha
- Department of Fetal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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63
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Frevert CW, Felgenhauer J, Wygrecka M, Nastase MV, Schaefer L. Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns Derived From the Extracellular Matrix Provide Temporal Control of Innate Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:213-227. [PMID: 29290139 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417740880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through direct interactions with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes. Through these interactions, ECM-derived DAMPs autonomously trigger sterile inflammation or prolong pathogen-induced responses through the production of proinflammatory mediators and the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of injury and infection. Recent research, however, suggests that ECM-derived DAMPs are additionally involved in the resolution and fine-tuning of inflammation by orchestrating the production of anti-inflammatory mediators that are required for the resolution of tissue inflammation and the transition to acquired immunity. Thus, in this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the interplay between ECM-derived DAMPs and the innate immune signaling pathways that are activated to provide temporal control of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kattah MG, Malynn BA, Ma A. Ubiquitin-Modifying Enzymes and Regulation of the Inflammasome. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3471-3485. [PMID: 29031697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-modifying enzymes play critical roles in a wide variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Inflammatory signaling cascades downstream of TNF, TLR agonists, antigen receptor cross-linking, and cytokine receptors, all rely on ubiquitination events to direct subsequent immune responses. In the past several years, inflammasome activation and subsequent signal transduction have emerged as an excellent example of how ubiquitin signals control inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes are multiprotein signaling complexes that ultimately lead to caspase activation and release of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, IL-1β and IL-18. Inflammasome activation is critical for the host's defense against pathogens, but dysregulation of inflammasomes may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Ultimately, understanding how various ubiquitin interacting proteins control inflammatory signaling cascades could provide new pathways for therapeutic intervention. Here we review specific ubiquitin-modifying enzymes and ubiquitination events that orchestrate inflammatory responses, with an emphasis on the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kattah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA
| | - Barbara A Malynn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA.
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Abstract
As a pathogen of plague, Yersinia pestis caused three massive pandemics in history that killed hundreds of millions of people. Yersinia pestis is highly invasive, causing severe septicemia which, if untreated, is usually fatal to its host. To survive in the host and maintain a persistent infection, Yersinia pestis uses several stratagems to evade the innate and the adaptive immune responses. For example, infections with this organism are biphasic, involving an initial "noninflammatory" phase where bacterial replication occurs initially with little inflammation and following by extensive phagocyte influx, inflammatory cytokine production, and considerable tissue destruction, which is called "proinflammatory" phase. In contrast, the host also utilizes its immune system to eliminate the invading bacteria. Neutrophil and macrophage are the first defense against Yersinia pestis invading through phagocytosis and killing. Other innate immune cells also play different roles, such as dendritic cells which help to generate more T helper cells. After several days post infection, the adaptive immune response begins to provide organism-specific protection and has a long-lasting immunological memory. Thus, with the cooperation and collaboration of innate and acquired immunity, the bacterium may be eliminated from the host. The research of Yersinia pestis and host immune systems provides an important topic to understand pathogen-host interaction and consequently develop effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Bi
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing, 100071, China.
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66
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Guanylate Binding Proteins Regulate Inflammasome Activation in Response to Hyperinjected Yersinia Translocon Components. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00778-16. [PMID: 28784930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00778-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial pathogens utilize virulence-associated secretion systems to inject, or translocate, effector proteins into host cells to manipulate cellular processes and promote bacterial replication. However, translocated bacterial products are sensed by nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs), which trigger the formation of a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, leading to secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokines, pyroptosis, and control of pathogen replication. Pathogenic Yersinia bacteria inject effector proteins termed Yops, as well as pore-forming proteins that comprise the translocon itself, into target cells. The Yersinia translocation regulatory protein YopK promotes bacterial virulence by limiting hyperinjection of the translocon proteins YopD and YopB into cells, thereby limiting cellular detection of Yersinia virulence activity. How hyperinjection of translocon proteins leads to inflammasome activation is currently unknown. We found that translocated YopB and YopD colocalized with the late endosomal/lysosomal protein LAMP1 and that the frequency of YopD and LAMP1 association correlated with the level of caspase-1 activation in individual cells. We also observed colocalization between YopD and Galectin-3, an indicator of endosomal membrane damage. Intriguingly, YopK limited the colocalization of Galectin-3 with YopD, suggesting that YopK limits the induction or sensing of endosomal membrane damage by components of the type III secretion system (T3SS) translocon. Furthermore, guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) encoded on chromosome 3 (GbpChr3 ), which respond to pathogen-induced damage or alteration of host membranes, were necessary for inflammasome activation in response to hyperinjected YopB/-D. Our findings indicate that lysosomal damage by Yersinia translocon proteins promotes inflammasome activation and implicate GBPs as key regulators of this process.
