51
|
Duan X, Liu X, Dong Y, Yang J, Zhang J, He S, Yang F, Wang Z, Dong Y. A Green HPLC Method for Determination of Nine Sulfonamides in Milk and Beef, and Its Greenness Assessment with Analytical Eco-Scale and Greenness Profile. J AOAC Int 2021; 103:1181-1189. [PMID: 33241346 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfonamides have been widely used in the prevention and clinical treatment of bacterial diseases in livestock and poultry. The use of sulfonamides increases the risk of veterinary drug residues in animal derived foods. The traditional reversed phase liquid chromatography methods for sulfonamides residues detection in animal derived foods have the problem of high consumption of organic solvents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish a green high-performance liquid chromatography method for the detection of sulfonamides residues in different animal-origin foods. METHOD The sample extraction solutions were purified by the Agela Cleanert PEP-2 cartridge and analyzed by the high-performance liquid chromatography method using ethanol as the green alternative solvent. RESULTS The proposed method was validated in terms of linear range (20-1000 μg/kg), limit of detection (3.0-12.3 μg/kg), limit of quantitation (10-43 μg/kg), accuracy (80.7-101.3%), and repeatability and reproducibility (RSD <5.9% and RSD <8.5% respectively). CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is an environmentally friendly, sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of sulfonamide residues in animal-origin foods. HIGHLIGHTS In this work, we firstly developed a green high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of the residues of nine sulfonamides in milk and beef with ethanol as the green alternative solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Duan
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China.,Lanzhou University of Technology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Lanzhou University of Technology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yue Dong
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Shujuan He
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Fatang Yang
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yuming Dong
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou, PR China.,Lanzhou University-Techcomp (China) Ltd. Joint Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Lanzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Eco-friendly chiral HPLC method for determination of alfuzosin enantiomers and solifenacin in their newly pharmaceutical combination: Method optimization via central composite design. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
53
|
Marzouk HM, Ibrahim EA, Hegazy MA, Saad SS. Greenness profile assessment of selective liquid chromatographic methods for determination of a quaternary antimigraine combination along with three of their related official impurities. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5132. [PMID: 33792069 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two selective, sensitive and environmentally safe LC methods were developed and validated for determination of paracetamol, caffeine, ergotamine tartrate and metoclopramide in coformulated antimigraine tablets along with p-aminophenol, p-nitrophenol and theophylline as officially specified impurities. The first is based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with densitometric quantitation. Separation was achieved on HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates as stationary phase using ethyl acetate:aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution:glacial acetic acid (10.0:0.4:0.1, by volume) as a developing system followed by scanning of the separated bands at 210.0 nm. The subsequent method depends on HPLC with diode array detection. The LC separation was accomplished on a Scharlau C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using a mixture of 20.0 mm sodium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 3.0, adjusted with o-phosphoric acid and methanol, at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min in a gradient elution program. The separated peaks were detected at 210.0 nm. The proposed methods have been validated and proven to meet the requirements outlined in the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The greenness profile evaluation was carried out using three tools, namely, the National Environmental Method Index, the Analytical EcoScale and the Green Analytical Procedure Index tool, and a comparative study was then conducted. Successful application of the developed methods for determination of the cited quaternary mixture in Metograine tablets confirms their suitability regarding the analytical performance and ecological impact in quality control assay and impurity profiling purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M Marzouk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy A Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science & Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah S Saad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science & Technology, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Djajić N, Petković M, Zečević M, Otašević B, Malenović A, Holzgrabe U, Protić A. A comprehensive study on retention of selected model substances in β-cyclodextrin-modified high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462120. [PMID: 33839575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) models are not only employed in retention behaviour prediction, but also in an in-depth understanding of complex chromatographic systems. The goal of the present research is to enable the comprehensive understanding of retention underlying the separation in β-cyclodextrin (CD) modified reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) systems, through the development of mixed QSRR models. Moreover, the amount of β-CD adsorbed on the stationary phase surface (β-CDA) is added as the model's input in order to evaluate its contribution to both model performances and retention. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were conducted to confirm the predicted inclusion complex structures and support the application of in silico tools. The most significant descriptors revealed that retention is governed by the steric factors 7.5 Å distant from the geometrical centre of a molecule, 3D arrangement of atoms determining the molecular size and shape, lipophilicity indicated by topological distances, as well as the unbound system's energy, related to the inclusion complex formation. In addition, a notable effect of the pH of the aqueous phase on the retention of ionizable analytes was shown. In the case of pH of the aqueous phase and β-CDA the change in retention behaviour of the studied analytes was observed only at the highest β-CDA value (5.17 μM/m2), but it was not related to the ionization state of analytes. When the analytes did not change the ionization form across the investigated studied pH range, and the acetonitrile content in the mobile phase was 25% (v/v), the retention factor had low values regardless of the β-CDA; under these circumstances the retention is probably acetonitrile driven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Djajić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe Street No. 450, 11 221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Petković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe Street No. 450, 11 221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mira Zečević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe Street No. 450, 11 221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Otašević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe Street No. 450, 11 221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andjelija Malenović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe Street No. 450, 11 221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ana Protić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe Street No. 450, 11 221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
|
56
|
Pączkowski P, Gawdzik B. Studies on Preparation, Characterization and Application of Porous Functionalized Glycidyl Methacrylate-Based Microspheres. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061438. [PMID: 33809475 PMCID: PMC8002100 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A one-step swelling and polymerization technique was used in the synthesis of porous glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) monodisperse polymeric microspheres. The polystyrene (PS) seed obtained in the dispersion polymerization was used as a shape template. The presence of epoxide rings in the chemical structure of microspheres enables their post-polymerization chemical modifications involving: the Diels-Alder reaction with sodium cyclopentadienide and maleic anhydride, the reaction with 4,4′-(bismaleimido)diphenylmethane, and the thiol-Michael reaction with methacryloyl chloride and 2-mercaptopropionic acid. Changing the reaction mixture composition—the amounts of crosslinking monomer and PS seed as well as the type and concentration of porogen porous microspheres of different porous structures were obtained. Their porous structures were characterized in the dry and swollen states. The copolymers obtained from the equimolar monomers mixture modified in the above way were applied as the column packing materials and tested in the reverse-phase HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). A few factors influencing morphology and porous structure of microspheres were studied.
Collapse
|
57
|
Inclusive study for segregation of two commonly used anticancer drugs with tramadol: Applying a green fluorimetric strategy to pharmaceutical dosage forms and human plasma. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
58
|
Carbonell-Rozas L, Lara FJ, del Olmo Iruela M, García-Campaña AM. A novel approach based on capillary liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid residues in cereal samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
59
|
Panda SS, Dutta S, Bera RKVV, Jammula S. Analytical eco‐scale and quality by design‐oriented liquid chromatography method for simultaneous quantification of metoprolol succinate, telmisartan, and cilnidipine in their fixed‐dose combination. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Suman Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Sucharita Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Ravi Kumar Venkata Varaha Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Sruti Jammula
- Department of Pharmaceutics Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Berhampur Odisha India
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abdel-Moety EM, Rezk MR, Wadie M, Tantawy MA. A combined approach of green chemistry and Quality-by-Design for sustainable and robust analysis of two newly introduced pharmaceutical formulations treating benign prostate hyperplasia. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
61
|
Li G, Lv Y, Chen M, Ye X, Niu Z, Bai H, Lei H, Ma Q. Post-Chromatographic Dicationic Ionic Liquid-Based Charge Complexation for Highly Sensitive Analysis of Anionic Compounds by Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1771-1778. [PMID: 33382576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A green analytical strategy has been developed for the analysis of 10 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) incorporating supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS)-based extraction and ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC)-tandem mass spectrometry. The SUPRAS was prepared through self-assembly of reverse micelles by mixing heptanol, tetrahydrofuran, and water at optimized volume ratios. An imidazolium-based germinal dicationic ionic liquid (DIL), 1,1-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl) butylene difluoride ([C4(MIM)2]F2), was dissolved in the make-up solvent of UHPSFC and introduced post-column but before the electrospray ionization source. After chromatographic separation on a Torus DIOL analytical column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), the PFC analytes associated with the DIL reagent through charge complexation. The formation of positively charged complexes resulted in improved ionization efficiency and analytical sensitivity. Enhancement in signal intensity by one to two magnitudes was achieved in the positive ionization mode compared to the negative ionization mode without using the dicationic ion-pairing reagent. The developed protocol was applied to 32 samples of real textiles and 6 samples of real food packaging materials, which exhibited great potential for the analysis of anionic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yueguang Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiwen Ye
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Zengyuan Niu
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Castilho LDMB, Gama VDS, Santos ALRD, Faria AMD. Polar polymer-immobilized stationary phase for aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1862868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Verônica dos Santos Gama
