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Di Francesco G, Montesano C, Vincenti F, Bilel S, Corli G, Petrella G, Cicero DO, Gregori A, Marti M, Sergi M. Tackling new psychoactive substances through metabolomics: UHPLC-HRMS study on natural and synthetic opioids in male and female murine models. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9432. [PMID: 38658766 PMCID: PMC11043364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) represent a broad class of drugs new to the illicit market that often allow passing drug-screening tests. They are characterized by a variety of structures, rapid transience on the drug scene and mostly unknown metabolic profiles, thus creating an ever-changing scenario with evolving analytical targets. The present study aims at developing an indirect screening strategy for NPS monitoring, and specifically for new synthetic opioids (NSOs), based on assessing changes in endogenous urinary metabolite levels as a consequence of the systemic response following their intake. The experimental design involved in-vivo mice models: 16 animals of both sex received a single administration of morphine or fentanyl. Urine was collected before and after administration at different time points; the samples were then analysed with an untargeted metabolomics LC-HRMS workflow. According to our results, the intake of opioids resulted in an elevated energy demand, that was more pronounced on male animals, as evidenced by the increase in medium and long chain acylcarnitines levels. It was also shown that opioid administration disrupted the pathways related to catecholamines biosynthesis. The observed alterations were common to both morphine and fentanyl: this evidence indicate that they are not related to the chemical structure of the drug, but rather on the drug class. The proposed strategy may reinforce existing NPS screening approaches, by identifying indirect markers of drug assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Corli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Greta Petrella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), 00191, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, University La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Reisfield GM, Teitelbaum SA, Jones JT, Mathias K, Lewis B. Urine and hair drug test results associated with daily consumption of codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:27-36. [PMID: 37987376 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the urine and hair opiate profiles associated with the daily consumption of presumptive codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. Ten participants consumed one of five food products at breakfast for 10 consecutive days. Baseline urine and hair samples were collected on Day 1. The urine samples were collected 4, 8 and 12 h following poppy seed consumption on Days 1 and 10, and the first morning void urine samples were collected on Days 2-10. A second hair specimen was collected on Day 20 ± 2. Urine drug test results: Three of the food products were associated with opiate-negative urine drug test results at all time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Two of the food products were associated with opiate-positive drug test results at all non-baseline time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Of these, all samples (n = 60) were codeine-positive, and 27 (45%) were morphine-positive. Codeine concentrations exceeded morphine concentrations in every sample and always by multiples. Thirty-nine of the 60 samples (65%) were codeine-positive at a 2,000 ng/mL cut-off, while none of these samples were morphine-positive at this cut-off. None of the 60 samples reached an opiate threshold of 15,000 ng/mL, although one participant produced a maximum codeine concentration of 13,161 ng/mL (13,854 ng/mg creatinine). There was no clear trend toward increasing urinary opiate concentrations over the course of the study. Hair drug test results: The hair samples of two participants produced quantifiable codeine (41 pg/mg and 51 pg/mg), but no sample reached a common reporting threshold of 200 pg/mg for codeine or morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Reisfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, UF Health Springhill 1, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Scott A Teitelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Joseph T Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., 1700 S. Mt. Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - Kent Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Ben Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
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Wilson RJ, Laha TJ, Baird GS, Hoofnagle AN, Liao HC. Pastry precautions: Poppy seed-containing products cause significant positive results in urine drug tests. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:644-645. [PMID: 37556114 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Wilson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
| | - Thomas J Laha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Baird
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
| | - Hsuan-Chieh Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
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Ding Z, Wang C, Song X, Li N, Zheng X, Wang C, Su M, Liu H. Strong π-Metal Interaction Enables Liquid Interfacial Nanoarray-Molecule Co-assembly for Raman Sensing of Ultratrace Fentanyl Doped in Heroin, Ketamine, Morphine, and Real Urine. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:12570-12579. [PMID: 36808908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Toward the challenge on reliable determination of trace fentanyl to avoid opioid overdose death in drug crisis, here we realize rapid and direct detection of trace fentanyl in real human urine without pretreatment by a portable surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) strategy on liquid/liquid interfacial (LLI) plasmonic arrays. It was observed that fentanyl could interact with the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) surface, facilitate the LLI self-assembly, and consequently amplify the detection sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1 ng/mL in aqueous solution and 50 ng/mL spiked in urine. Furthermore, we achieve multiplex blind sample recognition and classification of ultratrace fentanyl doped in other illegal drugs, which has extremely low LODs at mass concentrations of 0.02% (2 ng in 10 μg of heroin), 0.02% (2 ng in 10 μg of ketamine), and 0.1% (10 ng in 10 μg of morphine). A logic circuit of the AND gate was constructed for automatic recognition of illegal drugs with or without fentanyl doping. The data-driven analog soft independent modeling model could quickly distinguish fentanyl-doped samples from illegal drugs with 100% specificity. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation elucidates the underlying molecular mechanism of nanoarray-molecule co-assembly through strong π-metal interactions and the differences in the SERS signal of various drug molecules. It paves a rapid identification, quantification, and classification strategy for trace fentanyl analysis, indicating broad application prospects in response to the opioid epidemic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Ding
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xin Song
- Hefei Public Security Bureau, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ning Li
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | | | - Chenxue Wang
- Hefei Public Security Bureau, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Mengke Su
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Usmanov DT, Akhunov S, Khasanov U, Rotshteyn VM, Kasimov BS. Direct detection of morphine in human urine by surface-ionization mass spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2020; 26:153-157. [PMID: 31510802 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719875655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of drugs-of-abuse in biological fluids are the essential tasks for the law enforcement, forensic toxicology, doping research and social health. In this work, we developed a surface-ionization mass spectrometry method for direct detection of trace amount of morphine spiked in blank urine. The mass-spectrometric analysis of spiked samples was carried out without preliminary extraction and chromatographic separation. It was found out that the major fragment ions at m/z 144, 146 could be served as indicator lines of morphine spiked in blank urine. Limit of detection of morphine spiked in blank urine was 100 pg (50 ng/ml), and a linear range of calibration curve was more than two orders of magnitude. The spiked samples were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry without preliminary extraction and derivatization procedures. No morphine was found in the spiked samples. The experimental data show that the high selectivity of the surface ionization can be allowed to direct analysis of morphine spiked in blank urine without its preliminary extraction and chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Usmanov
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - ShDj Akhunov
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - U Khasanov
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - V M Rotshteyn
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - BSh Kasimov