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Abstract
Inflammasome-associated innate immune receptors sense host-cell targeting by the type III secretion system (T3SS) of pathogenic Yersinia. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Chung et al. (2016) show that the Yersinia T3SS effector protein YopM counteracts this recognition pathway by restricting the pyrin inflammasome, thus increasing bacterial fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology & Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Sritrakul T, Nitipan S, Wajjwalku W, La-Ard A, Suphatpahirapol C, Petkarnjanapong W, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Prapong S. Leptospira borgpetersenii hybrid leucine-rich repeat protein: Cloning and expression, immunogenic identification and molecular docking evaluation. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 142:52-62. [PMID: 28912108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease, and the major outbreak of this disease in Thailand in 1999 was due largely to the Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe. Identification of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) LBJ_2271 protein containing immunogenic epitopes and the discovery of the LBJ_2271 ortholog in Leptospira serovar Sejroe, KU_Sej_R21_2271, led to further studies of the antigenic immune properties of KU_Sej_LRR_2271. The recombinant hybrid (rh) protein was created and expressed from a hybrid PCR fragment of KU_Sej_R21_2271 fused with DNA encoding the LBJ_2271 signal sequence for targeting protein as a membrane-anchoring protein. The fusion DNA was cloned into pET160/GW/D-TOPO® to form the pET160_hKU_R21_2271 plasmid. The plasmid was used to express the rhKU_Sej_LRR_2271 protein in Escherichia coli BL21 Star™ (DE3). The expressed protein was immunologically detected by Western blotting and immunoreactivity detection with hyperimmune sera, T cell epitope prediction by HLA allele and epitope peptide binding affinity, and potential T cell reactivity analysis. The immunogenic epitopes of the protein were evaluated and verified by HLA allele and epitope peptide complex structure molecular docking. Among fourteen best allele epitopes of this protein, binding affinity values of 12 allele epitopes remained unchanged compared to LBJ_2271. Two epitopes for alleles HLA-A0202 and -A0301 had higher IC50 values, while T cell reactivity values of these peptides were better than values from LBJ_2271 epitopes. Eight of twelve epitope peptides had positive T-cell reactivity scores. Although the molecular docking of two epitopes, 3FPLLKEFLV11/47FPLLKEFLV55 and 50KLSTVPEGV58, into an HLA-A0202 model revealed a good fit in the docked structures, 50KLSTVPEGV58 and 94KLSTVPEEV102 are still considered as the proteins' best epitopes for allele HLA-A0202. The results of this study showed that rhKU_Sej_LRR_2271 protein contained natural immunological properties that should be further examined with respect to antigenic immune stimulation for vaccine development to prevent prevalent leptospiral serovar infection in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tepyuda Sritrakul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, the Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supachai Nitipan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phattalung campus, Phattalung Province, Thailand
| | - Worawidh Wajjwalku
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaengsaen campus, Kasetsart University, NakornPathom Province, Thailand
| | - Anchalee La-Ard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaengsaen campus, Kasetsart University, NakornPathom Province, Thailand
| | - Chattip Suphatpahirapol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, the Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wimol Petkarnjanapong
- The National Institute of Health of Thailand, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburee Province, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Prapong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, the Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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69
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Hu GQ, Song PX, Chen W, Qi S, Yu SX, Du CT, Deng XM, Ouyang HS, Yang YJ. Cirtical role for Salmonella effector SopB in regulating inflammasome activation. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:280-286. [PMID: 28846926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salmonella is known to evolve many mechanisms to avoid or delay inflammasome activation which remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether the SopB protein critical to bacteria virulence capacity was an effector that involved in the regulation of inflammasome activation. METHODS BMDMs from NLRC4-, NLRP3-, caspase-1/-11-, IFI16- and AIM2-deficient mice were pretreated with LPS, and subsequently stimulated with a series of SopB-related strains of Salmonella, inflammasome induced cell death, IL-1β secretion, cleaved caspase-1 production and ASC speckle formation were detected. RESULTS We found that SopB could inhibit host IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 activation and inflammasome induced cell death using a series of SopB-related strains of Salmonella; however the reduction of IL-1β secretion was not dependent on sensor that contain PYD domain, such as NLRP3, AIM2 or IFI16, but dependent on NLRC4. Notably, SopB specifically prevented ASC oligomerization and the enzymatic activity of SopB was responsible for the inflammasome inhibition. Furthermore, inhibition of Akt signaling induced enhanced inflammasome activation. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed a novel role in inhibition of NLRC4 inflammasome for Salmonella effector SopB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qiu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pei-Xuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shui-Xing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chong-Tao Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xu-Ming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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70
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Philip NH, Zwack EE, Brodsky IE. Activation and Evasion of Inflammasomes by Yersinia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 397:69-90. [PMID: 27460805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays an essential role in initiating the early response against microbial infection, as well as instructing and shaping subsequent responses. Microbial pathogens are enormously diverse in terms of the niches they occupy, their metabolic properties and requirements, and the cellular pathways that they target. Nevertheless, innate sensing of pathogens triggers a relatively stereotyped set of responses that involve transcriptional induction of key inflammatory mediators, as well as post-translational assembly and activation of a multiprotein inflammatory complex termed 'the inflammasome.' Along with classical Pattern Recognition Receptors, the inflammasome activation pathway has emerged as a key regulator of tissue homeostasis and immune defense. Components of the inflammasome generally exist within the cell in a soluble, monomeric state, and oligomerize in response to diverse enzymatic activities associated with infection or cellular stress. Inflammasome assembly triggers activation of the pro-enzyme caspase-1, resulting in the cleavage of caspase-1 targets. The most extensively studied targets are the cytokines of the IL-1 family, but the recent discovery of Gasdermin D as a novel target of caspase-1 and the related inflammatory caspase, caspase-11, has begun to mechanistically define the links between caspase-1 activation and cell death. Cell death is a hallmark of macrophage infection by many pathogens, including the gram-negative bacterial pathogens of the genus Yersinia. Intriguingly, the activities of the Yersinia-secreted effector proteins and the type III secretion system (T3SS) itself have been linked to both inflammasome activation and evasion during infection. The balance between these activating and inhibitory activities shapes the outcome of Yersinia infection. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge on interactions between Yersinia and the inflammasome system, with the goal of integrating these findings within the general framework of inflammasome responses to microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi H Philip
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Immunology Graduate Group, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erin E Zwack
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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71
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Rao S, Schieber AMP, O'Connor CP, Leblanc M, Michel D, Ayres JS. Pathogen-Mediated Inhibition of Anorexia Promotes Host Survival and Transmission. Cell 2017; 168:503-516.e12. [PMID: 28129542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sickness-induced anorexia is a conserved behavior induced during infections. Here, we report that an intestinal pathogen, Salmonella Typhimurium, inhibits anorexia by manipulating the gut-brain axis. Inhibition of inflammasome activation by the S. Typhimurium effector, SlrP, prevented anorexia caused by IL-1β-mediated signaling to the hypothalamus via the vagus nerve. Rather than compromising host defenses, pathogen-mediated inhibition of anorexia increased host survival. SlrP-mediated inhibition of anorexia prevented invasion and systemic infection by wild-type S. Typhimurium, reducing virulence while increasing transmission to new hosts, suggesting that there are trade-offs between transmission and virulence. These results clarify the complex and contextual role of anorexia in host-pathogen interactions and suggest that microbes have evolved mechanisms to modulate sickness-induced behaviors to promote health of their host and their transmission at the expense of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Rao
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexandria M Palaferri Schieber
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carolyn P O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Michel
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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72
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Abstract
Glutathionylation, the formation of reversible mixed disulfides between glutathione and protein cysteine residues, is a posttranslational modification previously observed for intracellular proteins of bacteria. Here we show that Yersinia pestis LcrV, a secreted protein capping the type III secretion machine, is glutathionylated at Cys273 and that this modification promotes association with host ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), moderates Y. pestis type III effector transport and killing of macrophages, and enhances bubonic plague pathogenesis in mice and rats. Secreted LcrV was purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry to reveal glutathionylation, a modification that is abolished by the codon substitution Cys273Ala in lcrV Moreover, the lcrVC273A mutation enhanced the survival of animals in models of bubonic plague. Investigating the molecular mechanism responsible for these virulence attributes, we identified macrophage RPS3 as a ligand of LcrV, an association that is perturbed by the Cys273Ala substitution. Furthermore, macrophages infected by the lcrVC273A variant displayed accelerated apoptotic death and diminished proinflammatory cytokine release. Deletion of gshB, which encodes glutathione synthetase of Y. pestis, resulted in undetectable levels of intracellular glutathione, and we used a Y. pestis ΔgshB mutant to characterize the biochemical pathway of LcrV glutathionylation, establishing that LcrV is modified after its transport to the type III needle via disulfide bond formation with extracellular oxidized glutathione.IMPORTANCEYersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, has killed large segments of the human population; however, the molecular bases for the extraordinary virulence attributes of this pathogen are not well understood. We show here that LcrV, the cap protein of bacterial type III secretion needles, is modified by host glutathione and that this modification contributes to the high virulence of Y. pestis in mouse and rat models for bubonic plague. These data suggest that Y. pestis exploits glutathione in host tissues to activate a virulence strategy, thereby accelerating plague pathogenesis.
