51
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Paulin N, Döring Y, Kooijman S, Blanchet X, Viola JR, de Jong R, Mandl M, Hendrikse J, Schiener M, von Hundelshausen P, Vogt A, Weber C, Bdeir K, Hofmann SM, Rensen PCN, Drechsler M, Soehnlein O. Human Neutrophil Peptide 1 Limits Hypercholesterolemia-induced Atherosclerosis by Increasing Hepatic LDL Clearance. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:204-211. [PMID: 28111237 PMCID: PMC5474437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in plasma LDL-cholesterol have unequivocally been established as a causal risk factor for atherosclerosis. Hence, strategies for lowering of LDL-cholesterol may have immediate therapeutic relevance. Here we study the role of human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1) in a mouse model of atherosclerosis and identify its potent atheroprotective effect both upon transgenic overexpression and therapeutic delivery. The effect was found to be due to a reduction of plasma LDL-cholesterol. Mechanistically, HNP1 binds to apolipoproteins enriched in LDL. This interaction facilitates clearance of LDL particles in the liver via LDL receptor. Thus, we here identify a non-redundant mechanism by which HNP1 allows for reduction of LDL-cholesterol, a process that may be therapeutically instructed to lower cardiovascular risk. Mice with transgenic expression of human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1) exhibit lower plasma VLDL/LDL levels and smaller atherosclerotic lesion sizes. Repetitive HNP1 delivery is atheroprotective by reducing hypercholesterolemia. HNP1 binds to apolipoproteins in LDL and facilitates LDL clearance in the liver involving LDL receptor.
Increased plasma lipid levels (i.e. hypercholesterolemia) are a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis, the pathology underlying myocardial infarction and stroke. Here we show that human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1, also known as α-defensin), an antimicrobial protein typically released from activated neutrophils, binds to apolipoproteins within plasma lipoproteins and facilitates the clearance of plasma lipids in the liver. As a consequence, repeated injection of hypercholesterolemic mice with HNP1 reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation. Thus, this study provides an innovative strategy to reduce hypercholesterolemia and hence a way to potentially reduce cardiovascular risk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins/blood
- Apolipoproteins/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism
- Female
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/prevention & control
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacokinetics
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Protein Binding
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- alpha-Defensins/administration & dosage
- alpha-Defensins/genetics
- alpha-Defensins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Paulin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Blanchet
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Joana R Viola
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; Department of Pathology, AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske de Jong
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; Department of Pathology, AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manuela Mandl
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Hendrikse
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; Department of Pathology, AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Schiener
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | | | - Anja Vogt
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Khalil Bdeir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU München, Munich 80336, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maik Drechsler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; Department of Pathology, AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany; Department of Pathology, AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany.
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52
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Frias MA, Thomas A, Brulhart-Meynet MC, Kövamees O, Pernow J, Eriksson M, Angelin B, James RW, Brinck JW. High-density lipoprotein-associated sphingosine-1-phosphate activity in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:38-43. [PMID: 27861771 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) suffer from high plasma cholesterol and an environment of increased oxidative stress. We examined its potential effects on high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) content (HDL-S1P) and HDL-mediated protection against oxidative stress, both with and without statin treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a case-control study, HDL was isolated from 12 FH patients with and without statin treatment and from 12 healthy controls. The HDL-S1P content and the capacity of HDL to protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress in vitro were measured. RESULTS HDL-associated S1P was significantly correlated with cell protection, but not with HDL-cholesterol or apolipoprotein AI. The latter did not correlate with HDL-mediated cell protection. Neither the HDL-S1P content nor HDL protective capacity differed between nontreated FH patients and controls. The relative amounts of apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein M were similar between controls and FH patients. Statin treatment had no effect on any of these measures. CONCLUSIONS The FH environment is not detrimental to HDL-S1P content or HDL-S1P-mediated cell protection. Statin treatment does not modulate HDL function in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Frias
- Department of internal medicine specialities, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Unit of Toxicology, University Centre of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Oskar Kövamees
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Centre, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Centre, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard W James
- Department of internal medicine specialities, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonas W Brinck
- Department of internal medicine specialities, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Centre, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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53
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Reimund M, Kovrov O, Olivecrona G, Lookene A. Lipoprotein lipase activity and interactions studied in human plasma by isothermal titration calorimetry. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:279-288. [PMID: 27845686 PMCID: PMC5234706 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LPL hydrolyzes triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins. Due to the complex regulation mechanism, it has been difficult to mimic the physiological conditions under which LPL acts in vitro. We demonstrate that isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), using human plasma as substrate, overcomes several limitations of previously used techniques. The high sensitivity of ITC allows continuous recording of the heat released during hydrolysis. Both initial rates and kinetics for complete hydrolysis of plasma lipids can be studied. The heat rate was shown to correspond to the release of fatty acids and was linearly related to the amount of added enzyme, either purified LPL or postheparin plasma. Addition of apoC-III reduced the initial rate of hydrolysis by LPL, but the inhibition became less prominent with time when the lipoproteins were triglyceride poor. Addition of angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)3 or ANGPTL4 caused reduction of the activity of LPL via a two-step mechanism. We conclude that ITC can be used for quantitative measurements of LPL activity and interactions under in vivo-like conditions, for comparisons of the properties of plasma samples from patients and control subjects as substrates for LPL, as well as for testing of drug candidates developed with the aim to affect the LPL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Reimund
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Oleg Kovrov
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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54
