51
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Wang C, Lee CS, Smith RD, Tang K. Capillary isotachophoresis-nanoelectrospray ionization-selected reaction monitoring MS via a novel sheathless interface for high sensitivity sample quantification. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7308-15. [PMID: 23789856 PMCID: PMC3744340 DOI: 10.1021/ac401202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel sheathless capillary isotachophoresis (CITP/CZE)-mass spectrometry (MS) interface featuring a large inner diameter (i.d.) separation capillary, and a detachable small i.d. porous electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter was developed in this study to simultaneously achieve large sample loading capacity and stable nanoESI operation. Crucial operating parameters, including sample loading volume, flow rate, and separation window, were systematically investigated to attain optimum CITP/CZE separation efficiency and MS detection sensitivity. The performance of CITP/CZE-nanoESI-MS using the new sheathless interface was evaluated for its achievable low limit of quantification (LOQ) by analyzing targeted peptides, leu-enkephalin and angiotensin II, spiked in a BSA tryptic digest matrix at different concentrations. A linear dynamic range spanning 4.5 orders of magnitude and a 10 pM LOQ with measurement reproducibility of the CV < 22% were obtained experimentally for both targeted peptides, representing a 5-fold sensitivity improvement as compared to using the sheath liquid interface developed previously.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Cheng S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Keqi Tang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
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52
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Novel sheathless CE-MS interface as an original and powerful infusion platform for nanoESI study: from intact proteins to high molecular mass noncovalent complexes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1029-38. [PMID: 23881366 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of nano-electrospray (nanoESI) sources allowed to increase significantly the sensitivity which is often lacking when studying biological noncovalent assemblies. However, the flow rate used to infuse the sample into the mass spectrometer cannot be precisely controlled with nanoESI and the robustness of the system could represent an issue. In this study, we have used a sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CESI) prototype as a nanoESI infusion device. The hydrodynamic mobilization of the capillary content was characterized and the ability of the system to generate a stable electrospray under controlled flow rate conditions ranging from 4 up to 900 nL/min was demonstrated. The effect of the infusing flow rate on the detection of an intact model protein analyzed under native conditions was investigated. Results demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity of 46-fold and a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of nearly 5-fold when using an infusing flow rate from 456.9 down to 13.7 nL/min. The CESI prototype was further used to detect successfully the β ring homodimer in its native conformation. Obtained results were compared with those achieved with conventional ESI. Intensity signals were increased by a factor of 5, while sample consumption decreased 80 times. β ring complexed with the P14 peptide was also studied. Finally, the CESI interface was used to observe the quaternary structure of native hemocyanins from Carcinus maenas crabs; this high molecular complex coexisting under various degrees of complexation and resulting in masses ranging from 445 kDa to 1.34 MDa.
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53
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Sun L, Knierman MD, Zhu G, Dovichi NJ. Fast top-down intact protein characterization with capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5989-95. [PMID: 23692435 DOI: 10.1021/ac4008122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was applied for rapid top-down intact protein characterization. A mixture containing four model proteins (cytochrome c, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and β-casein) was used as the sample. The CZE-ESI-MS system was first evaluated with the mixture. The four model proteins and five impurities were baseline-separated within 12 min. The limits of detection [signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3] of the four model proteins ranged from 20 (cytochrome c) to 800 amol (BSA). The relative standard deviations of migration time and intensity for the four model proteins were less than 3% and 30%, respectively, in quintuplicate runs. CZE-ESI-MS/MS was then applied for top-down characterization of the mixture. Three of the model proteins (all except BSA) and an impurity (bovine transthyretin) were confidently identified by database searching of the acquired tandem spectra from protein fragmentation. Modifications including phosphorylation, N-terminal acetylation, and heme group binding were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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54
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Sarg B, Faserl K, Kremser L, Halfinger B, Sebastiano R, Lindner HH. Comparing and combining capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the characterization of post-translationally modified histones. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2640-56. [PMID: 23720761 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first comprehensive capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CESI-MS) analysis of post-translational modifications derived from H1 and core histones. Using a capillary electrophoresis system equipped with a sheathless high-sensitivity porous sprayer and nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nano-LC-ESI-MS) as two complementary techniques, we characterized H1 histones isolated from rat testis. Without any pre-separation of the perchloric acid extraction, a total of 70 different modified peptides, including 50 phosphopeptides, were identified in the rat linker histones H1.0, H1a-H1e, and H1t. Out of the 70 modified H1 histone peptides, 27 peptides could be identified with CESI-MS only, and 11 solely with LC-ESI-MS. Immobilized metal-affinity chromatography enrichment prior to MS analysis yielded a total of 55 phosphopeptides; 22 of these peptides could be identified only by CESI-MS, and 19 only by LC-ESI-MS, showing the complementarity of the two