51
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Pop V, Schänzer W. Ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in human sports drug testing: Possibilities and limitations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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52
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Yuan ZX, Rapoport SI, Soldin SJ, Remaley AT, Taha AY, Kellom M, Gu J, Sampson M, Ramsden CE. Identification and profiling of targeted oxidized linoleic acid metabolites in rat plasma by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:422-32. [PMID: 23037960 PMCID: PMC3552117 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) and LA-esters are the precursors of LA hydroperoxides, which are readily converted to 9- and 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (HODE) and 9- and 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (oxo ODE) metabolites in vivo. These four oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs) have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions. Therefore, their accurate measurement may provide mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis. Here we present a novel quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOFMS) method for quantitation and identification of target OXLAMs in rat plasma. In this method, the esterified OXLAMs were base-hydrolyzed and followed by liquid-liquid extraction. Quantitative analyses were based on one-point standard addition with isotope dilution. The Q-TOFMS data of target metabolites were acquired and multiple reaction monitoring extracted-ion chromatograms were generated post-acquisition with a 10 ppm extraction window. The limit of quantitation was 9.7-35.9 nmol/L depending on the metabolite. The method was reproducible with a coefficient of variation of <18.5%. Mean concentrations of target metabolites in rat plasma were 57.8, 123.2, 218.1 and 57.8 nmol/L for 9-HODE, 13-HODE, 9-oxoODE and 13-oxoODE, respectively. Plasma levels of total OXLAMs were 456.9 nmol/L, which correlated well with published concentrations obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations were also obtained utilizing a standard addition curve approach. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients of >0.991. Concentrations of 9-HODE, 13-HODE, 9-oxoODE and 13-oxoODE were 84.0, 138.6, 263.0 and 69.5 nmol/L, respectively, which were consistent with the results obtained from one-point standard addition. Target metabolites were simultaneously characterized based on the accurate Q-TOFMS data. This is the first study of secondary LA metabolites using Q-TOFMS. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Yuan
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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53
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Caglayan MG, Palabiyik IM, Onur F. STABILITY-INDICATING MICELLAR ELEKTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF FINASTERIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.673214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gokhan Caglayan
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ismail Murat Palabiyik
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Feyyaz Onur
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
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54
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Baranowska I, Magiera S, Baranowski J. Clinical applications of fast liquid chromatography: a review on the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:54-79. [PMID: 23462623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges facing the medicine today is developing new therapies that enhance human health. To help address these challenges the utilization of analytical technologies and high-throughput automated platforms has been employed; in order to perform more experiments in a shorter time frame with increased data quality. In the last decade various analytical strategies have been established to enhance separation speed and efficiency in liquid chromatography applications. Liquid chromatography is an increasingly important tool for monitoring drugs and their metabolites. Furthermore, liquid chromatography has played an important role in pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies at these drug development stages since its introduction. This paper provides an overview of current trends in fast chromatography for the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites in clinical applications. Current trends in fast liquid chromatographic separations involve monolith technologies, fused-core columns, high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The high specificity in combination with high sensitivity makes it an attractive complementary method to traditional methodology used for routine applications. The practical aspects of, recent developments in and the present status of fast chromatography for the analysis of biological fluids for therapeutic drug and metabolite monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies and bioequivalence studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 7M. Strzody Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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55
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Semenistaya EN, Savel’eva NB, Sobolevskii TG, Rodchenkov GM. Direct determination of beta-blockers and their metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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56
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Birkler RID, Telving R, Ingemann-Hansen O, Charles AV, Johannsen M, Andreasen MF. Screening analysis for medicinal drugs and drugs of abuse in whole blood using ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–TOF-MS)—Toxicological findings in cases of alleged sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:154-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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57
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Versace F, Sporkert F, Mangin P, Staub C. Rapid sample pre-treatment prior to GC-MS and GC-MS/MS urinary toxicological screening. Talanta 2012; 101:299-306. [PMID: 23158326 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug screening is an important issue in clinical and forensic toxicology. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains the gold standard technique for the screening of unknown compounds in urine samples. However, this technique requires substantial sample preparation, which is time consuming. Moreover, some common drugs such as cannabis cannot be easily detected in urine using general procedures. In this work, a sample preparation protocol for treating 200 μL of urine in less than 30 min is described. The enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuro-conjugates was performed in 5 min thanks to the use of microwaves. The use of a deconvolution software allowed reducing the GC-MS run to 10 min, without impairing the quality of the compound identifications. Comparing the results from 139 authentic urine samples to those obtained using the current routine analysis indicated this method performed well. Moreover, additional 5-min GC-MS/MS programs are described, enabling a very sensitive target screening of 54 drugs, including THC-COOH or buprenorphine, without further sample preparation. These methods appeared as an interesting alternative to immuno-assays based screening. The analytical strategy presented in this article proved to be a promising approach for systematic toxicological analysis (STA) of drugs in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Versace