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Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a rate-limiting enzyme for hydrolysing circulating triglycerides (TG) into free fatty acids that are taken up by peripheral tissues. Postprandial LPL activity rises in white adipose tissue (WAT), but declines in the heart and skeletal muscle, thereby directing circulating TG to WAT for storage; the reverse is true during fasting. However, the mechanism for the tissue-specific regulation of LPL activity during the fed–fast cycle has been elusive. Recent identification of lipasin/angiopoietin-like 8 (Angptl8), a feeding-induced hepatokine, together with Angptl3 and Angptl4, provides intriguing, yet puzzling, insights, because all the three Angptl members are LPL inhibitors, and the deficiency (overexpression) of any one causes hypotriglyceridaemia (hypertriglyceridaemia). Then, why does nature need all of the three? Our recent data that Angptl8 negatively regulates LPL activity specifically in cardiac and skeletal muscles suggest an Angptl3-4-8 model: feeding induces Angptl8, activating the Angptl8–Angptl3 pathway, which inhibits LPL in cardiac and skeletal muscles, thereby making circulating TG available for uptake by WAT, in which LPL activity is elevated owing to diminished Angptl4; the reverse is true during fasting, which suppresses Angptl8 but induces Angptl4, thereby directing TG to muscles. The model suggests a general framework for how TG trafficking is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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55
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kockx
- aANZAC Research Institute bDepartment of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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56
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Davies JT, Delfino SF, Feinberg CE, Johnson MF, Nappi VL, Olinger JT, Schwab AP, Swanson HI. Current and Emerging Uses of Statins in Clinical Therapeutics: A Review. Lipid Insights 2016; 9:13-29. [PMID: 27867302 PMCID: PMC5110224 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s37450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering medications that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, are commonly administered to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Statin use may expand considerably given its potential for treating an array of cholesterol-independent diseases. However, the lack of conclusive evidence supporting these emerging therapeutic uses of statins brings to the fore a number of unanswered questions including uncertainties regarding patient-to-patient variability in response to statins, the most appropriate statin to be used for the desired effect, and the efficacy of statins in treating cholesterol-independent diseases. In this review, the adverse effects, costs, and drug–drug and drug–food interactions associated with statin use are presented. Furthermore, we discuss the pleiotropic effects associated with statins with regard to the onset and progression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, strokes, bacterial infections, and human immunodeficiency virus. Understanding these issues will improve the prognosis of patients who are administered statins and potentially expand our ability to treat a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Spencer F Delfino
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chad E Feinberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Meghan F Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Veronica L Nappi
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua T Olinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anthony P Schwab
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hollie I Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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57
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Abstract
The anoxemia theory proposes that an imbalance between the demand for and supply of oxygen in the arterial wall is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis. There is now substantial evidence that there are regions within the atherosclerotic plaque in which profound hypoxia exists; this may fundamentally change the function, metabolism, and responses of many of the cell types found within the developing plaque and whether the plaque will evolve into a stable or unstable phenotype. Hypoxia is characterized in molecular terms by the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α, a subunit of the heterodimeric nuclear transcriptional factor HIF-1 and a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The expression of HIF-1 is localized to perivascular tissues, inflammatory macrophages, and smooth muscle cells adjacent to the necrotic core of atherosclerotic lesions and regulates several genes that are important to vascular function including vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1, and erythropoietin. This review summarizes the effects of hypoxia on the functions of cells involved in atherogenesis and the evidence for its potential importance from experimental models and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A A Ferns
- 1 Department of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lamia Heikal
- 1 Department of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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58
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Annema W, Willemsen HM, de Boer JF, Dikkers A, van der Giet M, Nieuwland W, Muller Kobold AC, van Pelt LJ, Slart RHJA, van der Horst ICC, Dullaart RPF, Tio RA, Tietge UJF. HDL function is impaired in acute myocardial infarction independent of plasma HDL cholesterol levels. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:1318-1328. [PMID: 27919348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) protect against the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. HDL function represents an emerging concept in cardiovascular research. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association between HDL functionality and acute myocardial infarction (MI) independent of HDL-cholesterol plasma levels. METHODS Participants (non-ST-segment elevation MI, non-STEMI, n = 41; STEMI, n = 37; non-MI patients, n = 33) from a prospective follow-up study enrolling patients with acute chest pain were matched for age and plasma HDL cholesterol. The in vitro capacity of HDL to (1) mediate cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, (2) prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation, and (3) inhibit TNF-α-induced vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells was determined. RESULTS STEMI-HDL displayed reduced cholesterol efflux (P < .001) and anti-inflammatory functionality (P = .001), whereas the antioxidative properties were unaltered. Cholesterol efflux correlated with the anti-inflammatory HDL activity (P < .001). Not C-reactive protein levels, a marker of systemic inflammation, but specifically plasma myeloperoxidase levels were independently associated with impaired HDL function (efflux: P = .022; anti-inflammation: P < .001). Subjects in the higher risk quartile of efflux (odds ratio [OR], 5.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-25.00; P = .024) as well as anti-inflammatory functionality of HDL (OR, 5.53; 95% CI, 1.83-16.73; P = .002) had a higher OR for MI vs those in the three lower risk quartiles combined. CONCLUSION Independent of plasma HDL cholesterol levels, 2 of 3 antiatherogenic HDL functionalities tested were significantly impaired in STEMI patients, namely cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory properties. Increased myeloperoxidase levels might represent a major contributing mechanism for decreased HDL functionality in MI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijtske Annema
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M Willemsen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Dikkers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wybe Nieuwland
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke C Muller Kobold
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Joost van Pelt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Imaging Group Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan C C van der Horst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René A Tio
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Imaging Group Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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