techniques. We mapped 42 H1 modification sites, including 31 phosphorylation sites, of which 8 were novel sites. For the analysis of core histones, we chose a different strategy. In a first step, the sulfuric-acid-extracted core histones were pre-separated using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Individual rat testis core histone fractions obtained in this way were digested and analyzed via bottom-up CESI-MS. This approach yielded the identification of 42 different modification sites including acetylation (lysine and N(α)-terminal); mono-, di-, and trimethylation; and phosphorylation. When we applied CESI-MS for the analysis of intact core histone subtypes from butyrate-treated mouse tumor cells, we were able to rapidly detect their degree of modification, and we found this method very useful for the separation of isobaric trimethyl and acetyl modifications. Taken together, our results highlight the need for additional techniques for the comprehensive analysis of post-translational modifications. CESI-MS is a promising new proteomics tool as demonstrated by this, the first comprehensive analysis of histone modifications, using rat testis as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sarg
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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55
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Stalmach A, Albalat A, Mullen W, Mischak H. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for clinical proteomic applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1452-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stalmach
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - Amaya Albalat
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - William Mullen
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
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56
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Gahoual R, Burr A, Busnel JM, Kuhn L, Hammann P, Beck A, François YN, Leize-Wagner E. Rapid and multi-level characterization of trastuzumab using sheathless capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. MAbs 2013; 5:479-90. [PMID: 23563524 PMCID: PMC4169039 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly complex proteins that display a wide range of microheterogeneity that requires multiple analytical methods for full structure assessment and quality control. As a consequence, the characterization of mAbs on different levels is particularly product - and time - consuming. This work presents the characterization of trastuzumab sequence using sheathless capillary electrophoresis (referred as CESI) – tandem mass spectrometry (CESI-MS/MS). Using this bottom-up proteomic-like approach, CESI-MS/MS provided 100% sequence coverage for both heavy and light chain via peptide fragment fingerprinting (PFF) identification. The result was accomplished in a single shot, corresponding to the analysis of 100 fmoles of digest. The same analysis also enabled precise characterization of the post-translational hot spots of trastuzumab, used as a representative widely marketed therapeutic mAb, including the structural confirmation of the five major N-glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Gahoual
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS); UDS-CNRS UMR 7140; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Alicia Burr
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS); UDS-CNRS UMR 7140; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Protéomique; Université de Strasbourg; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; Strasbourg, France
| | - Phillipe Hammann
- Plateforme Protéomique; Université de Strasbourg; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'immunologie Pierre Fabre; Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS); UDS-CNRS UMR 7140; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS); UDS-CNRS UMR 7140; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg, France
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57
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Zhang Z, Zhang F, Liu Y. Recent Advances in Enhancing the Sensitivity and Resolution of Capillary Electrophoresis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:666-83. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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58
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Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Low-Flow Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive Glycoform Profiling of Intact Pharmaceutical Proteins. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2289-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhardus J. de Jong
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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59
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Zamfir AD, Flangea C, Serb A, Zagrean AM, Rizzi AM, Sisu E. Separation and identification of glycoforms by capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 951:145-169. [PMID: 23296530 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-146-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a resourceful and versatile separation method for the analysis of complex carbohydrate mixtures. In combination with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS), CE enables fast, sensitive, and efficient separations for the accurate identification of a large variety of glycoform mixture types. In this chapter several reliable off- and on-line CE-based methods for the analysis of glycoforms with ESI MS/MS are presented. The first part of this chapter is dedicated to the application of off-line CE/ESI MS to complex mixtures of O-glycopeptides and mixtures of proteoglycan-derived O-glycans, i.e., glycosaminoglycans such as depolymerized hybrid chains of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). Procedures for off-line fractionation of these heterogeneous mixtures followed by ESI MS screening and sequencing of single glycoforms by collision-induced dissociation (CID) at low energies are also described. Ample sections are further devoted to on-line CE/ESI MS technique and its application to separation and identification of O-glycopeptides and CS/DS oligosaccharides. The concept and construction principles of two different sheathless CE/ESI MS interfaces together with the protocols to be applied for successful on-line analysis of O-glycopeptides and CS/DS oligosaccharides are presented in details in the last part of the chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Timisoara, Romania.