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Yen YT, Chang YJ, Lai PJ, Chang CL, Chen TY, Chyueh SC. A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040972. [PMID: 32098143 PMCID: PMC7070706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the origin of opiate and/or opiate metabolites in individual urine specimens after consumption of cold syrups is vital for patients, doctors, and law enforcement. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using "dilute-and-shoot" analysis without the need for extraction, hydrolysis and/or derivatization has been developed and validated. The approach provides linear ranges of 2.5-1000 ng mL-1 for 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, chlorpheniramine, and carbinoxamine, 2.5-800 ng mL-1 for morphine and morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, and 2.5-600 ng mL-1 for morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide and codeine-6-β-d-glucuronide, with excellent correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995) and matrix effects (< 5%). Urine samples collected from the ten participants orally administered cold syrups were analyzed. The results concluded that participants consuming codeine-containing cold syrups did not routinely pass urine tests for opiates, and their morphine-codeine concentration ratios (M/C) were not always < 1. In addition, the distribution map of the clinical total concentration of the sum of morphine and codeine against the antihistamines (chlorpheniramine or carbinoxamine) were plotted for discrimination of people who used cold syrups. The 15 real cases have been studied by using M/C rule, cutoff value, and distribution map, further revealing a potential approach to determine opiate metabolite in urine originating from cold syrups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Yen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2911-2241 (ext. 3714)
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Lu RB, Wang TY, Lee SY, Chen SL, Chang YH, See Chen P, Lin SH, Chu CH, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Lee IH, Chin Chen K, Kuang Yang Y, Chen P, Chen SH, Hong JS. Correlation between interleukin-6 levels and methadone maintenance therapy outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107516. [PMID: 31513981 PMCID: PMC7077753 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) varies in each patient with opioid use disorder (OUD). Opioid abuse activates proinflammatory processes by increasing cytokine production and impairing neurotrophic factor expression, and possibly leads to a vicious cycle that hinders recovery. Therefore, we investigated whether markers of inflammation and neurotrophic expression correlate with the MMT outcomes in OUD patients. METHOD We investigated OUD patients undergoing MMT and followed them up for 12 weeks. We measured plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), urinary morphine tests, and plasma morphine levels at baseline and on weeks 1, 4, 8, and 12 during MMT. Multiple linear regressions and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to examine the correlation between the cytokine and BDNF levels and MMT outcomes. RESULTS We initially enrolled 104 patients, but only 78 patients completed end-of-study assessments. Plasma levels of CRP, TGF-β1, and BDNF fell during MMT. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly associated with plasma morphine levels (P = 0.005) and urinary morphine-positive (+) results (P = 0.04), and significantly associated with poor compliance (P = 0.009) and early dropout from MMT (P = 0.001). However, other cytokine and BDNF levels were not consistently associated with MMT outcomes. CONCLUSION Higher IL-6 levels were associated with poor MMT outcomes. Additional studies on regulating IL-6 expression to improve treatment outcomes in OUD patients might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City Sheng Jin Road No. 1 Huanglong residential area, China; Beijing YiNing Hospital, No.9 Minzhuang Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100195, China; Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No.386, Dazhong 1st Rd., Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 3F, No.367, Sheng-Li Rd., North District, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No.325, Sec.2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No.325, Sec.2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, No.161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, No.345, Zhuangjing Rd., Douliu, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan
| | - Ping Chen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, N.C. 27709, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, N.C. 27709, USA
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Liu TH, Chung RH, Wang SC, Fang CP, Tsou HH, Shih CL, Kuo HW, Wang Y, Liu YL. Missense mutation at CLDN8 associated with a high plasma interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 level in methadone-maintained patients with urine test positive for morphine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187639. [PMID: 29145422 PMCID: PMC5690676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a high plasma chemokine interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) level and prolonged electrocardiography QT-interval in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients with HIV or HCV infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic association of high plasma IP-10 level in the MMT patients. The gene-based and pathway-based association analyses were conducted using a genome-wide association study dataset in 344 MMT patients for identifying genes and pathways associated with plasma IP-10 level. We found that plasma IP-10 level was significantly associated with a pathway in the tight junction (P = 1.01x10-5), where the claudin 8 (CLDN8) gene had the most significant association (P = 6.8x10-5). A functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs686364 at exon 1 of CLDN8 showed strong association with plasma IP-10 levels, in the MMT subjects with positive urine test for morphine (dominant model, P = 0.00004). The minor allele type carriers had higher plasma IP-10 levels than the major allele type carriers. Our data support that the tight junction protein claudin 8 exon 1 is a predictor for the plasma levels of IP-10 in MMT patients with urine test positive for morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hsia Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Hua Chung
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chang Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ping Fang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Tsou
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lung Shih
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Kuo
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Nagpal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heather Heiman
- Department of Medicine and Medical Education, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shannon Haymond
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Mamakwa S, Kahan M, Kanate D, Kirlew M, Folk D, Cirone S, Rea S, Parsons P, Edwards C, Gordon J, Main F, Kelly L. Evaluation of 6 remote First Nations community-based buprenorphine programs in northwestern Ontario: Retrospective study. Can Fam Physician 2017; 63:137-145. [PMID: 28209683 PMCID: PMC5395389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate established opioid addiction treatment programs that use traditional healing in combination with buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance treatment in 6 First Nations communities in the Sioux Lookout region of northwestern Ontario. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Six First Nations communities in northwestern Ontario. PARTICIPANTS A total of 526 First Nations participants in opioid-dependence treatment programs. INTERVENTION Buprenorphine-naloxone substitution therapy and First Nations healing programming. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Retention rates and urine drug screening (UDS) results. RESULTS Treatment retention rates at 6, 12, and 18 months were 84%, 78%, and 72%, respectively. We estimate that the rate at 24 months will also be more than 70%. The UDS programming varied and was implemented in only 1 community. Initially urine testing was voluntary and it then became mandatory. Screening with either method found the proportion of urine samples with negative results for illicit opioids ranged between 84% and 95%. CONCLUSION The program's treatment retention rates and negative UDS results were higher than those reported for most methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone programs, despite a patient population where severe posttraumatic stress disorder is endemic, and despite the programs' lack of resources and addiction expertise. Community-based programs like these overcome the initial challenge of cultural competence. First Nations communities in other provinces should establish their own buprenorphinenaloxone programs, using local primary care physicians as prescribers. Sustainable core funding is needed for programming, long-term aftercare, and trauma recovery for such initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Mamakwa
- Health Director for the Shibogama Health Authority in Sioux Lookout, Ont
| | - Meldon Kahan
- Associate Professor in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Toronto in Ontario and is an advisor in addiction care to Sioux Lookout physicians
| | - Dinah Kanate
- Chief of North Caribou Lake First Nation in Round Lake, Ont
| | - Mike Kirlew
- Assistant Professor in the Division of Clinical Sciences at the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) in Sioux Lookout and is a community physician for Wapekeka First Nation
| | - David Folk
- Assistant Professor in the Division of Clinical Sciences at NOSM and a community physician for North Caribou Lake
| | - Sharon Cirone
- Addiction specialist at St Joseph's Health Centre in Toronto and visits the North Caribou Lake community regularly
| | - Sara Rea
- Researcher with the Anishinaabe Bimaadiziwin Research Program in Sioux Lookout
| | - Pierre Parsons
- Electronic Medical Records Technologist for Sioux Lookout First Nations Health Authority
| | - Craig Edwards
- Researcher with the Anishinaabe Bimaadiziwin Research Program
| | - Janet Gordon
- Chief Operating Officer for the Sioux Lookout First Nations Health Authority
| | - Fiona Main
- Family medicine resident at NOSM in Sudbury, Ont
| | - Len Kelly
- Researcher with the Anishinaabe Bimaadiziwin Research Program.