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73
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Man SM, Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Molecular mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis, inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes in infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:61-75. [PMID: 28462526 PMCID: PMC5416822 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1068] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental biological phenomenon that is essential for the survival and development of an organism. Emerging evidence also indicates that cell death contributes to immune defense against infectious diseases. Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory programmed cell death pathway activated by human and mouse caspase-1, human caspase-4 and caspase-5, or mouse caspase-11. These inflammatory caspases are used by the host to control bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan pathogens. Pyroptosis requires cleavage and activation of the pore-forming effector protein gasdermin D by inflammatory caspases. Physical rupture of the cell causes release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, alarmins and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns, signifying the inflammatory potential of pyroptosis. Here, we describe the central role of inflammatory caspases and pyroptosis in mediating immunity to infection and clearance of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Hoyt LR, Randall MJ, Ather JL, DePuccio DP, Landry CC, Qian X, Janssen-Heininger YM, van der Vliet A, Dixon AE, Amiel E, Poynter ME. Mitochondrial ROS induced by chronic ethanol exposure promote hyper-activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Redox Biol 2017; 12:883-896. [PMID: 28463821 PMCID: PMC5413213 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are common both in the United States and globally, and are associated with a variety of co-morbid, inflammation-linked diseases. The pathogenesis of many of these ailments are driven by the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multi-protein intracellular pattern recognition receptor complex that facilitates the cleavage and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. We hypothesized that protracted exposure of leukocytes to ethanol would amplify inflammasome activation, which would help to implicate mechanisms involved in diseases associated with both alcoholism and aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here we show that long-term ethanol exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a mouse macrophage cell line (J774) amplifies IL-1β secretion following stimulation with NLRP3 agonists, but not with AIM2 or NLRP1b agonists. The augmented NRLP3 activation was mediated by increases in iNOS expression and NO production, in conjunction with increases in mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxygen consumption rate, and ROS generation in J774 cells chronically exposed to ethanol (CE cells), effects that could be inhibited by the iNOS inhibitor SEITU, the NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO, and the mitochondrial ROS scavenger MitoQ. Chronic ethanol exposure did not alter K+ efflux or Zn2+ homeostasis in CE cells, although it did result in a lower intracellular concentration of NAD+. Prolonged administration of acetaldehyde, the product of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) mediated metabolism of ethanol, mimicked chronic ethanol exposure, whereas ADH inhibition prevented ethanol-induced IL-1β hypersecretion. Together, these results indicate that increases in iNOS and mitochondrial ROS production are critical for chronic ethanol-induced IL-1β hypersecretion, and that protracted exposure to the products of ethanol metabolism are probable mediators of NLRP3 inflammasome hyperactivation. Chronic ethanol exposure amplifies NLRP3 inflammasome-induced IL-1β secretion. NO and mitochondrial ROS mediate chronic ethanol-augmented IL-1β secretion. Alcohol dehydrogenase-generated metabolites cause NLRP3 inflammasome over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Hoyt
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J Randall
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ather
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Daniel P DePuccio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Christopher C Landry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Xi Qian
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Yvonne M Janssen-Heininger
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anne E Dixon
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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75
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Liu X, Lieberman J. A Mechanistic Understanding of Pyroptosis: The Fiery Death Triggered by Invasive Infection. Adv Immunol 2017; 135:81-117. [PMID: 28826530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells and skin and mucosal epithelial cells recognize invasive microbes and other signs of danger to sound alarms that recruit responder cells and initiate an immediate "innate" immune response. An especially powerful alarm is triggered by cytosolic sensors of invasive infection that assemble into multimolecular complexes, called inflammasomes, that activate the inflammatory caspases, leading to maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis, an inflammatory death of the infected cell. Work in the past year has defined the molecular basis of pyroptosis. Activated inflammatory caspases cleave Gasdermin D (GSDMD), a cytosolic protein in immune antigen-presenting cells and epithelia. Cleavage separates the autoinhibitory C-terminal fragment from the active N-terminal fragment, which moves to the cell membrane, binds to lipids on the inside of the cell membrane, and oligomerizes to form membrane pores that disrupt cell membrane integrity, causing death and leakage of small molecules, including the proinflammatory cytokines and GSDMD itself. GSDMD also binds to cardiolipin on bacterial membranes and kills the very bacteria that activate the inflammasome. GSDMD belongs to a family of poorly studied gasdermins, expressed in the skin and mucosa, which can also form membrane pores. Spontaneous mutations that disrupt the binding of the N- and C-terminal domains of other gasdermins are associated with alopecia and asthma. Here, we review recent studies that identified the roles of the inflammasome, inflammatory caspases, and GSDMD in pyroptosis and highlight some of the outstanding questions about their roles in innate immunity, control of infection, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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76
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Distinct Roles of the Antiapoptotic Effectors NleB and NleF from Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01071-16. [PMID: 28138023 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01071-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) translocates effector proteins directly into the cytosol of infected enterocytes using a type III secretion system (T3SS). Once inside the host cell, these effector proteins subvert various immune signaling pathways, including death receptor-induced apoptosis. One such effector protein is the non-locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded effector NleB1, which inhibits extrinsic apoptotic signaling via the FAS death receptor. NleB1 transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue to Arg117 in the death domain of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and inhibits FAS ligand (FasL)-stimulated caspase-8 cleavage. Another effector secreted by the T3SS is NleF. Previous studies have shown that NleF binds to and inhibits the activity of caspase-4, -8, and -9 in vitro Here, we investigated a role for NleF in the inhibition of FAS signaling and apoptosis during EPEC infection. We show that NleF prevents the cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-3, and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) in response to FasL stimulation. When translocated into host cells by the T3SS or expressed ectopically, NleF also blocked FasL-induced cell death. Using the EPEC-like mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we found that NleB but not NleF contributed to colonization of mice in the intestine. Hence, despite their shared ability to block FasL/FAS signaling, NleB and NleF have distinct roles during infection.