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60
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Britz-McKibbin P. Expanded newborn screening of inborn errors of metabolism by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2013; 919:43-56. [PMID: 22976089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-029-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Expanded newborn screening of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) based on tandem mass spectrometry technology has emerged as one of the most successful preventative healthcare initiatives for presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment of rare yet treatable genetic diseases. However, confirmatory testing using methods with improved specificity is required in clinical laboratories to improve the positive predictive value for certain classes of IEMs due to their high rates of false positives. Here, we describe recent advances for comprehensive profiling of amino acids and acylcarnitines derived from dried blood spot extracts or plasma using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) that allows for resolution of major isobaric/isomeric interferences without complicated sample handling. The integration of online sample preconcentration together with desalting in CE-ESI-MS enables the direct analysis of hydrophilic amino acids, surface-active acylcarnitines, as well as labile thiols under a single format when using a simple aqueous buffer electrolyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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61
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Klepárník K. Recent advances in the combination of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry: From element to single-cell analysis. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:70-85. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
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62
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Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. CE-MS for the analysis of intact proteins 2010-2012. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:99-112. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Biomolecular Analysis; Utrecht University; CG Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | | | - Govert W. Somsen
- Biomolecular Analysis; Utrecht University; CG Utrecht; The Netherlands
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63
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interfaces: Fundamental concepts and technical developments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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64
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Tie C, Zhang DW, Chen HX, Song SL, Zhang XX. Study of the electrical connection mechanism of sheathless interface for capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1429-1434. [PMID: 23147818 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the combination of high separation ability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and strong identification ability of mass spectrometry (MS), CE/MS is becoming a powerful tool for polar and ionic analytes analysis. Different interfaces have been developed to enhance the sensitivity and reliability since the first introduction of CE/MS in 1987. A sheathless porous interface based on a new ions transferring electric connection technique was reported to be with high sensitivity and reliability. In this work, a series of optical and electrochemical experiments were designed to study the electric connection process. The results indicated that closing CE electrical circuit and applying MS spray voltage were achieved by the small ions transferring through the interface porous wall. The new electric connection method significantly enhanced the sensitivity, resolution and stability of the CE/MS analysis. The interface was applied in CE/MS detection of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine sample and showed an equal sensitivity to LC/MS. With the significant improvement of sensitivity and stability, the CE/MS with the new interface showed strong potential for the determination of low abundance analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Tie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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65
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Canuto GAB, Castilho-Martins EA, Tavares M, López-Gonzálvez A, Rivas L, Barbas C. CE-ESI-MS metabolic fingerprinting of Leishmania resistance to antimony treatment. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1901-10. [PMID: 22740478 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics has become an invaluable tool to unveil biology of pathogens, with immediate application to chemotherapy. It is currently accepted that there is not one single technique capable of obtaining the whole metabolic fingerprint of a biological system either due to their different physical-chemical properties or concentrations. In this work, we have explored the capability of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry with a sheathless interface with electrospray ionization (CE-ESI-TOF-MS) to separate metabolites in order to be used as a complementary technique to LC. As proof of concept, we have compared the metabolome of Leishmania infantum promastigotes BCN 150 (Sb (III) IC(50) = 20.9 μM) and its variation when treated with 120 μM of Sb(III) potassium tartrate for 12 h, as well as with its Sb(III) resistant counterpart obtained by growth of the parasites under increasing Sb(III) in a step-wise manner up to 180 μM. The number of metabolites compared were of 264 for BCN150 Sb(III) treated versus nontreated and of 195 for Sb(III) resistant versus susceptible parasites. After successive data filtering, differences in seven metabolites identified in databases for Leishmania pathways, showed the highest significant differences, corresponding mainly to amino acids or their metabolite surrogates. Most of them were assigned to sulfur containing amino acids and polyamine biosynthetic pathways, of special relevance considering the deterioration of the thiol-dependent redox metabolism in Leishmania by Sb(III). Given the low concentrations typical for most of these metabolites, the assay can be considered a success that should be explored for new biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A B Canuto
