51
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Xiao Q, Hu B. Hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography for the determination of phenothiazine drugs in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1599-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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52
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Barroso M, Dias M, Vieira DN, López-Rivadulla M, Queiroz JA. Mixed-mode solid-phase extraction for sample cleanup in hair analysis for methadone and its main metabolite. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1240-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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53
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Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1039-67. [PMID: 20232061 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hair has been focused on for its usability as an alternative biological specimen to blood and urine for determining drugs of abuse in fields such as forensic and toxicological sciences because hair can be used to elucidate the long intake history of abused drugs compared with blood and urine. Hair analysis consists of several pretreatment steps, such as washing out contaminates from hair, extraction of target compounds from hair, and cleanup for instrumental analysis. Each step includes characteristic and independent features for the class of drugs, e.g., stimulants, narcotics, cannabis, and other medicaments. In this review, recently developed methods to determine drugs of abuse are summarized, and the pretreatment steps as well as the sensitivity and applicability are critically discussed.
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54
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Wu Q, Chang Q, Wu C, Rao H, Zeng X, Wang C, Wang Z. Ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction for the determination of carbamate pesticides in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1773-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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55
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Es'haghi Z, Mohtaji M, Hasanzade-Meidani M, Masrournia M. The measurement of ecstasy in human hair by triple phase directly suspended droplet microextraction prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:903-8. [PMID: 20207204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New pre-concentration technique, triple phase suspended droplet microextraction (SD-LPME) and liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection was applied to determine ecstasy, MDMA (3,4-methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamine) in hair samples. In this research MDMA in hair was digested and after treatment extracted. The effective parameters were investigated and method was evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, the MDMA was enriched by factor 98.11. Linearity (r=0.9921), was obtained in the range of 10-15,000 ng mL(-1) and detection limit was 0.1 ng mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarrin Es'haghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Mashhad, Iran. zarrin
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56
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Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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57
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Tahmasebi E, Yamini Y, Saleh A. Extraction of trace amounts of pioglitazone as an anti-diabetic drug with hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection in biological fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1923-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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58
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Determination of widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water samples by in situ derivatization, continuous hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 641:83-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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59
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Chemical reactions in liquid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:701-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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60
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Simultaneous conduction of two- and three-phase hollow-fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of aromatic amines in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:756-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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61
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Lee J, Lee HK, Rasmussen KE, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Environmental and bioanalytical applications of hollow fiber membrane liquid-phase microextraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:253-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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62
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Zhang Z, Zhang C, Su X, Ma M, Chen B, Yao S. Carrier-mediated liquid phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of illicit drugs in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 621:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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Schramm KW. Hair-biomonitoring of organic pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:1103-11. [PMID: 18547610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This report reviews past research on hair analysis development for organic contaminants from the point of view of analytical procedures, successful applications and their limitations. For the past 20 years, hair analysis for organic pollutants has received more and more attention, since it is non-invasive, easily available and ethically not prioritized. New methods such as SFE, SPME and INAA have been developed to make the analysis more accurate and reliable. Furthermore, the correlation of contamination levels between hair samples and ambient air or internal tissues has been found by hair analysis and short-term and long-term exposure assessment in combination. However, there are still some limitations of hair analysis to be a validated risk assessment tool for many compounds. Some limitations had been of the past, some have not been fully investigated and need still further study. In this way, hair analysis can be the key to successfully biomonitor organic contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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64
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Rodríguez A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Rasmussen KE, Nerín C. Selective three-phase liquid phase microextraction of acidic compounds from foodstuff simulants. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1198-1199:38-44. [PMID: 18547581 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A three-phase liquid phase microextraction (LPME) technique with high selectivity for five aromatic carboxylic acids and three phenolic compounds has been developed and optimized. The system consists of an acidified donor phase, a thin layer of solvent inside the wall pores of a hollow fiber, and an alkaline acceptor phase located inside the hollow fiber. The analysis of the compounds in the acceptor phase was carried out by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection. Eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol were efficiently extracted from the aqueous solution using chloropentane as organic phase, with recoveries from 73.8% to 93.8%. However, using 2-octanone as the organic phase, the recoveries for the aromatic carboxylic acid compounds ranged from 60.7% to 93.7% whereas the phenols were not extracted. 2,6-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid was found to remain in the organic phase. The influence of 10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid in the donor phase was deeply studied as these solutions are commonly used as food simulants. AS4 silicone oil was found to be the best organic phase for the extraction of phenols both in 3% acetic acid and matrices with a high content of alcohol. The results obtained are shown and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, CPS-University of Zaragoza, María de Luna st. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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65
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Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Rasmussen KE. Liquid-phase microextraction with porous hollow fibers, a miniaturized and highly flexible format for liquid–liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:132-42. [PMID: 17889886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since 1999, substantial research has been devoted to the development of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) based on porous hollow fibers. With this technology, target analytes are extracted from aqueous samples, through a thin supported liquid membrane (SLM) sustained in the pores in the wall of a porous hollow fiber, and further into a microL volume of acceptor solution placed inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. After extraction, the acceptor solution is directly subjected to a final chemical analysis by liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), or mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, LPME will be discussed with focus on extraction principles, historical development, fundamental theory, and performance. Also, major applications have been compiled, and recent forefront developments will be discussed.