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77
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Grabowski B, Schmidt MA, Rüter C. Immunomodulatory Yersinia outer proteins (Yops)-useful tools for bacteria and humans alike. Virulence 2017; 8:1124-1147. [PMID: 28296562 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1303588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-pathogenic Yersinia produce plasmid-encoded Yersinia outer proteins (Yops), which are necessary to down-regulate anti-bacterial responses that constrict bacterial survival in the host. These Yops are effectively translocated directly from the bacterial into the target cell cytosol by the type III secretion system (T3SS). Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) in contrast are characterized by their ability to autonomously cross cell membranes and to transport cargo - independent of additional translocation systems. The recent discovery of bacterial cell-penetrating effector proteins (CPEs) - with the prototype being the T3SS effector protein YopM - established a new class of autonomously translocating immunomodulatory proteins. CPEs represent a vast source of potential self-delivering, anti-inflammatory therapeutics. In this review, we give an update on the characteristic features of the plasmid-encoded Yops and, based on recent findings, propose the further development of these proteins for potential therapeutic applications as natural or artificial cell-penetrating forms of Yops might be of value as bacteria-derived biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grabowski
- a Institute of Infectiology - Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - M Alexander Schmidt
- a Institute of Infectiology - Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Christian Rüter
- a Institute of Infectiology - Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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78
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Abstract
Rao and colleagues (2017) reveal how Salmonella limits anorexia in mice, protecting them and promoting the spread of infection. The mechanism involves inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome limiting vagal nerve stimulation by IL-1β, which in turn promotes appetite. A possible new therapeutic approach for treating anorexia in multiple diseases is proposed.
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79
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Jorgensen I, Rayamajhi M, Miao EA. Programmed cell death as a defence against infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:151-164. [PMID: 28138137 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells can die from physical trauma, which results in necrosis. Alternatively, they can die through programmed cell death upon the stimulation of specific signalling pathways. In this Review, we discuss the role of different cell death pathways in innate immune defence against bacterial and viral infection: apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and NETosis. We describe the interactions that interweave different programmed cell death pathways, which create complex signalling networks that cross-guard each other in the evolutionary 'arms race' with pathogens. Finally, we describe how the resulting cell corpses - apoptotic bodies, pore-induced intracellular traps (PITs) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - promote the clearance of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Jorgensen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, Rikshospitalet 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manira Rayamajhi
- Camargo Pharmaceutical Services, 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 175, Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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80
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Garib FY, Rizopulu AP, Kuchmiy AA, Garib VF. Inactivation of Inflammasomes by Pathogens Regulates Inflammation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1326-1339. [PMID: 27914458 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory response is initiated and sustained by the action of quintessential pro-inflammatory cytokines of immune system namely IL-1β and IL-18. The maturation process of those cytokines is ensured by caspase-1 enzymatic activity, that is in turn is tightly controlled by multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are activated in cells of innate immune system in response to recognition of conservative parts of microbes (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) or by sensing molecular signs of tissue damage (damage-associated molecular patterns). Inflammasome activation apart of cytokines secretion leads to pro-inflammatory cell death, so-called pyroptosis. That culminates in release of cytoplasmatic content of cells including cytokines and alarmins that boost immune response against pathogens, as well as pyroptosis destroys replicative niches of intracellular pathogens. During co-evolution with the host, bacterial and viral pathogens developed a range of molecular inhibitors targeting each step of inflammasome activation. In current review, we will discuss the latest knowledge of inflammasomes' signaling pathways and tricks that pathogens use to avoid immune recognition and clearance. Our better understanding of inflammasome inhibition by pathogens can lead to better therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yu Garib
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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81
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Chen H, Yang D, Han F, Tan J, Zhang L, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Liu Q. The Bacterial T6SS Effector EvpP Prevents NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Inhibiting the Ca 2+ -Dependent MAPK-Jnk Pathway. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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82
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The Yersinia Type III secretion effector YopM Is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that induced necrotic cell death by targeting NLRP3. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2519. [PMID: 27929533 PMCID: PMC5260993 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis uses type III effector proteins to target eukaryotic signaling systems. The Yersinia outer protein (Yop) M effector from the Y. pestis strain is a critical virulence determinant; however, its role in Y. pestis pathogenesis is just beginning to emerge. Here we first identify YopM as the structural mimic of the bacterial IpaH E3 ligase family in vitro, and establish that the conserved CLD motif in its N-terminal is responsible for the E3 ligase function. Furthermore, we show that NLRP3 is a novel target of the YopM protein. Specially, YopM associates with NLRP3, and its CLD ligase motif mediates the activating K63-linked ubiquitylation of NLRP3; as a result, YopM modulates NLRP3-mediated cell necrosis. Mutation of YopM E3 ligase motif dramatically reduces the ability of Y. pestis to induce HMGB1 release and cell necrosis, which ultimately contributes to bacterial virulence. In conclusion, this study has identified a previously unrecognized role for YopM E3 ligase activity in the regulation of host cell necrosis and plague pathogenesis.