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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66
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Pioch M, Bunz SC, Neusüss C. Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry relevant to pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1517-30. [PMID: 22736352 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advanced analytical techniques play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological field. In this context, capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) has attracted attention due to efficient and selective separation in combination with powerful detection allowing identification and detailed characterization. Method developments and applications of CE/MS have been focused on questions not easily accessible by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) as the analysis of intact proteins, carbohydrates, and various small molecules, including peptides. Here, recent approaches and applications of CE/MS relevant to (bio)pharmaceuticals are reviewed and discussed to show actual developments and future prospects. Based on other reviews on related subjects covering large parts of previous works, the paper is focused on general ideas and contributions of the last 2 years; for the analysis of glycans, the period is extended back to 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pioch
- Chemistry Department, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
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67
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Zhao SS, Zhong X, Tie C, Chen DD. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for analysis of complex samples. Proteomics 2012; 12:2991-3012. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sherry Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Cai Tie
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - David D.Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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68
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Hirayama A, Tomita M, Soga T. Sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry with a high-sensitivity porous sprayer for cationic metabolome analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:5026-33. [PMID: 23000847 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35492f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sheath-flow capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has emerged as a new tool for comprehensive analysis of charged metabolites. However, it needs to be more sensitive. Here, we report a sheathless capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry method for cationic metabolome analysis. This system used a high-sensitivity porous sprayer interface and 10% (v/v) acetic acid as the background electrolyte (BGE). Under optimized conditions, 53 cationic metabolites, including amino acids and their derivatives, amines, nucleic acids and small peptides, were successfully separated and selectively detected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. At a signal-to-noise ratio of three, the concentration detection limits for these compounds were between 0.004 and 0.8 μmol L(-1) (amount detection limit, 0.01 to 2 fmol) with pressure injection at 20.7 kPa for 5 s (2.6 nL). Compared with conventional sheath-flow CE-MS, the detection limit of the present method was increased more than 5-fold for 21 (40%) of the compounds detected. When the method was applied to the analysis of cationic metabolites obtained from human urine, there was a 10-fold increase in the number of detected peaks compared with conventional methods. More than 180 successive runs could be conducted without any problems, and only the BGE needed to be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
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69
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Krenkova J, Foret F. On-line CE/ESI/MS interfacing: recent developments and applications in proteomics. Proteomics 2012; 12:2978-90. [PMID: 22888067 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After shining as the ultimate separation - sequencing technique used for the successful completion of the Human Genome Project, in the early 2000s CE experienced lowered popularity among separation scientists. The renewed interest in recent years relates to the separation needs, especially in proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, where CE complements liquid chromatography techniques. This interest is further boosted by the regulators requiring additional separation techniques for characterization of newly developed pharmaceuticals. This paper gives a short overview of recent developments in the on-line interfacing of CE separation techniques with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric analysis. Both the instrumentation and selected CE/ESI/MS applications including analyses of peptides, proteins, and glycans are discussed with the stress on research published in the past 3 years. Techniques related to the proteomic and glycomic analyses such as sample preconcentration, on-line protein digestion, and analyte derivatization prior CE/ESI/MS analysis are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic.