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11
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Abstract
no abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert West
- Director of Toxicology and Regulatory Affairs Millennium Health, LLC San Diego, California
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use urine drug testing (UDT) results and other covariates to develop a model for the assessment of opioid medication prescription adherence. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING The Pain Management Clinic at one center of a large, private, multispecialty healthcare system (consisting of 52 regional centers) in northcentral and western Wisconsin. PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred thirty-three Pain Management Clinic patients with an opioid prescription and UDT between June 1, 2007 and May 17, 2010. UDT results were available for 2,615 individual drug screens from 2,364 urine samples. INTERVENTION Patient characteristics, drug dosage, quantitative urine creatinine and drug/analyte levels, and reported adherence/nonadherence were abstracted from the electronic medical record. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adherence was categorized for all UDT results using an objective set of criteria. Drug adherence was modeled excluding samples for clinically observed adherence issues, detection of illicit substances, diagnosed addictive disorders, and/or metabolic reasons. RESULTS Considerable variability was observed for primary urine analytes, even among those prescribed the same dose and believed to be adherent and free of confounding medical issues. For all medications evaluated, only urine creatinine contributed significantly (p < 0.0001) to predictive models of adherence based on dose alone. Simulated underuse and review of identified overuse and underuse suggest that this model could provide useful adherence information. CONCLUSION Predictive models based on urine analyte levels and clinical covariates, particularly urine creatinine, may be clinically useful for assessing opioid adherence. Future work should evaluate whether genetics or other factors can improve predictive accuracy of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E M Larson
- Clinical Psychologist, Department of Pain Management, Marshfield Clinic Health System - Minocqua Center, Minocqua, Wisconsin
| | - Richard L Berg
- Senior Biostatistician, Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Joyce Flanagan
- Clinical Chemist, Section Head, Chemistry and Toxicology, Marshfield Labs, Marshfield Clinic Health Systems Marshfield, Wisconsin
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Wang R, Ding Y, Bai H, Duan S, Ye R, Yang Y, Wang J, Tang R, Gao M, He N. Illicit Heroin and Methamphetamine Use among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients in Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan Province, China. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196394 PMCID: PMC4510060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was introduced to China in 2004 to reduce the harm of injecting drug users (IDUs). However, little is known about continued drug use, especially methamphetamine (MAMP), among MMT patients. Methods A survey was conducted among patients attending five major MMT clinics in Dehong Prefecture in 2014 to investigate the heroin and MAMP use and their associated risk factors. Participants were administered with face-to-face interviews, and urine tests for morphine and MAMP. Results A total of 2,121 were eligible and participated in the study. Among them, 220 (10.4%) were only positive for morphine, 12.9% were only positive for MAMP, and 196 (9.2%) were positive for both morphine and MAMP. Compared with neither use of heroin nor MAMP during MMT, heroin use (not using MAMP) was associated with ethnicity, shorter duration of MMT, lower dose of methadone, and having had no more than two sex partners in the past year; MAMP use (not using heroin) was associated with ethnicity, longer duration of MMT, higher dose of methadone and being aged <30 years (vs. ≥50 years); use of both heroin and MAMP was associated with being Dai minority (vs. Han), a marital status of divorced or widowed, having used drugs for ≥10 years and shorter duration of MMT. Conclusion These findings indicate the complexity in the treatment of heroin users and underscore the importance in prescribing appropriate methadone dosages in order to reduce both heroin and MAMP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Bai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Duan
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Runhua Ye
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuecheng Yang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jibao Wang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Renhai Tang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Meiyang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Smith ML, Nichols DC, Underwood P, Fuller Z, Moser MA, LoDico C, Gorelick DA, Newmeyer MN, Concheiro M, Huestis MA. Morphine and codeine concentrations in human urine following controlled poppy seeds administration of known opiate content. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 241:87-90. [PMID: 24887324 PMCID: PMC4127332 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Opiates are an important component for drug testing due to their high abuse potential. Proper urine opiate interpretation includes ruling out poppy seed ingestion; however, detailed elimination studies after controlled poppy seed administration with known morphine and codeine doses are not available. Therefore, we investigated urine opiate pharmacokinetics after controlled oral administration of uncooked poppy seeds with known morphine and codeine content. Participants were administered two 45 g oral poppy seed doses 8 h apart, each containing 15.7 mg morphine and 3mg codeine. Urine was collected ad libitum up to 32 h after the first dose. Specimens were analyzed with the Roche Opiates II immunoassay at 2000 and 300 μg/L cutoffs, and the ThermoFisher CEDIA(®) heroin metabolite (6-acetylmorphine, 6-AM) and Lin-Zhi 6-AM immunoassays with 10 μg/L cutoffs to determine if poppy seed ingestion could produce positive results in these heroin marker assays. In addition, all specimens were quantified for morphine and codeine by GC/MS. Participants (N=22) provided 391 urine specimens over 32 h following dosing; 26.6% and 83.4% were positive for morphine at 2000 and 300 μg/L GC/MS cutoffs, respectively. For the 19 subjects who completed the study, morphine concentrations ranged from <300 to 7522 μg/L with a median peak concentration of 5239 μg/L. The median first morphine-positive urine sample at 2000 μg/L cutoff concentration occurred at 6.6 h (1.2-12.1), with the last positive from 2.6 to 18 h after the second dose. No specimens were positive for codeine at a cutoff concentration of 2000 μg/L, but 20.2% exceeded 300 μg/L, with peak concentrations of 658 μg/L (284-1540). The Roche Opiates II immunoassay had efficiencies greater than 96% for the 2000 and 300 μg/L cutoffs. The CEDIA 6-AM immunoassay had a specificity of 91%, while the Lin-Zhi assay had no false positive results. These data provide valuable information for interpreting urine opiate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Smith
- U.S. Army Forensic Toxicology Drug Testing Laboratory, Fort Meade, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Nichols
- U.S. Army Forensic Toxicology Drug Testing Laboratory, Fort Meade, MD, USA
| | - Paula Underwood
- U.S. Army Forensic Toxicology Drug Testing Laboratory, Fort Meade, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Fuller
- U.S. Army Forensic Toxicology Drug Testing Laboratory, Fort Meade, MD, USA
| | - Matthew A Moser
- U.S. Army Forensic Toxicology Drug Testing Laboratory, Fort Meade, MD, USA
| | - Charles LoDico
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David A Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Currently at Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marta Concheiro
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Yee DA, Hughes MM, Guo AY, Barakat NH, Tse SA, Ma JD, Best BM, Atayee RS. Observation of improved adherence with frequent urine drug testing in patients with pain. J Opioid Manag 2014; 10:111-118. [PMID: 24715666 DOI: 10.5055/jom.2014.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between urine drug testing (UDT) frequency and patient adherence for prescribed buprenorphine, carisoprodol, fentanyl, hydrocodone, methadone, morphine, and oxycodone. SETTING Patients with pain routinely seen by private practitioners. DESIGN A retrospective analysis was conducted on urinary excretion data analyzed by Millennium Laboratories between March 2008 and May 2011. PATIENT PARTICIPANTS Patients in the United States with chronic pain who underwent routine UDT to confirm adherence for prescribed medications. INTERVENTIONS Adherence for the urine drug test was defined as the presence of parent drug and/or metabolite(s) greater than or equal to the lower limit of quantitation. The percent of adherence for prescribed medications was compared to the average percent of the same in subjects with five or more visits. MAIN OUTCOMES Correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship between adherence for prescribed medications and number of visits. RESULTS There were 255,168 specimens submitted for testing from 166,755 individuals. When monitoring with more frequent visits (≥5 visits) adherence was higher by 1 percent for buprenorphine (89 percent vs 88 percent); 8 percent for carisoprodol (77 percent vs 69 percent); 5 percent for fentanyl (95 percent vs 90 percent); 7 percent for hydrocodone (83 percent vs 76 percent); 3 percent for methadone (96 percent vs 93 percent); 5 percent for morphine (92 percent vs 87 percent); and 8 percent for oxycodone (90 percent vs 82 percent). CONCLUSIONS Adherence for prescribed medications is higher with frequent urine monitoring. UDT can be used as tool that may help improve this in patients with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Yee
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Michelle M Hughes
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Y Guo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Neveen H Barakat
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Stephanie A Tse
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph D Ma
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California; Doris A. Howell Palliative Care Service, La Jolla, California
| | - Brookie M Best
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California; Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine - Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Rabia S Atayee
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California; Doris A. Howell Palliative Care Service, La Jolla, California
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16
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Fucci N, Pascali VL. Acute morphine and cocaine related death after trimethoprim-adultered cocaine abuse. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2014; 44:499-501. [PMID: 25361939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, cocaine and morphine (heroin) have been among the primary causes of deaths related to drug abuse. Cocaine is frequently altered by dilution, substitution, contamination, and adulteration. Trimethoprim has never been identified in the powders of cocaine, making this the first post-mortem case report in which the presence of this compound is described. The case reported here is that of a 46-year-old woman with a history of cocaine and morphine abuse who was found dead inside her bathroom. The police found the corpse next to a syringe, with a telephone card containing trace of cocaine on the sink. Toxicological analysis was performed, and drug levels were measured by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In addition to the presence of cocaine and smaller alkaloids, trimethoprim was also detected on the syringe and telephone card and in the woman's nasal mucosa. Trimethoprim analysis is very quick and easy and can be added to the routine analysis of drugs of abuse seized on the illicit market to obtain more information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Fucci
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo L Pascali
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, Rome, Italy
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17
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Bu J, Zhan CS. [Comparison of morphine and codeine concentration in urines of heroin abusers and codeine users]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 28:426-428. [PMID: 23484322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare morphine and codeine concentration in urines of heroin abusers and codeine users and to discuss the judgment index to distinguish between heroin abuser and codeine user. METHODS The urines of heroin abusers and codeine users were collected at different time periods. After protein precipitation, the urine samples were conducted for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of morphine and codeine by UPLC-MS/MS. And the results were all statistically analyzed. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that morphine and codeine concentration in urines of heroin abusers and codeine users were both abnormal distributions. The probability of the heroin abuser would be more than 95% and less than 5% for the codeine user when the concentration of morphine in urine sample was more than 67 ng/mL. The probability of the codeine user would be more than 95% and less than 5% for the heroin abuser when the concentration of morphine in urine sample was less than 67 ng/mL. CONCLUSION The morphine concentration in urine could be used as a criterion to distinguish the heroin abuser from the codeine user, while the codeine concentration could not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, P.R.China, Shanghai 200063, China.