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83
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Ratner D, Orning MPA, Proulx MK, Wang D, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD, Alnemri ES, Johnson PF, Lee B, Mecsas J, Kayagaki N, Goguen JD, Lien E. The Yersinia pestis Effector YopM Inhibits Pyrin Inflammasome Activation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006035. [PMID: 27911947 PMCID: PMC5135138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SS) are central virulence factors for many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, and secreted T3SS effectors can block key aspects of host cell signaling. To counter this, innate immune responses can also sense some T3SS components to initiate anti-bacterial mechanisms. The Yersinia pestis T3SS is particularly effective and sophisticated in manipulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, which are typically processed into their mature forms by active caspase-1 following inflammasome formation. Some effectors, like Y. pestis YopM, may block inflammasome activation. Here we show that YopM prevents Y. pestis induced activation of the Pyrin inflammasome induced by the RhoA-inhibiting effector YopE, which is a GTPase activating protein. YopM blocks YopE-induced Pyrin-mediated caspase-1 dependent IL-1β/IL-18 production and cell death. We also detected YopM in a complex with Pyrin and kinases RSK1 and PKN1, putative negative regulators of Pyrin. In contrast to wild-type mice, Pyrin deficient mice were also highly susceptible to an attenuated Y. pestis strain lacking YopM, emphasizing the importance of inhibition of Pyrin in vivo. A complex interplay between the Y. pestis T3SS and IL-1β/IL-18 production is evident, involving at least four inflammasome pathways. The secreted effector YopJ triggers caspase-8- dependent IL-1β activation, even when YopM is present. Additionally, the presence of the T3SS needle/translocon activates NLRP3 and NLRC4-dependent IL-1β generation, which is blocked by YopK, but not by YopM. Taken together, the data suggest YopM specificity for obstructing the Pyrin pathway, as the effector does not appear to block Y. pestis-induced NLRP3, NLRC4 or caspase-8 dependent caspase-1 processing. Thus, we identify Y. pestis YopM as a microbial inhibitor of the Pyrin inflammasome. The fact that so many of the Y. pestis T3SS components are participating in regulation of IL-1β/IL-18 release suggests that these effects are essential for maximal control of innate immunity during plague. Many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria express type III secretion systems (T3SS) that translocate bacterial proteins into host cells with the potential of altering normal cell processes. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, harbors a T3SS which is particularly effective in suppressing innate immunity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, potent triggers of anti-bacterial responses. These cytokines are produced via processing by active caspase-1 in inflammasome complexes. Pyrin is an inflammasome component that recognizes alterations in certain host cell signals. Here we show that the T3SS effector protein YopM inhibits effector YopE-mediated Pyrin-induced caspase-1 activation, IL-1β, IL-18 and cell death triggered by Y. pestis. We also found that blocking the Pyrin pathway is important for disease development in a mouse model of bubonic plague. Thus, YopM is a microbial molecule blocking Pyrin inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Ratner
- UMass Medical School, Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Pontus A. Orning
- UMass Medical School, Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Megan K. Proulx
- UMass Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donghai Wang
- UMass Medical School, Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mikhail A. Gavrilin
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emad S. Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Johnson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bettina Lee
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jon D. Goguen
- UMass Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Egil Lien
- UMass Medical School, Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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84
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Bliss-Moreau M, Chen AA, D'Cruz AA, Croker BA. A motive for killing: effector functions of regulated lytic cell death. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:146-151. [PMID: 27826146 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunological responses activated by pathogen recognition come in many guises. The proliferation, differentiation and recruitment of immune cells, and the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are central to lifelong immunity. Cell death serves as a key function in the resolution of innate and adaptive immune responses. It also coordinates cell-intrinsic effector functions to restrict infection. Necrosis was formally considered a passive form of cell death or a consequence of pathogen virulence factor expression, and necrotic tissue is frequently associated with infection. However, there is now emerging evidence that points to a role for regulated forms of necrosis, such as pyroptosis and necroptosis, driving inflammation and shaping the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Bliss-Moreau
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyce A Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akshay A D'Cruz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben A Croker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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85
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Ratner D, Orning MPA, Lien E. Bacterial secretion systems and regulation of inflammasome activation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:165-181. [PMID: 27810946 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr0716-330r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical for host defenses against pathogens, but many bacteria display complex ways of interacting with innate immune signaling, as they may both activate and evade certain pathways. Gram-negative bacteria can exhibit specialized nanomachine secretion systems for delivery of effector proteins into mammalian cells. Bacterial types III, IV, and VI secretion systems (T3SS, T4SS, and T6SS) are known for their impact on caspase-1-activating inflammasomes, necessary for producing bioactive inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, key participants of anti-bacterial responses. Here, we discuss how these secretion systems can mediate triggering and inhibition of inflammasome signaling. We propose that a fine balance between secretion system-mediated activation and inhibition can determine net activation of inflammasome activity and control inflammation, clearance, or spread of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Ratner
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - M Pontus A Orning
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Trondheim, Norway
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86
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Du Z, Wang X. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 918:193-222. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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87
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Green ER, Clark S, Crimmins GT, Mack M, Kumamoto CA, Mecsas J. Fis Is Essential for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence and Protects against Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by Phagocytic Cells during Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005898. [PMID: 27689357 PMCID: PMC5045184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All three pathogenic Yersinia species share a conserved virulence plasmid that encodes a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) and its associated effector proteins. During mammalian infection, these effectors are injected into innate immune cells, where they block many bactericidal functions, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, Y. pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) lacking the T3SS retains the ability to colonize host organs, demonstrating that chromosome-encoded factors are sufficient for growth within mammalian tissue sites. Previously we uncovered more than 30 chromosomal factors that contribute to growth of T3SS-deficient Yptb in livers. Here, a deep sequencing-based approach was used to validate and characterize the phenotype of 18 of these genes during infection by both WT and plasmid-deficient Yptb. Additionally, the fitness of these mutants was evaluated in immunocompromised mice to determine whether any genes contributed to defense against phagocytic cell restriction. Mutants containing deletions of the dusB-fis operon, which encodes the nucleoid associated protein Fis, were markedly attenuated in immunocompetent mice, but were restored for growth in mice lacking neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, two