51
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Klevorn LE, Teague RM. Adapting Cancer Immunotherapy Models for the Real World. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:354-363. [PMID: 27105824 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early experiments in mice predicted the success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in cancer patients. However, these same animal studies failed to accurately predict many of the limitations and toxicities of treatment. One of the likely reasons for this discrepancy is the nearly universal use of young healthy mice, which stand in stark contrast to diverse patient populations varying in age, weight, diet, and hygiene. Because these variables impact immunity and metabolism, they also influence outcomes during immunotherapy and should be incorporated into the study design of preclinical experiments. Here, we discuss recent findings that highlight how efficacy and toxicity of cancer immunotherapy are affected by patient variation, and how distinct host environments can be better modeled in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn E Klevorn
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ryan M Teague
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA; Alvin J. Siteman NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, USA.
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52
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is now evolving into a major therapeutic option for cancer patients. Such clinical advances also promote massive interest in the search for novel immunotherapy targets, and to understand the mechanism of action of current drugs. It is projected that a series of novel immunotherapy agents will be developed and assessed for their therapeutic activity. In light of this, in vivo experimental mouse models that recapitulate human malignancies serve as valuable tools to validate the efficacy and safety profile of immunotherapy agents, before their transition into clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss the major classes of experimental mouse models of cancer commonly used for immunotherapy assessment and provide examples to guide the selection of appropriate models. We present some new data concerning the utility of a carcinogen-induced tumor model for comparing immunotherapies and combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy. We will also highlight some recent advances in experimental modeling of human malignancies in mice that are leading towards personalized therapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Foong Ngiow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Thomas
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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53
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Lebrec H, Brennan FR, Haggerty H, Herzyk D, Kamperschroer C, Maier CC, Ponce R, Preston BD, Weinstock D, Mellon RD. HESI/FDA workshop on immunomodulators and cancer risk assessment: Building blocks for a weight-of-evidence approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 75:72-80. [PMID: 26743742 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Profound immunosuppression (e.g., AIDS, transplant therapy) is epidemiologically associated with an increased cancer risk, and often with oncogenic viruses. It is currently unclear how broadly this association translates to therapeutics that modulate immunity. A workshop co-sponsored by the FDA and HESI examined how perturbing the immune system may contribute to carcinogenesis, and highlighted priorities for improving non-clinical risk assessment of targeted immunomodulatory therapies. Conclusions from the workshop were as follows. 1) While profound altered immunity can promote tumorigenesis, not all components of the immune system are equally important in defense against or promotion of cancer and a similar cancer risk for all immunomodulatory molecules should not be assumed. 2) Rodent carcinogenicity studies have limitations and are generally not reliable predictors of cancer risk associated with immunosuppression. 3) Cancer risk needs to be evaluated based on mechanism-based weight-of-evidence, including data from immune function tests most relevant to tumor immunosurveillance or promotion. 4) Information from nonclinical experiments, clinical epidemiology and immunomodulatory therapeutics show that immunosurveillance involves a complex network of cells and mediators. To support a weight-of-evidence approach, an increased focus on understanding the quantitative relationship between changes in relevant immune function tests and cancer risk is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lebrec
- Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - F R Brennan
- UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | - H Haggerty
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - D Herzyk
- Merck & Co Inc, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, MS WP45-233, West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - C C Maier
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - R Ponce
- Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - B D Preston
- Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - D Weinstock
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - R D Mellon
- Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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54
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Kersten K, Salvagno C, de Visser KE. Exploiting the Immunomodulatory Properties of Chemotherapeutic Drugs to Improve the Success of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:516. [PMID: 26500653 PMCID: PMC4595807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is gaining momentum in the clinic. The current challenge is to understand why a proportion of cancer patients do not respond to cancer immunotherapy, and how this can be translated into the rational design of combinatorial cancer immunotherapy strategies aimed at maximizing success of immunotherapy. Here, we discuss how tumors orchestrate an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which contributes to their escape from immune attack. Relieving the immunosuppressive networks in cancer patients is an attractive strategy to extend the clinical success of cancer immunotherapy. Since the clinical availability of drugs specifically targeting immunosuppressive cells or mediators is still limited, an alternative strategy is to use conventional chemotherapy drugs with immunomodulatory properties to improve cancer immunotherapy. We summarize the preclinical and clinical studies that illustrate how the anti-tumor T cell response can be enhanced by chemotherapy-induced relief of immunosuppressive networks. Treatment strategies aimed at combining chemotherapy-induced relief of immunosuppression and T cell-boosting checkpoint inhibitors provide an attractive and clinically feasible approach to overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy, and to extend the clinical success of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kersten
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Camilla Salvagno
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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55