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70
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Sun L, Zhu G, Li Y, Wojcik R, Yang P, Dovichi NJ. CZE-ESI-MS/MS system for analysis of subnanogram amounts of tryptic digests of a cellular homogenate. Proteomics 2012; 12:3013-9. [PMID: 22888077 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the performance of capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with an electrokinetically pumped electrospray interface and an Orbitrap-Velos mass spectrometer for high sensitivity protein analysis. We first investigated the system for quantitation of the tryptic digest of BSA. The system produced outstanding linearity with respect to peak height, number of peptide IDs, and spectral counts across the range of 12 nM to 750 nM (60 amol to 3.5 fmol) of BSA injected. One peptide produced a detection limit of 0.3 nM (1.5 amol) injected. We also analyzed 700 pg of a tryptic digest prepared from a RAW264.7 cell lysate; ten proteins were identified in triplicate analyses after filtering the data with peptide confidence value as high. This sample size corresponds to the protein content of approximately ten eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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71
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Saric J, Want EJ, Duthaler U, Lewis M, Keiser J, Shockcor JP, Ross GA, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Tavares MFM. Systematic evaluation of extraction methods for multiplatform-based metabotyping: application to the Fasciola hepatica metabolome. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6963-72. [PMID: 22799605 PMCID: PMC3423827 DOI: 10.1021/ac300586m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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Combining data from multiple analytical platforms is
essential
for comprehensive study of the molecular phenotype (metabotype) of
a given biological sample. The metabolite profiles generated are intrinsically
dependent on the analytical platforms, each requiring optimization
of instrumental parameters, separation conditions, and sample extraction
to deliver maximal biological information. An in-depth evaluation
of extraction protocols for characterizing the metabolome of the hepatobiliary
fluke Fasciola hepatica, using ultra
performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled
with mass spectroscopy is presented. The spectrometric methods were
characterized by performance, and metrics of merit were established,
including precision, mass accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity, and
platform stability. Although a core group of molecules was common
to all methods, each platform contributed a unique set, whereby 142
metabolites out of 14,724 features were identified. A mixture design
revealed that the chloroform:methanol:water proportion of 15:59:26
was globally the best composition for metabolite extraction across
UPLC-MS and CE-MS platforms accommodating different columns and ionization
modes. Despite the general assumption of the necessity of platform-adapted
protocols for achieving effective metabotype characterization, we
show that an appropriately designed single extraction procedure is
able to fit the requirements of all technologies. This may constitute
a paradigm shift in developing efficient protocols for high-throughput
metabolite profiling with more-general analytical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Saric
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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72
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Taichrib A, Pioch M, Neusüß C. Toward a screening method for the analysis of small intact proteins by CE-ESI-TOF MS. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1356-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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73
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Posch TN, Müller A, Schulz W, Pütz M, Huhn C. Implementation of a design of experiments to study the influence of the background electrolyte on separation and detection in non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:583-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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74
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Bonvin G, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Evaluation of a sheathless nanospray interface based on a porous tip sprayer for CE-ESI-MS coupling. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:552-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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75
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Britz-McKibbin P. New advances in amino acid profiling by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 828:83-99. [PMID: 22125139 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-445-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) offers a selective, sensitive yet robust approach for amino acid profiling in complex biological samples with minimal sample pretreatment. Direct analysis of amino acids and their analogs is routinely performed using strongly acidic buffer conditions under positive-ion mode ESI-MS with a coaxial sheath liquid interface. New advances in online sample preconcentration, chemical derivatization, and/or ESI interface designs can further improve assay performance allowing for resolution of amino acid stereoisomers and labile aminothiols with low nanomolar detection limits. Accurate prediction of the electromigration behavior of amino acids offers a convenient approach for their qualitative identification complementary to ESI-MS. Simultaneous analysis of amino acids together with other classes of cationic metabolites can be realized by CE-ESI-MS for comprehensive metabolite profiling applications relevant to disease prognosis, drug efficacy, and food safety/quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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76
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Ramautar R, Busnel JM, Deelder AM, Mayboroda OA. Enhancing the Coverage of the Urinary Metabolome by Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 84:885-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, California 92822, United States
| | - André M. Deelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg A. Mayboroda
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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77