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18
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Tie C, Zhang DW, Chen HX, Song SL, Zhang XX. Study of the electrical connection mechanism of sheathless interface for capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2012; 47:1429-1434. [PMID: 23147818 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the combination of high separation ability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and strong identification ability of mass spectrometry (MS), CE/MS is becoming a powerful tool for polar and ionic analytes analysis. Different interfaces have been developed to enhance the sensitivity and reliability since the first introduction of CE/MS in 1987. A sheathless porous interface based on a new ions transferring electric connection technique was reported to be with high sensitivity and reliability. In this work, a series of optical and electrochemical experiments were designed to study the electric connection process. The results indicated that closing CE electrical circuit and applying MS spray voltage were achieved by the small ions transferring through the interface porous wall. The new electric connection method significantly enhanced the sensitivity, resolution and stability of the CE/MS analysis. The interface was applied in CE/MS detection of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine sample and showed an equal sensitivity to LC/MS. With the significant improvement of sensitivity and stability, the CE/MS with the new interface showed strong potential for the determination of low abundance analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Tie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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19
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Pesce A, West C, Gonzales E, Rosenthal M, West R, Mikel C, Almazan P, Latyshev S, Horn P. Illicit drug use correlates with negative urine drug test results for prescribed hydrocodone, oxycodone, and morphine. Pain Physician 2012; 15:E687-E692. [PMID: 22996862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies indicate that 10.8%-34% of patients with chronic pain use illicit drugs. One hypothesis for this occurrence is that some patients may be supplementing their prescription medications with illicit drugs. OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of this retrospective data analysis was to test the hypothesis that people whose urine specimens are positive for the medications that have been listed as being prescribed to them are positive for fewer illicit substances than those whose specimens were negative for their prescribed medications. The secondary purpose of the study was to correlate the use of illicit drugs and the amount of prescribed medications excreted in urine. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study of the incidence of patients using illicit drugs versus their consistency with reported medications. METHODS Using urine specimens from a cohort of nearly 400,000 patients whose identities had been redacted, and who were being treated for chronic pain with opioid therapy, this study was performed to correlate the patients' positivity with their prescribed medication to the prevalence of illicit substance use. A secondary study was conducted to correlate the amount of prescribed medication excreted in urine (measured in ng/mL) with the incidence of illicit drug use. The specific prescription medications analyzed were hydrocodone, morphine, and oxycodone. RESULTS Specimens defined as negative for prescribed hydrocodone (27.3%), morphine (11.5%) or oxycodone (19%) were more likely to contain illicit drugs than those found to be positive for the prescribed medication. The illicit drug prevalence among the inconsistent specimens was 15.3% for hydrocodone, 23.8% for morphine, and 24.4% for oxycodone. The secondary study showed no statistically significant difference in the excretion level of prescribed medication between those patients using and not using illicit drugs. LIMITATIONS The study is limited in that no data was obtained to determine the causal relationships of illicit drug use. CONCLUSIONS This work supports the hypothesis that people who are positive for their prescribed medications use fewer illicit drugs than those who do not take their medications. It may be beneficial for physicians to test more thoroughly for illicit drugs when patients' drug tests are negative for their prescribed medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo Pesce
- Millenium Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.
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20
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Stefano GB, Mantione KJ, Králíčková M, Ptacek R, Kuzelova H, Esch T, Kream RM. Parkinson's disease, L-DOPA, and endogenous morphine: a revisit. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:RA133-137. [PMID: 22847214 PMCID: PMC3560700 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations stemming from widespread employment of restorative L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) therapy for management of dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients implicate a regulatory role for endogenous morphine in central nervous system dopamine neurotransmission. Reciprocally, it appears that restorative L-DOPA administration has provided us with a compelling in vivo pharmacological model for targeting peripheral sites involved in endogenous morphine expression in human subjects. The biological activities underlying endogenous morphine expression and its interaction with its major precursor dopamine strongly suggest that endogenous morphine systems are reciprocally dysregulated in PD. These critical issues are examined from historical and current perspectives within our short review.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B. Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York – College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, U.S.A
- Clinic of Psychiatry, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kirk J. Mantione
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York – College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, U.S.A
| | - Milena Králíčková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Ptacek
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York – College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, U.S.A
- Clinic of Psychiatry, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kuzelova
- Clinic of Psychiatry, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Esch
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York – College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, U.S.A
- Division of Integrative Health Promotion, Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany
| | - Richard M. Kream
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York – College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, U.S.A
- Clinic of Psychiatry, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Soravisut N, Rattanasalee P, Junkuy A, Thampitak S, Sribanditmongkol P. Comparative analysis of pathological and toxicological features of opiate overdose and non-overdose fatalities. J Med Assoc Thai 2011; 94:1540-1546. [PMID: 22295744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pathological and toxicological features between opiate overdose and non-opiate overdose fatalities examined in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. MATERIAL AND METHOD A retrospective study of 142 cases, diagnosed as opiate-related deaths between 1996 and 2008 was conducted. Demographic data, pathological findings and toxicological results were retrieved from autopsy records. RESULTS Within these 142 opiate-related deaths, 102 cases were classified as opiate overdose fatalities by Forensic Medicine doctors. More than 95% ofcases were male. About 80% were aged 20 to 39 years. Forty-eight percent were Thai, 13% were British and 11% were American. The most commonplaces of death were residential areas and hotels. Pulmonary edema and needle marks were more common in opiate overdose cases than in non-opiate overdose cases. Toxicological findings showed that 61% of opiate overdose cases and 34% of non-opiate overdose cases were positive for blood morphine. Morphine was detected in about 95% of urine samples in both groups. About 62% of opiate overdose cases and 31% of non-opiate overdose cases had positive blood alcohol. CONCLUSION The average incidence of opiate-related death was about 1% of autopsy cases. More than two thirds of the deaths were opiate overdose cases. After the year 2003, more foreigners suffered from opiate overdose fatalities than Thais. The fatalities were confined to an area frequented by tourists. Pulmonary edema and needle puncture marks were more frequently observed in opiate overdose cases. The number of cases of morphine detection in serum from the opiate overdose group was significantly higher than in the non-opiate overdose group. There was no significant difference in urine morphine detection between both groups. Other substances detected in these victims were alcohol, benzodiazepines, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methadone. Alcohol was found significantly higher in opiate overdose fatality than in non-opiate overdose deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Soravisut