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences of Pontal, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Brazil
| | | | - Anizio Marcio de Faria
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences of Pontal, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé TI, Sivadier G, Gaudin K. Development of a green HPLC method for the analysis of artesunate and amodiaquine impurities using Quality by Design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113507. [PMID: 32846400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Greening analytical methods has become of great interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to protect both the operators' health and the environment. In this work, an innovative methodology combining Quality-by-Design (QbD) and Green Chemistry principles was followed to develop a single, green and robust RP-HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of impurities of both artesunate and amodiaquine drugs. Ethanol was selected as the best ecofriendly alternative solvent in substitution to the commonly used organic solvents such as acetonitrile and methanol. To achieve method objectives, resolutions between the 10 peaks were chosen as critical method attributes (CMAs) to be optimized through QbD approach. Based on a quality risk assessment, pH, temperature, and gradient slope were then selected as critical method parameters (CMPs) and a three level full factorial design was used to model the CMAs as function of the CMPs. Response surface methodology associated to Monte Carlo simulations allowed to determine the method operable domain region (MODR), i.e., the multidimensional combination of CMPs where CMAs simultaneously satisfied specifications (Rs ≥ 1.5) with a probability at least equal to 95 %. Inside the MODR, the working point was chosen based on green criteria, involving a mobile phase composed of ethanol and 10 mM acetic acid only as pH modifier. The method was successfully validated for all impurities using accuracy profile methodology, which was fully compliant with the ICH Q2(R1) requirements. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of amodiaquine and artesunate impurities in raw materials and formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Touridomon Issa Somé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Guilhem Sivadier
- Centre Humanitaire des Métiers de la Pharmacie, 4 voie militaire des gravanches, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé TI, Mercier O, Gaudin K. Green reversed-phase HPLC development strategy: Application to artesunate and amodiaquine analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4390-4404. [PMID: 33058440 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A green analytical chemistry strategy is described to develop a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for amodiaquine and artesunate analysis using ethanol-based mobile phases. This method development was particularly challenging due to the basicity of amodiaquine and low UV absorption of artesunate, leading to peak asymmetry and detection issues, respectively. UV detection concern was even more challenging due to the baseline drift observed with ethanol in gradient mode. Several green pH modifiers were selected for their ecofriendly character and their impact on peak shape and detection was investigated. The screening of various stationary phases (19 columns) appeared as a relevant and necessary approach to reach satisfactory peak shape of basic compounds. To support the results of this study, some additional compounds related to artesunate and amodiaquine structures were included. Methods were optimized and validated using total error approach with a mobile phase composed of ethanol and 10 mM formic acid using three different stationary phases from different manufacturers, providing flexibility of the quality control approach. Method greenness was assessed using the National Environmental Methods Index, the Green Analytical Procedure Index, and the Analytical Eco-Scale. Finally, artesunate and amodiaquine were successfully analyzed in fixed dose combination tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Jospeh Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Touridomon Issa Somé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Jospeh Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Karen Gaudin
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Dogan A, Eylem CC, Akduman NEB. Application of green methodology to pharmaceutical analysis using eco-friendly ethanol-water mobile phases. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
66
|
Yabré M, Ferey L, Sakira AK, Bonmatin C, Fauré C, Somé TI, Gaudin K. Green Analytical Methods of Antimalarial Artemether-Lumefantrine Analysis for Falsification Detection Using a Low-Cost Handled NIR Spectrometer with DD-SIMCA and Drug Quantification by HPLC. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153397. [PMID: 32727052 PMCID: PMC7435840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two green analytical approaches have been developed for the analysis of antimalarial fixed dose tablets of artemether and lumefantrine for quality control. The first approach consisted of investigating the qualitative performance of a low-cost handheld near-infrared spectrometer in combination with the principal component analysis as an exploratory tool to identify trends, similarities, and differences between pharmaceutical samples, before applying the data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) as a one-class classifier for proper drug falsification detection with 100% of both sensitivity and specificity in the studied cases. Despite its limited spectral range and low resolution, the handheld device allowed detecting falsified drugs with no active pharmaceutical ingredient and identifying specifically a pharmaceutical tablet brand name. The second approach was the quantitative analysis based on the green and fast RP-HPLC technique using ethanol as a green organic solvent and acetic acid as a green pH modifier. The optimal separation was achieved in 7 min using a mobile phase composed of ethanol 96% and 10 mM of acetic acid pH 3.35 (63:37, v/v). The developed method was validated according to the total error approach based on an accuracy profile, was applied to the analysis of tablets, and allowed confirming falsified drugs detected by spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.K.S.); (T.I.S.)