- Unit of Toxicology, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland
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58
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Wong ASY, Wan TSM. High resolution accurate mass screening of prohibited substances in equine plasma using liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:509-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
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59
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Wu AH, Gerona R, Armenian P, French D, Petrie M, Lynch KL. Role of liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS) in clinical toxicology. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:733-42. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.713108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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60
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Comparison of unit resolution SRM and TOF-MS at 12,000 mass resolution for quantitative bioanalysis of 11 steroids from human plasma. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:555-63. [PMID: 22409553 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of high-resolution MS systems for quantitative bioanalysis is a growing field, even though a clear majority of bioanalytical methods are still based on MS/MS with triple quadrupole (QqQ) instrumentation. The recent advances in TOF-MS technology have provided increased linear range and a high selectivity of detection by increased mass resolution and mass accuracy, making these instruments attractive for quantitative analysis due to lack of a need for compound-specific detection reaction optimization and their capability to collect data for a high number of compounds by sensitive wide mass range data acquisition. MATERIALS & METHODS Here, 11 steroids spiked to human plasma were analyzed by LC-MS using both a QqQ MS system and a TOF instrument operating at 12,000 mass resolution. Sample preparation was performed by hybrid SPE technology. RESULTS The LOD were 0.5-5 and 0.5-20 ng/ml in plasma for all analytes with QqQ and TOF-MS detection, respectively. CONCLUSION Although the results show wider linear range and slightly better sensitivity for most of the compounds with QqQ in comparison to TOF, acceptable performance was obtained for most of the compounds within the range of LOD to 2000 ng/ml (in plasma), this was also the case with LC-TOF-MS analysis. The main problem in TOF-MS analysis at 12,000 mass resolution from plasma was selectivity rather than sensitivity or linear range.
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61
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Rapid LC–MS/MS quantification of the major benzodiazepines and their metabolites on dried blood spots using a simple and cost-effective sample pretreatment. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1337-50. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dried blood spots (DBS) sampling has gained popularity in the bioanalytical community as an alternative to conventional plasma sampling, as it provides numerous benefits in terms of sample collection and logistics. The aim of this work was to show that these advantages can be coupled with a simple and cost-effective sample pretreatment, with subsequent rapid LC–MS/MS analysis for quantitation of 15 benzodiazepines, six metabolites and three Z-drugs. For this purpose, a simplified offline procedure was developed that consisted of letting a 5-µl DBS infuse directly into 100 µl of MeOH, in a conventional LC vial. Results: The parameters related to the DBS pretreatment, such as extraction time or internal standard addition, were investigated and optimized, demonstrating that passive infusion in a regular LC vial was sufficient to quantitatively extract the analytes of interest. The method was validated according to international criteria in the therapeutic concentration ranges of the selected compounds. Conclusion: The presented strategy proved to be efficient for the rapid analysis of the selected drugs. Indeed, the offline sample preparation was reduced to a minimum, using a small amount of organic solvent and consumables, without affecting the accuracy of the method. Thus, this approach enables simple and rapid DBS analysis, even when using a non-DBS-dedicated autosampler, while lowering the costs and environmental impact.
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62
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Virus ED, Sobolevsky TG, Rodchenkov GM. 'Wrong-way-round ionization' and screening for doping substances in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography/orbitrap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:381-391. [PMID: 22431466 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To free analytical resources for new classes of doping substances, such as banned proteins, maximization of the number of compounds that can be determined with high sensitivity in a single run is highly urgent. This study demonstrates an application of 'wrong-way-round ionization' for the simultaneous detection of multiple classes of doping substances without the need to switch the polarity. A screening method for the detection of 137 compounds from various classes of prohibited substances (stimulants, diuretics, β(2)-agonists, β-blockers, antiestrogens, glucocorticosteroids and anabolic agents) has been developed. The method involves an enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction and detection by liquid chromatography/orbitrap mass spectrometry with wrong-way-round ionization. Up to 64% of compounds had a 10-fold lower limit of detection (LOD) than the minimum required performance limit. To compare the efficiency of conventional ionization relative to wrong-way-round ionization of doping substances in + ESI, a fortified blank urine sample at the minimum required performance limit was analyzed using two ESI approaches. All compounds were detected with markedly better S/N in a high-pH mobile phase, with the exception of acetazolamide (minimal change in S/N, < 20%).The method was validated by spiking 10 different blank urine samples at five different concentrations. Validation parameters included the LOD, selectivity, ion suppression, extraction recovery and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Virus
- Moscow Antidoping Center, 105005, Moscow, Elizavetynsky10.