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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22
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Nema T, Chan ECY, Ho PC. Efficiency of a miniaturized silica monolithic cartridge in reducing matrix ions as demonstrated in the simultaneous extraction of morphine and codeine from urine samples for quantification with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Mass Spectrom 2011; 46:891-900. [PMID: 21915953 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Presence of matrix ions could negatively affect the sensitivity and selectivity of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). In this study, the efficiency of a miniaturized silica monolithic cartridge in reducing matrix ions was demonstrated in the simultaneous extraction of morphine and codeine from urine samples for quantification with LC-MS. The miniaturized silica monolith with hydroxyl groups present on the largely exposed surface area function as a weak cation exchanger for solid phase extraction (SPE). The miniaturized silica cartridge in 1 cm diameter and 0.5 cm length was housed in a 2-ml syringe fixed over a SPE vacuum manifold for extraction. The cleaning effectiveness of the cartridge was confirmed by osmometer, atomic absorption spectrometer, LC-MS and GC-TOFMS. The drugs were efficiently extracted from urine samples with recoveries ranging from 86% to 114%. The extracted analytes, after concentration and reconstitution, were quantified using LC-MS/MS. The limits of detection for morphine and codeine were 2 ng/ml and 1 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations of measurements ranged from 3% to 12%. The monolithic sorbent offered good linearity with correlation coefficients > 0.99, over a concentration range of 50-500 ng/ml. The silica monolithic cartridge was found to be more robust than the particle-based packed sorbent and also the commercial cartridge with regards to its recyclability and repeated usage with minimal loss in efficiency. Our study demonstrated the efficiency of the miniaturized silica monolith for removal of matrix ions and extraction of drugs of abuse in urinary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nema
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543
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23
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Lee KM, Kim HJ, Jeong ES, Yoo HH, Kwon OS, Jin C, Kim DH, Lee J. Simple and accurate quantitative analysis of seven prohibited threshold substances in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in doping control. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:2261-2267. [PMID: 21755547 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and accurate liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, cathine, salbutamol, morphine and epitestosterone in human urine. Urine samples were spiked with internal standard and diluted with acetonitrile. After centrifugation, the supernatants were directly analyzed by LC/MS/MS using the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were evaluated and the method was found to be accurate and reproducible for the quantitation of threshold substances. When the method was applied to the analysis of blind urine samples for the proficiency test, the results were close to the nominal concentrations, within 87.7-106.6% of nominal values, suggesting that the developed methods can be successfully applied to routine doping analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Lu M, Zhang L, Chen G, Cai Z. [Analysis of nine narcotics in urine by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-field samplified sample injection]. Se Pu 2011; 29:791-797. [PMID: 22128745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and reproducible method using microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC)-field amplified sample injection (FASI) was developed for the analysis of nine narcotics (morphine, codeine, naloxone, heroin, thebaine, cocaine, pethidine, fentanyl and methadone) in urine. In the MEEKC method, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1-butanol and ethyl acetate were used as surfactant, co-surfactant and organic solvent, respectively. The effects of the acidity and concentration of borate buffer, SDS, 1-butanol and ethyl acetate contents were investigated. The optimum concentrations (by mass fraction) of microemulsion system were 0.6% SDS, 1.2% 1-butanol, 0.6% ethyl acetate and 97.6% 10 mmol/L Na2B4O7 buffer (pH 9.5). The applied voltage was 25 kV. FASI was coupled with the MEEKC method to increase the sensitivity. Under the optimum conditions, the nine narcotics were baseline separated within 15 min and the detection limits (S/N = 3) were in the range of 0.3 - 8.0 microg/L. The spiked recoveries in urine samples were between 79.4% and 119.9% with the intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 5.5%. The developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of methadone in the samples from in vitro metabolism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
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Sheibani A, Shishehbore MR, Mirparizi E. Kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of morphine in biological samples. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2010; 77:535-538. [PMID: 20634129 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper a simple, selective and inexpensive kinetic method was developed for the determination of morphine based on its inhibitory effect on the Janus green-bromate system in sulfuric acid media. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 618 nm by a fixed time method. The effect of different parameters such as concentration of reactants and temperature on the rate of reaction was investigated and optimum conditions were obtained. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range 0.07-7.98 mg L(-1) of morphine, and detection limit of the method was 3.0x10(-2)mg L(-1). The relative standard deviation for five determinations of 3.74 mg L(-1) of morphine was 0.57%. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of morphine in human urine and serum as real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sheibani
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, P.O. Box 89156-155, Yazd, Iran.
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Tadjimukhamedov FK, Jackson AU, Nazarov EG, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Evaluation of a differential mobility spectrometer/miniature mass spectrometer system. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010; 21:1477-1481. [PMID: 20619673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A planar differential mobility spectrometer (DMS) was coupled to a Mini 10 handheld rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass spectrometer (MS) (total weight 10 kg), and the performance of the instrument was evaluated using illicit drug analysis. Coupling of DMS (which requires a continuous flow of drift gas) with a miniature MS (which operates best using sample introduction via a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface, DAPI), was achieved with auxiliary pumping using a 5 L/min miniature diaphragm sample pump placed between the two devices. On-line ion mobility filtering showed to be advantageous in reducing the background chemical noise in the analysis of the psychotropic drug diazepam in urine using nanoelectrospray ionization. The combination of a miniature mass spectrometer with simple and rapid gas-phase ion separation by DMS allowed the characteristic fragmentation pattern of diazepam to be distinguished in a simple urine extract at lower limits of detection (50 ng/mL) than that achieved without DMS (200 ng/mL). The additional separation power of DMS facilitated the identification of two drugs of similar molecular weight, morphine (average MW = 285.34) and diazepam (average MW = 284.70), using a miniature mass spectrometer capable of unit resolution. The similarity in the proton affinities of these two compounds resulted in some cross-interference in the MS data due to facile ionization of the neutral form of the compound even when the ionic form had been separated by DMS.