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66
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Amiri AH, Es'haghi Z. BTEX determination in water matrices using HF-LPME with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:671-676. [PMID: 18221982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a sample pre-treatment technique for the determination of trace concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) in aqueous samples has been developed and applied to analysis of the selected analytes in environmental water samples. The extraction procedure is based on coupling polypropylene hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) with gas chromatography by flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The effective parameters such as organic solvent, extraction time, agitation speed and salting effect were investigated. Good reproducibilities of the extraction performance were obtained, with the RSD values ranging from 2.02 to 4.61% (n=5). The method provided 41.47-128.01 fold preconcentration of the target analytes. The limits of detections for the BTEX were in the range of 0.005-03microg ml(-1). In addition, sample clean-up was achieved during LPME due to the selectivity of the hollow fiber, which prevented undesirable large molecules from being extracted. Real samples (River and waste waters) containing BTEX were examined using this method with good linearity and precision (RSDs most lower than 6.00%, n=5). All experiments were carried out at room temperature, 22+/-0.5 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarafraz-Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
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67
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakashima
- Division of Analytical Research for Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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68
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Mofazzeli F, Es’haghi Z. Directly Suspended Droplet Three Liquid Phase Microextraction of Diclofenac Prior to LC. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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69
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Raouf-Yazdinejad S, Es’haghi Z. Directly Suspended Droplet Microextraction and Analysis of Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline by GC. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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70
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Musshoff F, Madea B. Analytical pitfalls in hair testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1475-94. [PMID: 17486322 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on possible pitfalls in hair testing procedures. Knowledge of such pitfalls is useful when developing and validating methods, since it can be used to avoid wrong results as well as wrong interpretations of correct results. In recent years, remarkable advances in sensitive and specific analytical techniques have enabled the analysis of drugs in alternative biological specimens such as hair. Modern analytical procedures for the determination of drugs in hair specimens - mainly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) - are reviewed and critically discussed. Many tables containing information related to this topic are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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71
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Lin YH, Lee MR, Lee RJ, Ko WK, Wu SM. Hair analysis for methamphetamine, ketamine, morphine and codeine by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:234-40. [PMID: 17316663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We established a capillary electrophoretic method with high sensitivity and specificity for testing hair taken from addicts. After pretreatment of hair sample, the cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-Sweep-MEKC) was used to test for the presence of abused drugs in human hair. These drugs include morphine (M), codeine (C), ketamine (K) and methamphetamine (MA). First, an uncoated fused-silica capillary (40 cm, 50 microm I.D.) was filled with phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.5) containing 30% methanol, followed by high conductivity buffer (100 mM phosphate, 6.9 kPa for 99.9 s). Electrokinetic injection (10 kV, 600 s) was used to load samples and to enhance sensitivity. Stacking steps and separations were performed at -20 kV with detection at 200 nm, using phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 2.5) containing 20% methanol and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. Using CSEI-Sweep-MEKC, the analytes could be simultaneously analyzed and have a detection limit down to the level of picogram per milligram hair. During method validation, calibration plots were linear (r > or = 0.999) over a range of 0.15-80 ng/mg hair for MA and K, 0.3-30 ng/mg hair for C and 0.5-50 ng/mg hair for M. The limits of detection were 50 pg/mg hair for MA and K, 100 pg/mg hair for C and 200 pg/mg hair for M (S/N=3, sampling 600 s at 10 kV). Our method was applied for analysis of real hair samples taken from addicts. The addicts' specimens were also analyzed by LC-MS, and showed good coincidence of results. This method has proven feasible for application in detecting trace levels of abused drugs in forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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72
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Kaykhaii M, Rahmani M. Headspace liquid phase microextraction for quantitation of hexanal in potato crisps by gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:573-8. [PMID: 17444226 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method using headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) was developed for the determination of hexanal at low levels in potato crisp samples. Parameters such as extraction solvent, agitation of the sample, salt addition, organic drop volume, exposure time, and extraction time were controlled and optimised. The developed protocol was found to yield a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 0.001 to 2 mg/L and a limit of detection of 0.1 microg/L with a good enrichment factor of > 107 for the analyte. The repeatability of the method was satisfactory (4%). The results demonstrate that HS-LPME is a rapid, accurate, and effective preparation method and could be successfully used for the determination of hexanal in potato crisp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Kaykhaii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sistan & Balouchestan University, Zahedan, Iran.