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63
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Thevis M, Volmer DA. Recent instrumental progress in mass spectrometry: advancing resolution, accuracy, and speed of drug detection. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:242-5. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; Saarland University; 66123; Saarbrücken
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64
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Girón AJ, Deventer K, Roels K, Van Eenoo P. Development and validation of an open screening method for diuretics, stimulants and selected compounds in human urine by UHPLC-HRMS for doping control. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 721:137-46. [PMID: 22405312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new doping control screening method for the analysis of diuretics and stimulants using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry has been developed. The screening was performed in full scan MS with scan-to-scan polarity switching which allowed to detect more than 120 target analytes. Sample preparation was limited to 10-fold dilution of the urine into the internal standard solution followed by injection. Total run time per sample was 10 min. Validation of the method yielded detection limits for diuretics between 25 and 250 ng mL(-1) and for stimulants between 5 and 500 ng mL(-1). The screening method has been implemented in routine doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jiménez Girón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
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65
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Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in drug screening relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1203-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xian
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
| | - Christopher L. Hendrickson
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
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67
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Marquet P. LC-MS vs. GC-MS, online extraction systems, advantages of technology for drug screening assays. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 902:15-27. [PMID: 22767104 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-934-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews recent applications of mass spectrometry to systematic toxicological analysis (STA), where extended lists of compounds of toxicological interest are screened, as well as to the general unknown screening (GUS), where all exogenous compounds present in a sample are tentatively detected and identified, without any preselection. Many recent improvements in sample preparation, chromatographic separation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and above all liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques are described, which are applicable or have been applied to STA and/or GUS, generally with promising results. These improvements come from miniaturization and automation of solid-phase extraction, turbulent-flow or ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography, linear ion traps, accurate (e.g., time of flight or orbital trap) mass spectrometry, as well as software refinements to alternate between different ionization modes or automatically interpret the results. It also shows that robust LC-MS/MS techniques already exist for STA or GUS, which are at least as efficient as the traditional techniques used in most toxicology laboratories, such as GC-MS or high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection, as shown by three comparative studies. However, the major drawback of LC-MS/MS in the full-scan mode for STA or GUS is that it still lacks universal reference libraries due to insufficient reproducibility of LC-MS(/MS) mass spectra obtained with different instrument types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marquet
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology-Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Limoges, Limoges, France.
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68
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Recent developments in MS for small molecules: application to human doping control analysis. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:197-212. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in MS for the detection of small molecules in the context of doping control analysis are reviewed. Doping control analysis is evolving together with MS, which is the technique of choice in order to accomplish the analytical requirements in this field. Since these analytical requirements for the detection of a doping agent depend on the substance, in the first section we review the different scenarios. The commonly established approaches, together with their achievements and drawbacks are described. New developments in hyphenated MS techniques (both GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS) concerning interfaces and analyzers are mentioned. The use (or potential use) of these developments in order to minimize the limitations of the commonly established approaches in the doping control field is discussed. Finally, a brief discussion about trends and remaining limitations is presented.
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69
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Rebiere H, Guinot P, Civade C, Bonnet PA, Nicolas A. Detection of hazardous weight-loss substances in adulterated slimming formulations using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 29:161-71. [PMID: 22150438 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.638676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence on the market of illegal products for slimming purposes or the treatment of overweight is a public health issue. These products may contain illicit chemicals in order to improve their effectiveness. Some of these weight-loss compounds are responsible for adverse events, including fatal outcomes. A general strategy for the analysis of any suspect formulation begins with a large screening for the general search of a wide range of compounds. A methodology for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 34 compounds in slimming preparations (such as dietary supplements or medicinal products) was used for the control of slimming formulations from the market, including over the Internet. The fast liquid chromatography system (ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography) used a gradient of solvent (phosphate buffer and acetonitrile), a C18 endcapped column and a diode array detector. This system allows dual identification based on retention time and UV spectra. The analytical method is simple, fast and selective since 34 weight-loss compounds can be detected in a 15-min run time. Thus, 32 commercial slimming formulations were analysed using this method, allowing the detection and quantification of hazardous active substances: caffeine, clenbuterol, nicotinamide, phenolphthalein, rimonabant, sibutramine, didesmethylsibutramine, synephrine and yohimbine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rebiere
- The French Agency for Safety of Health Products, AFSSAPS, Laboratories and Control Directorate, 635 rue de Garenne, 34748 Vendargues cedex, France.