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van der Meel R, Oliveira S, Altintas I, Haselberg R, van der Veeken J, Roovers RC, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, Storm G, Hennink WE, Schiffelers RM, Kok RJ. Tumor-targeted Nanobullets: Anti-EGFR nanobody-liposomes loaded with anti-IGF-1R kinase inhibitor for cancer treatment. J Control Release 2011; 159:281-9. [PMID: 22227023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated target for anti-cancer therapy and several EGFR inhibitors are used in the clinic. Over the years, an increasing number of studies have reported on the crosstalk between EGFR and other receptors that can contribute to accelerated cancer development or even acquisition of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies. Combined targeting of EGFR and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a rational strategy to potentiate anti-cancer treatment and possibly retard resistance development. In the present study, we have pursued this by encapsulating the kinase inhibitor AG538 in anti-EGFR nanobody-liposomes. The thus developed dual-active nanobody-liposomes associated with EGFR-(over)expressing cells in an EGFR-specific manner and blocked both EGFR and IGF-1R activation, due to the presence of the EGFR-blocking nanobody EGa1 and the anti-IGF-1R kinase inhibitor AG538 respectively. AG538-loaded nanobody-liposomes induced a strong inhibition of tumor cell proliferation even upon short-term exposure followed by a drug-free wash-out period. Therefore, AG538-loaded nanobody-liposomes are a promising anti-cancer formulation due to efficient intracellular delivery of AG538 in combination with antagonistic and downregulating properties of the EGa1 nanobody-liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy van der Meel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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78
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Kok MGM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Sensitivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of anionic metabolites using a triethylamine-containing background electrolyte and sheath liquid. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3016-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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79
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Faserl K, Sarg B, Kremser L, Lindner H. Optimization and Evaluation of a Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Platform for Peptide Analysis: Comparison to Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7297-305. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2010372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Faserl
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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80
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Pourhaghighi MR, Busnel JM, Girault HH. High-sensitive protein analysis by FESI-CE-MALDI-MS. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1795-803. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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81
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Sisu E, Flangea C, Serb A, Rizzi A, Zamfir AD. High-performance separation techniques hyphenated to mass spectrometry for ganglioside analysis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1591-609. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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82
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Haselberg R, Harmsen S, Dolman MEM, de Jong GJ, Kok RJ, Somsen GW. Characterization of drug-lysozyme conjugates by sheathless capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 698:77-83. [PMID: 21645662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug-protein conjugates have been widely used for the cell-specific targeting of drugs to cells that can bind and internalize the proteinaceous carrier. For renal drug targeting, lysozyme (LZM) can be used as an effective carrier that accumulates in proximal tubular cells. We used capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF-MS) for the characterization of different drug-LZM conjugates. A recently developed prototype porous tip sprayer was employed for sheathless electrospray ionization (ESI) CE-MS interfacing. In order to prevent adsorption of LZM conjugates to the capillary wall, a positively charged polyethylenimine capillary coating was used in combination with a low-pH background electrolyte. Drug-LZM products had been prepared by first coupling BOC-l-methionine hydroxysuccinimide ester (BOCmet) to lysine residues of LZM followed by conjugation with the kinase inhibitors LY364947, erlotinib, or Y27632 via a platinum(II)-based linker. CE-TOF-MS of each preparation showed narrow symmetrical peaks for the various reaction products demonstrating that drug-LZM conjugates remained stable during the CE analysis and subsequent ESI. Components observed in the drug-LZM products were assigned based on their relative migration times and on molecular mass as obtained by TOF-MS. The TOF-MS data obtained for the individual components revealed that the preparations contained LZM carrying one or two drug molecules, next to unmodified and BOCmet-modified LZM. Based on relative peak areas (assuming an equimolar response for each component) a quantitative conjugate profile could be derived for every preparation leading to drug loading values of 0.4-0.6 mol drug per mole protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Haselberg
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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83
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Kawai M, Iwamuro Y, Iio-Ishimaru R, Chinaka S, Takayama N, Hayakawa K. Analysis of phosphorus-containing amino acid-type herbicides by sheathless capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using a high sensitivity porous sprayer. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:857-60. [PMID: 21828926 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new practical capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS) method for the forensic analysis of phosphorus-containing amino acid-type herbicides, glyphosate (GLYP), glufosinate (GLUF) and bialaphos (BIAL). A new sheathless interface, a high sensitivity porous sprayer (HSPS), was used in this study. The limits of detections of GLYP, GLUF and BIAL were 7.6, 0.61 and 0.57 pg, respectively. These values were 4-36 times lower than these obtained by conventional CE/ESI-MS using a sheath liquid. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of beverages spiked with the herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kawai
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa 920-8553, Japan
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