of the major cell types responsible for restricting Yersinia infection. We determined that Fis was dispensable for secretion of T3SS effectors, but was essential for resisting ROS and regulated the transcription of several ROS-responsive genes. Strikingly, this protection was critical for virulence, as growth of ΔdusB-fis was restored in mice unable to produce ROS. These data support a model in which ROS generated by neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes that have not been translocated with T3SS effectors enter bacterial cells during infection, where their bactericidal effects are resisted in a Fis-dependent manner. This is the first report of the requirement for Fis during Yersinia infection and also highlights a novel mechanism by which Yptb defends against ROS in mammalian tissues. The pathogenic members of the genus Yersinia share a conserved virulence plasmid that primarily serves to encode a Type 3 Secretion System and its associated effector proteins. During mammalian infection, these effectors are targeted toward phagocytic cells, where they neutralize a multitude of functions, including oxidative burst. However, it has previously been reported that strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis lacking the virulence plasmid retain the ability to grow in mammalian tissue sites, suggesting that the Yersinia chromosome encodes a number of poorly appreciated factors that enable survival in mammalian tissue sites, even in the absence of a functional T3SS. Here, we further characterize a number of these factors, including the operon dusB-fis. Using a variety of in vitro and vivo approaches, we determined that Fis regulates the transcription of several genes implicated in ROS resistance and that dusB-fis is essential for preventing growth restriction by ROS produced by the NADPH complex of phagocytes, even in a T3SS-expressing strain. Combined, these data suggest a model in which, during tissue infection, Yersinia evade killing by ROS through both T3SS-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Green
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacie Clark
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory T. Crimmins
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthias Mack
- Universitatsklinikum Regensburg, Innere Medizin II/Nephrologie-Transplantation, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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Yen H, Karino M, Tobe T. Modulation of the Inflammasome Signaling Pathway by Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:89. [PMID: 27617233 PMCID: PMC4999430 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an essential component in the protection of a host against pathogens. Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively) are known to modulate the innate immune responses of infected cells. The interference is dependent on their type III secretion system (T3SS) and T3SS-dependent effector proteins. Furthermore, these cytosolically injected effectors have been demonstrated to engage multiple immune signaling pathways, including the IFN/STAT, MAPK, NF-κB, and inflammasome pathways. In this review, recent work describing the interaction between EPEC/EHEC and the inflammasome pathway will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilo Yen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Karino
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Tobe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
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89
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Chung LK, Park YH, Zheng Y, Brodsky IE, Hearing P, Kastner DL, Chae JJ, Bliska JB. The Yersinia Virulence Factor YopM Hijacks Host Kinases to Inhibit Type III Effector-Triggered Activation of the Pyrin Inflammasome. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:296-306. [PMID: 27569559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia, including Y. pestis, the agent of plague in humans, and Y. pseudotuberculosis, the related enteric pathogen, deliver virulence effectors into host cells via a prototypical type III secretion system to promote pathogenesis. These effectors, termed Yersinia outer proteins (Yops), modulate multiple host signaling responses. Studies in Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis have shown that YopM suppresses infection-induced inflammasome activation; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Here we show that YopM specifically restricts the pyrin inflammasome, which is triggered by the RhoA-inactivating enzymatic activities of YopE and YopT, in Y. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages. The attenuation of a yopM mutant is fully reversed in pyrin knockout mice, demonstrating that YopM inhibits pyrin to promote virulence. Mechanistically, YopM recruits and activates the host kinases PRK1 and PRK2 to negatively regulate pyrin by phosphorylation. These results show how a virulence factor can hijack host kinases to inhibit effector-triggered pyrin inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawton K Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yong Hwan Park
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yueting Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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90
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LaRock CN, Todd J, LaRock DL, Olson J, O’Donoghue AJ, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA, Hoffman HM, Nizet V. IL-1β is an innate immune sensor of microbial proteolysis. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaah3539. [PMID: 28331908 PMCID: PMC5358671 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key proinflammatory cytokine that drives antimicrobial immune responses. IL-1β is aberrantly activated in autoimmune diseases, and IL-1β inhibitors are used as therapeutic agents to treat patients with certain autoimmune disorders. Review of postmarketing surveillance of patients receiving IL-1β inhibitors found a disproportionate reporting of invasive infections by group A Streptococcus (GAS). IL-1β inhibition increased mouse susceptibility to GAS infection, but IL-1β was produced independent of canonical inflammasomes. Newly synthesized IL-1β has an amino-terminal prodomain that blocks signaling activity, which is usually proteolytically removed by caspase-1, a protease activated within the inflammasome structure. In place of host caspases, the secreted GAS cysteine protease SpeB generated mature IL-1β. During invasive infection, GAS isolates may acquire pathoadaptive mutations eliminating SpeB expression to evade detection by IL-1β. Pharmacological IL-1β inhibition alleviates this selective pressure, allowing invasive infection by nonpathoadapted GAS. Thus, IL-1β is a sensor that directly detects pathogen-associated proteolysis through an independent pathway operating in parallel with host inflammasomes. Because IL-1β function is maintained across species, yet cleavage by caspases does not appear to be, detection of microbial proteases may represent an ancestral system of innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. LaRock
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jordan Todd
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Doris L. LaRock
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joshua Olson
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Avril A. B. Robertson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California (UC), San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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91
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Zhang L, Mei M, Yu C, Shen W, Ma L, He J, Yi L. The Functions of Effector Proteins in Yersinia Virulence. Pol J Microbiol 2016; 65:5-12. [PMID: 27281989 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1197324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia species are bacterial pathogens that can cause plague and intestinal diseases after invading into human cells through the Three Secretion System (TTSS). The effect of pathogenesis is mediated by Yersinia outer proteins (Yop) and manifested as down-regulation of the cytokine genes expression by inhibiting nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In addition, its pathogenesis can also manipulate the disorder of host innate immune system and cell death such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy. Among the Yersinia effector proteins, YopB and YopD assist the injection of other virulence effectors into the host cytoplasm, while YopE, YopH, YopJ, YopO, and YopT target on disrupting host cell signaling pathways in the host cytosols. Many efforts have been applied to reveal that intracellular proteins such as Rho-GTPase, and transmembrane receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) both play critical roles in Yersinia pathogenesis, establishing a connection between the pathogenic process and the signaling response. This review will mainly focus on how the effector proteins of Yersinia modulate the intrinsic signals in host cells and disturb the innate immunity of hosts through TTSS.