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Coffelt SB, de Visser KE. Immune-mediated mechanisms influencing the efficacy of anticancer therapies. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:198-216. [PMID: 25857662 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Conventional anticancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, are designed to kill cancer cells. However, the efficacy of anticancer therapies is not only determined by their direct effects on cancer cells but also by off-target effects within the host immune system. Cytotoxic treatment regimens elicit several changes in immune-related parameters including the composition, phenotype, and function of immune cells. Here we discuss the impact of innate and adaptive immune cells on the success of anticancer therapy. In this context we examine the opportunities to exploit host immune responses to boost tumor clearing, and highlight the challenges facing the treatment of advanced metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Coffelt
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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56
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Joshi NS, Akama-Garren EH, Lu Y, Lee DY, Chang GP, Li A, DuPage M, Tammela T, Kerper NR, Farago AF, Robbins R, Crowley DM, Bronson RT, Jacks T. Regulatory T Cells in Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Suppress Anti-tumor T Cell Responses. Immunity 2015; 43:579-90. [PMID: 26341400 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration of regulatory T (Treg) cells into many tumor types correlates with poor patient prognoses. However, mechanisms of intratumoral Treg cell function remain to be elucidated. We investigated Treg cell function in a genetically engineered mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma and found that Treg cells suppressed anti-tumor responses in tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TA-TLSs). TA-TLSs have been described in human lung cancers, but their function remains to be determined. TLSs in this model were spatially associated with >90% of tumors and facilitated interactions between T cells and tumor-antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Costimulatory ligand expression by DCs and T cell proliferation rates increased in TA-TLSs upon Treg cell depletion, leading to tumor destruction. Thus, we propose that Treg cells in TA-TLSs can inhibit endogenous immune responses against tumors, and targeting these cells might provide therapeutic benefit for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil S Joshi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yisi Lu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Da-Yae Lee
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory P Chang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michel DuPage
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Natanya R Kerper
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna F Farago
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rebecca Robbins
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Denise M Crowley
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
Concerted efforts of tumor immunologists over more than two decades contributed numerous well-defined tumor antigens, many of which were promptly developed into cancer vaccines and tested in animal models and in clinical trials. Encouraging results from animal models were seldom recapitulated in clinical trials. The impediment to greater success of these vaccines has been their exclusive use for cancer therapy. What clinical trials primarily revealed were the numerous ways in which cancer and/or standard treatments for cancer could suppress the patient's immune system, making it very difficult to elicit effective immunity with therapeutic vaccines. In contrast, there is an extensive database of information from experiments in appropriate animal models showing that prophylactic vaccination is highly effective and safe. There are also studies that show that healthy people have immune responses against antigens expressed on tumors, some generated in response to viral infections and others in response to various nonmalignant acute inflammatory events. These immune responses do not appear to be dangerous and do not cause autoimmunity. Epidemiology studies have shown that these immune responses may reduce cancer risk significantly. Vaccines based on tumor antigens that are expressed differentially between tumors and normal cells and can stimulate immunity, and for which safety and efficacy have been proved in animal models and to the extent possible in therapeutic clinical trials, should be considered prime candidates for prophylactic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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58
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Kroesen M, Brok IC, Reijnen D, van Hout-Kuijer MA, Zeelenberg IS, Den Brok MH, Hoogerbrugge PM, Adema GJ. Intra-adrenal murine TH-MYCN neuroblastoma tumors grow more aggressive and exhibit a distinct tumor microenvironment relative to their subcutaneous equivalents. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:563-72. [PMID: 25687736 PMCID: PMC4412512 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In around half of the patients with neuroblastoma (NBL), the primary tumor is located in one of the adrenal glands. We have previously reported on a transplantable TH-MYCN model of subcutaneous (SC) growing NBL in C57Bl/6 mice for immunological studies. In this report, we describe an orthotopic TH-MYCN transplantable model where the tumor cells were injected intra-adrenally (IA) by microsurgery. Strikingly, 9464D cells grew out much faster in IA tumors compared to the subcutis. Tumors were infiltrated by equal numbers of lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Within the myeloid cell population, however, tumor-infiltrating macrophages were more abundant in IA tumors compared to SC tumors and expressed lower levels of MHC class II, indicative of a more immunosuppressive phenotype. Using 9464D cells stably expressing firefly luciferase, enhanced IA tumor growth could be confirmed using bioluminescence. Collectively, these data show that the orthotopic IA localization of TH-MYCN cells impacts the NBL tumor microenvironment, resulting in a more stringent NBL model to study novel immunotherapeutic approaches for NBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Kroesen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C. Brok
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Reijnen
- Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike A. van Hout-Kuijer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid S. Zeelenberg
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Institute of Applied Sciences, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. Den Brok
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Princes Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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59