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70
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Guddat S, Solymos E, Orlovius A, Thomas A, Sigmund G, Geyer H, Thevis M, Schänzer W. High-throughput screening for various classes of doping agents using a new ‘dilute-and-shoot’ liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multi-target approach. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:836-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - E. Solymos
- Eötvös Loránd University; Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques; Budapest; Hungary
| | | | - A. Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - G. Sigmund
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - H. Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - M. Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - W. Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
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71
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Marclay F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Saugy M. A one-year monitoring of nicotine use in sport: Frontier between potential performance enhancement and addiction issues. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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72
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Screening and confirmation analysis of stimulants, narcotics and beta-adrenergic agents in human urine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8156-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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73
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Badoud F, Guillarme D, Boccard J, Grata E, Saugy M, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Analytical aspects in doping control: challenges and perspectives. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:49-61. [PMID: 21824736 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the first anti-doping tests in the 1960s, the analytical aspects of the testing remain challenging. The evolution of the analytical process in doping control is discussed in this paper with a particular emphasis on separation techniques, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. These approaches are improving in parallel with the requirements of increasing sensitivity and selectivity for detecting prohibited substances in biological samples from athletes. Moreover, fast analyses are mandatory to deal with the growing number of doping control samples and the short response time required during particular sport events. Recent developments in mass spectrometry and the expansion of accurate mass determination has improved anti-doping strategies with the possibility of using elemental composition and isotope patterns for structural identification. These techniques must be able to distinguish equivocally between negative and suspicious samples with no false-negative or false-positive results. Therefore, high degree of reliability must be reached for the identification of major metabolites corresponding to suspected analytes. Along with current trends in pharmaceutical industry the analysis of proteins and peptides remains an important issue in doping control. Sophisticated analytical tools are still mandatory to improve their distinction from endogenous analogs. Finally, indirect approaches will be discussed in the context of anti-doping, in which recent advances are aimed to examine the biological response of a doping agent in a holistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Badoud
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and Lausanne, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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74
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Bell C, George C, Kicman AT, Traynor A. Development of a rapid LC-MS/MS method for direct urinalysis of designer drugs. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:496-504. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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75
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Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Prevalence of legal and illegal stimulating agents in sports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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76
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A simple high pH liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for basic compounds: Application to ephedrines in doping control analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2098-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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77
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Current role of LC-MS(/MS) in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:405-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Viette V, Fathi M, Rudaz S, Hochstrasser D, Veuthey JL. Current role of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in clinical toxicology screening methods. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1091-103. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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79
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Jiwan JLH, Wallemacq P, Hérent MF. HPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry in clinical laboratory? Clin Biochem 2011; 44:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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80
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Hernández F, Bijlsma L, Sancho JV, Díaz R, Ibáñez M. Rapid wide-scope screening of drugs of abuse, prescription drugs with potential for abuse and their metabolites in influent and effluent urban wastewater by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 684:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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81
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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82
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Peters R, Stolker A, Mol J, Lommen A, Lyris E, Angelis Y, Vonaparti A, Stamou M, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen M. Screening in veterinary drug analysis and sports doping control based on full-scan, accurate-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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83
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Chromatography with higher pressure, smaller particles and higher temperature: a bioanalytical perspective. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:2019-34. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen widespread use of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in biological fluids. Most commonly the emphasis is on developing high throughput assay methods to reduce the analysis time and cost. Particle size and temperature are chromatographic parameters that can be changed to improve efficiency and obtain rapid separations. UHPLC and high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) are two techniques that reduce the analysis time by decreasing the size of the column packing material and increasing the column temperature, respectively. Both of these techniques have advantages and limitations. In this article we have summarized the history, theoretical background of UHPLC and HTLC and the various advantages and limitations of sample preparation techniques and the detection systems (mass spectrometry and ultraviolet) used for the bioanalytical assays. In addition, selected bioanalytical applications of the two techniques have been reviewed and tabulated.