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Abdoul Karim Sakira
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.K.S.); (T.I.S.)
| | - Camille Bonmatin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Clotilde Fauré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Touridomon Issa Somé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.K.S.); (T.I.S.)
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yıldırım S, Demirdaş G, Fidan M, Yaşar A. Simple and Fast Determination of Terbinafine in Human Urine by Dilute and Shoot HPLC-DAD Using a Core-Shell Column. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:342-351. [PMID: 32646357 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200709171504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terbinafine is an allylamine antifungal that is effective against many fungi, dermatophytes and moulds. Analytical methods are required for the determination of terbinafine in biological fluids to perform therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel and fast method combining dilute and shoot approach and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection for the determination of terbinafine in human urine. METHODS Chromatographic parameters including mobile phase composition, pH, flow rate and injection volume were assessed and optimized. The separation of terbinafine and naproxen (internal standard) was achieved within 3 min using a C18 core-shell column (Raptor ARC-18, 100 x 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) under isocratic conditions. Samples were eluted from the column at the flow rate of 1.4 mL/min using a mobile phase containing 0.2% triethylamine in water (pH 3.4 with formic acid): acetonitrile (45:55, v/v). RESULTS The presented technique was linear in the range of 25-2000 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day reproducibility at four quality control levels (25, 200, 750 and 1500 ng/mL) were less than 7%, with relative errors ranging from -5.40% to 5.91%. The limit of detection was 12.60 ng/mL. The developed method has three main advantages compared to existing methods: simplicity and greenness of sample preparation, use of core-shell column and short analysis time. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that the combination of dilute and shoot approach and core-shell column can be regarded as an advantageous application for the fast determination of terbinafine in the urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Yıldırım
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Demirdaş
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mert Fidan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yaşar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Gama MR, Rocha FR. Solventless separation of underivatized biogenic amines by sequential injection chromatography. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
69
|
Alkharfy KM, Jan BL, Raish M, Haq N, Ahmad A. A Sensitive Rapid and Environmentally Friendly UHPLC Assay Method for the Determination of Thymoquinone in Plasma Samples and Its Analytical Application. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:629-635. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A precise, swift and environmental-friendly reverse phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of thymoquinone (TQ) in plasma samples using thymol (TM) as an internal standard was developed and validated. The method used a high strength silica C18 1.7 μm column (100 × 2.1 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of a blend of methanol and 20 mM potassium dihydrogen ortho-phosphate (90:10 v/v; pH of 4.2). The selected eluent provided a short run time (≤2 min), better peak symmetry, lower limit of quantification of 10 ng/mL and satisfactory values of other chromatographic parameters including resolution (Rs = 1), capacity factor (k = 21.5 and 14.5 for TQ and TM, respectively), selectivity (α = 1.482) and number of theoretical plates (N = 1653 and 784 for TQ and TM, respectively). The method was efficiently applied to a pharmacokinetic study of TQ following an intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg/kg in mice. The concentrations of TQ in plasma were measurable up to 12 h with Cmax of 404.08 ± 28.91 ng/mL, T1/2 of 2.31 ± 0.10 h and area under plasma concentration-time curve of 1527.00 ± 46.61 ng/mL × h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Alkharfy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basit L Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Maekawa Y, Yamazaki K, Ihara M, Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Simultaneous analysis of multiple oligonucleotides by temperature-responsive chromatography using a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5341-5351. [PMID: 32529301 PMCID: PMC7387324 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide therapeutics have contributed remarkably to healthcare, being well suited for the treatment of intractable diseases that are difficult to approach using conventional drug modalities. However, as common techniques of oligonucleotide analysis rely on reversed-phase or ion-exchange liquid chromatography and thus employ toxic organic solvents and/or ion-pairing reagents, better alternatives are highly sought after. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is widely used in temperature-responsive chromatography (TRC), which relies on column temperature variation to control the physical properties of the stationary phase and, unlike conventional reversed-phase liquid chromatography, avoids the use of toxic organic solvents and complicated gradient methods. Herein, PNIPAAm copolymer hydrogel-modified silica beads were used for the simultaneous analysis of multiple synthetic oligonucleotides by TRC to recognize differences in the length of single nucleotides, single bases, and the number of phosphorothioated sites. Temperature-responsive elution was observed in all cases. Each separation of all combinations of multiple oligonucleotides was better at higher temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature and was performed without the use of organic solvents and gradient methods. In the case of multiply phosphorothioated oligonucleotides, good separation was achieved using an aqueous solvent and isocratic elution in the absence of ion-pairing reagents. Thus, the developed procedure was concluded to be well suited for oligonucleotide analysis. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kaichi Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Miwa Ihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Maekawa Y, Okamoto N, Okada Y, Nagase K, Kanazawa H. Green analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of cytochrome P450 probe substrates by poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based temperature-responsive chromatography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8828. [PMID: 32483226 PMCID: PMC7264224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most common analytical method practiced in various fields and used for analysis of almost all drug compounds in the pharmaceutical industries. During drug development, an evaluation of potential drug interaction with cytochrome P450 (CYP) is essential. A "cocktail" approach is often used in drug development to evaluate the effect of a drug candidate on multiple CYP enzymes in a single experiment. So far, simultaneous analysis of multiple CYP substrates, which have greatly different structure and physicochemical properties, has required organic solvents and mobile phase gradient methods. However, despite the recent emphasis on environmental protection, analytical methods that use only aqueous solvents without the use of organic solvents for separation have not been studied well. This study sought to develop the simultaneous analysis of multiple CYP substrates by using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based temperature-responsive chromatography with only aqueous solvents and isocratic methods. Good separation of multiple CYP substrates was achieved without using organic solvents and any gradient methods by temperature-responsive chromatography utilizing a P(NIPAAm-co-n-butyl methacrylate (BMA))- and P(NIPAAm-co-N-acryloyl L-tryptophan methyl ester (L-Trp-OMe))-grafted silica column. Overall, PNIPAAm-based temperature-responsive chromatography represents a remarkably simple, versatile, and environmentally friendly bioanalytical method for CYP substrates and their metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Maekawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Naoya Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yuji Okada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Paluch J, Kozak J, Wieczorek M, Woźniakiewicz M, Gołąb M, Półtorak E, Kalinowski S, Kościelniak P. Novel Approach to Sample Preconcentration by Solvent Evaporation in Flow Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081886. [PMID: 32325764 PMCID: PMC7221841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A preconcentration module operated in flow mode and integrated with a sequential injection system with spectrophotometric detection was developed. Using the system, preconcentration was performed in continuous mode and was based on a membraneless evaporation process under diminished pressure. The parameters of the proposed system were optimized and the system was tested on the example of the spectrophotometric determination of Cr(III). The preconcentration effectiveness was determined using the signal enhancement factor. In the optimized conditions for Cr(III), it was possible to obtain the signal enhancement factors of around 10 (SD: 0.9, n = 4) and determine Cr(III) with precision and intermediate precision of 8.4 and 5.1% (CV), respectively. Depending on the initial sample volume, signal enhancement factor values of about 20 were achieved. Applicability of the developed preconcentration system was verified in combination with the capillary electrophoresis method with spectrophotometric detection on the example of determination of Zn in certified reference materials of drinking water and wastewater. Taking into account the enhancement factor of 10, a detection limit of 0.025 mg L−1 was obtained for Zn determination. Zn was determined with precision less than 6% (CV) and the results were consistent with the certified values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Paluch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Joanna Kozak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-1268-62416
| | - Marcin Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Gołąb
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Ewelina Półtorak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Sławomir Kalinowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Łódzki 4, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Aly AA, Górecki T. Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:E1719. [PMID: 32283595 PMCID: PMC7180442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparing a sample for analysis is a crucial step of many analytical procedures. The goal of sample preparation is to provide a representative, homogenous sample that is free of interferences and compatible with the intended analytical method. Green approaches to sample preparation require that the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and energy be minimized or even eliminated in the analytical process. While no sample preparation is clearly the most environmentally friendly approach, complete elimination of this step is not always practical. In such cases, the extraction techniques which use low amounts of solvents or no solvents are considered ideal alternatives. This paper presents an overview of green extraction procedures and sample preparation methodologies, briefly introduces their theoretical principles, and describes the recent developments in food, pharmaceutical, environmental and bioanalytical chemistry applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A. Aly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate 61519, Egypt