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Improved mouse models to assess tumour immunity and irAEs after combination cancer immunotherapies. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e22. [PMID: 25505970 PMCID: PMC4232074 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current excitement surrounding cancer immunotherapy stems particularly from clinical data involving agents mediating immune checkpoint receptor blockade, which have induced unprecedented efficacy against a range of tumours compared with previous immunotherapeutic approaches. However, an important consideration in targeting checkpoint receptors has been the emergence of associated toxicities termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). In light of the clinical benefits observed after co-blockade of checkpoint receptors and data from preclinical mouse models, there is now a strong rationale to combine different checkpoint receptors together, with other immunotherapies or more conventional therapies to assess if clinical benefits to cancer patients can be further improved. However, one may predict the frequency and severity of irAEs will increase with combinations, which may result in premature therapy cessation, thus limiting the realization of such an approach. In addition, there is a limit to how many different combination therapies that can be tested in a timely manner given the legal, regulatory and budgetary issues associated with conducting clinical trials. Thus, there is a need to develop preclinical mouse models that more accurately inform us as to which immunotherapies might combine best to provide the optimal therapeutic index (maximal anti-tumour efficacy and low level irAEs) in different cancer settings. In this review we will discuss the irAEs observed in patients after checkpoint blockade and discuss which mouse models of cancer can be appropriate to assess the development of tumour immunity and irAEs following combination cancer immunotherapies.
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60
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Lemke J, von Karstedt S, Zinngrebe J, Walczak H. Getting TRAIL back on track for cancer therapy. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1350-64. [PMID: 24948009 PMCID: PMC4131183 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other members of the TNF superfamily, the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, also known as Apo2L) possesses the unique capacity to induce apoptosis selectively in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This exciting discovery provided the basis for the development of TRAIL-receptor agonists (TRAs), which have demonstrated robust anticancer activity in a number of preclinical studies. Subsequently initiated clinical trials testing TRAs demonstrated, on the one hand, broad tolerability but revealed, on the other, that therapeutic benefit was rather limited. Several factors that are likely to account for TRAs' sobering clinical performance have since been identified. First, because of initial concerns over potential hepatotoxicity, TRAs with relatively weak agonistic activity were selected to enter clinical trials. Second, although TRAIL can induce apoptosis in several cancer cell lines, it has now emerged that many others, and importantly, most primary cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL monotherapy. Third, so far patients enrolled in TRA-employing clinical trials were not selected for likelihood of benefitting from a TRA-comprising therapy on the basis of a valid(ated) biomarker. This review summarizes and discusses the results achieved so far in TRA-employing clinical trials in the light of these three shortcomings. By integrating recent insight on apoptotic and non-apoptotic TRAIL signaling in cancer cells, we propose approaches to introduce novel, revised TRAIL-based therapeutic concepts into the cancer clinic. These include (i) the use of recently developed highly active TRAs, (ii) the addition of efficient, but cancer-cell-selective TRAIL-sensitizing agents to overcome TRAIL resistance and (iii) employing proteomic profiling to uncover resistance mechanisms. We envisage that this shall enable the design of effective TRA-comprising therapeutic concepts for individual cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lemke
- 1] Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK [2] Clinic of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - S von Karstedt
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - J Zinngrebe
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - H Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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61
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Acuner-Ozbabacan ES, Engin BH, Guven-Maiorov E, Kuzu G, Muratcioglu S, Baspinar A, Chen Z, Van Waes C, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Nussinov R. The structural network of Interleukin-10 and its implications in inflammation and cancer. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 4:S2. [PMID: 25056661 PMCID: PMC4083408 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s4-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation has significant roles in all phases of tumor development, including initiation, progression and metastasis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a well-known immuno-modulatory cytokine with an anti-inflammatory activity. Lack of IL-10 allows induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hinders anti-tumor immunity, thereby favoring tumor growth. The IL-10 network is among the most important paths linking cancer and inflammation. The simple node-and-edge network representation is useful, but limited, hampering the understanding of the mechanistic details of signaling pathways. Structural networks complete the missing parts, and provide details. The IL-10 structural network may shed light on the mechanisms through which disease-related mutations work and the pathogenesis of malignancies. Results Using PRISM (a PRotein Interactions by Structural Matching tool), we constructed the structural network of IL-10, which includes its first and second degree protein neighbor interactions. We predicted the structures of complexes involved in these interactions, thereby enriching the available structural data. In order to reveal the significance of the interactions, we exploited mutations identified in cancer patients, mapping them onto key proteins of this network. We analyzed the effect of these mutations on the interactions, and demonstrated a relation between these and inflammation and cancer. Our results suggest that mutations that disrupt the interactions of IL-10 with its receptors (IL-10RA and IL-10RB) and α2-macroglobulin (A2M) may enhance inflammation and modulate anti-tumor immunity. Likewise, mutations that weaken the A2M-APP (amyloid precursor protein) association may increase the proliferative effect of APP through preventing β-amyloid degradation by the A2M receptor, and mutations that abolish the A2M-Kallikrein-13 (KLK13) interaction may lead to cell proliferation and metastasis through the destructive effect of KLK13 on the extracellular matrix. Conclusions Prediction of protein-protein interactions through structural matching can enrich the available cellular pathways. In addition, the structural data of protein complexes suggest how oncogenic mutations influence the interactions and explain their potential impact on IL-10 signaling in cancer and inflammation.