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84
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Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Elbardissy H, Grimalt S, Sancho JV, Hernandez F, Ventura R, Delbeke FT. Comparison between triple quadrupole, time of flight and hybrid quadrupole time of flight analysers coupled to liquid chromatography for the detection of anabolic steroids in doping control analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 684:98-111. [PMID: 21167991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple quadrupole (QqQ), time of flight (TOF) and quadrupole-time of flight (QTOF) analysers have been compared for the detection of anabolic steroids in human urine. Ten anabolic steroids were selected as model compounds based on their ionization and the presence of endogenous interferences. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were evaluated. QqQ allowed for the detection of all analytes at the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (between 2 and 10 ng mL(-1) in urine). TOF and QTOF approaches were not sensitive enough to detect some of the analytes (3'-hydroxy-stanozolol or the metabolites of boldenone and formebolone) at the established MRPL. Although a suitable accuracy was obtained, the precision was unsatisfactory (RSD typically higher than 20%) for quantitative purposes irrespective of the analyser used. The methods were applied to 30 real samples declared positives either for the misuse of boldenone, stanozolol and/or methandienone. Most of the compounds were detected by every technique, however QqQ was necessary for the detection of some metabolites in a few samples. Finally, the possibility to detect non-target steroids has been explored by the use of TOF and QTOF. The use of this approach revealed that the presence of boldenone and its metabolite in one sample was due to the intake of androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione. Additionally, the intake of methandienone was confirmed by the post-target detection of a long-term metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Pozo
- DoCoLab, UGent, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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85
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86
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Angelis YS, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Peters RJB, Nielen MWF, Georgakopoulos C. Preventive doping control screening analysis of prohibited substances in human urine using rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1595-1609. [PMID: 20486255 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Unification of the screening protocols for a wide range of doping agents has become an important issue for doping control laboratories. This study presents the development and validation of a generic liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) screening method of 241 small molecule analytes from various categories of prohibited substances (stimulants, narcotics, diuretics, beta(2)-agonists, beta-blockers, hormone antagonists and modulators, glucocorticosteroids and anabolic agents). It is based on a single-step liquid-liquid extraction of hydrolyzed urine and the use of a rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric system acquiring continuous full scan data. Electrospray ionization in the positive mode was used. Validation parameters consisted of identification capability, limit of detection, specificity, ion suppression, extraction recovery, repeatability and mass accuracy. Detection criteria were established on the basis of retention time reproducibility and mass accuracy. The suitability of the methodology for doping control was demonstrated with positive urine samples. The preventive role of the method was proved by the case where full scan acquisition with accurate mass measurement allowed the retrospective reprocessing of acquired data from past doping control samples for the detection of a designer drug, the stimulant 4-methyl-2-hexanamine, which resulted in re-reporting a number of stored samples as positives for this particular substance, when, initially, they had been reported as negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vonaparti
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spiros Louis', 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Greece
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87
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Badoud F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Saugy M, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. II: Confirmatory analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4109-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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88
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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89
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Current awareness in drug testing and analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010; 1:596-611. [PMID: 20361432 DOI: 10.1002/dta.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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90
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Zeng LQ, Liu JM, Li FM, Huang XM, Lin LP, Wang XX, Zhang LH, Lin CQ. Sensitive Phosphorimetric Determination of Bumetanide in Human Urine with Its Inhibition Effect on the Formation of [Fe-morin] 3+ Complex. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:923-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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91
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Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:149-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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92
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Abstract
β-blockers are a class of antihypertensive drugs that are used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack) and hypertension. They have revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris and are recommended as first-line agents by national and international guidelines. Although β-blockers are still the cornerstone for the treatment of heart failure, some of the drugs in this category are prohibited in several sports requiring vehicle control and bodily movements as they reduce heart rate and tremors, and improve performance. As a result, urine analysis of β-blockers is mandatory in doping control and toxicological screening. The determination of plasma levels of β-blockers helps to ensure noncompliance in patients with persistent hypertonia to confirm the diagnosis of β-blocker poisoning and for therapeutic drug monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive account of various analytical methods developed for detection and quantitation of β-blockers in plasma and urine.
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93
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Guillarme D, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Coupling ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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94
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Abstract
Anabolic steroids are the main abused class of prohibited substances in doping control. These steroids are associated with enhancement of muscular mass and aggressiveness, resulting in increased performance. Chromatography and MS have a key role among methods developed to detect anabolic steroids in doping control laboratories. However, the classical analytical approach fails in detection of the so-called ‘designer steroids’. This review focuses on the rise of tetrahydrogestrinone, a drug that became synonymous with designer steroids. The reasons why classical methods fail in tetrahydrogestrinone detection are discussed and how the detection was implemented is shown. Alternative strategies for detection of new drugs designed to cheat current analytical methodology are highlighted. Concern for the abuse of veterinary designer drugs and supplements is also acknowledged.
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95
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Maquille A, Guillarme D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. High-Throughput Screening of Drugs of Abuse in Urine by Supported Liquid–Liquid Extraction and UHPLC Coupled to Tandem MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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96
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Kolmonen M, Leinonen A, Kuuranne T, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Generic sample preparation and dual polarity liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for high-throughput screening in doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:250-66. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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