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Yan XF, Liang YM, Zhou B, Bin J, Kang C. Enhancing the selectivity of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry by using trilinear decomposition on LC-MS data: An application to three-way calibration of coeluting analytes in human plasma. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2718-2727. [PMID: 32250027 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The high selectivities of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry make liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry one of the most popular tools for quantitative analysis in complex chemical, biological, and environmental systems, while the potential mathematical selectivity of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is rarely investigated. This work discussed the mathematical selectivity of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry by three-way calibration based on the trilinear model, with an application to quantitative analysis of coeluting aromatic amino acids in human plasma. By the trilinear decomposition of the constructed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-sample trilinear model and individual regression of the decomposed relative intensity versus concentration, the proposed three-way calibration method successfully achieved quantitative analysis of coeluting aromatic amino acids in human plasma, even in the presence of uncalibrated interferent(s) and a varying background. This analytical method can ease the requirements for sample preparation and complete chromatographic separation of components, reduce the use of organic solvents, decrease the time of chromatographic separation, and increase the peak capacity of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a "green analytical method", the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry three-way calibration method can provide a promising tool for direct and fast quantitative analysis in complex systems containing uncalibrated spectral interferents, especially for the situation where the coelution problem is difficult to overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Yan
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Jun Bin
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Chao Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Petrarca MH, Meinhart AD, Godoy HT. Dilute-and-Shoot Liquid Chromatography Approach for Simple and High-throughput Analysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Fruit-based Baby Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
76
|
Ali AAKF, Danielson ND. Micellar and sub-micellar liquid chromatography of terephthalic acid contaminants using a C18 column coated with Tween 20. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1105:214-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
77
|
Sulej-Suchomska AM, Klupczynska A, Dereziński P, Matysiak J, Przybyłowski P, Kokot ZJ. Urban wastewater analysis as an effective tool for monitoring illegal drugs, including new psychoactive substances, in the Eastern European region. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4885. [PMID: 32184422 PMCID: PMC7078280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of illicit drugs causes unquestionable societal and economic damage. To implement actions aimed at combating drug abuse, it is necessary to assess illicit drug consumption patterns. The purpose of this paper was to develop, optimize, validate and apply a procedure for determining new psychoactive substances (NPSs) and classic drugs of abuse and their main metabolites in wastewater samples by using solid phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Moreover, detailed validation of the procedure was conducted. The developed SPE–HPLC-MS/MS procedure (within the sewage-based epidemiology strategy) allowed for the simultaneous, selective, very sensitive, accurate (recoveries ≥ 80.1%) and precise (CV ≤ 8.1%) determination of new and classic psychoactive substances in wastewater samples. This study is characterized by new scientific elements, especially in terms of the freeze-thaw and post-preparative stability of the selected psychoactive substances. This is the first time that NPSs (mephedrone and ketamine), the main metabolites of heroin (6-acetylmorphine, 6-AM) and marijuana (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC-COOH) have been detected and monitored in Poland. This study is also the first to corroborate the data available from the EMCDDA and EUROPOL report and indicates that the retail market for cocaine is expanding in Eastern Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Sulej-Suchomska
- Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science, Department of Commodity and Quality Science, 81-87, Morska Str., 81-225, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Klupczynska
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 6, Grunwaldzka Str., 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Dereziński
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 6, Grunwaldzka Str., 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 6, Grunwaldzka Str., 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybyłowski
- Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science, Department of Commodity and Quality Science, 81-87, Morska Str., 81-225, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Zenon J Kokot
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 6, Grunwaldzka Str., 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
A new strategy for development of eco-friendly RP-HPLC method using Corona Charged Aerosol Detector and its application for simultaneous analysis of risperidone and its related impurities. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
79
|
Optimization of liquid chromatographic separation of pharmaceuticals within green analytical chemistry framework. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
80
|
Recent advances and trends in miniaturized sample preparation techniques. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:202-225. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
81
|
Applying green analytical chemistry (GAC) for development of stability indicating HPLC method for determining clonazepam and its related substances in pharmaceutical formulations and calculating uncertainty. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
82
|
Abstract
Background:
Green chemistry is the application of methodologies and techniques to reduce
the use of hazardous substances, minimize waste generation and apply benign and cheap applications.