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62
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Guven-Maiorov E, Acuner-Ozbabacan SE, Keskin O, Gursoy A, Nussinov R. Structural pathways of cytokines may illuminate their roles in regulation of cancer development and immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:663-83. [PMID: 24670367 PMCID: PMC4074797 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are messengers between tissues and the immune system. They play essential roles in cancer initiation, promotion, metastasis, and immunotherapy. Structural pathways of cytokine signaling which contain their interactions can help understand their action in the tumor microenvironment. Here, our aim is to provide an overview of the role of cytokines in tumor development from a structural perspective. Atomic details of protein-protein interactions can help in understanding how an upstream signal is transduced; how higher-order oligomerization modes of proteins can influence their function; how mutations, inhibitors or antagonists can change cellular consequences; why the same protein can lead to distinct outcomes, and which alternative parallel pathways can take over. They also help to design drugs/inhibitors against proteins de novo or by mimicking natural antagonists as in the case of interferon-γ. Since the structural database (PDB) is limited, structural pathways are largely built from a series of predicted binary protein-protein interactions. Below, to illustrate how protein-protein interactions can help illuminate roles played by cytokines, we model some cytokine interaction complexes exploiting a powerful algorithm (PRotein Interactions by Structural Matching-PRISM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Guven-Maiorov
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Saliha Ece Acuner-Ozbabacan
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and College of Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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63
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Bald T, Landsberg J, Lopez-Ramos D, Renn M, Glodde N, Jansen P, Gaffal E, Steitz J, Tolba R, Kalinke U, Limmer A, Jönsson G, Hölzel M, Tüting T. Immune cell-poor melanomas benefit from PD-1 blockade after targeted type I IFN activation. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:674-87. [PMID: 24589924 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infiltration of human melanomas with cytotoxic immune cells correlates with spontaneous type I IFN activation and a favorable prognosis. Therapeutic blockade of immune-inhibitory receptors in patients with preexisting lymphocytic infiltrates prolongs survival, but new complementary strategies are needed to activate cellular antitumor immunity in immune cell-poor melanomas. Here, we show that primary melanomas in Hgf-Cdk4(R24C) mice, which imitate human immune cell-poor melanomas with a poor outcome, escape IFN-induced immune surveillance and editing. Peritumoral injections of immunostimulatory RNA initiated a cytotoxic inflammatory response in the tumor microenvironment and significantly impaired tumor growth. This critically required the coordinated induction of type I IFN responses by dendritic, myeloid, natural killer, and T cells. Importantly, antibody-mediated blockade of the IFN-induced immune-inhibitory interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 receptors further prolonged the survival. These results highlight important interconnections between type I IFNs and immune-inhibitory receptors in melanoma pathogenesis, which serve as targets for combination immunotherapies. SIGNIFICANCE Using a genetically engineered mouse melanoma model, we demonstrate that targeted activation of the type I IFN system with immunostimulatory RNA in combination with blockade of immune-inhibitory receptors is a rational strategy to expose immune cell-poor tumors to cellular immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bald
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dorys Lopez-Ramos
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcel Renn
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicole Glodde
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philipp Jansen
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Evelyn Gaffal
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia Steitz
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rene Tolba
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Authors' Affiliations:Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; and Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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吕 亚. Identification of Lung Cancer Related Function Modules Based on Co-Expression Network. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2013. [DOI: 10.12677/biphy.2013.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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