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92
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Distribution and Evolution of Yersinia Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2243-2254. [PMID: 27217422 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00324-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins are widely distributed in bacteria, playing important roles in various protein-protein interaction processes. In Yersinia, the well-characterized type III secreted effector YopM also belongs to the LRR protein family and is encoded by virulence plasmids. However, little has been known about other LRR members encoded by Yersinia genomes or their evolution. In this study, the Yersinia LRR proteins were comprehensively screened, categorized, and compared. The LRR proteins encoded by chromosomes (LRR1 proteins) appeared to be more similar to each other and different from those encoded by plasmids (LRR2 proteins) with regard to repeat-unit length, amino acid composition profile, and gene expression regulation circuits. LRR1 proteins were also different from LRR2 proteins in that the LRR1 proteins contained an E3 ligase domain (NEL domain) in the C-terminal region or an NEL domain-encoding nucleotide relic in flanking genomic sequences. The LRR1 protein-encoding genes (LRR1 genes) varied dramatically and were categorized into 4 subgroups (a to d), with the LRR1a to -c genes evolving from the same ancestor and LRR1d genes evolving from another ancestor. The consensus and ancestor repeat-unit sequences were inferred for different LRR1 protein subgroups by use of a maximum parsimony modeling strategy. Structural modeling disclosed very similar repeat-unit structures between LRR1 and LRR2 proteins despite the different unit lengths and amino acid compositions. Structural constraints may serve as the driving force to explain the observed mutations in the LRR regions. This study suggests that there may be functional variation and lays the foundation for future experiments investigating the functions of the chromosomally encoded LRR proteins of Yersinia.
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93
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Di Paolo NC, Shayakhmetov DM. Interleukin 1α and the inflammatory process. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:906-13. [PMID: 27434011 PMCID: PMC5152572 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs after disruption of tissue homeostasis by cell stress, injury or infection and ultimately involves the recruitment and retention of cells of hematopoietic origin, which arrive at the affected sites to resolve damage and initiate repair. Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β are equally potent inflammatory cytokines that activate the inflammatory process, and their deregulated signaling causes devastating diseases manifested by severe acute or chronic inflammation. Although much attention has been given to understanding the biogenesis of IL-1β, the biogenesis of IL-1α and its distinctive role in the inflammatory process remain poorly defined. In this review we examine key aspects of IL-1α biology and regulation and discuss its emerging importance in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation that underlie the pathology of many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson C Di Paolo
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Transplantation and Immune-mediated Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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94
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Hoyt LR, Ather JL, Randall MJ, DePuccio DP, Landry CC, Wewers MD, Gavrilin MA, Poynter ME. Ethanol and Other Short-Chain Alcohols Inhibit NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation through Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1322-34. [PMID: 27421477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression is a major complication of alcoholism that contributes to increased rates of opportunistic infections and sepsis in alcoholics. The NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein intracellular pattern recognition receptor complex that facilitates the cleavage and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, can be inhibited by ethanol, and we sought to better understand the mechanism through which this occurs and whether chemically similar molecules exert comparable effects. We show that ethanol can specifically inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in attenuated IL-1β and caspase-1 cleavage and secretion, as well as diminished apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) speck formation, without affecting potassium efflux, in a mouse macrophage cell line (J774), mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, mouse neutrophils, and human PBMCs. The inhibitory effects on the Nlrp3 inflammasome were independent of γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor activation or N-methyl-d-asparate receptor inhibition but were associated with decreased oxidant production. Ethanol treatment markedly decreased cellular tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas administration of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate prior to ethanol restored tyrosine phosphorylation and IL-1β secretion subsequent to ATP stimulation. Furthermore, sodium orthovanadate-induced phosphorylation of ASC Y144, necessary and sufficient for Nlrp3 inflammasome activation, and secretion of phosphorylated ASC were inhibited by ethanol. Finally, multiple alcohol-containing organic compounds exerted inhibitory effects on the Nlrp3 inflammasome, whereas 2-methylbutane (isopentane), the analogous alkane of the potent inhibitor isoamyl alcohol (isopentanol), did not. Our results demonstrate that ethanol antagonizes the NLRP3 inflammasome at an apical event in its activation through the stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases, an effect shared by other short-chain alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Hoyt
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jennifer L Ather
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Matthew J Randall
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Daniel P DePuccio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Christopher C Landry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; and
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; and
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95
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Abstract
The human pathogens
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and
Yersinia enterocolitica cause enterocolitis, while
Yersinia pestis is responsible for pneumonic, bubonic, and septicaemic plague. All three share an infection strategy that relies on a virulence factor arsenal to enable them to enter, adhere to, and colonise the host while evading host defences to avoid untimely clearance. Their arsenal includes a number of adhesins that allow the invading pathogens to establish a foothold in the host and to adhere to specific tissues later during infection. When the host innate immune system has been activated, all three pathogens produce a structure analogous to a hypodermic needle. In conjunction with the translocon, which forms a pore in the host membrane, the channel that is formed enables the transfer of six ‘effector’ proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. These proteins mimic host cell proteins but are more efficient than their native counterparts at modifying the host cell cytoskeleton, triggering the host cell suicide response. Such a sophisticated arsenal ensures that yersiniae maintain the upper hand despite the best efforts of the host to counteract the infecting pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Atkinson
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Williams
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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96
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Berneking L, Schnapp M, Rumm A, Trasak C, Ruckdeschel K, Alawi M, Grundhoff A, Kikhney AG, Koch-Nolte F, Buck F, Perbandt M, Betzel C, Svergun DI, Hentschke M, Aepfelbacher M. Immunosuppressive Yersinia Effector YopM Binds DEAD Box Helicase DDX3 to Control Ribosomal S6 Kinase in the Nucleus of Host Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005660. [PMID: 27300509 PMCID: PMC4907486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia outer protein M (YopM) is a crucial immunosuppressive effector of the plaque agent Yersinia pestis and other pathogenic Yersinia species. YopM enters the nucleus of host cells but neither the mechanisms governing its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling nor its intranuclear activities are known. Here we identify the DEAD-box helicase 3 (DDX3) as a novel interaction partner of Y. enterocolitica YopM and present the three-dimensional structure of a YopM:DDX3 complex. Knockdown of DDX3 or inhibition of the exportin chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1) increased the nuclear level of YopM suggesting that YopM exploits DDX3 to exit the nucleus via the CRM1 export pathway. Increased nuclear YopM levels caused enhanced phosphorylation of Ribosomal S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in the nucleus. In Y. enterocolitica infected primary human macrophages YopM increased the level of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA and this effect required interaction of YopM with RSK and was enhanced by blocking YopM's nuclear export. We propose that the DDX3/CRM1 mediated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of YopM determines the extent of phosphorylation of RSK in the nucleus to control transcription of immunosuppressive cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berneking