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West R, Pesce A, West C, Crews B, Mikel C, Rosenthal M, Almazan P, Latyshev S. Observations of medication compliance by measurement of urinary drug concentrations in a pain management population. J Opioid Manag 2010; 6:253-257. [PMID: 20862905 DOI: 10.5055/jom.2010.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major concerns of physicians treating pain patients with opioids is to determine whether the patients are compliant, and this is commonly determined by urine drug testing. There is limited information on which drugs these patients are most compliant with. There is also limited information as to how compliance is defined in terms of cutoffs. OBJECTIVE To compare reported patient medication use with the presence of the drug in the patients' urine with defined cutoffs. METHOD A retrospective study of the medications listed by the physicians' offices and the confirmed drug test findings. A Millennium Laboratories database of 20, 457 patient results was examined for the presence of the listed medications and was matched for the presence of the drugs above the analytical cutoffs. RESULTS For oxycodone and hydrocodone, the authors observed 23 and 24 percent noncompliance, respectively. For carisoprodol, they observed 33 percent noncompliance. For morphine, they observed 14 percent noncompliance. For methadone, they observed 9 percent noncompliance. CONCLUSIONS Noncompliance is prevalent in this patient population and varies with the prescribed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert West
- Millennium Laboratories, San Diego, California, USA
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Presence of drugs is completely prohibited in post racing urine samples by most of racing and competition authorities, even if environmental contamination might occur. OBJECTIVES To assess the daily dose of several contaminants absorbed through the diet that would result in detectable concentrations in urine. METHODS Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, atropine, scopolamine, bufotenine, DMT or morphine were administered orally to 6 horses, in different dosages, for 3 days before their urine was sampled for regular anti-doping tests. RESULTS Theobromine, theophylline, bufotenine and morphine daily intake >10 mg, 2 mg, 10 mg and 200 microg, respectively, by a performance horse, were found to result in detectable urinary concentrations. At the 2 tested doses, atropine (5 and 15 mg) and dimethyltryptamine (3 and 10 mg) were not detected in urine. For caffeine and scopolamine, even the lowest dosage tested (5 mg/horse/day and 2 mg/horse/day respectively) induced detectable concentrations of the molecule in urine. CONCLUSIONS Horses fed dietary contaminants, even at level much below the effective dosage, may be positive to antidoping urine analysis. Further research is needed to gain more confident results on a daily safe intake for caffeine and scopolamine. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Selection of feed materials appears to be of great importance to prevent non voluntary positive result to anti-doping tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Respondek
- ENESAD, Nutrition et Santé Digestive des Herbivores, 26 boulevard Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex; and LCH, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrieres le Buisson, France
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Zhan CS, Shen BH, Zhuo XY. [Simultaneous determination of opioid compounds in human urine by UPLC-MS/MS]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2010; 26:188-191. [PMID: 20707277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a method for simultaneous determination of codeine(COD), 6-monoacetyl-morphine (6-MAM), morphine (MOR), morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in human urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). METHODS After precipitation of protein by acetonitrile, the urine samples, with added the morphine-d3 (MOR-d3) and morphine-3-Glucuronide-d3 (M3G-d3) as internal standards, were pre-treated by Sirocco protein precipitation plate, and then analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS The limit of detection was 0.2 ng/mL for both COD and MAM, the limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/mL for both COD and MAM. The limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL for MOR, M3G and M6G, the limit of quantitation was 1 ng/mL for them. The linear correlation coefficients were not less than 0.9997, both the inter-day and intra-day precisions were less than 10%, the recoveries were in the range of 70.0% to 98.3%, the matrix effects were about 50.5% to 99.0%. CONCLUSION This proposed method is simple, rapid and accurate, it could be applied in forensic toxicological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Shu Zhan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Abstract
Currently, there is need for laboratory-based high-throughput and reliable point-of-care drug screening methodologies. We demonstrate here a chip-based label-free porous silicon (PSi) photonic sensor for detecting opiates in urine. This technique provides a cost-effective alternative to conventional labeled drug screening immunoassays with potential for translation to multiplexed analysis. Important effects of surface chemistry and competitive binding assay protocol on the sensitivity of opiate detection are revealed. Capability to tune sensitivity and detection range over approximately 3 orders of magnitude (18.0 nM to 10.8 muM) was achieved by varying the applied urine specimen volume (100-5 muL), which results in systematic shifts in the competitive binding response curve. A detection range (0.36-4.02 muM) of morphine in urine (15 muL) was designed to span the current positive cutoff value (1.05 muM morphine) in medical opiate urine screening. Desirable high cross-reactivity to oxycodone, in addition to other common opiates, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, 6-acetyl morphine, demonstrates an advantage over current commercial screening assays, while low interference with cocaine metabolite was maintained. This study uniquely displays PSi sensor technology as an inexpensive, rapid, and reliable drug screening technology. Furthermore, the versatile surface chemistry developed can be implemented on a range of solid-supported sensors to conduct competitive inhibition assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Bonanno
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester
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Abstract
The opioid and 6-acetylmorphine assays utilize gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the analysis of morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, and 6-acetylmorphine in blood and urine. The specimens are fortified with deuterated internal standard and a five-point calibration curve is constructed. Specimens are extracted by mixed-mode solid phase extraction. The morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, and 6-acetylmorphine extracts are derivatized with N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA) producing trifluoroacetyl derivatives. The final extracts are then analyzed using selected ion monitoring GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Goldberger
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level of urine drug test (UDT) interpretive knowledge of physicians who use these instruments to monitor adherence in their patients on chronic opioid therapy. METHODS A seven-question instrument consisting of six five-option, single-best-answer multiple choice questions and one yes/no question was completed by 114 physicians (77 who employ UDT and 37 who do not) attending one of three regional opioid education conferences. We calculated frequencies and performed chi2 analyses to examine bivariate associations between UDT utilization and interpretive knowledge. RESULTS The instrument was completed by 80 percent of eligible respondents. None of the physicians who employ UDT answered all seven questions correctly, and only 30 percent answered more than half correctly. Physicians who employ UDT performed no better on any of the questions than physicians who do not employ UDT. CONCLUSIONS Physicians who employ UDT to monitor patients receiving chronic opioid therapy are not proficient in test interpretation. This study highlights the need for improved physician education; it is imperative for physicians to work closely with certified laboratory professionals when ordering and interpreting these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Reisfield
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, USA
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Zhang QL, Xu JJ, Li XY, Lian HZ, Chen HY. Determination of morphine and codeine in urine using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:237-42. [PMID: 16846712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip with electrochemical (EC) detection was developed for rapid separation and detection of morphine and codeine. It was found that morphine and codeine were well separated within 140 s in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (pH 6.6, 40 mM)-beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) (20 mM)-acetonitrile (30%, v/v). The detection limit was 0.2 microM for morphine and 1 microM for codeine. The protocol was successfully applied to monitoring the amount of morphine and codeine in human urine. Compared with the conventional methods, the presented method had many advantages such as lower instrument cost, less reagent consumption and shorter analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Li Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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35
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Abstract
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was used to extract drugs of abuse from urine samples for the simultaneous determination of morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), cocaine, cocaethylene, benzoylecgonine (BEG), methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The working wavelengths used were 285 nm for morphine, codeine and 6AM; 233 nm for cocaine, cocaethylene and BEG; and 292 nm for methadone and EDDP. The mobile phase was a gradient of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. A full factorial design was used to identify the most suitable extraction conditions as regards pH, solvent and time of extraction. The optimum conditions thus established provided analyte recoveries from 61% to 109%. The detector response was linear over the drug concentration range 0.1-4.0 microg ml(-1) in urine. The within- and between-day precision and accuracy were less than 8% and 6.5%, respectively. The method was applied successfully to samples obtained from Galician hospitals and courts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Fernández
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Service, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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36
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Alnouti YM, Shelby MK, Chen C, Klaassen CD. Influence of Phenobarbital on Morphine Metabolism and Disposition:LC-MS/MS Determination of Morphine (M) and Morphine-3-Glucuronide (M3G) in Wistar-Kyoto Rat Serum, Bile, and Urine. Curr Drug Metab 2007; 8:79-89. [PMID: 17266525 DOI: 10.2174/138920007779315026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of morphine (M) and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) in rat serum, bile, and urine. Deuterated D3-M and D3-M3G were used as internal standards (IS) for M and M3G, respectively. Serum samples were processed by acetonitrile precipitation. Bile samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis MCX cartridges. Urine samples were directly analyzed after dilution with mobile phase. Chromatography was performed using a Luna C18 column (5 microm, 150x2.1 mm I.D.). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (ACN) and 7.5 mM ammonium formate (pH 9.3) delivered from separate pumps with a simple gradient. The method was validated to quantify M in the range of 1-1000 ng/ml in bile and serum, and 0.025-25 microg/ml in urine. M3G was quantified in the range of 1-1000 ng/ml in serum, 0.1-100 microg/ml in bile, and 0.05-25 microg/ml in urine. The method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics and disposition of M and M3G in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and the effect of phenobarbital (PB) on M and M3G disposition. M is metabolized to M3G at a lower rate in male than female rats leading to higher M levels and lower M3G levels in serum, urine, and bile of male than female rats. PB administration induces M glucuronidation to M3G in male, but not female WKY rats, and abolishes the gender differences in M and M3G pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen M Alnouti
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Di Pietro N, Placanica G, Fiorini I, Manera C, Orlando C, Palombo F, Saccomanni G, Salotti V, Macchia M. Use of Capillary Electrophoresis and Poly(ethylene Oxide) as the Coating Agent for the Determination of Substances Related to Heroin Addiction and Treatment. J Anal Toxicol 2006; 30:679-82. [PMID: 17137528 DOI: 10.1093/jat/30.9.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify morphine, codeine, methadone, and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine using capillary electrophoresis in urine specimens. Adequate peak separation was achieved using nearly neutral pH phosphate buffer and poly(ethylene oxide) as the coating agent. This dynamic coating of the inner surface of the capillary was obtained by rinsing with a solution containing this compound. The electroosmotic flow and the interactions between analytes and the capillary wall surface were reduced, while resolution and reproducibility were thus improved. Detection limits were appropriate for usual analytical requirements in forensic laboratories.