Methods:
In this article, the following issues were considered: greener solvents and reagents, miniaturization
of analytical instrumentation, reagent-free methodologies, greening with automation, greener
sample preparation methods, and greener detection systems. Moreover, the tables along with the investigated
topics including environmental analysis were included. The future aspects and the challenges
in green analytical chemistry were also discussed.
Results:
The prevention of waste generation, atomic economy, use of less hazardous materials for
chemical synthesis and design, use of safer solvents, auxiliaries and renewable raw materials, reduction
of unnecessary derivatization, design degradation products, prevention of accidents and development
of real-time analytical methods are important for the development of greener methodologies.
Conclusion:
Efforts should also be given for the evaluation of novel solid phases, new solvents, and
sustainable reagents to reduce the risks associated with the environment. Moreover, greener methodologies
enable energy efficient, safe and faster that reduce the use of reagents, solvents and preservatives
which are hazardous to both environment and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Yayayürük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Dixit S, Maurya P, Srivastava M, Shanker K, Bawankule DU, Gupta MM, Rai LK. Quantitation of dietary dihydrochalcones in Indian crabapple (Malus sikkimensis) using validated high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:679-687. [PMID: 31298265 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a systematic validated method was developed for the determination of two key dietary dihydrochalcones (DHC) viz. phloridzin (PZ) and phloretin (PT) in the leaves of Sikkim crabapple (Malus sikkimensis) using HPLC-Photo Diode Array (PDA). Chromatographic separation was optimized on a C18 column using a gradient elution of water/acetonitrile with the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 25°C at 280 nm. Sample preparation approach is rapid and energy efficient, and it requires no pre-concentration before analysis. Validation showed a good analytical performance in terms of specificity, linearity (r2 > 0.999), precision (% RSD < 1.08), recovery (97-100.4%) and sensitivities (limits of detection: 12.48 and 14.95 ng/mL; limit of quantification: 41.61 and 49.85 ng/mL) of PZ and PT, respectively. Developed approach was employed for targeted phytochemical analysis in the bark and fruits of M. sikkimensis. The PZ content in the bark and leaves was highest (12-13 mg/100 mg), about 90-fold higher than fruits. PT was only present in the leaves (0.57 mg/100 mg). The comparative data on PZ and PT content in various wild apple species/cultivar from different countries have also been discussed. The reliability of the validated method was established by analyzing global and expanded uncertainties in two DHC determinations in wild apple. The present method fulfills the technical requirement of ISO 17025:2017 for quality control of M. sikkimensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Dixit
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Picnic spot road, Lucknow, India
| | - Priyanka Maurya
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Picnic spot road, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Madhumita Srivastava
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Picnic spot road, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Picnic spot road, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar U Bawankule
- Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Picnic spot road, Lucknow, India
| | - Madan M Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Picnic spot road, Lucknow, India
| | - Lalit Kumar Rai
- G. B. Pant Himalayan Institute, Pangthang, P.O. Penlog (East) Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Ibrahim FA, Elmansi H, Fathy ME. Green RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin combinations: Investigation of the greenness for the proposed method. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
85
|
Biondi A, Freni F, Carelli C, Moretti M, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide hair testing: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:106-119. [PMID: 31096163 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor, non-oxidative ethanol metabolite that can be detected in several matrices (e.g. blood, urine, hair, meconium) for variable periods of time. Quantification of EtG in hair (hEtG) has established itself, over recent years, as one of the most reliable biomarkers of long-term alcohol consumption habits, with the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) offering cut-off values for assessment of both abstinence and heavy drinking (>60 g/day). Despite its high diagnostic performance, however, issues concerning inter- and intra-laboratory variability as well as data interpretation are still being investigated and represent the ultimate barrier to widespread acceptance of hEtG in the forensic context. The aim of this review is to summarize currently available analytical methods of hEtG testing, provide a framework to understand current hEtG cut-offs and their possible upcoming changes (in particular, a lower abstinence cut-off has been proposed for the 2019 revision of the SoHT consensus), and offer a schematic but exhaustive overview of the pitfalls in result reproducibility and interpretation that may limit applications of hEtG testing in the forensic context. Ultimately, the purpose of the authors is not to undermine the reliability of hEtG as an alcohol use marker, but rather to enhance it by promoting familiarization with all aspects related to it, from ethanol pharmacokinetics and EtG incorporation into hair, to sample preparation and analytical methods, to specific cases warranting close attention and additional tests for correct interpretation of hEtG results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biondi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Carelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Ogden PB, Dorsey JG. Reversed phase HPLC with high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases as a green alternative method for the estimation of octanol/water partition coefficients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:243-254. [PMID: 31104849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High temperature ethanol/water was explored as a green eluent in the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic approximation of pure water retention (log kw) and subsequent estimation of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) via the Collander equation and the Leave-One-Out method. As part of this work, linear solvation energy relationships were employed to compare the log kw extrapolated systems based on high temperature ethanol/water, ambient acetonitrile/water, and ambient methanol/water mobile phases. Based on the comparisons of the three organic modifiers, high temperature ethanol/water mobile phases were observed to provide the best estimation of log P. This conclusion is based on a high log P correlation of 0.968 R2 and a near unity cos θ value of 0.997 between LSER coefficient vectors of ethanol/water estimated log P and octanol/water log P systems. The method employed in this work, further, provided high correlation for the hydrogen-bonding basicity term between the two systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B Ogden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States
| | - John G Dorsey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Kogawa AC, Van Schepdael A, Salgado HRN. Eco-friendly Evaluation of Rifaximin in Tablets by Capillary Electrophoresis. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:476-483. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Kogawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Rocío-Bautista P, Termopoli V. Metal–Organic Frameworks in Solid-Phase Extraction Procedures for Environmental and Food Analyses. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
89
|
Anthocyanins from Nitraria tangutorun: qualitative and quantitative analyses, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and their stabilities as affected by some phenolic acids. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
90
|
|
91
|
Maljurić N, Golubović J, Otašević B, Krmar J, Zečević M, Protić A. The potential of Corona Charged Aerosol Detector for investigation of telmisartan: B-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm1901001m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
92
|
D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Pollo BJ, Alexandrino GL, Augusto F, Hantao LW. The impact of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography on oil & gas analysis: Recent advances and applications in petroleum industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
94
|
Green and simple analytical method to determine benzimidazoles in milk samples by using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction and capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1091:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
95
|
Padró JM, Keunchkarian S. State-of-the-art and recent developments of immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for enantioseparations by high-performance liquid chromatography (2013–2017). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
96
|
Implementation of a generic liquid chromatographic method development workflow: Application to the analysis of phytocannabinoids and Cannabis sativa extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:116-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
97
|
Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé IT, Gaudin K. Greening Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Methods Using Alternative Solvents for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051065. [PMID: 29724076 PMCID: PMC6100308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The greening of analytical methods has gained increasing interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to reduce environmental impacts and improve the health safety of analysts. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most widely used analytical technique involved in pharmaceutical drug development and manufacturing, such as the quality control of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, as well as the analysis of drugs in biological samples. However, RP-HPLC methods commonly use large amounts of organic solvents and generate high quantities of waste to be disposed, leading to some issues in terms of ecological impact and operator safety. In this context, greening HPLC methods is becoming highly desirable. One strategy to reduce the impact of hazardous solvents is to replace classically used organic solvents (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol) with greener ones. So far, ethanol has been the most often used alternative organic solvent. Others strategies have followed, such as the use of totally aqueous mobile phases, micellar liquid chromatography, and ionic liquids. These approaches have been well developed, as they do not require equipment investments and are rather economical. This review describes and critically discusses the recent advances in greening RP-HPLC methods dedicated to pharmaceutical analysis based on the use of alternative solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- Laboratoire de développement du médicament, Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Issa Touridomon Somé
- Laboratoire de développement du médicament, Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index. Talanta 2018; 181:204-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
99
|
Funari CS, Cavalheiro AJ, Carneiro RL. Coupled monolithic columns as an alternative for the use of viscous ethanol–water mobile phases on chromatographic fingerprinting complex samples. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
100
|
Sutton AT, Fraige K, Leme GM, da Silva Bolzani V, Hilder EF, Cavalheiro AJ, Arrua RD, Funari CS. Natural deep eutectic solvents as the major mobile phase components in high-performance liquid chromatography—searching for alternatives to organic solvents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3705-3713. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|