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Schnapp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rumm
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Trasak
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ruckdeschel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexey G. Kikhney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Buck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Perbandt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I. Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Hentschke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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97
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Maltez VI, Miao EA. Reassessing the Evolutionary Importance of Inflammasomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:956-62. [PMID: 26802061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes monitor the cytosol for microbial contamination or perturbation and, thus, are predicted to provide potent defense against infection. However, the compendium of data from murine infection models suggests that inflammasomes merely delay the course of disease, allowing the host time to mount an adaptive response. Interpretations of such results are confounded by inflammasome-evasion strategies of vertebrate-adapted pathogens. Conversely, environmental opportunistic pathogens have not evolved in the context of inflammasomes and, therefore, are less likely to evade them. Indeed, opportunistic pathogens do not normally cause disease in wild-type animals. Accordantly, the extreme virulence of two opportunistic bacterial pathogens, Burkholderia thailandensis and Chromobacterium violaceum, is fully counteracted by inflammasomes in murine models. This leads us to propose a new hypothesis: perhaps animals maintain inflammasomes over evolutionary time not to defend against vertebrate-adapted pathogens but instead to counteract infection by a plethora of undiscovered opportunistic pathogens residing in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien I Maltez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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98
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Waldhuber A, Puthia M, Wieser A, Cirl C, Dürr S, Neumann-Pfeifer S, Albrecht S, Römmler F, Müller T, Zheng Y, Schubert S, Groß O, Svanborg C, Miethke T. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 disrupts NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2425-36. [PMID: 27214553 DOI: 10.1172/jci81916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful bacterial pathogens produce an array of virulence factors that allow subversion of the immune system and persistence within the host. For example, uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, such as CFT073, express Toll/IL-1 receptor-containing (TIR-containing) protein C (TcpC), which impairs TLR signaling, thereby suppressing innate immunity in the urinary tract and enhancing persistence in the kidneys. Here, we have reported that TcpC also reduces secretion of IL-1β by directly interacting with the NACHT leucin-rich repeat PYD protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is crucial for recognition of pathogens within the cytosol. At a low MOI, IL-1β secretion was minimal in CFT073-infected macrophages; however, IL-1β release was markedly increased in macrophages infected with CFT073 lacking tcpC. Induction of IL-1β secretion by CFT073 and tcpC-deficient CFT073 required the NLRP3 inflammasome. TcpC attenuated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by binding both NLRP3 and caspase-1 and thereby preventing processing and activation of caspase-1. Moreover, in a murine urinary tract infection model, CFT073 infection rapidly induced expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the bladder mucosa; however, the presence of TcpC in WT CFT073 reduced IL-1β levels in the urine of infected mice. Together, these findings illustrate how uropathogenic E. coli use the multifunctional virulence factor TcpC to attenuate innate immune responses in the urinary tract.
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99
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Stewart MK, Cookson BT. Evasion and interference: intracellular pathogens modulate caspase-dependent inflammatory responses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:346-59. [PMID: 27174147 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved to complete the virulence cycle of colonization, replication and dissemination in intimate association with a complex network of extracellular and intracellular surveillance systems that guard tissue spaces. In this Review, we discuss the strategies used by bacteria and viruses to evade or inhibit intracellular detection that is coupled to pro-inflammatory caspase-dependent protective responses. Such strategies include alterations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures, the regulated expression of components of type III secretion systems, and the utilization of proteins that inhibit inflammasome formation, the enzymatic activity of caspases and cytokine signalling. Inflammation is crucial in response to exposure to pathogens, but is potentially damaging and thus tightly regulated. The threshold for the activation of pro-inflammatory caspases is determined by the immediate stimulus in the context of previous signals. Pathogen, genetic and situational factors modulate this threshold, which determines the ability of the host to resist infection while minimizing harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Stewart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Brad T Cookson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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100
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Uncovering an Important Role for YopJ in the Inhibition of Caspase-1 in Activated Macrophages and Promoting Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1062-1072. [PMID: 26810037 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00843-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia species utilize a type III secretion system to translocate Yop effectors into infected host cells. Yop effectors inhibit innate immune responses in infected macrophages to promote Yersinia pathogenesis. In turn,Yersinia-infected macrophages respond to translocation of Yops by activating caspase-1, but different mechanisms of caspase-1 activation occur, depending on the bacterial genotype and the state of phagocyte activation. In macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prior to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection, caspase-1 is activated by a rapid inflammasome-dependent mechanism that is inhibited by translocated YopM. The possibility that other effectors cooperate with YopM to inhibit caspase-1 activation in LPS-activated macrophages has not been investigated. Toward this aim, epistasis analysis was carried out in which the phenotype of aY. pseudotuberculosis yopM mutant was compared to that of a yopJ yopM, yopE yopM, yopH yopM, yopT yopM, or ypkA yopM mutant. Activation of caspase-1 was measured by cleavage of the enzyme, release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and pyroptosis in LPS-activated macrophages infected with wild-type or mutant Y. pseudotuberculosis strains. Results show enhanced activation of caspase-1 after infection with the yopJ yopM mutant relative to infection by any other single or double mutant. Similar results were obtained with the yopJ, yopM, and yopJ yopM mutants ofY ersinia pestis Following intravenous infection of mice, theY. pseudotuberculosis yopJ mutant was as virulent as the wild type, while the yopJ yopM mutant was significantly more attenuated than the yopM mutant. In summary, through epistasis analysis this work uncovered an important role for YopJ in inhibiting caspase-1 in activated macrophages and in promoting Yersinia virulence.
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