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Lin YH, Li JH, Ko WK, Wu SM. Direct and sensitive analysis of methamphetamine, ketamine, morphine and codeine in human urine by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:281-6. [PMID: 16600267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-Sweep-MEKC) was directly used to test some abuse drugs in human urine, including morphine (M), codeine (C), ketamine (K) and methamphetamine (MA). First, phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.5) containing 30% methanol was filled into uncoated fused silica capillary (40 cm, 50 microm I.D.), then high conductivity buffer (100 mM phosphate, 6.9 kPa for 99.9 s) was followed. Electrokinetic injection (10 kV, 500 s) was used to load samples and to enhance sensitivity. The stacking step and separation were performed at -20 kV and 200 nm using phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 2.5) containing 20% methanol and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. Using CSEI-Sweep-MEKC, the analytes could be simultaneously analyzed and have a detection limit down to ppb level. It was unnecessary to have sample pretreatments. During method validation, calibration plots were linear (r>or=0.9982) over a range of 150-3,000 ng/mL for M and C, 250-5,000 n g/mL for MA, and 50-1,000 ng/mL for K. The limits of detection were 15 ng/mL for M and C, and 5 ng/mL for MA and K (S/N=3, sampling 500 s at 10 kV). Comparing with capillary zone electrophoresis, the results indicated that this stacking method could increase 6,000-fold sensitivity for analysis of MA. Our method was applied for analysis of 28 real urine samples. The results showed good coincidence with immunoassay and GC-MS. This method was feasible for application to detect trace levels of abused drugs in forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
After consumption of poppy seeds various substances were detected in urine or blood samples using an immunoassay and a sophisticated liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric procedure. These compounds are widely considered to be putative markers of heroin (HER) abuse whereas acetylcodeine was regarded as a marker for illicit preparations ("street HER"). Besides positive urinary opiate immunoassay results during a 48 hours monitoring period, peak concentrations of morphine (MOR), codeine and their glucuronides appeared 4 to 8 hours after ingestion of poppy seeds, and concentrations of total MOR higher than 10 microg/mL were observed. Also, in serum samples taken up to 6 hours after consumption, MOR glucuronides were found. Free MOR was only detected in traces (1 to 3 ng/mL) within 2 hours of consumption. In addition, 3 of 6 onsite opiate sweat tests revealed positive results 6.5 hours after ingestion. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that neither noscapine (NOS) nor papaverine (PAP) was detectable in urine or blood samples after the consumption of poppy seeds containing up to 94 microg NOS and up to 3.3 mug PAP. NOS and PAP were rapidly metabolized, whereas desmethylpapaverine and, especially, its glucuronide were found in urine samples of poppy seed consumers even 48 hours after consumption. According to these results PAP metabolites should not be regarded as markers of illicit HER abuse. In conclusion, only acetylcodeine can be regarded as a specific marker but has the problem of a short half-life. Therefore, we suggest that NOS and PAP, but not their metabolites, might be used cautiously as additional markers of illicit HER abuse as they have not been detected after oral intake of poppy seeds in normal doses. But it must be kept in mind that in some cases poppy seeds with an unusually high content of these alkaloids could be available, and that these substances are also agents in some pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Trafkowski
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
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Liu HC, Ho HO, Liu RH, Yeh GC, Lin DL. Urinary Excretion of Morphine and Codeine Following the Administration of Single and Multiple Doses of Opium Preparations Prescribed in Taiwan as "Brown Mixture". J Anal Toxicol 2006; 30:225-31. [PMID: 16803659 DOI: 10.1093/jat/30.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel to the "poppy-seed defense" strategy commonly reported in the United States, donors of urine samples tested positive for opiates in Taiwan often claimed the consumption of Brown Mixture (BM) as the source of the observed morphine and codeine. Because BM contains opium powder (10.0-10.5% morphine), opium tincture (0.9-1.1% morphine), or camphorated opium tincture (0.045-0.055% morphine) and is a popular remedy, and heroin use is considered a serious criminal act, the claim of BM use has to be adequately addressed. In this study, BM from seven different manufacturers (5 tablets and 2 solutions) and urine samples from alleged heroin users and volunteers with various ingestion patterns and were analyzed for their morphine and codeine contents. The analytical procedure included hydrolysis, trimethylsilylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The contents of morphine and codeine in the tablets were found to be very consistent, but with significant differences in the two BM solutions. Morphine concentrations found in urine specimens collected from volunteers ingesting BM tablets (or solutions) were always < 4000 ng/mL. The following morphine-to-codeine ([M]/[C]) ratios were observed for urine specimens with morphine concentration > or = 300 ng/mL: (A) < 3.0 for volunteers ingesting BM solution and (B) > 3.0 (mostly > 5.0) for volunteers ingesting BM tablets and alleged heroin users. It appeared that (A) BM ingestion (tablet or solution) was unlikely to result in a morphine concentration > 4000 ng/mL; and (B) [M]/[C] ratio might not be an effective parameter to differentiate heroin use from BM tablet ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Taipei, Taiwan
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41
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Shigeev SV, Zharov VV. [Diagnostic implication of blood and urine morphine content in alcohol intoxication]. Sud Med Ekspert 2006; 49:30-4. [PMID: 16826843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 198 cases of acute parenteral poisoning with opiates are characterized. The range of concentrations of opiates metabolites in the blood and urine, main causes of death due to opiate poisoning in alcohol intoxication are analysed. Opiates toxicity was assessed with the logit-regression method and dose-effect curves valid for analysis of relationships between probability of death and opiate metabolites concentration in blood and urine. Correlation between probability of death and detection of morphine and ethanol in biological media of the victims is considered. Concentrations of morphine in blood and urine definitely indicating opiates poisoning in alcohol intoxication as a cause of death are determined.
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Cone EJ, Heit HA, Caplan YH, Gourlay D. Evidence of Morphine Metabolism to Hydromorphone in Pain Patients Chronically Treated with Morphine. J Anal Toxicol 2006; 30:1-5. [PMID: 16620524 DOI: 10.1093/jat/30.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor metabolic pathways in human subjects have been shown to exist for the conversion of codeine to hydrocodone but have not been reported for the metabolic conversion of morphine to hydromorphone. In this study, urine specimens were collected in an out-patient setting from 13 pain patients who were chronically treated with morphine and other opioids (methadone, oxycodone, and fentanyl). The chronic pain patients were chosen for study because they were treated with high-dose morphine and had no personal or family history of addiction. Results of the initial evaluation and follow up of these patients with random urine tests did not indicate opioid misuse. The specimens were analyzed by GC-MS for the presence of hydromorphone. The reporting limit for hydromorphone was 100 ng/mL. Ten of the 13 morphine-treated patients excreted hydromorphone in minor amounts ranging 120 to 1400 ng/mL. Concurrent morphine concentrations were exceedingly high in these 10 patients and frequently exceeded the upper limit of linearity (> 10,000 ng/mL) of the assay. The ratio of hydromorphone to morphine ranged from 0.015 to 0.024. Morphine concentrations in the three patients in which hydromorphone was not detected tended to be lower than those observed in other patients. For comparison, one additional patient was included in the study, who was prescribed both morphine and hydromorphone. Concentrations of hydromorphone in this patient were in the range of 3400-13,000 ng/mL, while concurrent morphine concentrations were in the range of 3200-6600 ng/mL. These data are highly suggestive that hydromorphone can be produced as a minor metabolite of morphine in humans. Although additional studies in more restricted settings are needed, it is recommended that interpretation of low urinary concentrations of hydromorphone in combination with high concentrations of morphine in morphine-treated pain patients should not be considered as conclusive evidence of hydromorphone misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Cone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Cristoni S, Cantu M, Bernardi LR, Gerthoux P, Mocarelli P, Brambilla M, Gonella E, Guidugli F. Surface-activated chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry in the analysis of drugs in dilute urine samples. Part II: analysis of morphine and other street drugs. J Mass Spectrom 2005; 40:1609-17. [PMID: 16320295 DOI: 10.1002/jms.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The new ionization method, called surface-activated chemical ionization (SACI), was employed for the analysis of fives drugs (morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), benzoylecgonine and cocaine) by ion trap mass spectrometry. The results so obtained have been compared with those achieved by using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), no-discharge-APCI and electrospray ionization (ESI) clearly showing that SACI is the most sensible one mainly due to the high ionization efficiency and the lower chemical noise. The performance of SACI in terms of sensitivity and linearity was compared with the sensitivity and linearity obtained using APCI, no-discharge-APCI and ESI, showing that the new SACI approach gives rise to the best results. Then, SACI was used to analyze morphine, codeine, 6-MAM, benzoylecgonine and cocaine in urine samples. After the optimization of the instrumental parameters for a mixture of the standard compounds, eight urine samples were analyzed. They were strongly diluted (1 : 20 and 1 : 100) in order to prevent the chromatographic column damage due to the matrix composition. Furthermore, the diluted urine samples were directly analyzed, without pretreatment, through LC-MS and LC-MS/MS, and the obtained results are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristoni
- University of Milan, Centre for bio-molecular Interdisciplinary Studies and Industrial applications CISI, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate Milano, Italy.