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73
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Ye C, Zhou Q, Wang X, Xiao J. Determination of phenols in environmental water samples by ionic liquid-based headspace liquid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:42-7. [PMID: 17313140 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) has been applied to efficient enrichment of phenols such as 2-nitrophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2-naphthol from water samples based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4MIM][PF6]) as an extractant. Some parameters that may influence HS-LPME were investigated. The linear range was in the range of 0.5-100 microg/L, and the enrichment factors and repeatability (RSD, n = 6) of the proposed method were in the range of 17.2-160.7 and 5.4-8.9%, respectively. The detection limit for each analyte ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 microg/L. Complex matrices of environmental water samples had a small effect on the enrichment, and this problem could be resolved by the addition of sodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) into the samples. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 89.4-114.2%. All these facts demonstrated that the proposed method, with merits of low cost, simplicity, and easy operation, would be a competitive alternative procedure for the determination of such compounds at trace level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunling Ye
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
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74
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Yamini Y, Reimann CT, Vatanara A, Jönsson JA. Extraction and preconcentration of salbutamol and terbutaline from aqueous samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane containing anionic carrier. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:57-67. [PMID: 16716341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new three-phase liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) strategy for extraction and preconcentration of salbutamol (SB) and terbutaline (TB) from aqueous samples, including urine. The drugs were extracted from 11 ml of aqueous sample (source phase; SP) into an organic phase with microliter volume located inside the pores of a polypropylene hollow fiber, and then back-extracted into 24 microl of a second aqueous solution as the receiving phase (RP), located in the lumen of the hollow fiber. In preliminary experiments, we tried to transport the drugs using a pH gradient between the two sides of the hollow fiber. Due to the existence of both amine and phenolic groups on the drugs, very little transport occurred and enrichment factors (EF) less than one were obtained. Further experiments were done in the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) monohydrogenphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) or methyltrioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) in the organic phase, to extract drugs from acidic and basic matrices, respectively. Results showed that transport of drugs from alkaline solution into 1M of sodium bromide occurred when the membrane was impregnated with dihexyl ether containing 20% Aliquat 336. To optimize the EF, the effects of different parameters such as the nature of organic solvent used to impregnate the membrane, compositions and volumes of SP and RP, type and concentration of carrier, extraction time and stirring rate were investigated. Optimal results were obtained in the presence of 0.005 M of NaOH (pH 11.70) in the SP, 1M of NaBr in the RP, 20% of Aliquat 336 in dihexyl ether as membrane impregnation solvent, stirring rate of 500 rpm and extraction time of 60 min. Under these conditions, enrichment factors of 52.9 and 213.1, dynamic linear ranges of 20-5000 and 10-5000, and limits of detection of 2.5 and 0.5 ng/ml were obtained for salbutamol and terbutaline, respectively. Also determination of drugs in environmental water and urine samples in the range of nanograms per millilitre with RSDs<10% was possible using HPLC-photodiode array detection or HPLC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 11415-175, Tehran, Iran
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75
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Musshoff F, Madea B. New trends in hair analysis and scientific demands on validation and technical notes. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 165:204-15. [PMID: 16814972 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on basic aspects of method development and validation of hair testing procedures. Quality assurance is a major issue in drug testing in hair resulting in new recommendations, validation procedures and inter-laboratory comparisons. Furthermore recent trends in research concerning hair analysis are discussed, namely mechanisms of drug incorporation and retention, novel analytical procedures (especially ones using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and alternative sample preparation techniques like solid-phase microextraction (SPME)), the determination of THC-COOH in hair samples, hair testing in drug-facilitated crimes, enantioselective hair testing procedures and the importance of hair analysis in clinical trials. Hair testing in analytical toxicology is still an area in need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany.
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76
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Es'haghi Z. Comparison of Hollow Fiber and Single-Drop Liquid-Phase Microextraction Techniques for HPLC Determination of Aniline Derivatives in Water. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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