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Abstract
Urine immunoassays are commonly used as a rapid screen for drugs of abuse in emergency room, hospital, clinic, and forensic settings. The authors were concerned whether or not a negative screen of the urine for opiates was of significance and indicative that analysis of blood for opiates was not necessary. Specifically, we wished to determine whether a negative test for opiates by immunoassay absolutely rules out an acute overdose, and if not, what percentage of cases with negative results have opiates in the blood. A retrospective analysis was performed using the toxicology results for cases ruled an acute narcotic overdose at the Bexar County Medical Examiner's Office between 1998 and 2003. One hundred eighty-three cases met the criteria for the study. A false-negative rate of approximately 15% was found using an immunoassay as compared with blood analysis for narcotics. The authors feel that while this rate may be acceptable in a clinical setting, it is unacceptable in a forensic setting.
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Murphy CM, Huestis MA. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis for the quantification of morphine, codeine, morphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide, morphine-6-beta-D-glucuronide, and codeine-6-beta-D-glucuronide in human urine. J Mass Spectrom 2005; 40:1412-6. [PMID: 16258895 DOI: 10.1002/jms.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantification of the opiates morphine, codeine, and their metabolites morphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide (M-3-G), morphine-6-beta-D-glucuronide (M-6-G) and codeine-6-beta-D-glucuronide (C-6-G) in human urine has been developed and validated. Identification and quantification were based on the following transitions: 286 to 201 and 229 for morphine, 300 to 215 and 243 for codeine, 462 to 286 [corrected] for M-3-G, 462 to 286 for M-6-G, and 476 to 300 for C-6-G. Calibration by linear regression analysis utilized deuterated internal standards and a weighting factor of 1/X. The method was accurate and precise across a linear dynamic range of 25.0 to 4000.0 ng/ml. Pretreatment of urine specimens using solid phase extraction was sufficient to limit matrix suppression to less than 40% for all five analytes. The method proved to be suitable for the quantification of morphine, codeine, and their metabolites in urine specimens collected from opioid-dependent participants enrolled in a methadone maintenance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M Murphy
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Abstract
A molecular imprinted polymer of morphine was synthesized. Using the imprinted polymer as the recognition material, sodium sulfite as the protective agent, and a potassium permanganate-morphine chemiluminescence system as the detection system, a molecular imprinting-chemiluminescence method for the determination of morphine was established. The linear response range of this method was 5.0 x 10-9-1.0 x 10-6 g/mL (r = 0.9981) and the detection limit was 2 x 10-9 g/mL. The coefficient of variation for 1.0 x 10-7 g/mL morphine solution was 2.8% (n = 9). This method was applied to the determination of morphine in the urine of the heroin abusers with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua He
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Shigeev SV, Zharov VV. [Forensic-medical diagnostic implication of morphine levels in the blood and urine]. Sud Med Ekspert 2005; 48:39-42. [PMID: 16279500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological characteristics are presented for 198 cases of acute parenteral poisoning with morphine and heroin. The range of their metabolites concentration in the blood and urine encountered in practice are analysed. Principal causes of death due to opiate poisoning in inpatients are shown. Opiates toxicity was assessed by the method of logit-regression and dose-effect curves for analysis of probability of death depending on opiate metabolite concentration in blood and urine. Relations between probability of death and detection of morphine in biological media of the victims are considered. Morphine concentrations in the blood and urine undoubtedly indicating morphine poisoning are determined.
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Meatherall R. GC-MS Quantitation of Codeine, Morphine, 6-Acetylmorphine, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, and Oxymorphone in Blood*. J Anal Toxicol 2005; 29:301-8. [PMID: 16105253 DOI: 10.1093/jat/29.5.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of seven opiates, codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone, in blood samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). One milliliter of blood is combined with an internal standard mixture containing 200 ng of each of the seven deuterated opiates. Two milliliters of acetonitrile is added to precipitate the proteins and cellular material. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant is removed, and the acetonitrile is evaporated. The remaining aqueous portion is adjusted to pH 9 with sodium bicarbonate buffer, and the drugs are extracted into chloroform/ trifluoroethanol (10:1). The organic extractant is transferred and dried under nitrogen. The residue is reconstituted in dilute hydrochloric acid and washed consecutively with hexane and chloroform. The purified aqueous portion is adjusted to pH 9 with bicarbonate buffer, and the drugs are again extracted into chloroform/trifluoroethanol (10:1). The organic portion is removed from the aqueous fraction and dried under nitrogen. The residue is consecutively derivatized with methoxyamine and propionic anhydride using pyridine as a catalyst. The ketone groups on hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone are converted to methoximes. Hydroxyl groups present at the O(3) and O(6) positions of codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone are converted to their respective propionyl esters. After a post-derivatization purification step, the extracts are analyzed by full scan GC-MS using electron impact ionization. The method is linear to at least 2000 ng/mL. Day-to-day precision (N = 15) at 500 ng/mL and 75 ng/mL were less than 10% for all seven targeted opiates. Extraction efficiencies at these two concentrations ranged from 50% to 68%. For each opiate, the limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL, and the limit of detection was 2 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meatherall
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Shieh-Czaja
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wilken M, Ineck JR, Rule AM. Chronic arthritis pain management with topical morphine: case series. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2005; 19:39-44. [PMID: 16431831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major health problem in the United States affecting 50 to 75 million Americans. The extent of pain encountered with chronic disease states may impact an individual's quality of life. Morphine is the drug of choice for severe pain. The primary purpose of the study was to determine analgesic response with the use of topical morphine to control chronic pain in a series of patients with arthritis pain. The second purpose was to detect the presence of morphine in the urine following topical administration and subsequently conclude that there had been systemic absorption of the drug. Three patients were prescribed topical morphine for chronic pain and were followed over the course of several weeks. Each patient was instructed to record the date and time of the topical morphine applications. When each patient had achieved a satisfactory level of pain control a 24-hour urine collection was obtained and taken to a laboratory for analysis. All patients reported a satisfactory degree of pain relief following topical application of morphine. The urine analysis confirmed the presence of morphine in the 24-hour samples. This analysis confirms systemic absorption of the morphine across intact skin; however the results cannot be used to quantify the degree of systemic absorption. Results of the study indicate that the use of topical morphine is effective in controlling chronic pain and topical morphine is absorbed systemically in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Wilken
- Creighton University School of Nursing, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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